• This paper describes the role of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in the treatment of opiate withdrawal syndrome. (erowid.org)
  • exp Hydroxybutyrates OR gamma hydroxybutyric acid.mp. (bmj.com)
  • Li J , Stokes SA, Woeckener A. A tale of novel intoxication: seven cases of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid overdose. (bmj.com)
  • acids, soapstock, and glycerol water. (scirp.org)
  • These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form. (lookformedical.com)
  • Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood that are made up of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule. (lookformedical.com)
  • Synthesis and accumulation of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) by Rhizobium sp. (caluniv.ac.in)
  • Forty-two Rhizobium strains obtained from different culture collections were evaluated quantitatively for poly(3-hydroxy-butyric acid) [PHB] production in shake flask culture. (caluniv.ac.in)
  • Production of poly (3-hydroxbutyric acid) [P(3HB)] by Azotobacter beijerinckii WDN-01 were conducted in batch culture using oil cake extract as substrate. (envirobiotechjournals.com)
  • CAS # 80181-31-3, Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate): more information. (chemblink.com)
  • Methods PIL-loaded NPs were prepared using poly (d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as a matrix/carrier and carbopol (CRB) as a mucoadhesi. (researchgate.net)
  • A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. (lookformedical.com)
  • Capillary Gas Chromatographic Separation of Urinary Organic Acids. (nist.gov)
  • Gas-chromatographic method of analysis for urinary organic acids. (nist.gov)
  • These protons can come from organic acids which have accumulated in the blood, but they can also come from increased production in our body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Insulin plays a crucial role in regulating the metabolism of blood glucose, amino acids, and lipids in humans. (biorxiv.org)
  • To address this question, we used mathematical modeling to identify the selective regulatory mechanisms of insulin on blood amino acids and lipids. (biorxiv.org)
  • Numerous studies have investigated how insulin regulates amino acids and lipids in the bloodstream 4 , 18 , 19 . (biorxiv.org)
  • Insulin reduces blood amino acid concentrations by limiting the release of amino acids into the bloodstream from skeletal muscle 18 , 20 and promoting protein synthesis in the liver and other tissues 3 . (biorxiv.org)
  • With regards to free fatty acids (FFA), insulin reduces their concentration in the blood by inhibiting their efflux from adipose tissue into the blood and by promoting their accumulation as triglycerides (TAG) in adipose tissue 5 , 6 . (biorxiv.org)
  • A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis. (lookformedical.com)
  • They are produced in the liver and kidney during FATTY ACIDS oxidation and used as a source of energy by the heart , muscle and brain . (online-medical-dictionary.org)
  • One of insulin's primary functions is to regulate blood glucose levels, but it also has a role in regulating other blood metabolites such as amino acids and lipids 3 - 6 . (biorxiv.org)
  • While there has been extensive research on the mathematical modeling of insulin's regulation of blood glucose 8 - 13 , there has been limited investigation of its selective regulation of blood amino acids and lipids 14 - 17 . (biorxiv.org)
  • To address this gap, we utilized mathematical model selection to explore insulin's selective regulatory mechanisms on blood amino acids and lipids, considering their temporal patterns after oral glucose ingestion. (biorxiv.org)
  • These findings have been demonstrated through the use of various methods, including oral glucose ingestion studies 3 , 4 , 7 , 18 , 19 , 21 . (biorxiv.org)
  • These differences in metabolic regulatory mechanisms of amino acids are reflected in their temporal patterns after glucose ingestion 7 . (biorxiv.org)
  • Dose dependent diclofenac-induced effects on exometabolome, such as on the production of lactate and 3-hydroxybutyric acid as well as glucose and galactose metabolism, were observed upon nine repeated doses. (uni.lu)
  • Causes include accumulation of ketones and lactic acid, renal failure, and drug or toxin ingestion (high anion gap) and gastrointestinal or renal HCO 3 − loss (normal anion gap). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Blood lipids consist of free fatty acids and ketone bodies, such as 3-hydroxybutyrate. (biorxiv.org)
  • A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. (lookformedical.com)
  • Covalent attachment of LIPIDS and FATTY ACIDS to other compounds and PROTEINS. (lookformedical.com)
  • A group of compounds that are derivatives of octadecanoic acid which is one of the most abundant fatty acids found in animal lipids. (lookformedical.com)
  • Acid-Base Regulation Metabolic processes in the human body continually produce acid and, to a lesser degree, base. (msdmanuals.com)
  • So, basically, metabolic acidosis arises either from the buildup of acid in our blood, which could be because it's produced or ingested in increased amounts, or because the body can't get rid of it, or from excessive bicarbonate HCO3− loss from the kidneys or gastrointestinal tract. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This enzyme aids in processing the amino acid leucine, which is found in many proteins. (news-medical.net)
  • 3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid (or 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) is an intermediate in the metabolism of valine. (wikipedia.org)
  • These studies suggest that acute alterations in arterial pH may affect the regulation of protein metabolism in vivo and must be considered in the interpretation of results from experiments in which alterations of acid-base homeostasis may have occurred. (nih.gov)
  • It is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor for fatty acid metabolism. (lookformedical.com)
  • 2-hydroxybutyric acid 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase PubChem. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2-HB is an organic acid produced from α-ketobutyrate via the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH). (healthmatters.io)
  • A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems. (lookformedical.com)
  • High-fibre diets are beneficial for many health outcomes via a wide range of mechanisms including gut microbiota fermentation-derived short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) production. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • A group of 16-carbon fatty acids that contain no double bonds. (lookformedical.com)
  • Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (lookformedical.com)
  • FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. (lookformedical.com)
  • An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. (lookformedical.com)
  • A group of fatty acids that contain 18 carbon atoms and a double bond at the omega 9 carbon. (lookformedical.com)
  • tRNAs) help assemble protein building blocks (amino acids) into chains that form proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Clinical conditions associated with urinary excretion of 2-hydroxybutyric acid. (healthmatters.io)
  • This is due to the obligate renal H+ ion excretion, due to the normal daily average endogenous acid production of 1 mEq/kg required to maintain acid-base balance in the body. (medscape.com)
  • Radioligand binding studies using the specific GHB radioligand (3)H](E,RS)-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-5H-benzocyclohept-6-ylidene)acetic acid showed a 39% reduction (P = 0.0056) in the number of binding sites in α4 KO brain tissue compared with WT controls, corroborating the direct involvement of the α4-subunit in high-affinity GHB binding. (erowid.org)
  • During acidosis, total plasma essential and nonessential amino acid concentrations increased (P less than .05), whereas during alkalosis, total plasma essential and nonessential amino acid concentrations decreased (P less than .05). (nih.gov)
  • [ 1 ] Therefore, any abnormalities in the acid-base balance in the body has a direct effect on urinary pH levels. (medscape.com)
  • Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. (lookformedical.com)
  • 3 Division of Clinical Chemistry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. (nih.gov)
  • There are no known clinical associations with low levels of α-hydroxybutyric acid. (healthmatters.io)
  • 2016 "Kinetic studies on biodiesel production using a trace acid catalyst", Catalyst Today. (esf.edu)
  • Acute kidney injury (AKI) affects 3% of all hospitalized patients. (nih.gov)
  • Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. (lookformedical.com)
  • The urine specimen is analyzed in 3 main parts. (medscape.com)
  • Conversely, uric acid and cystine calculi are associated with acidic urine (although pH is more important for treatment than formation of cystine stones). (medscape.com)
  • Normally, blood pH depends on the balance or ratio between the concentration of bases, mainly bicarbonate HCO3−, which increases the pH, and acids, mainly carbon dioxide CO2, which decrease the pH. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In this case, the bicarbonate HCO3− ion concentration decreases by binding of bicarbonate HCO3− ions and protons H+, which results in the formation of H2CO3 carbonic acid, which subsequently breaks down into carbon dioxide CO2 and water H2O. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It's mostly employed as a co-monomer in traditional diol-condensation processes with terephthalic acid to make polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), with diisocyanatos to make polyurethanes, and with diacids to make biodegradable polyesters. (alliedmarketresearch.com)