Macrophages. Medical search. Frequent questions

Coculture of macrophages with regulatory T cells (Tregs) caused differentiation of macrophages toward Mreg phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
However, at least two distinct macrophage populations have been identified: the classically activated M1 phenotype and the alternative activated M2 phenotype [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
In vivo , the identification of macrophage phenotype is complicated since macrophages are obviously exposed to a microenvironment that is more complex respect to cell culture conditions, and they display characteristics that do not conform to the in vitro defined phenotypic categories. (hindawi.com)
Therefore, in the last years characterization of macrophage phenotype in vivo during tissue repair has been a matter of active investigation. (hindawi.com)
We developed cell culture conditions that mimic the lung alveolar environment in humans using lung lipids, that is, Infasurf (calfactant, natural bovine surfactant) and lung-associated cytokines (granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, transforming growth factor-β, and interleukin 10) that facilitate the conversion of blood-obtained monocytes to an AM-like (AML) phenotype and function in tissue culture. (genengnews.com)
No significant differences in gene expression of classical polarisation markers were found in ATMs, however differential gene expression of proteins involved in macrophage function and phenotype was found in Trib3KO BMDMs compared to wild type results among the different polarisation states. (bmj.com)
Conclusion The results obtained in this pilot study suggest a role for Trib3 in macrophages due to expression differences measured in Trib3 deficient BMDMs, linked to a pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype. (bmj.com)
Cardiac macrophages are heterogenous in phenotype and functions, which has been associated with differences in their ontogeny. (elifesciences.org)
Alternative polarization with interleukin-4 and IL-13 led to a macrophage phenotype characterized by increased tissue factor (TF) production and release and by an increase in extracellular vesicle production. (haematologica.org)
In conclusion, we provide evidence that proinflammatory polarization of macrophages does not lead to enhanced procoagulatory function, whereas alternative polarization of macrophages leads to an increased expression of TF and increased production of TF bearing extracellular vesicles by these cells suggesting a procoagulatory phenotype of alternatively polarized macrophages. (haematologica.org)
This macrophage polarization can be simulated in vitro using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-γ stimulation for a proinflammatory subset termed classical activation and stimulation with interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 for an alternative polarization phenotype. (haematologica.org)
4 Upon polarization, macrophages react to the respective stimulus with the expression of a distinct phenotype. (haematologica.org)
The primary aim of the present study was to determine the immunological phenotype of NSCLC-associated macrophages. (ersjournals.com)
CD68 + macrophages expressing markers of a cytotoxic M1 phenotype or a noncytotoxic M2 phenotype were identified in the islets and stroma of surgically resected tumours from 20 patients with extended survival (median 92.7 months) and 20 with poor survival (median 7.7 months), using immunohistochemistry. (ersjournals.com)
Macrophages infiltrating the tumour islets in nonsmall cell lung cancer were predominantly of the M1 phenotype in patients with extended survival. (ersjournals.com)
The M1 phenotype (classically activated) macrophages are thought to be induced by interferon-γ, with or without lipopolysaccharide and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and exert a cytotoxic effect against cancer cells. (ersjournals.com)
Additionally, M2 macrophages have been traditionally thought of as being the predominant macrophage phenotype in solid tumours (tumour-associated macrophages). (ersjournals.com)

Macrophage activation has been described as a dynamic process: the same cell may initially induce proinflammatory and cytotoxic reactions and later may take part in the resolution of inflammation and wound healing [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
A fundamental problem in understanding how macrophages regulate inflammation is their phenotypical and functional heterogeneity. (nature.com)
Solinas G, Germano G, Mantovani A, Allavena P. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) as major players of the cancer-related inflammation. (springer.com)
In addition, the effects of macrophages in the occurrence and development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and their role in inducing fibrosis, activating T cells, reducing colitis, and treating intestinal inflammation were also reviewed in this paper. (frontiersin.org)
Macrophages are phagocytes found in tissues and maintain tissue homeostasis, regulate inflammation, and play a significant role in host protection. (frontiersin.org)
The meeting will also highlight recent work on macrophage inflammation in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection and work from recently-funded NIMH, NIDA, and NINDS investigators. (nih.gov)
A panel will discuss research gaps and priorities related to human macrophage reservoirs and inflammation/comorbidities and treatment strategies for HIV remission and cure. (nih.gov)
The metabolic and immune responses to obesity affect many organs and particularly the adipose tissue where macrophages are key effector cells modulating inflammation through the signals received from adipocytes. (bmj.com)
2 Upon inflammation, the pool of resident macrophages gets quickly replaced by macrophages derived from circulating monocytes. (haematologica.org)

Researchers at Texas Biomedical Research Institute report they have created a new cell culture model for human alveolar macrophages in the lab. (genengnews.com)
The findings are published in mBio in an article titled, " A new tractable method for generating human alveolar macrophage-like cells in vitro to study lung inflammatory processes and diseases . (genengnews.com)
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are unique lung resident cells that contact airborne pathogens and environmental particulates," wrote the researchers. (genengnews.com)
Human alveolar macrophages have been challenging to study because they reside deep in the lungs and are hard to access. (genengnews.com)
The generated cells are 94% genetically similar to human alveolar macrophages collected from lung washes. (genengnews.com)
I am excited to see the full potential of the alveolar macrophage-like cells and if they can be integrated into next-generation lung organoids," Schlesinger added. (genengnews.com)
Recent work with transgenic mice demonstrated that disruption of the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or the common beta-subunit of the GM-CSF receptor caused alveolar proteinosis that was histologically similar to that seen in human patients. (nih.gov)
The defect in surfactant homeostasis is caused by decreased surfactant clearance, mediated (at least in part) by dysfunction of the alveolar macrophage. (nih.gov)
These studies demonstrate the previously unanticipated role of GM-CSF signaling in surfactant homeostasis, mediated (at least in part) by its actions on the clearance of surfactant lipids and proteins by the alveolar macrophage. (nih.gov)
Both techniques have been used to measure iron in alveolar macrophages gathered by bronchoalveolar lavage. (ersjournals.com)
Using the PIXE method, we measured the iron content of alveolar macrophages in healthy subjects, with and without occupational exposure to iron dust, and in patients with pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, Goodpasture's syndrome). (ersjournals.com)
Mean iron content of blood monocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils of eight healthy subjects was significantly lower than that of alveolar macrophages. (ersjournals.com)
cSiO2 causes phagolysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in alveolar macrophages. (nih.gov)

Microglia are brain-resident macrophages. (frontiersin.org)
They are often studied independently from other tissue-resident macrophages, probably because they are unique in some aspects, most notably in their isolation from the rest of the body through the blood brain barrier (BBB). (frontiersin.org)
But how different are microglia really from other tissue resident macrophages in terms of origin, lineage, and identity? (frontiersin.org)
In the next sections, we will review evidence about the origin, lineage, identity, and population dynamics of microglia compared to other tissue-resident macrophages and highlight commonalities and differences. (frontiersin.org)
proposed the "mononuclear phagocyte system" theory, by which tissue-resident macrophages were assumed to derive from blood-circulating monocytes and to differentiate within the host tissue ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
umors use chemokine signals to draw monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages into the tumor microenvironment, where the cells become tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). (the-scientist.com)
Originating either from monocytes that come from bone marrow, or tissue-resident macrophages that arise during embryonic development, they can repress antitumor immunity by secreting cytokines such as IL-10, which blocks dendritic cell activation, and TGF-β, which blunts T-cell responses (1). (the-scientist.com)
Recently, we collected evidence that survival of enteric neurons is guaranteed by a unique subpopulation of resident macrophages closely associated to the ENS and expressing a typical neuroprotective / -supportive transcriptome. (europa.eu)
In summary, resident macrophages orchestrate inflammatory responses improving cardiac remodelling, while recruited macrophages determine infarct size after I/R injury. (elifesciences.org)
Using state-of-the-art fate-mapping models and genetic and pharmacological targeting approaches, the authors provide solid evidence that the absence of resident macrophages do not influence infarct size but instead alter the immune cell crosstalk in response to injury. (elifesciences.org)
However, the functional evaluation of resident macrophages is limited by potential off target effects in ∆FIRE mice. (elifesciences.org)
For example, microglia , the longest known tissue -resident macrophages , show a highly branched process tree with which they continuously scan their environment . (bvsalud.org)
Computational image analysis allows to quantify morphology and/or motility from images of tissue -resident macrophages . (bvsalud.org)

Axolotl WIKIMEDIA, STAN SHEBS Macrophages, a type of immune cell that travels throughout tissues gobbling up bacteria and dead cells, plays a pivotal role in limb regeneration in a salamander called the axolotl, according to new research published this week (May 20) in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . (the-scientist.com)
The presence of immune cells, such as macrophages, in metabolic tissues suggests dynamic, ongoing crosstalk between these two regulatory systems. (nih.gov)
Beyond their role in innate immunity, macrophages play increasingly defined roles in orchestrating the healing of various injured tissues. (hindawi.com)
Macrophages are essential for the efficient healing of numerous tissues. (hindawi.com)
We here try to address these questions by collecting answers from microglia's cousins, the macrophages that reside in other tissues. (frontiersin.org)
Macrophage heterogeneity in tissues: phenotypic diversity and functions. (springer.com)
A team of researchers led by Sandrine Henri and Bernard Malissen of the Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy developed a genetically engineered mouse that allowed them to kill the macrophages that reside in the dermis and certain other tissues. (newswise.com)
Macrophages exist in nearly all tissues and are produced when white blood cells called monocytes leave the blood and differentiate in a tissue-specific manner. (zmescience.com)
Macrophages reside in all tissues of the body and each population of macrophages within a tissue can take on specialized functions that are tuned to the developmental and functional requirements of that tissue. (haematologica.org)
Monocytes become macrophages when they move from the bloodstream to the tissues. (msdmanuals.com)
Macrophages stay in the tissues. (msdmanuals.com)

Through mechanisms that have not yet been well elucidated, this impairment in cytotoxic function leads to an excessive expansion and activation of cytotoxic cells, with hypersecretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). (medscape.com)
Macrophages participate in all the different phases of tissue repair: they can promote phagocytosis of cellular debris and apoptotic neutrophils and produce cytokines that may help orchestrate the healing response. (hindawi.com)
However, due to the release of proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic radical species, uncontrolled activity of macrophages may also be detrimental to tissue repair. (hindawi.com)
Macrophages play a significant role in many processes, such as the human immune function, parasite infection, and tissue remodeling by secreting cytokines and producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. (frontiersin.org)
During severe infection, macrophages have been identified to be the key source of proinflammatory cytokines. (news-medical.net)
In macrophage-colony stimulating factor (MCSF) generated macrophages, Sia + IgG induced increased production of numerous cytokines/ chemokines including IL-6, TNFα, CXCL1, and IL-10, and the expression of the macrophage surface marker CD163. (scirp.org)
D. Bruder, E. , O. Richards, J. , M. Michel, K. and Oaks, M. (2016) Differential Effects of Alternative Glycoforms of IgG on Human Monocytes and Macrophages: Sialylated IgG Induces Novel Expression Signatures of Cell Surface Markers, Cytokines, and Chemokines. (scirp.org)

Classically activated M1 macrophages are induced in vitro by IFN γ , alone or in concert with microbial stimuli (e.g. (hindawi.com)
Importantly, stimulation of T cells by Cd44v7- deficient macrophages induced upregulation of Foxp3 in vitro , while cotransfer of Cd44 WT macrophages into Cd44v7- deficient mice reduced Foxp3 + T-cell counts and caused colitis. (nature.com)
Since human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) do not express ACE2, these cells were used as in vitro models for ACE2-negative macrophages. (news-medical.net)
Consistent with previous in vitro studies, the current study revealed that SARS-CoV-2 did not replicate in BAL macrophages or HMDM. (news-medical.net)
To investigate whether Trib3 regulates the polarisation state of macrophages, bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) were isolated and polarised in vitro to further characterise their pro- or anti- inflammatory properties. (bmj.com)
In vitro systems are used to differentiate these cells into diverse macrophage subsets to mimic the populations observed in vivo . (biorxiv.org)

Regulatory macrophages (Mregs) represent a subset of anti-inflammatory macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
Indeed, several human diseases are characterized by attenuated repair responses and imbalances in the inflammatory response with increased number of infiltrating macrophages [ 3 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
single-cell sequencing combined with new macrophage-specific genetic tools has provided unexpected insights into the tissue-specific and inflammatory diversity of macrophages. (nature.com)
In addition, a new mechanism of inflammatory control of macrophage diversity based on lactate-mediated histone modifications was discovered. (nature.com)
An unexpected 'timing' mechanism mediated by lactate seems to control macrophage inflammatory transitions. (nature.com)
Pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages hold the potential to engulf tumor cells. (springer.com)
In contrast, anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, which are predominantly present in tumors, potentiate tumor progression and immune escape. (springer.com)
Macrophages, which are functional plasticity cells, have the ability to phagocytize and digest foreign substances and acquire pro-(M1-like) or anti-inflammatory (M2-like) phenotypes according to their microenvironment. (frontiersin.org)
A clear understanding of the function of macrophages, as well as their role in pathogens and inflammatory response, will delineate the next steps in the treatment of intestinal inflammatory diseases. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we discuss the origin and development of macrophages and their role in the intestinal inflammatory response or infection. (frontiersin.org)
Mycobacteria are opportunistic microbes that reside and multiply in host macrophages, mainly by inhibition of host pro-inflammatory response. (europa.eu)
The lysosome's role in NLRP3 inflammasome activity and its contributions to macrophage homeostasis make it of significant interest in the development of therapeutic targets for chronic inflammatory human health conditions. (nih.gov)
Besides scavenging debris, promoting angiogenesis, tissue remodeling and repair, alternatively activated macrophages are able to fine tune inflammatory responses. (haematologica.org)
Pulmonary cytotoxicity, inflammatory cell influx, and relative mRNA expression of genes related to macrophage function and recruitment (Ccl2, Ccl22, and Arg1) were increased as a result of MWCNT exposure but not affected by OPN deficiency. (cdc.gov)

Whether the sequential presence of two different macrophage populations results from a dynamic shift in macrophage polarization or from the recruitment of new circulating monocytes is a subject of ongoing debate. (hindawi.com)
Major differences were reported in gene expression between human and mouse macrophages in the setting of lung cancer, whereas gene expression in other immune cell populations closely correlated between species. (nature.com)
How can we determine (and potentially target) a pathogenic or protective macrophage function if there are multiple types of macrophage in any given tissue site and if these populations temporally change their phenotypes in response to local extrinsic cues? (nature.com)
In the first part of this review, we will discuss similarities and differences in the identity of microglia and other macrophages, taking into account their developmental origin and the maintenance of the adult populations. (frontiersin.org)
However, the mechanistic differences when SARS-CoV-2 infects other cell types, such as macrophage populations, are poorly understood. (news-medical.net)
Once established, both the peritubular and interstitial macrophage populations exhibit a long life span and a low turnover in the steady state," the authors wrote. (zmescience.com)
In contrast, continuous CSF1R inhibition led to depletion of both resident and recruited macrophage populations. (elifesciences.org)
These findings attribute distinct beneficial effects to different macrophage populations in the context of myocardial infarction. (elifesciences.org)

Macrophages are associated with innate immunity that protects the respiratory tracts during viral infection. (news-medical.net)
Macrophages are important effectors of innate immunity. (elifesciences.org)
Macrophages are cells of the innate immune system which play numerous and vastly different functions within the body. (haematologica.org)

Here, we report that bone marrow derived macrophages and human monocyte-derived macrophages differentiated with either M-CSF or GM-CSF show different levels of LRRK2 activation after membrane damage. (biorxiv.org)

Here, we discuss how changes in the recruitment and activation of macrophages contribute to metabolic homeostasis. (nih.gov)

Heterogeneity and plasticity have been demonstrated to be hallmarks of macrophages. (hindawi.com)
Heterogeneity and plasticity of macrophages could explain these apparently contrasting roles in tissue healing. (hindawi.com)
However, the twin problems of dissecting macrophage phenotypical heterogeneity and specific function at a given time and place remain. (nature.com)
Fortunately, technological innovations are finally allowing us to address these issues, and in 2019 single-cell approaches and new fate mapping tools greatly advanced our understanding of macrophage heterogeneity. (nature.com)
Intestinal macrophages - heterogeneity, origins and functions [Video file]. (hstalks.com)

Monocyte and macrophage plasticity in tissue repair and regeneration. (springer.com)
The team determined that the dead macrophages release the pigment into their surroundings, where, over the following weeks, it is taken up by new, monocyte-derived macrophages before it can disperse. (newswise.com)
Genomic deletion of a fms-intronic regulatory element (FIRE) in the Csf1r locus resulted in specific absence of resident homeostatic and antigen-presenting macrophages, without affecting the recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages to the infarcted heart. (elifesciences.org)
Specific absence of homeostatic, monocyte-independent macrophages altered the immune cell crosstalk in response to injury and induced proinflammatory neutrophil polarization, resulting in impaired cardiac remodelling without influencing infarct size. (elifesciences.org)
To understand if polarization of macrophages can lead to a procoagulant macrophage subset we polarized human monocyte derived macrophages to a proinflammatory and an alternative activation state. (haematologica.org)
The present study examined the effects of Sia + IgG on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived monocyte and macrophage surface marker expression and cytokine/chemokine secretion. (scirp.org)
M-CSF and GM-CSF differentiated human blood monocytes are often used to generate monocyte-derived macrophages as a model for tissue macrophages. (biorxiv.org)

[ 1 , 2 ] Macrophage activation syndrome is characterized by pancytopenia, liver insufficiency, coagulopathy, and neurologic symptoms and is thought to be caused by the activation and uncontrolled proliferation of T lymphocytes and well-differentiated macrophages, leading to widespread hemophagocytosis and cytokine overproduction. (medscape.com)
The initial tissue reaction to infection is a focal, intensely suppurative necrosis consisting largely of accumulations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, followed by invasion of macrophages, epithelioid cells, and lymphocytes. (cdc.gov)

The analyses implicated cellular and molecular targets of ZA's actions: ZA suppressed MMP-9 expression by infiltrating macrophages and inhibited metalloprotease activity, reducing association of VEGF with its receptor on angiogenic endothelial cells. (jci.org)
Given its track record in clinical use with limited toxicity, ZA holds promise as an "unconventional" MMP-9 inhibitor for antiangiogenic therapy of cervical cancer and potentially for additional cancers and other diseases where MMP-9 expression by infiltrating macrophages is evident. (jci.org)

It was demonstrated that cancer stem cells cause macrophages, which are immune cells in charge of the initial stage of cancer cell death, to undergo senescence. (newkerala.com)
More recently, however, researchers have suggested that macrophages-specialized immune cells that reside in the dermis-are attracted to the wound inflicted by the tattoo needle and gobble up the tattoo pigment just as they would normally engulf an invading pathogen or piece of a dying cell. (newswise.com)
The Parkinson's Disease (PD) kinase LRRK2 is highly expressed in immune cells such as macrophages. (biorxiv.org)

In general, macrophages are a very dynamic and plastic cell type and can be divided into two main groups: classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). (wikipedia.org)
Surprisingly, Mregs resemble classically activated macrophages more than alternatively activated macrophages, due to higher biochemical similarity. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike classically activated macrophages, Mregs produce low levels of IL-12, which is important because IL-12 induces differentiation of naïve helper T cells to Th1 cells which produce high levels of IFNγ. (wikipedia.org)
In particular, we focus our discussion on the pathogenic and protective functions of classically and alternatively activated macrophages, respectively, in experimental models of obesity and metabolic disease. (nih.gov)

In this review, we intend to summarize the current knowledge on the many functions of autophagy proteins in cell defenses with a focus on bacteria-macrophage interaction. (frontiersin.org)
Unlike enzyme-based solutions, the Macrophage Detachment Solution DXF does not alter cell surface proteins and neutralization is not necessary.Note: The Macrophage Detachment Solution DXF is not suitable for the dissociation of other adherent cell types. (sigmaaldrich.com)

The large number of macrophages in the intestinal tract, play a significant role in maintaining the homeostasis of microorganisms on the surface of the intestinal mucosa and in the continuous renewal of intestinal epithelial cells. (frontiersin.org)
We here investigated macrophage lineages and ablated tissue macrophages in homeostasis and after I/R injury in a CSF1R-dependent manner. (elifesciences.org)

Stein M, Keshav S, Harris N, Gordon S. Interleukin 4 potently enhances murine macrophage mannose receptor activity: a marker of alternative immunologic macrophage activation. (springer.com)
Several molecules expressed by macrophages and T cells including interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-γ, IL-10, and Foxp3 are critical for the intestinal balance between immune attack and tolerance. (nature.com)
M1 macrophages are associated with the expression of interleukin (IL)-1, -12, TNF-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 7 . (ersjournals.com)

The first signal promotes the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages and the second signal promotes immunosuppressive functions. (wikipedia.org)
while the proliferation of T cells was unchanged, their antitumor activity was suppressed due to the immunosuppressive factors produced by senescent macrophages. (newkerala.com)
The team also demonstrated that supplementing the mice inoculated with cancer stem cells with a molecule called nicotinamide mononucleotide resulted in the proliferation of non-senescent macrophages and reduced the immunosuppressive factors produced by senescent macrophages, preventing tumour growth and leading to increased survival times in mice. (newkerala.com)
The modular nature of our platform offers multiple therapeutic possibilities, and our collaboration with Macrophage Therapeutics may enable the development of Accurins that target activated macrophages, which in cancer, help create an immunosuppressive microenvironment. (businesswire.com)
Disease-associated macrophages generally play a pro-tumoral role and are immunosuppressive, preventing the immune system from mounting an attack on tumor cells. (businesswire.com)
We propose that the negative prognostic value related to CD169 + macrophages in PTs is a consequence of an immunosuppressive tumor environment rich in TLSs, T regs and B regs . (lu.se)
We provide a novel treatment strategy against pediatric brain tumors as well as increased understanding of how to break complex immunosuppressive macrophage derived mechanisms. (lu.se)

M2a, mainly known as alternatively activated macrophages, are macrophages associated with tissue healing due to the production of components of extracellular matrix. (wikipedia.org)
Out of all macrophages, Mregs show the highest expression of MHC II molecules and co-stimulatory molecules (CD80/CD86), which differentiates them from the alternatively activated macrophages, which show a very low expression of these molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Mregs also differ from alternatively activated macrophages by producing high levels of nitric oxide and low arginase activity. (wikipedia.org)
Lastly, they differ in the expression of FIIZ1 (Resistin-like molecule alpha1) and YM1 which are differentiation markers present on alternatively activated macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
Alternatively activated M2 macrophages comprise cells exposed to low concentrations of M-CSF in the presence of IL-4, IL-13, or IL-10. (hindawi.com)
In addition, also TF activity was enhanced in extracellular vesicles of alternatively polarized macrophages. (haematologica.org)
7 In contrast, alternatively activated macrophages are characterized by increased expression of IL-10 and of scavenger receptors. (haematologica.org)
M2 (alternatively activated) macrophages are thought to be modulated by IL-4 and -13 and associated with tumour formation. (ersjournals.com)

Herein, we introduce the role of macrophages in tumor progression, summarize the recent advances in macrophage-centered anticancer therapy, and discuss their challenges as well as future applications. (springer.com)

Here, we review the many functions of autophagy in bacterial infections with a focus on macrophages, the first line of host defenses, and the replicative niche of numerous pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
So on day one, Session 1 will focus on macrophages and the immune system during HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection, Session 2 will focus on challenges to study HIV/SIV reservoirs, and Session 3 will really have the highlights from recent awardees of the NIMH/NINDS/NIDA Myeloid Reservoir RFA. (nih.gov)

Our data extended prior observations of Sia + IgG on DC function and showed that Sia + IgG was able to differentially modulate multiple pathways in monocytes and macrophages. (scirp.org)

Roles of autophagy machinery in macrophage antibacterial defenses. (frontiersin.org)
It has also been described that one of the key roles of M2 macrophages is to promote angiogenesis 7 , 10 . (ersjournals.com)

In this paper, we discuss the current available information about the role that different phenotypes of macrophages plays after injury and during the remodelling phase in different tissue types, with particular attention to the skeletal muscle. (hindawi.com)
and second, macrophages are sufficiently plastic that they can adopt tissue-specific phenotypes independent of their origin. (nature.com)
The role of macrophage phenotypes in tumour progression has been extensively reviewed 6 - 10 . (ersjournals.com)
Recent evidence, however, supports a dual role for macrophages in the regulation of tumour proliferation and immune control 10 , 16 , and indicates that the local tissue microenvironment plays a critical role in determining cell phenotypes. (ersjournals.com)

Targeting macrophages to modulate the tumor immune microenvironment can ameliorate the tumor-associated immunosuppression and elicit an anti-tumor immune response. (springer.com)
Based on the expression of CD206 mannose receptors on disease-associated macrophages, BIND and Macrophage plan to conduct joint research to develop a CD206 targeted Accurin nanoparticle that is capable of concentrating various therapeutic payloads to the tumor microenvironment. (businesswire.com)
By coupling Accurins with Macrophage's well-credentialed CD206 targeting ligand, we may be able to treat macrophage-mediated diseases through increased uptake, and concentration, of targeted therapeutic payloads in the tumor microenvironment. (businesswire.com)

Here, macrophages and T cells accumulate in the lamina propria of the intestinal tract, activate each other, destroy the regular architecture of the gut wall, and disturb the intestinal function. (nature.com)
The lamina propria of the small intestine is the main site of the intestinal immune system, which contains a large number of macrophages, CD4 T cells, and dendritic cells. (frontiersin.org)

A single-cell atlas of mouse brain macrophages reveals unique transcriptional identities shaped by ontogeny and tissue environment. (nature.com)

Macrophages are widespread and reside in many different organs, where they fulfill different functions. (frontiersin.org)

In contrast, CD44v7 absence on macrophages in recipient mice prevented colitis. (nature.com)
However, adipocyte and macrophage numbers were increased in the Trib3KO mice. (bmj.com)
Studying mice, the French researchers led by Michael Sieweke found peritubular macrophages only appear two weeks after the mice were born, which coincides with the rodent's puberty. (zmescience.com)
We have shown that MB and other human brain tumors express high levels of CD24, and intratumoral delivery of AF16 cured mice with gliomas, possibly via macrophage modulation. (lu.se)

Macrophages, as one of the most abundant tumor-infiltrating cells, play an important role in tumor development and metastasis. (springer.com)
The frequency and polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) correlate with disease progression, tumor metastasis, and resistance to various treatments. (springer.com)
Besides, biomimetic carriers based on macrophages have been extensively explored to prolong circulation, enhance tumor-targeted delivery, and reduce the immunogenicity of therapeutics to augment therapeutic efficacy. (springer.com)
Moreover, the genetic engineering of macrophages with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) allows them to recognize tumor antigens and perform tumor cell-specific phagocytosis. (springer.com)
Komohara Y, Fujiwara Y, Ohnishi K, Takeya M. Tumor-associated macrophages: potential therapeutic targets for anti-cancer therapy. (springer.com)
Zhou XF, Liu XR, Huang L. Macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis: opportunity for nanomedicine intervention. (springer.com)
Tumor-associated macrophages: potential therapeutic strategies and future prospects in cancer. (springer.com)
Yang QY, Guo NN, Zhou Y, Chen JJ, Wei QC, Han M. The role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor progression and relevant advance in targeted therapy. (springer.com)
At the same time, Tie2 + macrophages come together with cancer cells and blood vessel endothelial cells to form complexes, called tumor. (the-scientist.com)
On the other hand, phagosomes are formed when the pathogen is engulfed by macrophages and fuse with lysosomes to release enzymes and toxic substances, resulting in killing or having cytotoxic effects on bacteria and tumor cells. (frontiersin.org)
We here investigated the prognostic impact of tumor-infiltrating CD169 + macrophages in primary tumors (PTs) and their spatial relation to tumor-infiltrating B and T cells. (lu.se)
Brain tumors contain huge amounts of tumor-promoting macrophages, but these can be drug-modulated to kill tumor cells. (lu.se)

Perturbations of macrophage function and/or activation may result in impaired regeneration and fibrosis deposition as described in several chronic pathological diseases. (hindawi.com)

However, we have now extended these studies to use retroviral gene transfer methods to stably transduce macrophage precursors with these DNA constructs. (yourdictionary.com)
The other kind of macrophage is peritubular, named so because we can find it on the surface of seminiferous tubules that house sperm cell precursors. (zmescience.com)
1 Some tissue macrophages and precursors are already established embryonically in the yolk sac and fetal liver before the onset of definitive hematopoiesis. (haematologica.org)

Lung single-cell signaling interaction map reveals basophil role in macrophage imprinting. (nature.com)
Based on the findings of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), viral RNA has been detected within macrophages in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from COVID-19 patients. (news-medical.net)
There is a marked survival advantage for patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) expressing high numbers of macrophages in their tumour islets. (ersjournals.com)

Using two breast cancer patient cohorts, we show that CD169 + macrophages were spatially associated with the presence of B and T cell tertiary lymphoid-like structures (TLLSs) in both PTs and lymph node metastases (LNMs). (lu.se)
macrophages were spatially associated with the presence of B and T cell tertiary lymphoid-like structures (TLLSs) in both PTs and lymph node metastases (LNMs). (lu.se)

A new Science Signaling study evaluates whether macrophage ACE2 expression regulates the susceptibility of macrophages against SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication. (news-medical.net)

Macrophages are one of the first barriers of host defence against pathogens. (hindawi.com)
Macrophages are central to host defense against microbes, but intracellular pathogens have evolved to evade their antimicrobial functions. (harvard.edu)
A macrophage is a large white blood cell which gobbles foreign pathogens like bacteria. (zmescience.com)

A close review of the literature shows that microglia are not as coarsely distinct to other macrophages as one may think, yet there are some fine differences in how they behave in their local environment. (frontiersin.org)
This study provides important findings on the distinct functions of resident and recruited macrophages during cardiac healing after myocardial ischemia. (elifesciences.org)

Tumors protect themselves from macrophage-mediated killing by CD24 expression. (lu.se)

We propose that Trib3 may modulate macrophage polarisation and therefore modulate the immune response to promote obesity. (bmj.com)

We show that embryonic progenitors give rise to the interstitial macrophage population, whereas peritubular macrophages are exclusively seeded postnatally in the prepuberty period from bone marrow (BM)-derived progenitors. (zmescience.com)

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening complication of rheumatic disease that, for unknown reasons, occurs much more frequently in individuals with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) and in those with adult-onset Still disease. (medscape.com)
Typically, patients with macrophage activation syndrome become acutely ill with the sudden onset of nonremitting high fever, profound depression in all 3 blood cell lines (ie, leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia), hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and elevated serum liver enzyme levels. (medscape.com)
The treatment of macrophage activation syndrome is traditionally based on the parenteral administration of high doses of corticosteroids. (medscape.com)
Macrophage activation syndrome is characterized by a highly stimulated but ineffective immune response. (medscape.com)
Recent studies have shown that MUNC 13-4 polymorphisms are associated with macrophage activation syndrome in some patients with SJIA. (medscape.com)
Macrophage activation syndrome--what's in a name! (jrheum.org)

Similar effect provoked interaction of macrophages and B1 B cells. (wikipedia.org)
Because the bacteria live within macrophage cells, treatment may be difficult, and the treatment periods may vary. (yourdictionary.com)
The cells were collected after the daughter was given granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor for 5 days to boost her white blood cells. (yourdictionary.com)
The earliest detectable lesions, called fatty streaks, contain macrophage foam cells that are derived from recruited monocytes. (yourdictionary.com)
Then, we will discuss several principles that govern macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), including the existence of redundant recognition mechanisms ("find-me" and "eat-me") that lead to a tight coupling between apoptosis and phagocytosis. (frontiersin.org)
Because it is such a diverse population of cells, a fundamental question is whether they have a common precursor or whether each macrophage population develops from a different precursor. (frontiersin.org)
Macrophages are also experts at phagocytosing and degrading foreign cells, including cancer cells (2). (the-scientist.com)
ice with healthy immune systems are exposed to cancer stem cells, which cause macrophage ageing and tumour growth. (newkerala.com)
further investigation showed that macrophages cultured with cancer stem cells exhibit senescence or cellular ageing. (newkerala.com)
These macrophages expressed prominent levels of monocarboxylate transporter-4 (MCT-4), which is specialized in the secretion of lactate from glycolytic cells. (jci.org)
Over the following few weeks, these cells are replaced by new macrophages derived from precursor cells known as monocytes. (newswise.com)
Although CD4 T cells are the main targets of HIV infection, macrophages also become infected and resist the cytopathic effects of infection, contributing potentially to HIV reservoir persistence. (nih.gov)
In contrast to epithelial cells, human macrophages manifest an abortive replication cycle for many viruses, such as rhinovirus and seasonal influenza A viruses. (news-medical.net)
Thus, macrophages not only inhibit viral dissemination but can sense infected cells and infectious viral particles to subsequently elicit antiviral and proinflammatory programs. (news-medical.net)
Guided by these and other preliminary data, this project will address the gap in our current knowledge of how ISGs control Toxoplasma in pig cells by systematically identifying which and how the differentially expressed ISGs directly control Toxoplasma in pig macrophages using pig pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages and high throughput ISG functional screening tools that we have recently developed. (usda.gov)
Two types of testicular macrophage - important cells of the immune system - have been described in great detail by French researchers at the Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy. (zmescience.com)
For example, macrophages present in the brain are termed microglia and in the liver sinusoids they are called Kupffer cells. (zmescience.com)
In the so-called interstitial space, where we can find the testosterone-producing Leydig cells, one type of interstitial macrophages is produced. (zmescience.com)
Macrophages are versatile cells that can be polarized by the tissue environment to fulfill required needs. (haematologica.org)
6 In addition, these cells are present during early wound healing and proinflammatory macrophages are characterized by a pronounced ability to degrade tissue. (haematologica.org)
Macrophages secrete substances that attract other white blood cells to the site of the infection. (msdmanuals.com)

Taspine did not have an effect on specific assays for macrophage chemotaxis, neutrophil activation, fibroblast proliferation, or matrix assembly. (yourdictionary.com)

It is well-established that macrophages play an important role in many disease states but it has proven difficult to selectively target and alter macrophages that play a key role in disease progression," said Hagop Youssoufian, M.Sc. (businesswire.com)
Abnormal mononuclear macrophage infiltration may be involved in the origin and progression of CSD. (bmj.com)

Macrophages are known to be important in human muscle repair after acute damage. (the-scientist.com)
Start with ready-to-use, ethically sourced, primary human macrophages. (stemcell.com)
In human male testicles, scientists have identified two types of macrophages, each originating in one of the two compartments of the testis. (zmescience.com)
In contrast to monocytes, human macrophages did not show increased tissue factor expression upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ. (haematologica.org)

In summary, we will show that neuroimmunologists can learn many lessons from the well-developed field of macrophage phagocytosis biology. (frontiersin.org)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key component in the process of angiogenesis, is known to be produced by tumour-associated macrophages 17 , 18 , which have been traditionally reported as M2 macrophages. (ersjournals.com)

All macrophages express common markers such as CD11b (Mac1 or CR3), CD68, and CD115 (M-CSF receptor). (hindawi.com)
The expression of CD68 for macrophages on different materials at 96 h. (figshare.com)

Despite extensive research, our understanding of the precise role of different subsets of macrophages in ischemia/reperfusion injury remains incomplete. (elifesciences.org)
However, how LRRK2 is activated in different macrophage subsets after membrane damage is unknown. (biorxiv.org)
These results suggest that LRRK2-regulated pathways of endolysosomal membrane damage and repair differ between macrophage subsets. (biorxiv.org)

Anatomy38

Organisms26

Diseases10

Chemicals and Drugs112

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes50

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Phenotype17

Inflammation9

Alveolar13

Resident macrophages13

Tissues11

Cytokines7

Vitro6

Inflammatory14

Populations8

Innate3

Bone marrow derived macrophages1

Recruitment and activation of macrophages1

Heterogeneity5

Monocyte7

Lymphocytes2

Expression by infiltratin2

Immune cells3

Classically4

Proteins2

Homeostasis2

Interleukin3

Immunosuppressive7

Alternatively8

Role of Macrophages1

Focus on macrophages2

Monocytes and macrophages1

Roles2

Phenotypes4

Microenvironment3

Intestinal2

Brain macrophages1

Reside1

Mice4

Tumor12

Fibrosis1

Precursors3

Lung3

Lymph node2

Regulates1

Pathogens3

Distinct2

Tumors1

Modulate1

Embryonic1

Activation syndrome6

Cells21

Proliferation1

Progression2

Human4

Phagocytosis1

Angiogenesis1

CD682

Subsets3