Acanthocheilonemiasis is a skin and subcutaneous infection caused by the nematode parasite Acanthocheilonema streptoserosis. It is also known as "striped fever" or "heartwater disease." The infection is primarily found in animals, particularly ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats, in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, the Caribbean, and Central and South America.

In humans, acanthocheilonemiasis can occur after a bite from an infected insect vector, such as a tick or a flea. The infection typically causes skin lesions, fever, and lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes). In severe cases, the parasites may disseminate to other organs, causing more widespread symptoms.

The diagnosis of acanthocheilonemiasis is usually made based on clinical presentation and confirmed by identifying the parasite in a tissue sample or through serological testing. Treatment typically involves the use of anti-parasitic medications such as ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. Preventive measures include avoiding insect bites, particularly in areas where the infection is known to occur.