African Swine Fever Virus
African Swine Fever
Iridoviridae
Classical swine fever virus
Classical Swine Fever
Swine
Vero Cells
Asfarviridae
Ornithodoros
Cercopithecus aethiops
Hemadsorption
Viral Structural Proteins
Polyproteins
Molecular Sequence Data
Sus scrofa
Open Reading Frames
African Americans
Solid Waste
Argasidae
Artiodactyla
Amino Acid Sequence
Ticks
Virus Assembly
Virus Replication
Base Sequence
Virulence
Malawi
Virion
Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral
Macrophages
Q Fever
Animals, Wild
Modulation of monocytic cell activity and virus susceptibility during differentiation into macrophages. (1/107)
A major component of innate immune responses relies on monocytes and macrophages, virus infection of which will pose a particular problem for immunological defense. Consequently, the monocytic cell differentiation pathway was analyzed in terms of cellular modulations therein and their relation to monocytotropic virus infection. Differentiation was characterized by down-regulation of CD14, MHC Ags, the monocytic SWC1 marker, and p53; concomitant up-regulation of the SWC9 macrophage marker, a putative porcine CD80 (detected with anti-human CD80 Ab), and acid phosphatase secretion were also characteristic. Elevated phagocytic and endocytic activities as well as endosomal/lysosomal acidification were identified as being important to the macrophage. In contrast, monocytes possessed high accessory activity. This was multifactorial, concomitantly requiring 1) high MHC Ag expression; 2) enzyme activity of esterase, peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, and 5' nucleotidase in preference to glucosidase, galactosidase, and glucuronidase; and 3) elevated capacity for spontaneous IL-1 production. Only with all parameters was efficient stimulation of Ag-specific lymphocytes possible. These results point to a continuous process during differentiation, involving inter-related characteristics linking the more accessory monocyte to the scavenger macrophage, both in vitro and in vivo. Of particular interest was how these characteristics related to monocytotropic virus infection, and how a particular virus could show a clear preference for the differentiating macrophages. Such results not only further our understanding of porcine immunology, but also provide evidence and a potential model for the determination and characterization of monocytotropic virus-host cell interactions. (+info)African swine fever virus: a B cell-mitogenic virus in vivo and in vitro. (2/107)
The two major characteristics of pathogenesis in African swine fever virus (ASFV) infections of domestic pigs are massive B-cell apoptosis and haemorrhage. The effects of ASFV on porcine B cells have therefore been systematically examined in vivo, by using virus-infected pigs and SCID-Beige mice reconstituted with porcine bone marrow, and in vitro, by using porcine B-cell lines and B cells from normal and ASFV-infected pigs. Secretion of porcine Ig was stimulated by ASFV both in vivo and in bone marrow cultures in vitro, with the virulent Malawi isolate of ASFV being the most effective. Stimulation of Ig secretion in vitro depended on the presence of ASFV-infected macrophages and did not occur with supernatants from ASFV-infected macrophages. Although the virus alone did not stimulate proliferation of purified B cells in vitro, it was co-stimulatory with CD154 (CD40 ligand). The B cells recovered from ASFV-infected porcine lymphoid tissue were of activated surface marker phenotypes and, interestingly, expressed diminished levels of the B-cell co-stimulatory surface molecule CD21. In addition, they were highly sensitive to IL-4 and CD154. These results may be integrated into a model of pathogenesis in which those B cells activated indirectly as a result of virulent ASFV infection of macrophages are not rescued from apoptosis through interaction with CD154, due to the drastic depletion of T cells that occurs early in infection. The consequently diminished specific anti-ASFV antibody response would favour survival of the virus, with the non-specific hypergammaglobulinaemia being perhaps another example of pathogen-mediated immune deviation. (+info)African swine fever virus replication in the midgut epithelium is required for infection of Ornithodoros ticks. (3/107)
Although the Malawi Lil20/1 (MAL) strain of African swine fever virus (ASFV) was isolated from Ornithodoros sp. ticks, our attempts to experimentally infect ticks by feeding them this strain failed. Ten different collections of Ornithodorus porcinus porcinus ticks and one collection of O. porcinus domesticus ticks were orally exposed to a high titer of MAL. At 3 weeks postinoculation (p.i.), <25% of the ticks contained detectable virus, with viral titers of <4 log(10) 50% hemadsorbing doses/ml. Viral titers declined to undetectability in >90% of the ticks by 5 weeks p.i. To further study the growth defect, O. porcinus porcinus ticks were orally exposed to MAL and assayed at regular intervals p.i. Whole-tick viral titers dramatically declined (>1,000-fold) between 2 and 6 days p.i., and by 18 days p.i., viral titers were below the detection limit. In contrast, viral titers of ticks orally exposed to a tick-competent ASFV isolate, Pretoriuskop/96/4/1 (Pr4), increased 10-fold by 10 days p.i. and 50-fold by 14 days p.i. Early viral gene expression, but not extensive late gene expression or viral DNA synthesis, was detected in the midguts of ticks orally exposed to MAL. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that progeny virus was rarely present in ticks orally exposed to MAL and, when present, was associated with extensive cytopathology of phagocytic midgut epithelial cells. To determine if viral replication was restricted only in the midgut epithelium, parenteral inoculations into the hemocoel were performed. With inoculation by this route, a persistent infection was established although a delay in generalization of MAL was detected and viral titers in most tissues were typically 10- to 1,000-fold lower than those of ticks injected with Pr4. MAL was detected in both the salivary secretion and coxal fluid following feeding but less frequently and at a lower titer compared to Pr4. Transovarial transmission of MAL was not detected after two gonotrophic cycles. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that, when injected, MAL replicated in a number of cell types but failed to replicate in midgut epithelial cells. In contrast, ticks injected with Pr4 had replicating virus in midgut epithelial cells. Together, these results indicate that MAL replication is restricted in midgut epithelial cells. This finding demonstrates the importance of viral replication in the midgut for successful ASFV infection of the arthropod host. (+info)African swine fever virus dUTPase is a highly specific enzyme required for efficient replication in swine macrophages. (4/107)
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) gene E165R, which is homologous to dUTPases, has been characterized. A multiple alignment of dUTPases showed the conservation in ASFV dUTPase of the motifs that define this protein family. A biochemical analysis of the purified recombinant enzyme showed that the virus dUTPase is a trimeric, highly specific enzyme that requires a divalent cation for activity. The enzyme is most probably complexed with Mg(2+), the preferred cation, and has an apparent K(m) for dUTP of 1 microM. Northern and Western blotting, as well as immunofluorescence analyses, indicated that the enzyme is expressed at early and late times of infection and is localized in the cytoplasm of the infected cells. On the other hand, an ASFV dUTPase-deletion mutant (vDeltaE165R) has been obtained. Growth kinetics showed that vDeltaE165R replicates as efficiently as parental virus in Vero cells but only to 10% or less of parental virus in swine macrophages. Our results suggest that the dUTPase activity is dispensable for virus replication in dividing cells but is required for productive infection in nondividing swine macrophages, the natural host cell for the virus. The viral dUTPase may play a role in lowering the dUTP concentration in natural infections to minimize misincorporation of deoxyuridine into the viral DNA and ensure the fidelity of genome replication. (+info)Intermediate stages in monocyte-macrophage differentiation modulate phenotype and susceptibility to virus infection. (5/107)
The kinetics of monocyte-macrophage differentiation was analysed using two Swine Workshop Cluster (SWC) CD molecules: SWC1 and SWC9. Myeloid cells were selected by labelling for the common myeloid antigen, SWC3. Confirmation of macrophage identification used acid phosphatase and phagocytosis activities. During differentiation, SWC1 was gradually lost. SWC9 was absent on monocytes but up-regulated early. Consequently, monocytes were SWC1+ SWC9- and macrophages were SWC1- SWC9+. An additional, intermediate, cell population was identified as SWC1+ SWC9+. Size and granularity characteristics mirrored the monocyte, macrophage and intermediate-cell phenotypes. Overall, SWC9 up-regulation was central in macrophage differentiation and dependent on plasma factors. The concomitant loss of SWC1 was independent of these factors, but always associated with mature macrophages. Upon up-regulation of SWC9, the SWC1+ SWC9+ intermediate monocytic cells became susceptible to African swine fever virus infection. These results demonstrate the heterogeneity of monocytic cell differentiation and the importance of these characteristics for interaction with monocytotropic viruses. (+info)An African swine fever virus ORF with similarity to C-type lectins is non-essential for growth in swine macrophages in vitro and for virus virulence in domestic swine. (6/107)
An African swine fever virus (ASFV) ORF, 8CR, with similarity to the C-type lectin family of adhesion proteins has been described in the pathogenic isolate Malawi Lil-20/1. The similarity of 8CR to cellular and poxvirus genes associated with cell adhesion, cell recognition and virus infectivity suggested that 8CR may be of significance to ASFV-host cell interactions. Sequence analysis of the 8CR ORF from additional pathogenic ASFV isolates demonstrated conservation among isolates from both pig and tick sources. Northern blot analysis demonstrated 8CR mRNA transcription late in the virus replication cycle. A Malawi Lil-20/1 8CR deletion mutant (delta8CR) was constructed to analyse 8CR function further. The growth characteristics in vitro of delta8CR in porcine macrophage cell cultures were identical to those observed for parental virus. In domestic swine, delta8CR exhibited an unaltered parental Malawi Lil-20/1 disease and virulence phenotype. Thus, although well conserved among pathogenic ASFV field isolates, 8CR is non-essential for growth in porcine macrophages in vitro and for virus virulence in domestic swine. (+info)An African swine fever virus ERV1-ALR homologue, 9GL, affects virion maturation and viral growth in macrophages and viral virulence in swine. (7/107)
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) genome contains a gene, 9GL, with similarity to yeast ERV1 and ALR genes. ERV1 has been shown to function in oxidative phosphorylation and in cell growth, while ALR has hepatotrophic activity. 9GL encodes a protein of 119 amino acids and was highly conserved at both nucleotide and amino acid levels among all ASFV field isolates examined. Monospecific rabbit polyclonal antibody produced to a glutathione S-transferase-9GL fusion protein specifically immunoprecipitated a 14-kDa protein from macrophage cell cultures infected with the ASFV isolate Malawi Lil-20/1 (MAL). Time course analysis and viral DNA synthesis inhibitor experiments indicated that p14 was a late viral protein. A 9GL gene deletion mutant of MAL (Delta9GL), exhibited a growth defect in macrophages of approximately 2 log(10) units and had a small-plaque phenotype compared to either a revertant (9GL-R) or the parental virus. 9GL affected normal virion maturation; virions containing acentric nucleoid structures comprised 90 to 99% of all virions observed in Delta9GL-infected macrophages. The Delta9GL virus was markedly attenuated in swine. In contrast to 9GL-R infection, where mortality was 100%, all Delta9GL-infected animals survived infection. With the exception of a transient fever response in some animals, Delta9GL-infected animals remained clinically normal and exhibited significant 100- to 10,000-fold reductions in viremia titers. All pigs previously infected with Delta9GL survived infection when subsequently challenged with a lethal dose of virulent parental MAL. Thus, ASFV 9GL gene deletion mutants may prove useful as live-attenuated ASF vaccines. (+info)Effects of chlorine, iodine, and quaternary ammonium compound disinfectants on several exotic disease viruses. (8/107)
The effects of three representative disinfectants, chlorine (sodium hypochlorite), iodine (potassium tetraglicine triiodide), and quaternary ammonium compound (didecyldimethylammonium chloride), on several exotic disease viruses were examined. The viruses used were four enveloped viruses (vesicular stomatitis virus, African swine fever virus, equine viral arteritis virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus) and two non-enveloped viruses (swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV)). Chlorine was effective against all viruses except SVDV at concentrations of 0.03% to 0.0075%, and a dose response was observed. Iodine was very effective against all viruses at concentrations of 0.015% to 0.0075%, but a dose response was not observed. Quaternary ammonium compound was very effective in low concentration of 0.003% against four enveloped viruses and AHSV, but it was only effective against SVDV with 0.05% NaOH. Electron microscopic observation revealed the probable mechanism of each disinfectant. Chlorine caused complete degeneration of the viral particles and also destroyed the nucleic acid of the viruses. Iodine destroyed mainly the inner components including nucleic acid of the viruses. Quaternary ammonium compound induced detachment of the envelope of the enveloped viruses and formation of micelle in non-enveloped viruses. According to these results, chlorine and iodine disinfectants were quite effective against most of the viruses used at adequately high concentration. The effective concentration of quaternary ammonium compound was the lowest among the disinfectants examined. (+info)African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is a large, double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the Asfarviridae family. It is the causative agent of African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious and deadly disease in domestic pigs and wild boars. The virus can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, contaminated feed, or fomites (inanimate objects).
ASFV infects cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and replicates in the cytoplasm of these cells. The virus causes a range of clinical signs, including fever, loss of appetite, hemorrhages, and death in severe cases. There is no effective vaccine or treatment available for ASF, and control measures rely on early detection, quarantine, and culling of infected animals to prevent the spread of the disease.
It's important to note that African swine fever virus is not a threat to human health, but it can have significant economic impacts on the pig industry due to high mortality rates in affected herds and trade restrictions imposed by countries to prevent the spread of the disease.
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and deadly viral disease that affects both domestic and wild pigs. It is caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), which belongs to the Asfarviridae family. The disease is not zoonotic, meaning it does not infect or cause disease in humans.
Clinical signs of ASF can vary depending on the strain of the virus and the age and overall health status of the infected pig. However, common symptoms include high fever, loss of appetite, weakness, skin redness or blueness, diarrhea, vomiting, coughing, difficulty breathing, and abortion in pregnant sows. In severe cases, ASF can cause sudden death within a few days after infection.
ASF is transmitted through direct contact with infected pigs or their body fluids, as well as through contaminated feed, water, and fomites (inanimate objects). The virus can also be spread by soft ticks of the genus Ornithodoros, which can transmit the virus to wild suids such as warthogs and bushpigs.
There is no effective treatment or vaccine available for ASF, and control measures rely on early detection, quarantine, and culling of infected animals. Prevention measures include strict biosecurity protocols, restriction of pig movements, and proper disposal of carcasses and waste.
ASF is endemic in many African countries and has spread to other parts of the world, including Europe, Asia, and South America. It poses a significant threat to the global pork industry due to its high mortality rate and lack of effective control measures.
Iridoviridae is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, including insects, fish, amphibians, and reptiles. The name "iridovirus" comes from the Greek word "iris," meaning rainbow, due to the characteristic iridescent coloration of infected insects' cuticles.
Iridoviruses are large, icosahedral virions with a diameter of approximately 120-300 nanometers. They have a complex internal structure, including a lipid membrane and several protein layers. The genome of iridoviruses is a circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that ranges in size from about 100 to 200 kilobases.
Iridoviruses can cause a variety of diseases in their hosts, including hemorrhagic septicemia, hepatopancreatic necrosis, and developmental abnormalities. Infection typically occurs through ingestion or injection of viral particles, and the virus replicates in the host's nuclei.
There are several genera within the family Iridoviridae, including Ranavirus, Lymphocystivirus, Megalocyivirus, and Iridovirus. Each genus has a specific host range and causes distinct clinical symptoms. For example, ranaviruses infect amphibians, reptiles, and fish, while lymphocystiviruses primarily infect teleost fish.
Iridoviruses are of interest to medical researchers because they have potential as biological control agents for pests and vectors of human diseases, such as mosquitoes and ticks. However, their use as biocontrol agents is still being studied, and there are concerns about the potential ecological impacts of releasing iridoviruses into the environment.
Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. It is the causative agent of Classical Swine Fever (CSF), also known as hog cholera, which is a highly contagious and severe disease in pigs. The virus is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their body fluids, but it can also be spread through contaminated feed, water, and fomites.
CSFV infects pigs of all ages, causing a range of clinical signs that may include fever, loss of appetite, lethargy, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, and respiratory distress. In severe cases, the virus can cause hemorrhages in various organs, leading to high mortality rates. CSF is a significant disease of economic importance in the swine industry, as it can result in substantial production losses and trade restrictions.
Prevention and control measures for CSF include vaccination, biosecurity practices, and stamping-out policies. Vaccines against CSF are available but may not provide complete protection or prevent the virus from shedding, making it essential to maintain strict biosecurity measures in pig farms. In some countries, stamping-out policies involve the rapid detection and elimination of infected herds to prevent the spread of the disease.
Classical Swine Fever (CSF), also known as Hog Cholera, is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease in pigs that is caused by a Pestivirus. The virus can be spread through direct contact with infected pigs or their bodily fluids, as well as through contaminated feed, water, and objects.
Clinical signs of CSF include fever, loss of appetite, lethargy, reddening of the skin, vomiting, diarrhea, abortion in pregnant sows, and neurological symptoms such as tremors and weakness. The disease can cause significant economic losses in the swine industry due to high mortality rates, reduced growth rates, and trade restrictions.
Prevention and control measures include vaccination, biosecurity measures, quarantine, and stamping out infected herds. CSF is not considered a public health threat as it does not infect humans. However, it can have significant impacts on the swine industry and food security in affected regions.
"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Vero cells are a line of cultured kidney epithelial cells that were isolated from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the 1960s. They are named after the location where they were initially developed, the Vervet Research Institute in Japan.
Vero cells have the ability to divide indefinitely under certain laboratory conditions and are often used in scientific research, including virology, as a host cell for viruses to replicate. This allows researchers to study the characteristics of various viruses, such as their growth patterns and interactions with host cells. Vero cells are also used in the production of some vaccines, including those for rabies, polio, and Japanese encephalitis.
It is important to note that while Vero cells have been widely used in research and vaccine production, they can still have variations between different cell lines due to factors like passage number or culture conditions. Therefore, it's essential to specify the exact source and condition of Vero cells when reporting experimental results.
Asfarviridae is a family of large, double-stranded DNA viruses that includes a single genus, Asfivirus. The most well-known member of this family is the African swine fever virus (ASFV), which causes a highly contagious and often fatal disease in domestic pigs and wild boars. ASFV can also infect a variety of other animals, including warthogs, bushpigs, and soft ticks.
The name "Asfarviridae" comes from the acronym "ASF-like viruses" and the Arabic word "asfar," which means "yellow," in reference to the yellow color of ASFV virions (virus particles) when viewed under an electron microscope.
ASFV is a complex virus that encodes many proteins involved in various aspects of its replication cycle, including entry into host cells, DNA replication, transcription, and assembly of new virions. It can cause a wide range of clinical signs in infected animals, from mild fever and loss of appetite to severe hemorrhagic disease with high mortality rates.
There is currently no effective vaccine or treatment for African swine fever, and the virus poses a significant threat to the global pig industry. Researchers are actively studying ASFV and related viruses in order to better understand their biology and develop new strategies for prevention and control.
Ornithodoros is a genus of hard-bodied ticks that belong to the family Argasidae, also known as soft ticks. These ticks are characterized by their lack of a distinct rear end or capitulum, and they have a leathery cuticle that appears smooth and shiny when they are engorged with blood.
Ornithodoros ticks are known to be vectors of various diseases, including relapsing fever caused by Borrelia spp. They can transmit these pathogens through their saliva during feeding, which typically occurs at night. Ornithodoros ticks are also capable of surviving for long periods without food, making them efficient carriers and transmitters of disease-causing agents.
These ticks are often found in the nests or burrows of animals such as birds, reptiles, and mammals, where they feed on the host's blood. Some species of Ornithodoros ticks can also bite humans, causing skin irritation and other symptoms. It is important to take precautions when entering areas where these ticks may be present, such as wearing protective clothing and using insect repellent.
'Cercopithecus aethiops' is the scientific name for the monkey species more commonly known as the green monkey. It belongs to the family Cercopithecidae and is native to western Africa. The green monkey is omnivorous, with a diet that includes fruits, nuts, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates. They are known for their distinctive greenish-brown fur and long tail. Green monkeys are also important animal models in biomedical research due to their susceptibility to certain diseases, such as SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), which is closely related to HIV.
Hemadsorption is a medical procedure that involves the use of a device to remove certain substances, such as toxic byproducts or excess amounts of cytokines (proteins involved in immune responses), from the bloodstream. This is accomplished by passing the patient's blood through an external filter or adsorbent column, which contains materials that selectively bind to the target molecules. The clean blood is then returned to the patient's circulation.
Hemadsorption can be used as a supportive treatment in various clinical scenarios, such as poisoning, sepsis, and other critical illnesses, where rapid removal of harmful substances from the bloodstream may help improve the patient's condition and outcomes. However, its effectiveness and safety are still subjects of ongoing research and debate.
Viral structural proteins are the protein components that make up the viral particle or capsid, providing structure and stability to the virus. These proteins are encoded by the viral genome and are involved in the assembly of new virus particles during the replication cycle. They can be classified into different types based on their location and function, such as capsid proteins, matrix proteins, and envelope proteins. Capsid proteins form the protein shell that encapsulates the viral genome, while matrix proteins are located between the capsid and the envelope, and envelope proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer membrane that surrounds some viruses.
Swine diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions that affect pigs. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors. Some common swine diseases include:
1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): a viral disease that causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in piglets and grower pigs.
2. Classical Swine Fever (CSF): also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects pigs of all ages.
3. Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD): a group of diseases caused by porcine circoviruses, including Porcine CircoVirus Associated Disease (PCVAD) and Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS).
4. Swine Influenza: a respiratory disease caused by type A influenza viruses that can infect pigs and humans.
5. Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes pneumonia in pigs.
6. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes severe pneumonia in pigs.
7. Salmonella: a group of bacteria that can cause food poisoning in humans and a variety of diseases in pigs, including septicemia, meningitis, and abortion.
8. Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae: a bacterial disease that causes dysentery in pigs.
9. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae: a bacterial disease that causes erysipelas in pigs.
10. External and internal parasites, such as lice, mites, worms, and flukes, can also cause diseases in swine.
Prevention and control of swine diseases rely on good biosecurity practices, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, and management practices. Regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring are essential to detect and treat diseases early.
Fever, also known as pyrexia or febrile response, is a common medical sign characterized by an elevation in core body temperature above the normal range of 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) due to a dysregulation of the body's thermoregulatory system. It is often a response to an infection, inflammation, or other underlying medical conditions, and it serves as a part of the immune system's effort to combat the invading pathogens or to repair damaged tissues.
Fevers can be classified based on their magnitude:
* Low-grade fever: 37.5-38°C (99.5-100.4°F)
* Moderate fever: 38-39°C (100.4-102.2°F)
* High-grade or severe fever: above 39°C (102.2°F)
It is important to note that a single elevated temperature reading does not necessarily indicate the presence of a fever, as body temperature can fluctuate throughout the day and can be influenced by various factors such as physical activity, environmental conditions, and the menstrual cycle in females. The diagnosis of fever typically requires the confirmation of an elevated core body temperature on at least two occasions or a consistently high temperature over a period of time.
While fevers are generally considered beneficial in fighting off infections and promoting recovery, extremely high temperatures or prolonged febrile states may necessitate medical intervention to prevent potential complications such as dehydration, seizures, or damage to vital organs.
Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.
A polyprotein is a long, continuous chain of amino acids that are produced through the translation of a single mRNA (messenger RNA) molecule. This occurs in some viruses, including retroviruses like HIV, where the viral genome contains instructions for the production of one or more polyproteins.
After the polyprotein is synthesized, it is cleaved into smaller, functional proteins by virus-encoded proteases. These individual proteins then assemble to form new virus particles. The concept of polyproteins is important in understanding viral replication and may provide targets for antiviral therapy.
DNA viruses are a type of virus that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) as their genetic material. These viruses replicate by using the host cell's machinery to synthesize new viral components, which are then assembled into new viruses and released from the host cell.
DNA viruses can be further classified based on the structure of their genomes and the way they replicate. For example, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses have a genome made up of two strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses have a genome made up of a single strand of DNA.
Examples of DNA viruses include herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, human papillomavirus, and adenoviruses. Some DNA viruses are associated with specific diseases, such as cancer (e.g., human papillomavirus) or neurological disorders (e.g., herpes simplex virus).
It's important to note that while DNA viruses contain DNA as their genetic material, RNA viruses contain RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic material. Both DNA and RNA viruses can cause a wide range of diseases in humans, animals, and plants.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Viral genes refer to the genetic material present in viruses that contains the information necessary for their replication and the production of viral proteins. In DNA viruses, the genetic material is composed of double-stranded or single-stranded DNA, while in RNA viruses, it is composed of single-stranded or double-stranded RNA.
Viral genes can be classified into three categories: early, late, and structural. Early genes encode proteins involved in the replication of the viral genome, modulation of host cell processes, and regulation of viral gene expression. Late genes encode structural proteins that make up the viral capsid or envelope. Some viruses also have structural genes that are expressed throughout their replication cycle.
Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines. By targeting specific viral genes, researchers can develop drugs that inhibit viral replication and reduce the severity of viral infections. Additionally, knowledge of viral gene sequences can inform the development of vaccines that stimulate an immune response to specific viral proteins.
'Sus scrofa' is the scientific name for the wild boar, a species of suid that is native to much of Eurasia and North Africa. It is not a medical term or concept. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those instead!
An open reading frame (ORF) is a continuous stretch of DNA or RNA sequence that has the potential to be translated into a protein. It begins with a start codon (usually "ATG" in DNA, which corresponds to "AUG" in RNA) and ends with a stop codon ("TAA", "TAG", or "TGA" in DNA; "UAA", "UAG", or "UGA" in RNA). The sequence between these two points is called a coding sequence (CDS), which, when transcribed into mRNA and translated into amino acids, forms a polypeptide chain.
In eukaryotic cells, ORFs can be located in either protein-coding genes or non-coding regions of the genome. In prokaryotic cells, multiple ORFs may be present on a single strand of DNA, often organized into operons that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule.
It's important to note that not all ORFs necessarily represent functional proteins; some may be pseudogenes or result from errors in genome annotation. Therefore, additional experimental evidence is typically required to confirm the expression and functionality of a given ORF.
African Americans are defined as individuals who have ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa. This term is often used to describe people living in the United States who have total or partial descent from enslaved African peoples. The term does not refer to a single ethnicity but is a broad term that includes various ethnic groups with diverse cultures, languages, and traditions. It's important to note that some individuals may prefer to identify as Black or of African descent rather than African American, depending on their personal identity and background.
In the context of public health and medicine, "solid waste" is typically defined as any garbage or refuse material that is solid or semi-solid in nature, and is disposed of because it has served its intended purpose or is no longer wanted. This can include a wide range of materials, such as:
* Household trash, including food waste, paper products, plastics, and metals
* Construction and demolition debris, such as concrete, wood, and brick
* Industrial waste, such as manufacturing byproducts and contaminated soil or water
* Medical waste, such as used needles, bandages, and other infectious materials
Improper disposal of solid waste can lead to a range of health and environmental problems, including the spread of disease, contamination of water supplies, and injury or death of wildlife. As such, it is important for individuals, communities, and governments to manage solid waste in a safe and responsible manner.
Argasidae is a family of ticks commonly known as soft ticks. These ticks differ from hard ticks (Ixodidae) in that they do not have a hard, shield-like plate on their backs and have a softer, leathery cuticle. Soft ticks are also characterized by their mouthparts being located at the end of a prolonged, flexible proboscis.
Soft ticks are primarily parasites of birds and bats but can occasionally feed on humans and other mammals. They are known to transmit several diseases, including relapsing fever caused by various species of Borrelia bacteria. Unlike hard ticks, soft ticks may feed for a short period (minutes) or over extended periods (hours to days), depending on the species.
It is important to note that Argasidae is a medical term used in taxonomy and should not be confused with medical conditions or treatments.
Artiodactyla is an order of mammals that includes even-toed ungulates, or hooved animals, with an odd number of toes. This group includes animals such as pigs, peccaries, hippos, camels, deer, giraffes, antelopes, and ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats. The primary identifying feature of Artiodactyls is the presence of a pair of weight-bearing toes located in the middle of the foot, with the other toes being either reduced or absent. This arrangement provides stability and adaptability for these animals to thrive in various habitats worldwide.
An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.
A medical definition of "ticks" would be:
Ticks are small, blood-sucking parasites that belong to the arachnid family, which also includes spiders. They have eight legs and can vary in size from as small as a pinhead to about the size of a marble when fully engorged with blood. Ticks attach themselves to the skin of their hosts (which can include humans, dogs, cats, and wild animals) by inserting their mouthparts into the host's flesh.
Ticks can transmit a variety of diseases, including Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis. It is important to remove ticks promptly and properly to reduce the risk of infection. To remove a tick, use fine-tipped tweezers to grasp the tick as close to the skin's surface as possible and pull upward with steady, even pressure. Do not twist or jerk the tick, as this can cause the mouthparts to break off and remain in the skin. After removing the tick, clean the area with soap and water and disinfect the tweezers.
Preventing tick bites is an important part of protecting against tick-borne diseases. This can be done by wearing protective clothing (such as long sleeves and pants), using insect repellent containing DEET or permethrin, avoiding wooded and brushy areas with high grass, and checking for ticks after being outdoors.
Virus assembly, also known as virion assembly, is the final stage in the virus life cycle where individual viral components come together to form a complete viral particle or virion. This process typically involves the self-assembly of viral capsid proteins around the viral genome (DNA or RNA) and, in enveloped viruses, the acquisition of a lipid bilayer membrane containing viral glycoproteins. The specific mechanisms and regulation of virus assembly vary among different viral families, but it is often directed by interactions between viral structural proteins and genomic nucleic acid.
Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.
Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.
Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.
Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:
1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.
The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
Virulence, in the context of medicine and microbiology, refers to the degree or severity of damage or harm that a pathogen (like a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can cause to its host. It is often associated with the ability of the pathogen to invade and damage host tissues, evade or suppress the host's immune response, replicate within the host, and spread between hosts.
Virulence factors are the specific components or mechanisms that contribute to a pathogen's virulence, such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and capsules. These factors enable the pathogen to establish an infection, cause tissue damage, and facilitate its transmission between hosts. The overall virulence of a pathogen can be influenced by various factors, including host susceptibility, environmental conditions, and the specific strain or species of the pathogen.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Malawi" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in southeastern Africa. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!
Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.
Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.
There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.
In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.
A virion is the complete, infectious form of a virus outside its host cell. It consists of the viral genome (DNA or RNA) enclosed within a protein coat called the capsid, which is often surrounded by a lipid membrane called the envelope. The envelope may contain viral proteins and glycoproteins that aid in attachment to and entry into host cells during infection. The term "virion" emphasizes the infectious nature of the virus particle, as opposed to non-infectious components like individual capsid proteins or naked viral genome.
A Cytopathic Effect (CPE) is a visible change in the cell or group of cells due to infection by a pathogen, such as a virus. When the cytopathic effect is caused specifically by a viral infection, it is referred to as a "Viral Cytopathic Effect" (VCPE).
The VCPE can include various changes in the cell's morphology, size, and structure, such as rounding, shrinkage, multinucleation, inclusion bodies, and formation of syncytia (multinucleated giant cells). These changes are often used to identify and characterize viruses in laboratory settings.
The VCPE is typically observed under a microscope after the virus has infected cell cultures, and it can help researchers determine the type of virus, the degree of infection, and the effectiveness of antiviral treatments. The severity and timing of the VCPE can vary depending on the specific virus and the type of cells that are infected.
Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that are an essential part of the immune system. They are large, specialized cells that engulf and destroy foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, as well as damaged or dead cells. Macrophages are found throughout the body, including in the bloodstream, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs, and connective tissues. They play a critical role in inflammation, immune response, and tissue repair and remodeling.
Macrophages originate from monocytes, which are a type of white blood cell produced in the bone marrow. When monocytes enter the tissues, they differentiate into macrophages, which have a larger size and more specialized functions than monocytes. Macrophages can change their shape and move through tissues to reach sites of infection or injury. They also produce cytokines, chemokines, and other signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response and recruit other immune cells to the site of infection or injury.
Macrophages have a variety of surface receptors that allow them to recognize and respond to different types of foreign substances and signals from other cells. They can engulf and digest foreign particles, bacteria, and viruses through a process called phagocytosis. Macrophages also play a role in presenting antigens to T cells, which are another type of immune cell that helps coordinate the immune response.
Overall, macrophages are crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis, defending against infection, and promoting wound healing and tissue repair. Dysregulation of macrophage function has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and chronic inflammatory conditions.
A "tick infestation" is not a formal medical term, but it generally refers to a situation where an individual has a large number of ticks (Ixodida: Acarina) on their body or in their living environment. Ticks are external parasites that feed on the blood of mammals, birds, and reptiles.
An infestation can occur in various settings, including homes, gardens, parks, and forests. People who spend time in these areas, especially those with pets or who engage in outdoor activities like camping, hiking, or hunting, are at a higher risk of tick encounters.
Tick infestations can lead to several health concerns, as ticks can transmit various diseases, such as Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis, among others. It is essential to take preventive measures to avoid tick bites and promptly remove any attached ticks to reduce the risk of infection.
If you suspect a tick infestation in your living environment or on your body, consult a healthcare professional or a pest control expert for proper assessment and guidance on how to proceed.
Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. It is characterized by acute or chronic flu-like symptoms, pneumonia, and hepatitis. The bacteria are primarily transmitted to humans through inhalation of contaminated dust or aerosols from infected animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. Q fever can also be transmitted through consumption of unpasteurized milk or direct contact with infected animals. It is often asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic in animals but can cause severe disease in humans.
The acute form of Q fever typically presents with sudden onset of high fever, severe headache, fatigue, muscle pain, and cough. Some patients may also develop pneumonia or hepatitis. The chronic form of the disease is less common but more serious, often affecting people with compromised immune systems. Chronic Q fever can lead to endocarditis, an infection of the inner lining of the heart, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.
Diagnosis of Q fever typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, serological testing, and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assays. Treatment usually involves antibiotics such as doxycycline or fluoroquinolones for several weeks to months, depending on the severity and duration of the illness. Prevention measures include avoiding contact with infected animals, wearing protective clothing and masks when handling animal products, and pasteurizing milk before consumption.
Wild animals are those species of animals that are not domesticated or tamed by humans and live in their natural habitats without regular human intervention. They can include a wide variety of species, ranging from mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, to insects and other invertebrates.
Wild animals are adapted to survive in specific environments and have behaviors, physical traits, and social structures that enable them to find food, shelter, and mates. They can be found in various habitats such as forests, grasslands, deserts, oceans, rivers, and mountains. Some wild animals may come into contact with human populations, particularly in urban areas where their natural habitats have been destroyed or fragmented.
It is important to note that the term "wild" does not necessarily mean that an animal is aggressive or dangerous. While some wild animals can be potentially harmful to humans if provoked or threatened, many are generally peaceful and prefer to avoid contact with people. However, it is essential to respect their natural behaviors and habitats and maintain a safe distance from them to prevent any potential conflicts or harm to either party.
A viral genome is the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that is present in a virus. It contains all the genetic information that a virus needs to replicate itself and infect its host. The size and complexity of viral genomes can vary greatly, ranging from a few thousand bases to hundreds of thousands of bases. Some viruses have linear genomes, while others have circular genomes. The genome of a virus also contains the information necessary for the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery and use it to produce new copies of the virus. Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is important for developing vaccines and antiviral treatments.
A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.
"Miniature Swine" is not a medical term per se, but it is commonly used in the field of biomedical research to refer to certain breeds or types of pigs that are smaller in size compared to traditional farm pigs. These miniature swine are often used as animal models for human diseases due to their similarities with humans in terms of anatomy, genetics, and physiology. Examples of commonly used miniature swine include the Yucatan, Sinclair, and Göttingen breeds. It is important to note that while these animals are often called "miniature," they can still weigh between 50-200 pounds depending on the specific breed or age.
African swine fever virus
Classical swine fever
Ornithodoros moubata
Nucleocytoviricota
Viroplasm
World Society for Virology
2020 in the Philippines
2019 in the Philippines
Varidnaviria
Bridget McKenzie
Więckowice, Greater Poland Voivodeship
Muyuan Foodstuff
Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte
Wens Foodstuff Group
Trump administration farmer bailouts
GALVmed
Thymidine kinase in clinical chemistry
Mashimba Ndaki
Desert warthog
Thymidine kinase
Agriculture in Spain
Boyko Borisov
John Burns Brooksby
Carios erraticus
Creolin
GALNT2
PEPPADEP
Lee Jae-myung
Realm (virology)
Qin Yinglin
African swine fever virus - Wikipedia
African swine fever could cause EU rift
ArboCat Virus: African swine fever (ASFV)
African swine fever | The latest from Inquirer News
Global African Swine Fever Research Alliance: Fighting African Swine Fever Together
Veterinary researcher Niederwerder speaks at International African Swine Fever Forum...
Additional African swine fever cases found
Fresh African Swine Fever Outbreak Hits China's Xinjiang | The Epoch Times
African Swine Fever is spreading in the EU says EFSA
African Swine Fever
South Korea reports African swine fever | The Pig Site
Suspected African swine fever outbreak in Nilgiris district threatens wild boar population - The Hindu
African Swine Fever Outbreak Found in Ukraine Pig | The Pig Site
African swine fever Archives - The Herald
Balkan region increases its African Swine Fever vigilance | Support to Investment | Food and Agriculture Organization of the...
African swine fever Archives - The Saigon Times
Detecting African swine fever
African Swine Fever to be Worse in 2020 | Farms.com
African Swine Fever (ASF) - What's New | Ontario Pork
Addressing the dual emerging threats of African Swine Fever and Lumpy Skin Disease in Europe (DEFEND) | DEFEND | Project |...
Viruses | Free Full-Text | African Swine Fever Virus Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme Is an Immunomodulator Targeting NF-κB...
African Swine Fever threatens India's Pygmy Hog, other Asian wild pig species: 'Science' article
Italy to hold boar cull around Rome to stem African swine fever - Metro US
Cases of African Swine fever confirmed in the Bono region - MyJoyOnline.com
African Swine Fever Found at Pig Farm Near N.Korean Border - The Chosun Ilbo (English Edition): Daily News from Korea -...
Chinese researchers isolate African swine fever virus
African swine fever detected in swine samples of Patiala, Punjab declared 'controlled area
Pork prices surge to new highs in China due to African swine fever | China Economic Review
Outbreak13
- China's agriculture ministry on April 5 reported an outbreak of African swine fever in the Xinjiang region, marking the third occasion the region spotted cases since February. (theepochtimes.com)
- UKRAINE - There has been another outbreak of African Swine Fever in Ukraine, affecting one village pig. (thepigsite.com)
- Researchers at the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences say they have successfully isolated the first African swine fever virus from a field outbreak sample in China. (nationalhogfarmer.com)
- The African swine fever outbreak in Vietnam that has led to thousands of pigs being culled has spread to two more provinces in the country. (asiatimes.com)
- The ATM team ( Dr. Montserrat Torremorell - College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Dr. Gordon Spronk - Pipestone Veterinary Services, and Dr. Tom Wetzell - Swine Veterinary Consultant) puts the Dominican Republic ASF outbreak in context with Dr. Peter Fernandez, a former USDA APHIS senior executive and now working through PJF AgroStrategies Consulting, LLC to provide expertise to various U.S. agricultural industries and private entities. (swinecast.com)
- DAVAO CITY (MindaNews / 08 February) - Officials on Thursday confirmed an outbreak of African Swine Fever (ASF) in two barangays in Calinan District - Dominga and Lamanan - but they have yet to "backtrace" how the virus got there and while neighboring provinces claim they are still ASF-free, defenses have been set up to stop the spread of the killer disease in Mindanao's 27 provinces and 33 cities, particularly in the mainland. (mindanews.com)
- A SECOND outbreak of African Swine Fever reported in China this week has seen the US hog futures market traded 'up the limit. (beefcentral.com)
- And remember, this outbreak of African Swine Fever is far from over. (endoftheamericandream.com)
- Reports of another outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) in China's Hubei province in the central part of the country were confirmed on March 31. (endoftheamericandream.com)
- Since the first outbreak was identified in July 2021, the African swine fever (ASF) epidemic in pigs in the Dominican Republic (DR) has generated much discourse on various measures for its control. (authorea.com)
- Millions of pigs have been slaughtered across Asia as African swine fever spreads since the first outbreak of the disease was reported in August 2018 in northeastern China - the world's largest pork producer and consumer. (cambodiadaily.com)
- A DEVASTATING outbreak of African swine fever in China could have significant ripple effects in the UK. (express.co.uk)
- He said: "Brexit has been a driving force behind the price of pork throughout the first quarter of 2019, but the outbreak of African swine fever has mounted pressure on the market. (express.co.uk)
Outbreaks8
- China identified two new outbreaks of African swine fever in eastern provinces of Anhui and Jiangsu, China's Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs said Sept. 3, according to the Xinhua news service. (feedstuffs.com)
- Concerning the Wuxi case, Reuters said it's not clear if the disease is spreading more quickly through the China's large swine herd or if farmers are reporting outbreaks to authorities after a publicity blitz by the ministry. (feedstuffs.com)
- The recent rounds of swine fever outbreaks in China have slashed the hog population in northern China by at least 20 percent, various industry estimates found . (theepochtimes.com)
- HCMC - African swine fever (ASF) is continuing to spread in Vietnam, with outbreaks reported for the first time in 25 communes and recurring. (thesaigontimes.vn)
- An up-to-date recap of all African Swine Fever (ASF) outbreaks in the European Union shows that seven farms have so far been affected with the virus. (pigprogress.net)
- Epidemiological evidence has linked contaminated feed with African swine fever virus field outbreaks in both Europe and Asia," Niederwerder said. (swineweb.com)
- Since it was first detected last August, there have been 116 officially reported outbreaks of African Swine Fever in China, and since that time it has rapidly spread to surrounding nations such as Cambodia and Vietnam. (endoftheamericandream.com)
- African swine fever is called as such as outbreaks have historically been reported in Africa, also South America, parts of Europe and the Caribbean were also affecting. (express.co.uk)
20201
- A child is helped in stepping on a foot bath in this quarantine checkpoint in Purok 4, Barangay Lacson in Calinan District, Davao City on 7 Feb 2020 to prevent the spread of African Swine Fever (ASF). (mindanews.com)
20193
- Some experts now say the African Swine Fever pandemic will be even worse this year than in 2019 as the disease, which only affects pigs, spreads to even more countries. (farms.com)
- Between 2018 and the first semester of 2019, this disease was notified through six-monthly reports in 3 countries in Europe (Estonia, Italy and Lithuania) and 23 countries in Africa. (woah.org)
- Customers I deal with in the US withdrew today on out-front pricing - wanting to reassess levels for 2019, as they try to gauge the impact of African Swine Flu. (beefcentral.com)
ASFV7
- African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large, double-stranded DNA virus in the Asfarviridae family. (wikipedia.org)
- ASFV is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and exists in the wild through a cycle of infection between ticks and wild pigs, bushpigs, and warthogs. (wikipedia.org)
- All ASFV p72 genotypes have been circulating in eastern and southern Africa. (wikipedia.org)
- In Africa, where ASF pigs in Georgia in 2007 were sequenced and compared is widespread, the virus causes long-term, persistent infec- with other ASF virus (ASFV) isolates to establish the geno- type of the virus. (cdc.gov)
- Megan Niederwerder, assistant professor in diagnostic medicine and pathobiology, delivered a talk titled "Risk of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) in Feed" at the International African Swine Fever Forum in Ottawa, Canada, April 30-May 1. (k-state.edu)
- African swine fever virus (ASFV) is an acute and persistent swine virus with a high economic burden that encodes multiple genes to evade host immune response. (mdpi.com)
- African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a dsDNA virus that can cause high mortality in pigs of all ages. (bvsalud.org)
Herd5
- Taiwan, which has so far remained intact from the disease, recently reported a dead pig infected with the African swine fever on the coast, prompting a round of herd testing around the area. (theepochtimes.com)
- As it spreads around the globe, it poses a significant risk to the health of the Canadian swine herd, the pork industry and the Canadian economy. (canada.ca)
- Here, Cindy reflects on her career path at Maple Leaf Foods and her most recent role leading the company's efforts to plan and prepare for the possibility of the first case of African Swine Fever (ASF) in the Canadian pig herd. (swineweb.com)
- With economic losses of African swine fever virus introduction into the U.S. swine herd estimated at more than $15 billion due to production losses and market disruption, the importance of preventing entry cannot be overstated. (swineweb.com)
- The Swine Health Information Center (SHIC) is monitoring these processes as part of its mission of preparedness for foreign animal disease management for the US national herd. (hogvet.com)
Case of African swine2
- According to a news report in Korea Times , South Korea's agricultural ministry has issued a 48-hour standstill order on pig farms and facilities in the eastern Gangwon Province following confirmation of the country's second case of African swine fever this year. (thepigsite.com)
- A fresh case of African swine fever has been detected at a pig farm north of Seoul. (chosun.com)
China's1
- U.S. hog prices have surged the past few weeks on signs that Chinese buyers have turned to the U.S. to make up for the dwindling of China's pig herds because of African swine fever (ASF), said a Wall Street Journal ( WSJ ) article on March 27. (endoftheamericandream.com)
Viral disease4
- African swine fever is a highly contagious, viral disease that infects pigs. (feedstuffs.com)
- African swine fever is a viral disease of pigs and wild boar that is usually deadly. (foodnavigator.com)
- African swine fever is a viral disease that only infects pigs, not people - so it is not a public health threat nor a food safety concern. (nzpork.co.nz)
- African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease that only impacts pigs. (canada.ca)
Populations4
- PenCheck may be used as the foundation for an effective and inexpensive monitoring program for swine populations, focused on early detection of ASF in symptomatic animals. (nationalhogfarmer.com)
- African Swine Fever (ASF), the livestock illness that has decimated porcine populations across Asia since its advent in China in 2018, could deal a lethal blow to the pygmy hog, the world's rarest and smallest pig, according to an article in the journal Science . (org.in)
- The disease has been present in Russia and the Ukraine since 2007, and has had devastating consequences within these countries swine populations, as it has been shown to be almost impossible to contain. (beefcentral.com)
- These values, acknowledged as being unusually low compared to other East and southern African ASF-positive sylvatic-cycle host populations, have not been assessed since. (usu.edu)
Virus16
- citation needed] The virus is thought to be derived from a virus of soft tick (genus Ornithodoros) that infects wild swine, including giant forest hogs (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni), warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus), and bushpigs (Potamochoerus porcus). (wikipedia.org)
- The forum was designed to bring together government and industry leaders to discuss the threat of African swine fever virus to the Americas. (k-state.edu)
- Chief veterinary officers from Canada, United States and Mexico led this forum in an attempt to support international collaboration that will increase biosecurity and make it more difficult for African swine fever virus, which is a contagious and deadly disease, to spread throughout the Americas. (k-state.edu)
- Niederwerder leads a team that investigates the risk and mitigation of the current circulating strain of African swine fever virus spreading in feed and feed ingredients. (k-state.edu)
- In February, Hong Kong culled 3,000 herds in a farm after eight pigs tested positive for the African swine fever virus. (theepochtimes.com)
- Of note, the researchers say the disease signs and necropsy changes caused by ASF virus are similar with those caused by other pig acute diseases, such as classical swine fever and highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. (nationalhogfarmer.com)
- Ticks of the Ornithodoros moubata complex were collected from domestic pig sties and dwelling houses, and from a warthog habitat, and tested for the presence of African swine fever (ASF) virus. (open.ac.uk)
- Megan Niederwerder, assistant professor of diagnostic medicine and pathobiology in the College of Veterinary Medicine, recently published an overview on the significance of the collective feed research related to swine viruses and specifically to African swine fever virus. (swineweb.com)
- "Risk and Mitigation of African Swine Fever Virus in Feed" was published March 18 in the journal Animals. (swineweb.com)
- Since the 2013 introduction of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus into the United States, researchers have investigated the potential role of feed and feed ingredients for the transboundary spread of swine diseases," Niederwerder said. (swineweb.com)
- Investigations in my laboratory have characterized the stability of the African swine fever virus in feed ingredients subjected to transoceanic shipment conditions, the virus's transmissibility through the natural consumption of plant-based feed, and the mitigation potential of certain feed additives to inactivate African swine fever virus in feed. (swineweb.com)
- A rapidly expanding geographic distribution of African swine fever virus continues to increase the risk of U.S. incursion. (swineweb.com)
- Niederwerder's article looks at potential ways to reduce African swine fever virus risk through feed biosecurity as well as through both physical and chemical mitigation protocols, such as heat treatment, storage time, and antimicrobial feed additives. (swineweb.com)
- The Mkuze Game Reserve (MGR), in north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa is an African swine fever virus (ASF) controlled area. (usu.edu)
- Inactivation of African swine fever virus inoculated in liquid plasma by spray drying and storage for 14 days at 4°C or 20°C. (bvsalud.org)
- African swine fever virus - variants on the rise. (cdc.gov)
Eradication1
- To establish and sustain global research partnerships that will generate scientific knowledge and tools to contribute to the successful prevention, control and where feasible eradication of African Swine Fever (ASF). (usda.gov)
Biosecurity1
- Ensure all staff and colleagues are aware of the risks posed by African swine fever and that they comply with all biosecurity measures when visiting any pig unit. (npa-uk.org.uk)
Disease13
- In the acute form of the disease caused by highly virulent strains, pigs may develop a high fever, but show no other noticeable symptoms for the first few days. (wikipedia.org)
- African swine fever (ASF) is widespread in Africa but diagnosis of the disease and culling of infected animals and is rarely introduced to other continents. (cdc.gov)
- African Swine Fever (ASF) is a devastating disease occurring for the first time in certain eastern areas of the European Union (EU), according to EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (foodnavigator.com)
- Epidemiological analyses of African swine fever in the European Union', EFSA claims the persistence of the disease in wild boar and the limited number of control measures available represents a challenge for the whole EU agricultural sector, in particular the pig farming industry. (foodnavigator.com)
- The key to control is early detection-so all pig-keepers must report any clinical signs of the disease, which are very similar to classical swine fever. (npa-uk.org.uk)
- African Swine Fever is a lethal viral transboundary non-zoonotic animal disease of domestic pigs and wild boars that has been present in the Balkans for several years now. (fao.org)
- Since the beginning of August 2018, China has been affected by several cases of African Swine Fever, and the disease has now been found on a pig farm in which IFU and the Danish Agribusiness Fund are investors. (ifu.dk)
- African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal disease of pigs. (metsastajaliitto.fi)
- South Africa and Zambia notified the disease in 2018 through the Six-monthly reports and through IN and FUR's. (woah.org)
- A classification of the affected population (by wild boar, backyard and farm swine) was made considering their different roles in the epidemiology of the disease. (woah.org)
- African swine fever, or ASF, is the most significant foreign animal disease threat to U.S. swine production, Niederwerder said. (swineweb.com)
- Since 2007, the disease has been reported in multiple countries across Africa, Asia and Europe. (express.co.uk)
- Animal health in the Americas, 1979 : African swine fever, animal health laboratories and their support of health care programs in rural areas, proceedings of the XII Inter-American Meeting, at the Ministerial Level, on Foot-and-Mouth disease and Zoonoses Control, Willemstad, Cura ao, 17-20 April 1979. (who.int)
Puerto Rico1
- After nearly 50 years, African Swine Fever (ASF) has returned to threaten the Caribbean swine population, including Puerto Rico. (swinecast.com)
Contagious1
- African swine fever is very contagious and is killing pigs and wild boars in Africa, Asia and parts of Europe. (ontariopork.on.ca)
20183
- African swine fever has plagued China since it emerged in the country in August 2018. (theepochtimes.com)
- Since the beginning of August 2018, China has been affected by the feared Africa Swine Fever. (ifu.dk)
- Since African swine fever (ASF) was diagnosed in China in August 2018, veterinarians have been studying the virus's characteristics and learning how to manage in barns. (hogvet.com)
Hemorrhagic2
- In common with other viral hemorrhagic fevers, the main target cells for replication are those of monocyte, macrophage lineage. (wikipedia.org)
- OIE), causes an acute hemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs. (cdc.gov)
South America1
- Genotype I has been circulating in Europe, South America, the Caribbean, and western Africa. (wikipedia.org)
China4
- According to Paul Sundberg, executive director of Swine Health Information Center, the market for these kits will most likely be China, southeast Asia and maybe Eastern Europe. (nationalhogfarmer.com)
- Is African Swine Fever Biocontainment in China Changing Management? (hogvet.com)
- This successful experience in China contains great value for American swine practitioners. (hogvet.com)
- The deadly swine fever began affecting pigs on farms in East Asia last year, after being identified in China in August. (express.co.uk)
Infect1
- African swine fever does not infect humans and it has never been found in Finland. (metsastajaliitto.fi)
Animal diseases3
- The EBRD together with FAO has been successfully working together in mitigating risks related to animal diseases, in particular the African Swine Fever. (fao.org)
- Manhattan - Eight years of extensive research, including work at Kansas State University, has led to a disquieting scenario for swine producers: Feed and feed ingredients could potentially serve as means for the introduction and transmission of foreign animal diseases of swine. (swineweb.com)
- Niederwerder's latest review describes the current knowledge of feed as a risk for swine viruses and the opportunities for mitigating the risk to protect U.S. pork production and the global swine population from African swine fever and other foreign animal diseases. (swineweb.com)
Farmers1
- African swine fever is harmless to humans but often fatal to pigs, leading to financial losses for farmers. (metro.us)
Preparedness2
- Cindy Trask is the Vice President of African Swine Fever Planning and Preparedness at Maple Leaf Foods. (swineweb.com)
- Q: Did you ever imagine when you started your career that someday you'd be the Vice President of African Swine Fever Planning and Preparedness? (swineweb.com)
Fatal1
- Widespread in wild boars in central Europe, it is almost always fatal and could devastate the EU's swine industry. (nature.com)
Humans1
- African Swine Fever is not harmful to humans, but the vast majority of the pigs that catch it end up dead. (endoftheamericandream.com)
Niederwerder2
- Veterinary researcher Niederwerder speaks at International African Swine Fever Forum. (k-state.edu)
- African swine fever is currently the most significant threat to worldwide swine production," Niederwerder said. (k-state.edu)
Caribbean1
- African Swine Fever (ASF) returns to the Caribbean is the focus of this 'At The Meeting' Honoring Dr. Bob Morrison . (swinecast.com)
Population2
- From what we know, there is no ASF in and around Orang National Park as there is an almost negligible domestic swine population there. (org.in)
- Strategies range from complete depopulation of the swine population, as was done in 1978, to a system of passive surveillance with endemicity, with many in-between. (authorea.com)
Suggests1
- Results of the analysis showed that the Georgia from domestic pigs or from wildlife hosts in eastern and isolates group within genotype II, which suggests that the southern Africa. (cdc.gov)
Cull1
- ROME (Reuters) - Italy will launch a cull of wild boars around Rome after African swine fever was found in one of the thousands that live in the Italian capital and the surrounding countryside, local authorities said on Monday. (metro.us)
Veterinary services1
- The Bono Regional Director of the Veterinary Services, Dr. Donald Joachim Darko, has confirmed that some seven farms have so far been affected with African Swine fever in the Jaman North District. (myjoyonline.com)
High fever1
- Signs of African Swine Fever often include high fever, decreased appetite, weakness and general lethargy. (nzpork.co.nz)
Endemic2
- Centre de Coopéra- with the exception of Sardinia, where ASF has remained tion Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développe- endemic since 1982 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- ASF is endemic in sub - Saharan Africa. (foodnavigator.com)
Europe2
- They were introduced into southern Africa from Europe and the Far East by the Portuguese (300 years ago) and Chinese (600 years ago), respectively. (wikipedia.org)
- It originated in Africa before spreading to Europe and Asia and has killed hundreds of millions of pigs worldwide. (metro.us)
Signs1
- Typical signs of ASF are similar to swine fever. (foodnavigator.com)
Cases1
- We've confirmed some cases of African Swine fever in the Jaman North district of the Bono region, specifically a community known as Jankufa. (myjoyonline.com)
Industry4
- Protecting the North American swine industry from ASF is of critical importance for animal health and producer livelihood. (k-state.edu)
- Relevant experts from the DR private swine industry sector were identified through "snowball sampling" techniques. (authorea.com)
- First, relevant stakeholders within the DR private swine industry were asked to identify individuals that they would consider experts for ASF in the DR. Experts identified through this process were contacted to participate. (authorea.com)
- This analysis is a tool for discussions at the private-public interface and facilitate cooperation between the DR government and swine industry. (authorea.com)