Chenodeoxycholic acidUrsodeoxycholic acidDeoxycholic acidCholic acidActivated receptorsShort ChainLipidsSecondaryLipidLevels of bile acidsHomeostasisLigandsInhibitsFecalSulfateExcretionMetabolismReceptorFattyHumansCellsDerivativesFecesCompoundsLeading to bile acidBacteriallySynthesisUrineDisruptDetergentAminoCitricLiverCholesterolGenesChemicalDosesCompound
Chenodeoxycholic acid6
- Bacterial action in the colon produces LCA from chenodeoxycholic acid by reduction of the hydroxyl functional group at carbon-7 in the "B" ring of the steroid framework. (wikipedia.org)
- It is formed by intestinal bacterial 7 α -dehydroxylation of chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid ( Hofmann, 2004 ). (aspetjournals.org)
- The results showed that the addition of capsaicin further decreased the fasting blood glucose and insulin, and increased beta-muricholic acid, deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and 3 beta-ursodeoxycholic acid when compared to only high fiber diet. (ijpsonline.com)
- Subsequent enzymatic reactions catalyzed by sterol 12 α -hydroxylase (CYP8B1) and sterol 27-hyroxylase (CYP27A1), respectively, yield the primary BAs, cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). (aspetjournals.org)
- INT-747, so called obeticholic acid (OCA) or 6-alpha-ethyl chenodeoxycholic acid (6-ECDCA), is a 6-alpha-alkyl-substituted analog of CDCA selectively inducing FXR transactivation at 1 μM 15 . (nature.com)
- However, in patients with target cells the amount of cholic and deoxycholic acids in serum was approximately equal to the amount of chenodeoxycholic acid, whereas in patients with spur cells chenodeoxycholic acid (the precursor of lithocholic acid) predominated. (jci.org)
Ursodeoxycholic acid8
- Ursodiol, USP (ursodeoxycholic acid), is a naturally occurring bile acid found in small quantities in normal human bile and in the biles of certain other mammals. (nih.gov)
- Further, there is some bacterially catalyzed deconjugation of glyco- and tauro-ursodeoxycholic acid in the small bowel. (nih.gov)
- Ursodeoxycholic acid is a medication used in the management and treatment of cholestatic liver disease. (statpearls.com)
- Identify the mechanism of action of ursodeoxycholic acid. (statpearls.com)
- Describe the potential adverse effects of ursodeoxycholic acid. (statpearls.com)
- Review appropriate monitoring needed for patients receiving therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid. (statpearls.com)
- Explain interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance the use of ursodeoxycholic acid and improve outcomes. (statpearls.com)
- The use of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), also known as ursodiol, in treating liver disease dates back more than a hundred years, when it was first employed in traditional Chinese medicine by herbalists and physicians alike. (statpearls.com)
Deoxycholic acid2
- Quilty F, Freeley M, Gargan S, Gilmer J, Long A., Deoxycholic acid induces proinflammatory cytokine production by model oesophageal cells via lipid rafts. (tcd.ie)
- Despite increased luminal BA, colonocytes from WD-fed mice exhibited decreased expression of the BA transporters FABP6, OSTβ, and ASBT and decreased concentrations of secondary BA deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, indicating reduced activity of the nuclear BA receptor FXR. (helsinki.fi)
Cholic acid1
- Administration of 0.05 g/kg capsaicin showed the highest of tauro-alpha-muricholic acid sodium salt and tauro-beta-muricholic acid sodium salt and 0.1 g/kg capsaicin resulted in the highest of lithocholic acid, cholic acid and hyodeoxycholic acid. (ijpsonline.com)
Activated receptors1
- Maintaining bile acid (BA) homeostasis is important and regulated by BA activated receptors and signaling pathways. (aspetjournals.org)
Short Chain5
- Zeng H, Umar S, Rust B, Lazarova D, Bordonaro M. Secondary Bile Acids and Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Colon: A Focus on Colonic Microbiome, Cell Proliferation, Inflammation, and Cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- Plasma parameters, gut microbiota, bile acid and short-chain fatty acids were analyzed to detect the improved effects and possible mechanisms. (ijpsonline.com)
- and increased the short-chain fatty acids, especially acetic acid and butyric acid. (ijpsonline.com)
- In addition, dietary fiber can be fermented by gut microbes into Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs), which have beneficial effects on the gut barrier and can mitigate obesity by regulating the endocrine activity[ 8 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
- Fecal short chain fatty acids and most of the fecal markers including cholesterol, coprostanol, primary and secondary BAs were not changed significantly except for lithocholic acid, which was increased significantly at week 6 compared to baseline. (greenmedinfo.com)
Lipids3
- The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates the homeostasis of bile acids, lipids and glucose. (nature.com)
- Serum bile acid levels also correlated poorly with serum and cell lipids. (jci.org)
- Bile acids form micelles that are essential for the absorption of dietary lipids. (archive.org)
Secondary2
- Here we identify human gut bacteria and corresponding enzymes that convert the secondary bile acid lithocholic acid into 3-oxoLCA as well as the abundant gut metabolite isolithocholic acid (isoLCA). (psu.edu)
- The drug also inhibited the production of lithocholic acid, a toxic secondary bile acid closely linked to NAFLD. (thebrighterside.news)
Lipid6
- NAPE-PLD facilitates crosstalk between bile acid signals and lipid amide signals. (wikipedia.org)
- A later study showed that the bile acid accumulates in the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, altering the mitochondria's lipid composition by promoting or inhibiting various enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
- We designed a new class of composite AScMs incorporating lithocholic acid (LCA), a natural agonist for the TGR5 receptor that is known to counteract atherosclerotic inflammation, with two complementary goals: to simultaneously decrease lipid uptake and inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by macrophages. (escholarship.org)
- We hypothesized that the bent geometrical structure of the steroid scaffold of bile acids decreases the lipid order (similar to unsaturated phospholipids with cis double bonds), disrupting the plasma membrane. (archive.org)
- thylated lithocholic acid (Me-LCA) was mixed with a thin phase-separated lipid bilayer comprising 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), and cholesterol (Chol). (archive.org)
- TGR5 functions as a metabolic regulator involved in the homeostasis of bile acids, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and energy expenditure. (indigobiosciences.com)
Levels of bile acids2
- The best biomarker for diagnosis and follow-up of ICP is up to knowing percentage levels of bile acids (taurocholic and glycocholic acids) over 40% with TBA 14 mmol/L. The level of bile acid is found to be associated with fetal complications [ 1 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
- In a recent meta-analysis that looked at 12 RCTs involving 662 patients with ICP, UDCA was associated with the resolution of pruritus, reduced serum levels of bile acids, and decreased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase. (statpearls.com)
Homeostasis3
- Disruption in homeostasis of bile acids occurs when there is dysregulation in the synthesis/secretion, transport, or biotransformation of these endogenous substances ( Li and Apte, 2015 ). (aspetjournals.org)
- The goal of this minireview is to provide an update on the regulation of bile acid (BA) homeostasis by the nuclear receptor Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the effects on this regulation by exposure to environmental or therapeutic agents. (aspetjournals.org)
- WD increased colon tumor numbers, and mucosa proteomic analysis indicated severe deregulation of intracellular bile acid (BA) homeostasis and activation of cell proliferation. (helsinki.fi)
Ligands2
- The goal of this work is to prepare several different types of mono-, di-, or tridentate coordination pyridyl ligands based on bile acids which can subsequently form complexes with selected metals, e.g. (theses.cz)
- Upon binding to bile acid ligands, TGR5 undergoes a conformational change that triggers the activation of Gas proteins via an exchange of GDP with GTP, followed by the activation of adenylate cyclase and the production of cAMP. (indigobiosciences.com)
Inhibits2
Fecal2
- This human intervention study aimed to determine if daily consumption of freeze-dried California strawberry powder (SBP) leads to changes in the intestinal microbiota, fecal cholesterol and bile acid (BA) microbial metabolites. (greenmedinfo.com)
- In summary, SBP consumption increased the abundance of gut microorganisms related to lean body weight, health and longevity, and increased fecal lithocholic acid at week 6 in healthy study participants. (greenmedinfo.com)
Sulfate2
Excretion1
- In that study soybean proteins revealed a specific impact on cholesterol output, whilst the excretion of bile acids was not influenced in response to soybean proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolism2
- Because in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the more hydrophilic bile acid tauroursodeoxycholate has greater beneficial effects than ursodeoxycholate, we have compared for the first time the absorption, metabolism, and clinical responses to these bile acids in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). (nih.gov)
- Vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates vitamin D signaling involved in bone metabolism, cellular growth and differentiation, cardiovascular function, and bile acid regulation. (omeka.net)
Receptor5
- The impact of exposures on bile acid (BA) signaling and Farnesoid X receptor-mediated gut-liver crosstalk is emerging. (aspetjournals.org)
- Similar to 3-oxoLCA, isoLCA suppressed T H 17 cell differentiation by inhibiting retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor-γt, a key T H 17-cell-promoting transcription factor. (psu.edu)
- This is an all-inclusive cell-based luciferase reporter assay kit targeting the Human G Protein Coupled Bile Acid Receptor 1 (GPBAR1), also commonly referred to as the Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). (indigobiosciences.com)
- TGR5 was characterized in 2002 as the first cell surface receptor for bile acids. (indigobiosciences.com)
- Interestingly, The TGR5 promoter harbors the response element for the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR), the predominant bile acid nuclear receptor, resulting in ligand-dependent cross-signaling between FXR and TGR5. (indigobiosciences.com)
Fatty2
- Results from our study indicated that the addition of capsaicin have better effects to reduce the weight, insulin and fasting blood glucose, and the possibly mechanism can be due to the changes in bile acid composition, microbial abundance and shortchain fatty acids. (ijpsonline.com)
- In both non-human primates and mice, investigators found that treatment with DT-109 reverses fat buildup and prevents fibrosis progression by stimulating fatty acid degradation and antioxidant formation. (thebrighterside.news)
Humans1
Cells2
- However, some bile acids have toxic effects on a variety of cells. (hindawi.com)
- In vitro experiments showed that chenodeoxycholic acids could also disrupt cellular membranes in the alveoli, increasing cationic permeability and intracellular Ca 2+ concentration, leading to overloading of Ca 2+ in cells, and causing injury to type II pneumonocyte [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
Derivatives1
- The bile acids Ia - Id (lithocholic, chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic, cholic) and their derivatives ( O -acetylated acids and O -acetylated acid chlorides) reacted under various conditions with 1,2-diaminobenzene, 2-aminophenol and 2-aminothiophenol and afforded the title benzimidazoles II and VII , benzoxazoles V and benzothiazoles VI . (cas.cz)
Feces2
- Free ursodiol, 7-keto-lithocholic acid, and lithocholic acid are relatively insoluble in aqueous media and larger proportions of these compounds are lost from the distal gut into the feces. (nih.gov)
- Eighty percent of lithocholic acid formed in the small bowel is excreted in the feces, but the 20% that is absorbed is sulfated at the 3-hydroxyl group in the liver to relatively insoluble lithocholyl conjugates which are excreted into bile and lost in feces. (nih.gov)
Compounds1
- Interestingly, turmeric compounds actually reduce high levels of certain bile acids that increase the risk of colon cancer . (turmeric.com)
Leading to bile acid1
- While ICP occurs, high bile acid level in maternal blood made damage to placental transport, leading to bile acid deposition in fetal body [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Bacterially1
Synthesis1
- Retained bile salts down-regulate new bile acid synthesis, which results in a reduction of the bile salt pool and in reduced enterohepatic recirculation. (medscape.com)
Urine1
- Confirming compliance, urine concentration of pelargonidin, urolithin A glucuronide and dimethylellagic acid glucuronide were present after 4 weeks of SBP consumption. (greenmedinfo.com)
Disrupt1
- However, excessive bile acid micelles can disrupt the plasma membrane by removing phospholipids, resulting in cell death. (archive.org)
Detergent2
- Lithocholic acid, also known as 3α-hydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid or LCA, is a bile acid that acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, chenodeoxycholic and lithocholic acids are cytotoxic and have detergent effects. (hindawi.com)
Amino1
- Globin is degraded to its components like amino acids, reused or recycled. (labpedia.net)
Citric1
- sodium citrate/citric acid decreases levels of chenodiol by inhibition of GI absorption. (medscape.com)
Liver2
- Bile acid is transferred from fetus to mother through fetus circulation, and then mother exhausted the exceeding bile acid out of the body with normal liver and gall system. (hindawi.com)
- Absorbed 7-keto-lithocholic acid is stereospecifically reduced in the liver to chenodiol. (nih.gov)
Cholesterol1
- The primary non-invasive treatment for cholesterol gallstones is oral litholysis with bile acids. (statpearls.com)
Genes1
Chemical1
- reported that bile acid aspiration induced severe chemical pneumonitis in a porcine lung model [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
Doses1
Compound1
- The boric acid mediated condensation of O -acetyllithocholic acid ( Ie ) with 3,4-diaminopyridine gave compound X which was transformed to 3α-acetoxy-23-[1 H -imidazo(4,5- c )pyridin-2-yl]norcholane ( IX ). (cas.cz)