3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine. (wikipedia.org)
Their effects on dialysate dopamine and 3,4-di-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were measured and compared with the effects of raclopride. (nih.gov)
In vivo microdialysis with HPLC-ED was used to measure dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the nucleus accumbens of the rat, prior, during, and after 15-min periods of electrical brain stimulation at sites in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that supported intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). (nih.gov)
Then HPLC-fluorescence detection was used to analyze the contents of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homoranillic acid (HVA) in substantial nigra and striatum. (cdc.gov)
Following intraperitoneal administration of the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801), levels of the dopamine (DA) metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) increased in mouse striatum and limbic forebrain. (eurekamag.com)
Right hemisphere suction lesions produced a significant bilateral increase in NAS and caudate nucleus dopamine turnover (as measured by DOPAC/DA ratio) 4 weeks post-lesion, while similar left hemisphere lesions did not. (johnshopkins.edu)
whereas COMT catalyzes dopamine to 3-MT and MAO catalyzes 3-MT to HVA. (wikipedia.org)
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+), the active metabolite of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, has been chronically infused (10 micrograms/24 h for 7 days) via osmotic minipumps into the left median forebrain bundle of the rat in order to determine whether it can induce permanent damage to the nigrostriatal dopamine system. (unboundmedicine.com)
In vivo, using bilateral monitoring of striatal dopamine in MPP+-infused animals at 2 and 4 months by push-pull perfusion, both basal and methamphetamine- (2.5 mg/kg i.p.) stimulated release of dopamine was undetectable in the ipsilateral striatum, indicating a complete loss of dopamine terminals. (unboundmedicine.com)
In contrast, in the contralateral striatum of these animals and in striata of saline-infused animals, there were 4-5-fold increases in dopamine release in response to methamphetamine. (unboundmedicine.com)
In contrast, neither MDMA nor MDA caused any widespread or long-term changes in the content of the catecholaminergic markers (i.e., norepinephrine, dopamine, 3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid) or in the number of [3H]mazindol-labeled norepinephrine or dopamine uptake sites in the brain regions examined. (erowid.org)
After two months of feeding, the fish-containing diet resulted in significant observable effects as compared to the control and MeHg-containing diets, encompassing altered behavioral performances as monitored in a Y-shaped maze and an open field, and an increased dopamine metabolic turnover in hippocampus, despite the fact that the fish-containing diet was enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids and selenium compared to the fish-devoid diets. (hindawi.com)
Effect of theanine on brain amino acids and monoamines, and the striatal release of dopamine (DA) was investigated. (moodfoods.com)
Homovanillic1
Another is 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT). Both of these substances are degraded to form homovanillic acid (HVA). (wikipedia.org)
Metabolites1
This study examines the effects of repeated systemic administration (20 mg/kg s.c., twice daily for 4 days) of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) on levels of brain monoamines, their metabolites and on the density of monoamine uptake sites in various regions of rat brain. (erowid.org)
Serotonin3
however, the levels of noradrenaline, serotonin and its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, were not significantly different from control values. (unboundmedicine.com)
The prevailing view is that the popular recreational drug (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or "ecstasy") is a selective serotonin neurotoxin in animals and possibly in humans. (mdma.net)
These studies revealed lasting reductions in regional brainserotonin, serotonin's major metabolite (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, or 5-HIAA), and the serotonin transporter (SERT). (mdma.net)
Carboxylic Acids5
Low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids are involved in various metabolic pathways. (encyclopedia.pub)
Fatty acids are integral components of lipids, and consist of carboxylic acids with long aliphatic chains. (encyclopedia.pub)
Hence, highly sensitive and selective methods for the determination of biologically important carboxylic acids are required for biological investigations, and, thus far, numerous analytical methods have been developed. (encyclopedia.pub)
The choice of detection method is important for trace amounts of carboxylic acids in biological samples. (encyclopedia.pub)
Ultraviolet absorbance detection is rarely implemented due to the absence of chromophores in carboxylic acids. (encyclopedia.pub)
Acetic1
A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. (nih.gov)
Brain2
When dizocilpine was given to animals treated with NSD 1015, an inhibitor of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) decarboxylase and monoamine oxidase, there was an increase in levels of DOPA and 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT). These findings suggest that dizocilpine stimulates DA synthesis and release in mouse brain. (eurekamag.com)
Determination of amino acids in the brain after the intragastric administration of theanine showed that theanine was incorporated into brain through blood-brain barrier via leucine-preferring transport system. (moodfoods.com)
Concentrations1
Effects of tyrosine and tryptophan ingestion on plasma catecholamine and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations. (infinitelabs.com)
Phenolic3
Scope: (-)-Epicatechin (EC) and main colonic phenolic acids derived from flavonoid intake, such as 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DHPAA), 3- hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (HPPA), and vanillic acid (VA), have been suggested to exert beneficial effects in diabetes, although the mechanism for their actions remains unknown. (faksignaling.com)
Thus, monomers are readily absorbed in the small intestine, but oligomers and polymers are metabolized in the colon by the intestinal microbiota into different phenolic acids of low molecular weight [7, 9]. (faksignaling.com)
The strains demonstrated their biodegradation capacity of oleuropein, associated with the accumulation of hydroxytyrosol and other phenolic compounds, resulting in antioxidant activity values significantly higher than that of ascorbic acid. (springeropen.com)
Organic acids4
Carboxyl-bearing low-molecular-weight compounds such as keto acids, fatty acids, and other organic acids are involved in a myriad of metabolic pathways owing to their high polarity and solubility in biological fluids. (encyclopedia.pub)
The Organic Acids Test (OAT) offers a comprehensive metabolic snapshot of a patient's overall health with 76 markers. (functional-labs.com)
Many people with chronic illnesses and neurological disorders often excrete several abnormal organic acids in their urine. (functional-labs.com)
Our Organic Acids Test also includes markers for vitamin and mineral levels, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter levels, and is the only OAT to include markers for oxalates, which are highly correlated with many chronic illnesses. (functional-labs.com)
Amino acid7
The results of cDNA cloning, peptide mapping, and amino acid sequencing of PPAE revealed that PPAE is synthesized as prepro-PPAE with 441 amino acid residues and is activated from pro-PPAE by cleavage of a peptide bond between Lys152 and Ile153. (lookformedical.com)
-Tyrosine or tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y ) [1] or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acid s that are used by cells to synthesize proteins . (explained.today)
It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group. (explained.today)
While tyrosine is generally classified as a hydrophobic amino acid, it is more hydrophilic than phenylalanine . (explained.today)
Aside from being a proteinogenic amino acid , tyrosine has a special role by virtue of the phenol functionality. (explained.today)
Mammals synthesize tyrosine from the essential amino acid phenylalanine (Phe), which is derived from food. (explained.today)
The amino acid tyrosine is a noradrenaline precursor and it may enhance noradrenaline synthesis and release in sympathetic nervous system. (infinitelabs.com)
A deficiency of the hepatic enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGO) forces the accumulation of homogentisic acid, which is rapidly cleared in the kidney and excreted. (medscape.com)
Upon contact with air, homogentisic acid is oxidized to form a pigmentlike polymeric material responsible for the black color of standing urine. (medscape.com)
Tyrosine6
cAMP-mediated stimulation of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA translation is mediated by polypyrimidine-rich sequences within its 3'-untranslated region and poly(C)-binding protein 2. (rochester.edu)
It varies depending on an estimate method, however the ideal proportion of these two amino acids is considered to be 60:40 (phenylalanine:tyrosine) as a human body has such composition. (explained.today)
The thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T 3 ) and thyroxine (T 4 ) in the colloid of the thyroid are also derived from tyrosine. (explained.today)
It transforms L-tyrosine into p-coumaric acid .Tyrosine is also the precursor to the pigment melanin . (explained.today)
Tyrosine tended to increase 4-h respiratory quotient by 1% compared to placebo. (infinitelabs.com)
Ad libitum energy intake was not significantly different between treatments, but was reduced by 8%, 8%, and 3% compared to placebo after intake of tyrosine, green tea extract and caffeine, respectively. (infinitelabs.com)
Ascorbic1
We found that resveratrol (10 μM) and ascorbic acid (200 μM) protected MeHg-induced cell death in primary cultures of cortical neurons. (uchile.cl)
Lipids1
Oxidative stress, induced by enhanced accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), harmfully affects lipids, proteins and nucleic acids that leads to initiation of death of neurons, serving as a major contributor in PD progression [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
MDMA5
The effects of self-administered 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on behavior and neurochemistry have not been previously studied in laboratory primates. (erowid.org)
In the 1980s, MDMA was generally used on college campuses, with most individuals taking no more than one or two 75- to 150-mg doses, about 1.6 to 2.4 mg per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg), twice monthly ( 3 ). (mdma.net)
More recently, MDMA is increasingly used in the context of large, all-night dance parties where partygoers regard the drug as safe and consume multiple doses during the night ( 4 , 5 ). (mdma.net)
Squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus ) were given MDMA at a dosage of 2 mg/kg, three times, at 3-hour intervals, for a total dose of 6 mg/kg ( 13 ). (mdma.net)
F ) radioisotope [ 3 H]RTI-55-labeled SERT in coronal section of a control monkey (CON) and a monkey treated with MDMA 2 weeks previously. (mdma.net)
Phenylpyruvic1
In a poorly understood complex reaction, the enzyme phenylpyruvic acid oxidase is thought simultaneously to move the pyruvic acid side chain, to decarboxylate it, and to add an additional hydroxyl group to the ring. (medscape.com)
Compounds1
For example, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which is the principal energy-producing process in cells, involves nine carboxylic acid compounds. (encyclopedia.pub)
Biosynthesis pathway1
In the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, the increased expression of 4-coumarate (1.13-fold) and sinapyl alcohol (1.26-fold) triggered by g-C3N4 coexposure with Cd or As played a critical role in promoting plant growth and enhancing rice resistance against metal(loid) stresses. (bvsalud.org)
Neurons2
Female Sprague-Dawley rats received either DA neuron neurotoxic lesion by bilateral intra-cannula injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (2-4 μg/side) or vehicle treatment at the area surrounding the SCN at 20 min post protriptyline ip injection (20 mg/kg) to protect against damage to noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
Novel therapeutic agents that can protect the dopaminergic neurons, stop or reverse the progression, as well as alleviate motor symptoms are in urgent need for PD patients [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Oxidation2
Substrate specificity of catechol oxidase from Lycopus europaeus and characterization of the bioproducts of enzymic caffeic acid oxidation. (lookformedical.com)
The products of enzymic oxidation of caffeic acid were analyzed and isolated by HPLC with diode array detection. (lookformedical.com)
Acute2
The acute thermogenic response was measured in a ventilated hood system for 4 hours following ingestion. (infinitelabs.com)
However, the ingested 50 mg caffeine is of rather low dosage compared to previous studies where the acute dose has generally been between 100 and 400 mg caffeine, inducing a thermogenic response between 3 and 16 % compared to the control. (infinitelabs.com)
Metabolism2
Inasmuch as the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) are the seat of the circadian pacemaker system of the vertebrate body that function via the neuroendocrine axis to synchronize temporal biology (e.g., daily metabolism) with the cyclic environment, it was postulated that such L-DOPA effects were acting at least in part by modulating SCN output function [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Alkaptonuria, also called black urine disease, alcaptonuria, and black bone disease, is one of 4 disorders originally defined as an inborn error of metabolism by Archibald Garrod in his Croonian Lectures of 1902. (medscape.com)
Intake1
Blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and subjective appetite sensations were assessed hourly and ad libitum energy intake 4-hour post-dose. (infinitelabs.com)
In this context, a higher faecal excretion and lower tissue accumulation, as well as metallothionein induction in rats following exposure to methylmercury naturally incorporated in fish compared to methylmercury chloride added to the same matrix, have been reported [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Male Sprague-Dawley rats received either a right, left or sham frontocortical suction lesion, and were sacrificed 1, 2, and 4 weeks after surgery. (johnshopkins.edu)
Genetic1
As Garrod suggested, alkaptonuria is an autosomal recessive genetic trait, although an autosomal dominant transmission pattern in 3 generations in a nonconsanguineous family has been reported. (medscape.com)
Animals2
After 3-5 weeks, MPP+-infused animals showed dose-related ipsilateral and contralateral circling in response to methamphetamine (1-5 mg/kg i.p.) and apomorphine (0.05-0.25 mg/kg s.c.) respectively. (unboundmedicine.com)
Results shown represent the mean ± SEM ( n = 3 animals per group). (mdma.net)
Treatment1
The competitive NMDA antagonist D-CPPene produced locomotor stimulation as well, but in contrast to following dizocilpine treatment levels of 3-MT decreased. (eurekamag.com)
CHEMICAL1
Moreover, the chemical form of methylmercury in fish has been identified as methylmercury-cysteine (MeHg-cysteine), probably as part of larger peptides [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Glucose2
In diabetes, there is a marked increase in renal glucose uptake, which might be accompanied by the upregulation of SGLT- 2 and glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) levels, and the renal gluconeogenesis is enhanced because of the deregulation of rate-limiting gluconeogenic enzymes [2, 4, 5]. (faksignaling.com)
Additionally, defects at the insulin signalling are thought to affect the renal glucose homeostasis and, therefore, to contribute to the hyperglycaemia [4]. (faksignaling.com)
Green tea1
T heanine, r-glutamylethylamide, is one of the major components of amino acids in Japanese green tea. (moodfoods.com)