• Granzymes are serine proteases released by cytoplasmic granules within cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are closely related to other immune serine proteases expressed by innate immune cells, such as neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G. Granzyme B activates apoptosis by activating caspases (especially caspase-3), which cleaves many substrates, including caspase-activated DNase to execute cell death. (wikipedia.org)
  • Granzyme B is a member of the granzyme family of the serine proteases found specifically in the cytotoxic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells (1, 2). (rndsystems.com)
  • Granzyme secretion can be detected and measured using Western Blot or ELISA techniques. (wikipedia.org)
  • Granzyme Elisa Laboratories manufactures the elisa assay for granzyme b reagents distributed by Genprice. (mytaq.net)
  • The Elisa Assay For Granzyme B reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples. (mytaq.net)
  • Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Granzyme B from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (mytaq.net)
  • Description: ClinMaxTM ELISA Kit is convenient ready-to-use immunoassay Kit, specifically designed to quantitate human Granzyme B that is present in complex biological samples, such as human serum, plasma, and cell culture supernates. (mytaq.net)
  • Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse Granzyme A (GZMA) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids. (srbiosystem.com)
  • Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Mouse granzyme A (GZMA) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. (srbiosystem.com)
  • Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Human granzyme A (GZMA) in samples from serum, plasma, cell culture supernates, tissue homogenates. (1elisakits.com)
  • Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Human Granzyme H (GZMH/CGL2/CTSGL2) in samples from serum, plasma, cell culture supernates. (worldcarecouncil.org)
  • Granzyme B is able to induce target cell apoptosis by activating caspase independent pathways. (biolegend.com)
  • We also observed a large correlation cluster between immune regulation pathways ( IL-16 , granzymes A, B, and H, and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL1 ), DNA repair [ poly(ADP-ribose) 1, nibrin], and natural killer cells . (bvsalud.org)
  • May participate in the granzyme B apoptotic pathways. (lu.se)
  • NK cells exposed to 300 nM TBT for 1h showed no consistent decrease in cytotoxic function, levels of granzyme B and perforin, or phosphorylation of CREB. (tnstate.edu)
  • A 24 h exposure to 200 nM TBT caused significant decreases in cytotoxic function, levels of granzyme B and perforin, and levels of granzyme B and perforin mRNA. (tnstate.edu)
  • When NK cells were exposed to 300 nM TBT followed by 24 or 48 h in TBT-free media, again there were decreases in cytotoxic function, levels of granzyme B and perforin and their mRNA. (tnstate.edu)
  • A 1 h exposure to 300 nM TBT followed by 24 h in the presence of IL-2 or IL-12 caused a return of mRNA levels of granzyme B and perforin and IL-2 caused a return in perforin and granzyme B protein levels to baseline levels. (tnstate.edu)
  • IL-2 or IL-12, also prevented the TBT-induced decreases in the levels of granzyme B and perforin mRNA in the 48 h period following TBT exposure. (tnstate.edu)
  • Granzyme B also cleaves the protein Bid, which recruits the proteins Bax and Bak to change the membrane permeability of the mitochondria, causing the release of cytochrome c (which is one of the parts needed to activate caspase-9 via the apoptosome), Smac/Diablo and Omi/HtrA2 (which suppress the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs)), among other proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Granzyme B also cleaves many of the proteins responsible for apoptosis in the absence of caspase activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Granzyme B plays an essential role in granule-mediated apoptosis and may have additional roles in rheumatoid arthritis and in bacterial and viral infections (3). (rndsystems.com)
  • Granzyme B is crucial for rapid induction of cell death and apoptosis through interaction with mannose-6-phosphate receptor. (biolegend.com)
  • We show that granzymes A and -B (GrA and GrB), which are highly upregulated in human Tregs upon stimulation, leak out of cytotoxic granules to induce cleavage of cytoplasmic and nuclear substrates, precipitating apoptosis in target cells. (jci.org)
  • It presents a focused yet extensive discussion on proteolytic enzymes such as caspases, HtrAs, granzymes, calpains and cathepsins as well as laboratory protocols related to enzymology and apoptosis. (springer.com)
  • The serine protease Granzyme B (GzB) is primarily expressed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, and functions in allowing these cells to induce apoptosis in virally-infected or transformed cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bcl-2 prevents apoptosis induced by perforin and granzyme B, but not that mediated by whole cytotoxic lymphocytes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, Bcl-2 expression significantly inhibited apoptosis induced by purified granzyme B and perforin. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We have studied the cytotoxic activity of rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells transfected with cDNAs for the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) granule components, cytolysin (perforin), granzyme A, and granzyme B. With red cell targets, cytolysin expression conferred potent hemolytic activity, which was not influenced by coexpression of granzymes. (rupress.org)
  • Trichosanthin Promotes Anti-Tumor Immunity through Mediating Chemokines and Granzyme B Secretion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma[J]. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES,2023,24(2). (sustech.edu.cn)
  • In the paper they discussed how they purified, characterized and discovered a variety of granzymes found within cytolytic granules that were carried by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • With tumor targets, RBL cells expressing cytolysin alone were weakly cytotoxic, but both cytolytic and nucleolytic activity were enhanced by coexpression of granzyme B. RBL cells expressing all three CTL granule components showed still higher cytotoxic activities, with apoptotic target death. (rupress.org)
  • Analysis of the cytotoxic activity of individual transfectant clones showed that cytolytic and nucleolytic activity correlated with granzyme expression but was independent of cytolysin expression within the range examined. (rupress.org)
  • CD8+ T cells, also called cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), are one subtype of T cell ( 6 ), characterized by robust production of interferon (IFN)-γ and cytolytic activities via perforin (PRF)/granzymes (GZM) or Fas mechanisms to kill target cells ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Granzyme A (GZMA) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (srbiosystem.com)
  • Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Mouse Granzyme A (GZMA) in samples from Serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (srbiosystem.com)
  • Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Granzyme H (GZMH) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (worldcarecouncil.org)
  • More recently, in addition to T lymphocytes, granzymes have been shown to be expressed in other types of immune cells such as dendritic cells, B cells and mast cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Granzyme B is abundantly stored in the granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells. (biolegend.com)
  • Granzyme B is induced in CD8 + T lymphocytes with ConA/ IL-2 and CD4 + T lymphocytes with anti CD3/CD28 or CD3/CD46. (biolegend.com)
  • These data implicate granzymes as the major mediators of tumor target damage by cytotoxic lymphocytes. (rupress.org)
  • Granzyme B (GzB) is a serine protease found in the cytoplasmic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Granzymes A and B induce lethal oxidative damage in bacteria by cleaving components of the electron transport chain, while granzyme B cleaves viral proteins to inhibit viral activation and replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • Extracellular granzyme B can accumulate in the extracellular space in diseases associated with dysregulated or chronic inflammation leading to the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins and impaired tissue healing and remodelling. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scientists are able to conclude that granzyme H specializes in detecting 'proteolytic degradation' which is found in viral proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytotoxic function, the expression of the cytotoxic proteins (granzyme B and perforin), and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation were examined. (tnstate.edu)
  • We show that resting human MAIT cells are uniquely characterized by a lack of granzyme (Gr) B and low perforin expression, key granule proteins required for efficient cytotoxic activity, but high levels of expression of GrA and GrK. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for quantification of Human Granzyme M in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids. (mytaq.net)
  • Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stained with CD8 FITC, fixed, permeabilized, and then stained with Granzyme B (clone QA16A02, left) Alexa Fluor® 647 or mouse IgG1, κ Alexa Fluor® 647 isotype control (right). (biolegend.com)
  • Targeted proteomic analyses (n = 15) revealed a decrease of spondin-2 and an increase of granzymes A, B, and H, killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL1 , IL-16 , nibrin, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, C1q TNF-related protein , fibroblast growth factor 19, and von Willebrand factor after 11 days' average continuous exposure to smoke from a large wildfire (P (bvsalud.org)
  • As many of these cell types either do not express perforin or do not form immunological synapses, granzyme B is released extracellularly. (wikipedia.org)
  • We previously showed that the fusion of the serine protease granzyme B (GrB), the effector molecule or T and B cells, to a binding domain allows the controlled and effective delivery of the cytotoxic payload into the target cell. (bmj.com)
  • These results suggest that while Bcl-2 is capable of inhibiting the apoptotic pathway utilized by perforin and granzyme B, other granule components can bypass this block. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Quercetin exposure significantly increased γδ T cell proliferation and also raised the expressions of granzyme B (Gra B), perforin (PFP), and interferon- γ (IFN-γ) in γδ T cells. (banglajol.info)
  • Granzyme secreting cells can be identified and quantified by flow cytometry or ELISPOT. (wikipedia.org)
  • In NK cells and T cells, granzymes are packaged in cytotoxic granules along with perforin. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to killing their target cells, granzymes can target and kill intracellular pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, granzymes may also be expressed in non-immune cells such as keratinocytes, pneumocytes and chondrocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • When granzymes are in an extracellular state they have the ability to activate macrophages and mast cells to initiate the inflammatory response. (wikipedia.org)
  • The interaction between the granzymes and somatic cells are still unexplainable but advances in understanding the process are being made constantly. (wikipedia.org)
  • A synergism between granzymes A and B was apparent when the triple transfectant was compared with RBL cells expressing cytolysin and one granzyme. (rupress.org)
  • γδ T-cell cytotoxicity and granzyme A/B production were enhanced after pretreatment of tumor cells with TLR3 [poly(I:C)] or TLR7 ligand (imiquimod). (aacrjournals.org)
  • In addition, TCS induced an upregulation of Granzyme B (GrzB), TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in HCC tissues, which are the major cytotoxic mediators produced by T cells. (sustech.edu.cn)
  • Immunohistochemical examinations of colon tissues showed significantly lower neutrophil counts, more granzyme B-positive but fewer MMP9 (gelatinase B)-positive cancer cells and lower numbers of apoptotic cells in mice receiving AAT therapy. (lu.se)
  • When secreted into the intercellular space granzymes act to eliminate transformed and virus-infected host cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • To investigate the expression of granzyme B (GrB) in normal and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) articular cartilage, and to analyze the relationship between the expression of GrB and apoptotic chondrocytes in RA cartilage. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Extracellular granzyme B has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, aneurysm, vascular leakage, chronic wound healing, and skin aging. (wikipedia.org)
  • GrA and GrB substrates were protected from cleavage by inhibiting granzyme activity in vitro. (jci.org)
  • Cleavage by granzyme B and autocatalytic activity generate the two active subunits. (lu.se)
  • Granzymes are part of the serine esterase family. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] In Cullen's paper "Granzymes in Cancer and Immunity" he discusses how granzyme A has been known to be found in elevated levels within patients who currently have an infectious disease and/or in a pro-inflammatory state. (wikipedia.org)
  • Granzyme K (human), (recombinant), 10 ug - 1 kit is backordered and will ship as soon as it is back in stock. (dnamethsoc.com)
  • Detects human Granzyme B in direct ELISAs and Western blots. (rndsystems.com)
  • Does not cross-react with recombinant human (rh) Granzyme A, rhGranzyme H, recombinant mouse (rm) Granzyme B, rmGranzyme C, rmGranzyme D, or rmGranzyme G. (rndsystems.com)
  • Human Granzyme B is synthesized as a precursor (247 residues) with a signal peptide (residues 1-18), a pro peptide (residues 19-20), and a mature chain (residues 21-247) (4-6). (rndsystems.com)
  • The recombinant human (rh) Granzyme B consisting of residues 19-247 was expressed and purified. (rndsystems.com)
  • In order to assess whether additional granzymes might be important in promoting cell death in ALK+ ALCL, we examined whether other human granzymes were expressed in ALK+ ALCL cell lines using reverse-transcriptase PCR and western blotting. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Perforin and granzymes: function, dysfunction and human pathology. (nih.gov)
  • The contents of the cytotoxic granules function to permit entry of the granzymes into the target cell cytosol. (wikipedia.org)
  • The granules are released into an immune synapse formed with a target cell, where perforin mediates the delivery of the granzymes into endosomes in the target cell, and finally into the target cell cytosol. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Granzyme B Inhibitor I controls the biological activity of Granzyme B. This small molecule/inhibitor is primarily used for Cancer applications. (emdmillipore.com)
  • Granzymes also kill bacteria and inhibit viral replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • Granzyme H has been found to have a direct correlation with patients who have a viral infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using Granzyme K (E9I3O) Rabbit mAb (upper) and β-Actin (D6A8) Rabbit mAb #8457 (lower). (cellsignal.com)
  • Synergistic roles of granzymes A and B in mediating target cell death by rat basophilic leukemia mast cell tumors also expressing cytolysin/perforin. (rupress.org)
  • This is a monograph on proteolysis via programmed cell death via caspase and granzyme mediated destruction in neurodegeneration. (springer.com)
  • Dr. Granville is studying the role of this enzyme - granzyme B - in vessel wall restructuring and cell death associated with atherosclerosis and transplant vascular disease. (healthresearchbc.ca)
  • Furthermore, we found that GzB is the only granzyme that is expressed at significant levels in ALK+ ALCL cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cullen further states in his paper that granzymes may have a role in immunomodulation, or the job of maintaining homeostasis in the immune system during an infection. (wikipedia.org)