A-kinas ankarproteiner
A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs) are a group of structurally diverse scaffolding proteins that play a crucial role in organizing and targeting signaling molecules to specific subcellular locations. They are named after their ability to bind and anchor protein kinase A (PKA), a key enzyme involved in many cellular processes, including metabolism, movement, transport, and division. By tethering PKA and other signaling proteins together, AKAPs help ensure the proper regulation of various signaling pathways within the cell, contributing to the maintenance of normal cell function and homeostasis.
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIIbeta Subunit
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase RIIβ subunit, also known as PKA RIIβ, is a regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) enzyme complex. This enzyme plays a crucial role in intracellular signaling pathways by catalyzing the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to specific serine and threonine residues on target proteins, thereby modulating their activity.
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIIalpha Subunit
Cyclic AMP (3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) dependent protein kinase, also known as protein kinase A (PKA), is a crucial enzyme that regulates various cellular processes through the phosphorylation of specific proteins. The RIIα subunit is one of the regulatory subunits of PKA, which exists as a tetrameric holoenzyme consisting of two catalytic and two regulatory subunits.
Cykliskt AMP-beroende proteinkinaser
Adaptorproteiner, signalöverförande
Cykliskt AMP-beroende proteinkinas typ II
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase type II, also known as protein kinase A (PKA), is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a crucial role in intracellular signaling pathways by regulating various cellular processes, such as metabolism, gene expression, and cell growth and differentiation, in response to hormonal and neurotransmitter signals. PKA is composed of two regulatory (R) subunits and two catalytic (C) subunits, which are held in an inactive state by cAMP-binding to the R subunits. When cAMP levels rise, it binds to the R subunits, leading to their dissociation from the C subunits, which then become active and can phosphorylate downstream target proteins. PKA type II is one of the three isoforms of PKA, which differ in their regulatory subunit composition and tissue distribution.
Salivary alpha-Amylases
"Salivary alpha-amylase" refers to a type of enzyme called amylase that is present in saliva and helps in the digestion of carbohydrates by breaking down starches into simpler sugars such as maltose, maltotriose, and glucose. It is produced by the salivary glands and is one of the major components of saliva. Salivary alpha-amylase plays a crucial role in initiating the digestion process in the mouth before food enters the stomach.
Molekylsekvensdata
Plasmaproteiner, semen
Plasmaproteiner i sperma refererer til de forskellige proteiner som findes i den flydende del af sædcellerne, også kendt som seminalplasma. Disse proteiner spiller en vigtig rolle i at understøtte fertiliteten og beskyttelse af sædcellerne under deres rejse gennem kvindens reproduktive system. De kan også have potentiale som markører for mands fertilitet og reproduktiv sundhed.
Aminosyrasekvens
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases (PI3K) är en grupp enzymer som spelar en viktig roll inom cellsignalering och regulerar celldelning, celldifferentiering, apoptos (programmerad celldöd), cellcykelns reglering och cellytets metabolism. PI3K fosphorylerar fosfatidylinositol (PI) till fosfatidylinositol 3-fosfat (PIP3), vilket aktiverar proteiner som är involverade i cellsignalering, särskilt Akt/PKB. Dessa signaleringsvägar är ofta överaktiverade i cancer och är därför mål för utveckling av nya cancerterapeutika.
MAP-kinassignalsystem
Ett intracellulärt signalsystem som omfattar MAP-kinaskaskaderna (trestegs-proteinkinaskaskader). Olika uppströmsaktivatorer, som svarar på extracellulära stimuli, utlöser kaskaderna genom att aktivera den första kaskadmedlemmen, MAP-kinaskinaskinas (MAPKKK). I detta steg fosforyleras mitogenaktiverade proteinkinaskinaser (MAPKK), som i sin tur fosforylerar mitogenaktiverade proteinkinaser (MAPK). Dessa utövar sedan sin verkan på olika mål nedströms till att påverka genuttryck. Hos däggdjur finns det flera bestämda MAP-kinasförlopp, inklusive ERK-processen (extracellulärt signalreglerat kinas), SAPK/JNK-förloppet (stressaktiverat proteinkinas/c-jun) och P38-kinasprocessen. De olika förloppen har vissa gemensamma komponenter, beroende på vilket stimulus som utlöser kaskaden.
Membranproteiner
Proteinbindning
"Proteinbindning refererar till den process där ett protein binder specifikt till ett annat molekylärt substance, såsom en liten molekyl, ett annat protein eller en jon, vanligtvis genom non-kovalenta interaktioner som hydrogenbindning, Van der Waals-kräfter och elektrostatiska attraktioner. Denna bindning kan regulera funktionen hos det bundna substanceet och är av central betydelse för många biologiska processer, inklusive signaltransduktion, enzymsk aktivitet och transport av molekyler inom cellen."
Proteinkinaser
Proteinkinaser är en grupp enzymer som katalyserar additionen av fosfatgrupper till proteiner, vilket ofta resulterar i att proteinets funktion eller lokalisation i cellen ändras. Denna process, kallad fosforylering, är en central mekanism i cellsignalering och regulerar en mängd cellulära processer, inklusive celldelning, apoptos (programmerad celldöd) och metabolism. Proteinkinaser spelar därför en viktig roll i underhåll och kontroll av cellens homeostas.
Protein-serin-treoninkinaser
Protein-serin-treonin kinases are a type of enzyme that plays a crucial role in various cellular processes by adding phosphate groups to serine and threonine residues on target proteins. This post-translational modification can activate or inhibit the function of these proteins, thereby regulating signal transduction pathways involved in cell growth, differentiation, metabolism, and survival. Dysregulation of protein-serin-treonin kinases has been implicated in numerous diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.