Acorus
Rhizome
Polygala
Anisoles
Iridaceae
Oils, Volatile
Long-term anoxia tolerance in leaves of Acorus calamus L. and Iris pseudacorus L. (1/18)
Mature green leaves of Acorus calamus and Iris pseudacorus have been shown to survive at least 28 d of total anoxia in the dark during the growing season, increasing up to 75 d and 60 d in overwintering leaves in A. calamus and I. pseudacorus, respectively. During the period of anaerobic incubation the glycolytic rate is reduced, carbohydrate reserves are conserved and ethanol levels in the tissues reached an equilibrium. Prolonged anoxia significantly suppressed leaf capacity for respiration and photosynthesis. After 28 d of anoxia, respiratory capacity was reduced in A. calamus and I. pseudacorus by 80% and 90%, respectively. The photosynthetic capacity of leaves decreased by 83% in A. calamus and by 97% in I. pseudacorus after 28 d of anoxia. This reduction in photosynthetic capacity was accompanied by a modification of the chlorophyll fluorescence pattern indicating damage to the PSII reaction centre and subsequent electron transport. Chlorophyll content was only slightly reduced after 28 d under anoxia and darkness in A. calamus, whereas there was a 50% reduction in I. pseudacorus. On return to air A. calamus leaves that endured 28 d of anoxia recovered full photosynthetic activity within 7 d while those of I. pseudacorus had a lag phase of 3-10 d. This well-developed ability to endure prolonged periods of oxygen deprivation in both these species is associated with a down-regulation in metabolic activity in response to the imposition of anaerobiosis. It is suggested that when leaf damage eventually does take place in these species after protracted oxygen deprivation, it is anoxic rather than post-anoxic stress that is responsible. (+info)Inhibitory effects of the fragrance inhalation of essential oil from Acorus gramineus on central nervous system. (2/18)
The present study was designed to evaluate central inhibitory effects of the essential oil from Acori graminei Rhizoma (AGR), the dry rhizomes of Acorus gramineus SOLANDER (Araceae) upon fragrance inhalation (aroma therapy). Preinhalation of the oil markedly delayed the appearance of pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion. Furthermore, inhalation impressively inhibited the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase, a degrading enzyme for GABA as the inhalation period was lengthened. The GABA level was significantly increased and glutamate content was significantly decreased in mouse brain by preinhalation of the essential oil. The above results suggest that the anticonvulsive effect of this AGR oil is originated by the enhancement of GABA level in the mouse brain, because convulsion depends partially on GABA concentration which can be properly preserved by inhibiting GABA transaminase. Moreover, fragrance inhalation progressively prolonged the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time as inhalation time was lengthened. Ten hour inhalation corresponded almost to the effect (145% increase) of oral administration (60 mg/kg). This sedative effect after inhalation or oral administration of AGR essential oil suggests that this oil may act on the CNS via the GABAergic system. The inhibitory activity of preinhalation of the essential oil on lipid peroxidation, to which the anticonvulsive action is attributed, also supported the above results, confirming and amplifying our previous reports on the CNS inhibitory effects of AGR. (+info)Analysis of Acorus calamus chloroplast genome and its phylogenetic implications. (3/18)
Determining the phylogenetic relationships among the major lines of angiosperms is a long-standing problem, yet the uncertainty as to the phylogenetic affinity of these lines persists. While a number of studies have suggested that the ANITA (Amborella-Nymphaeales-Illiciales-Trimeniales-Aristolochiales) grade is basal within angiosperms, studies of complete chloroplast genome sequences also suggested an alternative tree, wherein the line leading to the grasses branches first among the angiosperms. To improve taxon sampling in the existing chloroplast genome data, we sequenced the chloroplast genome of the monocot Acorus calamus. We generated a concatenated alignment (89,436 positions for 15 taxa), encompassing almost all sequences usable for phylogeny reconstruction within spermatophytes. The data still contain support for both the ANITA-basal and grasses-basal hypotheses. Using simulations we can show that were the ANITA-basal hypothesis true, parsimony (and distance-based methods with many models) would be expected to fail to recover it. The self-evident explanation for this failure appears to be a long-branch attraction (LBA) between the clade of grasses and the out-group. However, this LBA cannot explain the discrepancies observed between tree topology recovered using the maximum likelihood (ML) method and the topologies recovered using the parsimony and distance-based methods when grasses are deleted. Furthermore, the fact that neither maximum parsimony nor distance methods consistently recover the ML tree, when according to the simulations they would be expected to, when the out-group (Pinus) is deleted, suggests that either the generating tree is not correct or the best symmetric model is misspecified (or both). We demonstrate that the tree recovered under ML is extremely sensitive to model specification and that the best symmetric model is misspecified. Hence, we remain agnostic regarding phylogenetic relationships among basal angiosperm lineages. (+info)Developmental anatomy of the root cortex of the basal monocotyledon, Acorus calamus (Acorales, Acoraceae). (4/18)
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The anatomical structure and development of adventitious roots were analysed in the basal monocotyledon, Acorus calamus, to determine to what extent those features are related to phylogenetic position. METHODS: Root specimens were harvested and sectioned, either with a hand microtome or freehand, at varying distances from the root tip and examined under the microscope using a variety of staining techniques. KEY RESULTS: Roots of Acorus calamus possess a unique set of developmental characteristics that produce some traits similar to those of another basal angiosperm group, Nymphaeales. The root apical meristem organization seems to be intermediate between that of a closed and an open monocotyledonous root apical meristem organization. The open-type root apical meristem consists of a curved zone of cortical initials and epidermal initials overlying the vascular cylinder initials; the epidermal part of the meristem varies in its association with the cortical initials and columellar initials of the promeristem. The cortex develops an endodermis with only Casparian bands, a dimorphic exodermis with Casparian bands and suberin lamellae, and a polygonal aerenchyma by differential expansion, as also observed in the Nymphaeales and some dicotyledonous species. The stele has characteristics like those of members of the Nymphaeaceae. CONCLUSIONS: Specific anatomical and developmental attributes of Acorus roots seem to be related to the phylogenetic position of this genus. (+info)Protective effect of Acorus calamus LINN on free radical scavengers and lipid peroxidation in discrete regions of brain against noise stress exposed rat. (5/18)
Exposure to continuous loud noise is a serious health problem due to excess production of oxygen free radicals. In medical research, more attention is paid to the antioxidant properties of medicinal plants to minimize the harmful effects of radicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of both ethyl acetate and methanolic extract of Acorus calamus LINN against noise stress (30 d, 100 dBA/4h/d) induced changes in the rat brain. We measured the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, vitamin E, protein thiols and lipid peroxidation (LPO) for the evaluation of oxidative stress status in discrete regions of the rat brain like cerebral cortex, cerebellum, pons-medulla, midbrain, hippocampus and hypothalamus. The results indicated that during exposure of noisy environment ROS generation led to increase in corticosterone, LPO and SOD, but decrease in CAT, GPx, GSH, protein thiols, vitamins C and E levels. Both the ethyl acetate and methanolic extract of Acorus calamus protected most of the changes in the rat brain induced by noise-stress. (+info)Antifungal properties of haem peroxidase from Acorus calamus. (6/18)
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Plants have evolved a number of inducible defence mechanisms against pathogen attack, including synthesis of pathogenesis-related proteins. The aim of the study was to purify and characterize antifungal protein from leaves of Acorus calamus. METHODS: Leaf proteins from A. calamus were fractionated by cation exchange chromatography and gel filtration and the fraction inhibiting the hyphal extension of phytopathogens was characterized. The temperature stability and pH optima of the protein were determined and its presence was localized in the leaf tissues. KEY RESULTS: The purified protein was identified as a class III haem peroxidase with a molecular weight of approx. 32 kDa and pI of 7.93. The temperature stability of the enzyme was observed from 5 degrees C to 60 degrees C with a temperature optimum of 36 degrees C. Maximum enzyme activity was registered at pH 5.5. The pH and temperature optima were corroborated with the antifungal activity of the enzyme. The enzyme was localized in the leaf epidermal cells and lumen tissues of xylem, characteristic of class III peroxidases. The toxic nature of the enzyme which inhibited hyphal growth was demonstrated against phytopathogens such as Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium moniliforme and Trichosporium vesiculosum. Microscopic observations revealed distortion in the hyphal structure with stunted growth, increased volume and extensive hyphal branching. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that peroxidases may have a role to play in host defence by inhibiting the hyphal extension of invading pathogens. (+info)Bioanalytical investigation of asarone in connection with Acorus calamus oil intoxications. (7/18)
Preparations of the plant Acorus calamus (calamus or sweet flag) (A. calamus) are available via internet trade and marketed as being hallucinogenic. In 2003-2006, the Swedish Poisons Information Centre received inquiries about 30 clinical cases of intentional intoxication with A. calamus products. The present investigation aimed to identify alpha- and beta-asarone, considered active components of A. calamus, and metabolites thereof in urine samples collected in seven of these cases. To further aid the identification of asarone biotransformation products, a calamus oil preparation was incubated with the fungus Cunninghamella elegans, which is used as a microbial model of mammalian drug metabolism. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis in selected ion monitoring mode, alpha-asarone was detected in five urine samples at concentrations ranging between approximately 11 and 1150 microg/L and beta-asarone in four of those at approximately 22-220 microg/L. A previously identified asarone metabolite, trans-2,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid (trans-TMC), was detected in the fungus broth by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry whereas cis-TMC was tentatively identified in the human urine samples. Using GC-MS, a hydroxylated asarone metabolite was identified both in fungus broth and urine samples. However, this study demonstrated no evidence for the presence of 2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine, claimed as a hallucinogenic component of A. calamus. The main clinical symptom reported by the patients was prolonged vomiting that sometimes lasted more than 15 h. (+info)Beta-asarone improves cognitive function by suppressing neuronal apoptosis in the beta-amyloid hippocampus injection rats. (8/18)
Elevated levels of beta-amyloid (Abeta) in the brains being a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been believed to play a critical role in the cognitive dysfunction that occurs in AD. Recent evidence suggests that Abeta induces neuronal apoptosis in the brain and in primary neuronal cultures. In this study, we investigated the effects of beta-asarone, the major ingredient of Acorus Tatarinowii Schott, on cognitive function and neuronal apoptosis in Abeta hippocampus injection rats and its mechanism of action. The results show that the Abeta (1-42) injection caused impairments in spatial reference memory in a Morris water maze task and apoptosis in hippocampus. Oral administration of beta-asarone with three different dose (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg) for 28 d ameliorated Abeta (1-42)-induced cognitive impairment and reversed the increase of apoptosis in the hippocampus. Abeta-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) results in phosphorylation, subsequent down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-w expression, and caspase-3 activation. Beta-asarone attenuate Abeta (1-42)-induced neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus by reversal down-regulation of Bcl-2, Bcl-w, caspase-3 activation, and JNK phosphorylation. These results suggest that beta-asarone may be a potential candidate for development as a therapeutic agent to manage cognitive impairment associated with conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. (+info)"Acorus" is a genus of perennial plants in the family Acoraceae. The most common species is Acorus calamus, also known as sweet flag or calamus. This plant has been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, including as a stimulant, carminative, and antiemetic. However, it's important to note that the use of this plant in modern medicine is limited due to concerns about its potential toxicity and lack of rigorous scientific evidence supporting its efficacy. Therefore, it's recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using any products containing Acorus for medicinal purposes.
A rhizome is not typically used as a medical term, but it is a term borrowed from botany that has been adopted in some areas of medicine, particularly in psychiatry and psychotherapy.
In its original botanical sense, a rhizome is a horizontal stem of a plant that grows underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes. This growth pattern is contrasted with that of a root system, which grows downward, and a stem system, which grows upward.
In psychiatry and psychotherapy, the term "rhizome" has been used as a metaphor to describe a non-hierarchical and decentralized approach to understanding mental processes and subjectivity. The rhizome model emphasizes the complexity, multiplicity, and interconnectedness of these processes, and rejects simplistic or reductionist explanations that focus on a single cause or origin. Instead, it encourages a more holistic and dynamic view of mental life, one that is open to multiple perspectives and interpretations.
It's important to note that the use of the term "rhizome" in this context is metaphorical and not medical in the strict sense. It is a way of thinking about mental processes and subjectivity that has been influenced by poststructuralist and feminist theories, among others.
"Polygala" is a term that refers to a genus of plants commonly known as seneca snakeroot, milkwort, or gaywings. These plants have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating respiratory and nervous system disorders. However, it's important to note that "Polygala" is not a medical term or concept related to human health or disease.
If you are looking for a medical definition, I would need more information about the specific term or concept you are interested in. Please let me know if you have any further questions!
Anisoles are organic compounds that consist of a phenyl ring (a benzene ring with a hydroxyl group replaced by a hydrogen atom) attached to a methoxy group (-O-CH3). The molecular formula for anisole is C6H5OCH3. Anisoles are aromatic ethers and can be found in various natural sources, including anise plants and some essential oils. They have a wide range of applications, including as solvents, flavoring agents, and intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals.
Iridaceae is not a medical term but a taxonomic category in botany. It refers to the family of plants known as the Iris family, which includes over 2,000 species distributed across 66 genera. These plants are characterized by their distinctive flowers, which typically have six petal-like structures (three outer and three inner) and a tubular or cup-shaped structure called the perianth tube.
While Iridaceae is not a medical term, some of its member species do have medicinal uses. For example, the roots of certain iris species, such as Iris germanica and Iris versicolor, contain compounds with medicinal properties. These compounds have been used in traditional medicine to treat various conditions, including digestive disorders, skin problems, and respiratory ailments. However, it is important to note that the use of these plants for medicinal purposes should be done under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as they can also contain toxic compounds that can cause adverse effects if used improperly.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are a type of organic compound that are naturally produced in plants. They are called "volatile" because they evaporate quickly at room temperature due to their high vapor pressure. These oils are composed of complex mixtures of various compounds, including terpenes, terpenoids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and alcohols. They are responsible for the characteristic aroma and flavor of many plants and are often used in perfumes, flavors, and aromatherapy. In a medical context, volatile oils may have therapeutic properties and be used in certain medications or treatments, but it's important to note that they can also cause adverse reactions if not used properly.
Acorus
Acorus americanus
Acorus gramineus
Acorus calamus
Primidone
Abramelin oil
Tikam Singh Rana
2,4,5-Trimethoxypropiophenone
Gart der Gesundheit
Cuisine of Chhattisgarh
Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons
Flora of Svalbard
Flora of Nepal
Zi Teng
Festuca idahoensis
Holy anointing oil
The Corean Chronicles
Asarone
Lilioid monocots
Lepidotarphius
Arales
Cunninghamella elegans
Fengli
Alternatives to animal testing
Meadowlark Botanical Gardens
Sweet flag (disambiguation)
Orto Botanico dell'Università della Calabria
Calamus (poems)
Paul Estermann
List of flora of Indiana
Acorus - Wikipedia
Learn about Acorus gramineus | Sweet Flag | Perennial Encyclopedia
Acorus calamus in Flora of Taiwan Checklist @ efloras.org
Learn about Acorus gramineus 'Minimus' | Dwarf Sweet Flag | Perennial Encyclopedia
Dwarf Golden Sweet Flag, Acorus gramineus 'Minimus Aureus', Monrovia Plant
Acorus calamus 'Variegatus' - Plant Finder
Acorus calamus var. belangeri (Schott) Engl. - The Plant List
Acorus gramineus Grass-leaved Sweet Rush, Japanese Sweet Flag, Dwarf Sweet Flag PFAF Plant Database
Acorus Oborozuki liners from Emerald Coast Growers
Blackwell, Elizabeth "Bastard Acorus" Plate 261 - Philadelphia Print Shop
CNS Activity of Methanol and Acetone Extracts of Acorus calamus Leaves in Mice
Tall Sweetflag Acorus Calmus Varigata- Pond Megastore
Acorus calamus
Acorus americanus | American Sweet-Flag | plant lust
Acorus calamus specimen (HerbariaUnited)
Acorus Calamus, shallow water plant
Dwarf Sedge (Acorus gramineus) - The Free Freshwater and Saltwater Aquarium Encyclopedia Anyone Can Edit - The Aquarium Wiki
Editing Acorus gramineus (section) - The Free Freshwater and Saltwater Aquarium Encyclopedia Anyone Can Edit - The Aquarium Wiki
Acorus g 'Ogon' - Klyn Nurseries Inc.
Acorus c 'Variegata' - Klyn Nurseries Inc.
Acorus Gramineus Aureopusillus Minimus Sweet Flag | SiteOne
G10-Grasses - Ornamental #1 Grass Acorus gram Oborozuki/ Sweet Flag - Bates Nursery & Garden Center
Sweet-flag (Acorus calamus) | myGarden.org
EcoFlora - Acorus calamus
Calamus16
- In older literature and on many websites, there is still much confusion, with the name Acorus calamus equally but wrongfully applied to Acorus americanus (formerly Acorus calamus var. (wikipedia.org)
- Acorus calamus var. (wikipedia.org)
- Products derived from Acorus calamus were banned in 1968 as food additives by the United States Food and Drug Administration. (wikipedia.org)
- Acorus calamus L. (efloras.org)
- Acorus calamus commonly called sweet flag is a deciduous, spreading, marginal aquatic perennial that features iris-like, sword-shaped leaf blades (to 3/4" wide) typically growing in basal clumps to 30" tall. (missouribotanicalgarden.org)
- Genus name is the Latin name from the Greek akoron used for Acorus calamus and Iris pseuodacorus . (missouribotanicalgarden.org)
- The present study was designed to evaluate CNS depression or analeptic activity of acute oral administration of methanol (ACME) and acetone (ACAE) extracts of Acorus calamus leaves in mice. (scialert.net)
- Variegated Sweetflag (Acorus Calamus) or Variegated Sweet Flag will brighten the edges of your pond or bog area with its stunning, aromatic, variegated foliage, and upright habitat with lively, variegated stripes in shades of cream and green. (pondmegastore.com)
- Acorus calamus is chewed by the Cree indians and other tribes as a stimulant and possible hallucinogen. (drugwiki.net)
- Sweet flag, taxonomically classified as Acorus calamus, is a grass-like perennial that can grow up to 2 meters or 6.6 feet high. (drugwiki.net)
- Acorus calamus, a sterile triploid, was introduced to North America by early European settlers, who grew it for medicinal uses. (asu.edu)
- Acorus americanus and Acorus calamus are very similar, and are sometimes considered the same species. (asu.edu)
- Obligeana (Acorus Calamus) este o plantă acvatică, aromatică. (glissandogardencenter.ro)
- Calamus Essential Oil Acorus Calamus obtained from fresh or unpeeled dried root by refining process. (globaticherbs.com)
- The asarone-derived phenylpropanoids from the rhizome of Acorus calamus var. (bvsalud.org)
- Tariq RM, Naqvi SN-H, Choudhary MI, Abbas A. Importance and implementation of essential oil of Pakistanian Acorus calamus Linn. (who.int)
Gramineus3
- Canada, northern United States, Buryatiya region of Russia Acorus gramineus Sol. (wikipedia.org)
- Acorus gramineus is native to Japan and Eastern Asia. (monrovia.com)
- Acorus gramineus is an evergreen Perennial growing to 0.3 m (1ft) by 0.2 m (0ft 8in). (pfaf.org)
Americanus4
- naturalized in Europe, North America, Java and New Guinea Acorus americanus Raf. (wikipedia.org)
- Acorus americanus is a fertile, diploid (two copies of each chromosome) species that produces mature fruit. (asu.edu)
- Acorus americanus , a fertile diploid, occurs from northeastern United States across Canada and the northern plains. (floranorthamerica.org)
- Acorus americanus is susceptible to infection by Uromyces sparganii (Uredinales). (floranorthamerica.org)
Acoraceae1
- Although the family Acoraceae was originally described in 1820, since then Acorus has traditionally been included in Araceae in most classification systems, as in the Cronquist system. (wikipedia.org)
Genus2
- Acorus is a genus of monocot flowering plants. (wikipedia.org)
- The family has recently been resurrected as molecular systematic studies have shown that Acorus is not closely related to Araceae or any other monocot family, leading plant systematists to place the genus and family in its own order. (wikipedia.org)
Sweetflag1
- Acorus, also known as Sweetflag Grass, is a native wetland plant. (flintwood.net)
Latin1
- Acorus is the Latin form of the Greek word, akoron, an ancient plant name. (asu.edu)
Plant2
- Acorus has been used as a medicinal plant for millennia. (latour-marliac.com)
- Iris Pseudacorus, which literally means pseudo or fake acorus, derives its name from this plant. (latour-marliac.com)
Greek2
- The name 'acorus' is derived from the Greek word 'acoron', a name used by Dioscorides, which in turn was derived from 'coreon', meaning 'pupil', because it was used in herbal medicine as a treatment for inflammation of the eye. (wikipedia.org)
- The name 'Acorus' is derived from the Greek word 'Acoron' meaning pupil. (monrovia.com)
Iris1
- Although its foliage resembles that of a large iris, sweet flag is actually a member of the acorus family. (missouribotanicalgarden.org)
BALANCE1
- Acorus Balance asortimente rasite produktų ir protinei veiklai, ir sportuojantiems. (acorusbalance.lt)
Areas1
- Under shady areas this Acorus can be run a little dryer but not tolerant of drought conditions. (flintwood.net)
Large1
- Although many marsh plants accumulate large banks of buried seeds, seed banks of Acorus may not accumulate in some wetlands owing to low seed production. (wikipedia.org)
Linn1
- Tariq RM, Naqvi SN-H, Choudhary MI, Abbas A. Importance and implementation of essential oil of Pakistanian Acorus calamus Linn. (who.int)
20231
- https://www.plantarium.ru/lang/en/page/image/id/562852.html (accessed on 7 Dec 2023). (plantarium.ru)
Flowering plants1
- Acorus is a genus of monocot flowering plants. (wikipedia.org)
Monocot2
- The family has recently been resurrected as molecular systematic studies have shown that Acorus is not closely related to Araceae or any other monocot family, leading plant systematists to place the genus and family in its own order. (wikipedia.org)
- First, we sequenced a large number of chloroplast genes from the monocot Acorus and added these plus previously sequenced Acorus genes to the Goremykin et al. (biomedcentral.com)
Vacha1
- Vacha - Acorus calamus is very rich in medicinal values, used in Ayurvedic medicines since the times of Chakara and Sushruta. (easyayurveda.com)
Acoron1
- The name 'acorus' is derived from the Greek word 'acoron', a name used by Dioscorides, which in turn was derived from 'coreon', meaning 'pupil', because it was used in herbal medicine as a treatment for inflammation of the eye. (wikipedia.org)
Grasses2
- Trees with both Acorus and grasses gave either a well-supported Amborella -sister topology or else a highly unlikely topology with 100% support for grasses-sister and paraphyly of monocots (i.e. (biomedcentral.com)
- Acorus sister to "dicots" rather than to grasses). (biomedcentral.com)
Constituents1
- The aim of this research was to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of Acorus calamus rhizomes, its insecticidal activity against the booklouse, ( Liposcelis bostrychophila ) and to isolate any insecticidal constituents from the essential oil. (mdpi.com)
Asarone1
- Asarone is chemical compound of the phenylpropanoid class found in certain plants such as Acorus and Asarum. (nih.gov)
Products1
- Products derived from Acorus calamus were banned in 1968 as food additives by the United States Food and Drug Administration. (wikipedia.org)
Sweet1
- Die Wurzeln von Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus) wirken stimulierend, euphorisch, aphrodisierend und leicht halluzinogen. (mycotrop.com)
Sister2
- However, modern phylogenetic studies demonstrate that Acorus is sister to all other monocots. (wikipedia.org)
- With Acorus alone representing monocots, strongly supported Amborella -sister trees were obtained in all maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses, and in some distance-based analyses. (biomedcentral.com)