A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).
Agents that are used to treat hyperthyroidism by reducing the excessive production of thyroid hormones.
A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.
An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6)
A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.
The presence of organisms, or any foreign material that makes a drug preparation impure.
A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534)
Drugs used by veterinarians in the treatment of animal diseases. The veterinarian's pharmacological armamentarium is the counterpart of drugs treating human diseases, with dosage and administration adjusted to the size, weight, disease, and idiosyncrasies of the species. In the United States most drugs are subject to federal regulations with special reference to the safety of drugs and residues in edible animal products.
A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.
Compounds with two BENZENE rings fused to AZEPINES.
A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).
A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*38 allele family.
Substances used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations. They are used also in veterinary practice.
A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.
A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.
A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.
An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.
A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.
Leukopenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low white blood cell count (less than 4,000 cells per microliter of blood) in peripheral blood, increasing the risk of infection due to decreased immune defense.
A constituent organization of the DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES concerned with protecting and improving the health of the nation.
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.
The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.
Pyridine derivatives with one or more keto groups on the ring.
The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.
whoa, hold up! 'New Mexico' is a state in the United States, it isn't a medical term or concept. It might be confused with a location name or geographical term. Let me know if you need information about a medical topic and I'd be happy to help!
Removal of bone marrow and evaluation of its histologic picture.
A glycoprotein of MW 25 kDa containing internal disulfide bonds. It induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils. Among the family of colony-stimulating factors, G-CSF is the most potent inducer of terminal differentiation to granulocytes and macrophages of leukemic myeloid cell lines.
Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in SCHIZOPHRENIA; senile dementia; transient psychosis following surgery; or MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus.
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.
The process of observing, recording, or detecting the effects of a chemical substance administered to an individual therapeutically or diagnostically.
A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7.
The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.
An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.

Phase I trial of dolastatin-10 (NSC 376128) in patients with advanced solid tumors. (1/458)

Dolastatin-10 (dola-10) is a potent antimitotic peptide, isolated from the marine mollusk Dolabela auricularia, that inhibits tubulin polymerization. Preclinical studies of dola-10 have demonstrated activity against a variety of murine and human tumors in cell cultures and mice models. The purpose of this Phase I clinical trial was to characterize the maximum tolerated dose, pharmacokinetics, and biological effects of dola-10 in patients with advanced solid tumors. Escalating doses of dola-10 were administered as an i.v. bolus every 21 days, using a modified Fibonacci dose escalation schema. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed with the first treatment cycle. Neurological testing was performed on each patient prior to treatment with dola-10, at 6 weeks and at study termination. Thirty eligible patients received a total of 94 cycles (median, 2 cycles; maximum, 14 cycles) of dola-10 at doses ranging from 65 to 455 microg/m2. Dose-limiting toxicity of granulocytopenia was seen at 455 microg/m2 for minimally pretreated patients (two or fewer prior chemotherapy regimens) and 325 microg/m2 for heavily pretreated patients (more than two prior chemotherapy regimens). Nonhematological toxicity was generally mild. Local irritation at the drug injection site was mild and not dose dependent. Nine patients developed new or increased symptoms of mild peripheral sensory neuropathy that was not dose limiting. This toxicity was more frequent in patients with preexisting peripheral neuropathies. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated a rapid drug distribution with a prolonged plasma elimination phase (t 1/2z = 320 min). The area under the concentration-time curve increased in proportion to administered dose, whereas the clearance remained constant over the doses studied. Correlation analysis demonstrated a strong relationship between dola-10 area under the concentration-time curve values and decrease from baseline for leukocyte counts. In conclusion, dola-10 administered every 3 weeks as a peripheral i.v. bolus is well tolerated with dose-limiting toxicity of granulocytopenia. The maximum tolerated dose (and recommended Phase II starting dose) is 400 microg/m2 for patients with minimal prior treatment (two or fewer prior chemotherapy regimens) and 325 microg/m2 for patients who are heavily pretreated (more than two prior chemotherapy regimens).  (+info)

Agranulocytosis in Bangkok, Thailand: a predominantly drug-induced disease with an unusually low incidence. Aplastic Anemia Study Group. (2/458)

Agranulocytosis, a syndrome characterized by a marked reduction in circulating granulocytes, is strongly associated with medical drug use in Europe and the United States. Unregulated use of common pharmaceutical agents in developing countries has been suspected of causing large numbers of cases of agranulocytosis and deaths, especially among children. To elucidate the incidence and etiology of agranulocytosis in Thailand, a population-based case-control study of symptomatic agranulocytosis that resulted in hospital admission was conducted in Bangkok from 1990 to 1994. An attempt was also made to study the disease in Khonkaen (in northeastern Thailand) and Songkla (in southern Thailand), but there were insufficient cases in the latter regions, and the analysis was confined to subjects from Bangkok. In that region, the overall incidence of agranulocytosis was 0.8 per million per year; there were no deaths. As expected, the incidence was higher in females (0.9 per million), and it increased with age (4.3 per million beyond age 60). Among 25 cases and 529 controls the relative risk estimate for a combined category of all suspect drugs was 9.2 (95% confidence interval = 3.9-21), and the proportion of cases that could be attributed to drug use was 68%. For individual drugs and drug classes the data were sparse; within these limitations, the strongest association appeared to be with antithyroid drugs. One case and three controls were exposed to dipyrone, a drug known to cause agranulocytosis; with such scanty data the risk could not be evaluated. Exposure to pesticides or solvents was not associated with an increased risk. This is the first formal epidemiologic study of agranulocytosis in a developing country. As in the West, most cases are attributable to medical drug use. However, the incidence of agranulocytosis in Bangkok, and apparently, in Thailand as a whole, is unusually low, and the disease does not pose a public health risk.  (+info)

Phase I study of a biweekly schedule of a fixed dose of cisplatin with increasing doses of paclitaxel in patients with advanced oesophageal cancer. (3/458)

We performed this dose-finding study with a fixed dose of cisplatin and increasing doses of paclitaxel given every 2 weeks to determine the maximum tolerable dose of this schedule. Sixty-four patients with advanced oesophageal cancer were treated with a cisplatin dose of 60 mg m(-2) and increasing doses of paclitaxel from 100 mg m(-2) up to 200 mg m(-2) both administered over 3 h for a maximum of six cycles in patients with stable disease or eight cycles in responding patients. Patients were retreated when the granulocytes were > 0.75 x 10(9) l(-1) and the platelets > 75 x 10(9) l(-1). The dose of paclitaxel could be increased to 200 mg m(-2) without encountering dose limiting haematological toxicity. At the dose levels 190 mg m(-2) and 200 mg m(-2) of paclitaxel cumulative sensory neurotoxicity became the dose-limiting toxicity. The dose intensity of paclitaxel calculated over six cycles rose from 50 mg m(-2) per week to 85 mg m(-2) per week. Only three episodes of granulocytopenic fever were encountered out of a total of 362 cycles of treatment. Of the 59 patients evaluable for response, 31 (52%) had a partial or complete response. In a biweekly schedule with a fixed dose of 60 mg m(-2) cisplatin it is possible to increase the dose of paclitaxel to 180 mg m(-2). At higher dose levels, neurotoxicity becomes the dose-limiting toxicity. The observed response rate warrants further investigation of this schedule.  (+info)

Oral versus intravenous empirical antimicrobial therapy for fever in patients with granulocytopenia who are receiving cancer chemotherapy. International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. (4/458)

BACKGROUND: Intravenously administered antimicrobial agents have been the standard choice for the empirical management of fever in patients with cancer and granulocytopenia. If orally administered empirical therapy is as effective as intravenous therapy, it would offer advantages such as improved quality of life and lower cost. METHODS: In a prospective, open-label, multicenter trial, we randomly assigned febrile patients with cancer who had granulocytopenia that was expected to resolve within 10 days to receive empirical therapy with either oral ciprofloxacin (750 mg twice daily) plus amoxicillin-clavulanate (625 mg three times daily) or standard daily doses of intravenous ceftriaxone plus amikacin. All patients were hospitalized until their fever resolved. The primary objective of the study was to determine whether there was equivalence between the regimens, defined as an absolute difference in the rates of success of 10 percent or less. RESULTS: Equivalence was demonstrated at the second interim analysis, and the trial was terminated after the enrollment of 353 patients. In the analysis of the 312 patients who were treated according to the protocol and who could be evaluated, treatment was successful in 86 percent of the patients in the oral-therapy group (95 percent confidence interval, 80 to 91 percent) and 84 percent of those in the intravenous-therapy group (95 percent confidence interval, 78 to 90 percent; P=0.02). The results were similar in the intention-to-treat analysis (80 percent and 77 percent, respectively; P=0.03), as were the duration of fever, the time to a change in the regimen, the reasons for such a change, the duration of therapy, and survival. The types of adverse events differed slightly between the groups but were similar in frequency. CONCLUSIONS: In low-risk patients with cancer who have fever and granulocytopenia, oral therapy with ciprofloxacin plus amoxicillin-clavulanate is as effective as intravenous therapy.  (+info)

Murine neutrophil stimulation by Toxoplasma gondii antigen drives high level production of IFN-gamma-independent IL-12. (5/458)

Successful immunity to Toxoplasma gondii requires a strong cell-mediated immune response. Neutrophils possess the ability to rapidly migrate into tissues in response to microbial stimuli. Therefore, we sought to determine whether murine neutrophils could respond to T. gondii by producing immunoregulatory cytokines. We show that murine neutrophils produce high levels of IL-12 and low, but significant, levels of TNF-alpha when stimulated with T. gondii Ag. Both cytokines are produced in the absence of IFN-gamma. Production of IL-12 does not require TNFR p55, and release of TNF-alpha occurs independently of IL-12. We show that there is an influx of neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity that peaks at approximately 8 h in response to injection of live tachyzoites and that this is correlated with increased transcription of IL-12 p40. Our results establish that murine neutrophils possess the ability to produce immunoregulatory cytokines during T. gondii infection and suggest that this response may be important in early host defense and in triggering cell-mediated immunity to the parasite.  (+info)

Different effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or bacterial infection on bone-marrow cells of cyclophosphamide-treated or irradiated mice. (6/458)

In the present study, the effect of treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on cellular composition of the bone marrow and the number of circulating leucocytes of granulocytopenic mice, whether or not infected with Staphylococcus aureus, was assessed. With two monoclonal antibodies, six morphologically distinct cell populations in the bone marrow could be characterised and quantitated by two-dimensional flow cytometry. Granulocytopenia was induced by cyclophosphamide or sublethal irradiation. Cyclophosphamide predominantly affected the later stages of dividing cells in the bone marrow resulting in a decrease in number of granulocytic cells, monocytic cells, lymphoid cells and myeloid blasts. G-CSF administration to cyclophosphamide-treated mice increased the number of early blasts, myeloid blasts and granulocytic cells in the bone marrow, which indicates that this growth factor stimulates the proliferation of these cells in the bone marrow. During infection in cyclophosphamide-treated mice the number of myeloid blasts increased. However, when an infection was induced in cyclophosphamide and G-CSF-treated mice, the proliferation of bone-marrow cells was not changed compared to that in noninfected similarly treated mice. Sublethal irradiation affected all bone-marrow cell populations, including the early blasts. G-CSF-treatment of irradiated mice increased only the number of myeloid blasts slightly, whereas an infection in irradiated mice, whether or not treated with G-CSF, did not affect the number of bone-marrow cells. Together, these studies demonstrated that irradiation affects the early blasts and myeloid blasts in the bone marrow more severely than treatment with cyclophosphamide. Irradiation probably depletes the bone marrow from G-CSF-responsive cells, while cyclophosphamide spared G-CSF responsive cells, thus enabling the enhanced G-CSF-mediated recovery after cyclophosphamide treatment. Only in these mice, bone marrow recovery is followed by a strong mobilisation of mature granulocytes and their band forms from the bone marrow into the circulation during a bacterial infection.  (+info)

Fludarabine-based chemotherapy in untreated mantle cell lymphomas: an encouraging experience in 29 patients. (7/458)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: A prospective study to evaluate the role of fludarabine alone or in combination with idarubicin in untreated patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty-nine untreated patients with mantle cell lymphoma were stochastically treated with intravenous fludarabine at a dose of 25 mg/m(2)/day for 5 days (11 patients) or with a combination of fludarabine and idarubicin (FLU-ID) (fludarabine 25 mg/m(2) i.v. on days 1 to 3 and idarubicin 12 mg/m(2) i.v. on day 1 (18 patients). For both regimens, cycles were given at three-week intervals for a total of six courses. According to the International Prognostic Index, the most part of high-intermediate and high risk factor patients were in the FLU-ID subset: 7 (39%) patients vs. 2 (18%) in the fludarabine alone subset. RESULTS: Of the 29 patients, 8 (28%) obtained a complete response and 10 (35%) a partial response, with an overall response rate of 63%. The remaining 11 (37%) patients did not respond to the therapy. The overall response rates were 64% (7 patients) in the fludarabine group and 61% (11 patients) in the FLU-ID group. The complete response rate was 27% (3 patients) for fludarabine and 28% (5 patients) for FLU-ID. The toxicity was mild in terms of neutropenia and infections, and no fatalities occurred due to drug-induced side effects. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest the efficacy of fludarabine alone or in combination with idarubicin in MCL patients. It will be important to increase this experience and to assess other fludarabine-containing regimens, in particular with cyclophosphamide plus idarubicin and with mitoxantrone and or cyclophosphamide, to test the true role of this approach in MCL.  (+info)

Gemcitabine plus cisplatin, an active regimen in advanced urothelial cancer: a phase II trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. (8/458)

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of gemcitabine (2', 2'-difluorodeoxycytidine) plus cisplatin in previously untreated patients with advanced transitional-cell carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-one patients with measurable advanced transitional-cell carcinoma who had received no prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease were scheduled to receive gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) intravenously over 30 minutes on days 1, 8, and 15 and cisplatin 70 mg/m(2) over 1 hour on day 2 of a 28-day cycle. Prior adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced disease was allowed if this was completed more than 1 year before study entry. RESULTS: There were six complete responses and 10 partial responses in 28 assessable patients, for an overall response rate of 16 of 28 (57%). The response rate on an intent-to-treat basis was 16 of 31 patients (52%). The median survival is 13.2 months, with 18 patients still alive at this time. Toxicity was primarily hematologic, with 12 of 31 patients (39%) having > or = grade 3 granulocytopenia and 17 of 31 (55%) having > or = grade 3 thrombocytopenia. Two patients had febrile neutropenia. All patients required a dose modification of gemcitabine at some point in their therapy; the primary reason was thrombocytopenia and/or neutropenia. CONCLUSION: Gemcitabine plus cisplatin is an active regimen for the treatment of urothelial cancer.  (+info)

Agranulocytosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low concentration of granulocytes (a type of white blood cells) in the peripheral blood. Granulocytes, which include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, play a crucial role in the body's defense against infections. A significant reduction in their numbers can make an individual highly susceptible to various bacterial and fungal infections.

The condition is typically defined as having fewer than 150 granulocytes per microliter of blood or less than 1% of the total white blood cell count. Symptoms of agranulocytosis may include fever, fatigue, sore throat, mouth ulcers, and susceptibility to infections. The condition can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, medical treatments (such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy), autoimmune disorders, and congenital conditions. Immediate medical attention is required for individuals diagnosed with agranulocytosis to prevent and treat potential infections and restore the normal granulocyte count.

Antithyroid agents are a class of medications that are used to treat hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. These medications work by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. There are several types of antithyroid agents available, including:

1. Propylthiouracil (PTU): This medication works by blocking the enzyme that is needed to produce thyroid hormones. It also reduces the conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3), another thyroid hormone, in peripheral tissues.
2. Methimazole: This medication works similarly to propylthiouracil by blocking the enzyme that is needed to produce thyroid hormones. However, it does not affect the conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues.
3. Carbimazole: This medication is converted to methimazole in the body and works similarly to block the production of thyroid hormones.

Antithyroid agents are usually taken orally, and their effects on thyroid hormone production begin within a few hours after ingestion. However, it may take several weeks for patients to notice an improvement in their symptoms. These medications can have side effects, including rash, hives, and joint pain. In rare cases, they can cause liver damage or agranulocytosis, a condition in which the body does not produce enough white blood cells.

It is important to note that antithyroid agents do not cure hyperthyroidism; they only treat the symptoms by reducing thyroid hormone production. Therefore, patients may need to take these medications for several months or even years, depending on their individual circumstances. In some cases, surgery or radioactive iodine therapy may be recommended as alternative treatments for hyperthyroidism.

Methimazole is an anti-thyroid medication that is primarily used to treat hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. It works by inhibiting the enzyme thyroperoxidase, which is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. By blocking this enzyme, methimazole reduces the amount of thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland, helping to restore normal thyroid function.

Methimazole is available in oral tablet form and is typically taken two to three times a day. Common side effects of methimazole include nausea, vomiting, skin rashes, and joint pain. In rare cases, it can cause more serious side effects such as liver damage or agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in white blood cell count).

It is important to note that methimazole should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as regular monitoring of thyroid function and potential side effects is necessary. Additionally, it may take several weeks or months of treatment with methimazole before thyroid function returns to normal.

Levamisole is an anthelmintic medication used to treat parasitic worm infections. It works by paralyzing the worms, allowing the body to remove them from the system. In addition, levamisole has been used in veterinary medicine as an immunomodulator, a substance that affects the immune system.

In human medicine, levamisole was previously used in the treatment of colon cancer and autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. However, its use in these areas has largely been discontinued due to side effects and the availability of more effective treatments.

It is important to note that levamisole has also been identified as a common adulterant in cocaine, which can lead to various health issues, including agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in white blood cells), skin lesions, and neurological symptoms.

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic medication that is primarily used to treat schizophrenia in patients who have not responded to other antipsychotic treatments. It is also used off-label for the treatment of severe aggression, suicidal ideation, and self-injurious behavior in individuals with developmental disorders.

Clozapine works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, particularly the D4 receptor, which is thought to be involved in the development of schizophrenia. It also has a strong affinity for serotonin receptors, which contributes to its unique therapeutic profile.

Clozapine is considered a medication of last resort due to its potential side effects, which can include agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in white blood cell count), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), seizures, orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure upon standing), and weight gain. Because of these risks, patients taking clozapine must undergo regular monitoring of their blood counts and other vital signs.

Despite its potential side effects, clozapine is often effective in treating treatment-resistant schizophrenia and has been shown to reduce the risk of suicide in some patients. It is available in tablet and orally disintegrating tablet formulations.

Drug contamination refers to the presence of impurities or foreign substances in a pharmaceutical drug or medication. These impurities can include things like bacteria, chemicals, or other drugs that are not intended to be present in the final product. Drug contamination can occur at any stage during the production, storage, or distribution of a medication and can potentially lead to reduced effectiveness, increased side effects, or serious health risks for patients. It is closely monitored and regulated by various health authorities to ensure the safety and efficacy of medications.

Propylthiouracil is a medication that is primarily used to treat hyperthyroidism, a condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland that produces too much thyroid hormone. The medication works by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones in the body. It belongs to a class of drugs called antithyroid agents or thionamides.

In medical terms, propylthiouracil is defined as an antithyroid medication used to manage hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease or toxic adenoma. It acts by inhibiting the synthesis of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), in the thyroid gland. Propylthiouracil also reduces the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. The medication is available as a tablet for oral administration and is typically prescribed at a starting dose of 100-150 mg three times daily, with adjustments made based on the patient's response and thyroid function tests.

It's important to note that propylthiouracil should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider due to potential side effects and risks associated with its use. Regular monitoring of thyroid function tests is necessary during treatment, and patients should promptly report any signs or symptoms of adverse reactions to their healthcare provider.

Veterinary drugs, also known as veterinary medicines, are substances or combinations of substances used to treat, prevent, or diagnose diseases in animals, including food-producing species and pets. These drugs can be administered to animals through various routes such as oral, topical, injectable, or inhalation. They contain active ingredients that interact with the animal's biological system to produce a therapeutic effect. Veterinary drugs are subject to regulatory control and must be prescribed or recommended by a licensed veterinarian in many countries to ensure their safe and effective use.

Phenylbutazone is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that was commonly used in the past to treat pain and inflammation associated with conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and gout. It works by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are involved in the production of prostaglandins, chemicals that mediate inflammation and pain.

However, due to its potential for serious side effects, including bone marrow suppression, liver toxicity, and increased risk of heart attack and stroke, phenylbutazone is no longer commonly used in human medicine in many countries, including the United States. It may still be used in veterinary medicine under strict supervision.

Dibenzazepines are a class of chemical compounds that contain a dibenzazepine structure, which is a fusion of a benzene ring with a diazepine ring. Dibenzazepines have a wide range of pharmacological activities and are used in the treatment of various medical conditions.

Some of the medically relevant dibenzazepines include:

1. Antipsychotics: Some antipsychotic drugs, such as clozapine and olanzapine, have a dibenzazepine structure. These drugs are used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
2. Antidepressants: Mianserin and mirtazapine are dibenzazepine antidepressants that work by blocking the uptake of serotonin and noradrenaline in the brain. They are used to treat depression, anxiety, and insomnia.
3. Anticonvulsants: Some anticonvulsant drugs, such as levetiracetam and brivaracetam, have a dibenzazepine structure. These drugs are used to treat epilepsy and other seizure disorders.
4. Anxiolytics: Prazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative with a dibenzazepine structure that is used to treat anxiety disorders.
5. Analgesics: Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic with a dibenzazepine structure that is used to treat moderate to severe pain.

It's important to note that while these drugs have a dibenzazepine structure, they may also contain other functional groups and have different mechanisms of action. Therefore, it's essential to consider the specific pharmacological properties of each drug when prescribing or administering them.

Chlorpropamide is a type of oral anti-diabetic drug known as a sulfonylurea, which is used to lower blood glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes. It works by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas and increasing the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin.

Here's the medical definition:

Chlorpropamide: A first-generation sulfonylurea medication used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It acts by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells and increasing peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin. Chlorpropamide has a longer duration of action than other sulfonylureas, with a peak effect at around 6-12 hours after administration. Common side effects include hypoglycemia, weight gain, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea. It is important to monitor blood glucose levels regularly while taking chlorpropamide to avoid hypoglycemia.

Graves' disease is defined as an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). It results when the immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroid hormone. This can result in a variety of symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, and bulging eyes (Graves' ophthalmopathy). The exact cause of Graves' disease is unknown, but it is more common in women and people with a family history of the disorder. Treatment may include medications to control hyperthyroidism, radioactive iodine therapy to destroy thyroid tissue, or surgery to remove the thyroid gland.

HLA-B38 Antigen is not a medical condition or disease, but rather a designation for a specific type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) protein. HLAs are proteins found on the surface of cells that help the immune system distinguish between the body's own cells and foreign substances such as viruses and bacteria.

The HLA-B38 antigen is one of many different types of HLA-B antigens, which are a part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. These molecules present pieces of proteins from inside the cell to immune cells called T-cells, triggering an immune response if the protein is identified as foreign.

The HLA-B38 antigen is encoded by a specific gene variant known as HLA-B*38. This gene variant is relatively common in some populations and can be inherited from one or both parents. It has been associated with certain diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and certain types of cancer, but its role in these conditions is not fully understood.

It's important to note that HLA typing is a complex process that involves identifying specific genetic variations in the HLA genes. The presence or absence of a particular HLA antigen like HLA-B38 does not necessarily indicate the presence or absence of a particular disease, but may be one factor among many that contribute to an individual's overall risk.

Antinematodal agents are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by nematodes, which are also known as roundworms. These agents work by either killing the parasitic worms or preventing them from reproducing. Some examples of antinematodal agents include albendazole, ivermectin, and mebendazole. These medications are used to treat a variety of nematode infections, such as ascariasis, hookworm infection, and strongyloidiasis. It is important to note that the use of antinematodal agents should be under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have side effects and may interact with other medications.

Acecainide is a Class IC antiarrhythmic drug that was used to treat certain types of irregular heart rhythms (ventricular arrhythmias). It works by blocking the signals that cause the heart to beat irregularly. However, acecainide is no longer available in the market due to its potential to cause serious side effects, including a decreased survival rate in patients with heart disease.

Dipyrone is a medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as non-opioid analgesics. It is primarily used for its analgesic and antipyretic effects, which means it helps to relieve pain and reduce fever. Dipyrone works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, chemicals in the body that cause inflammation and sensitivity to pain.

Dipyrone is available in various forms, including tablets, suppositories, and intravenous solutions. It is commonly used to treat mild to moderate pain, such as headaches, menstrual cramps, and muscle aches. However, it is important to note that dipyrone has been banned in several countries, including the United States, due to its potential to cause agranulocytosis, a serious blood disorder that can lead to infection and other complications.

The medical definition of dipyrone is as follows:

Dipyrone (INN, BAN, USAN), also known as metamizole or novaminsulfon, is a non-opioid analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory drug. It is used for the treatment of mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation. Dipyrone works by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are involved in the production of prostaglandins, chemicals that contribute to pain, fever, and inflammation. However, due to its potential to cause agranulocytosis, a serious blood disorder, dipyrone has been banned in several countries, including the United States.

Glutethimide is a sedative-hypnotic drug that was previously used for the treatment of insomnia and anxiety disorders. It belongs to the class of drugs known as non-barbiturate hypnotics. Glutethimide works by depressing the central nervous system (CNS), producing a calming effect on the brain.

Due to its potential for abuse, addiction, and its narrow therapeutic index, glutethimide is no longer commonly used in clinical practice. It has been replaced by safer and more effective sleep aids with fewer side effects and lower potential for misuse.

It's important to note that the use of glutethimide should be under the strict supervision of a healthcare professional, and it should only be taken as prescribed. Misuse or overuse of this medication can lead to serious health consequences, including respiratory depression, coma, and even death.

Hypochlorous acid (HClO) is a weak acid that is primarily used as a disinfectant and sanitizer. It is a colorless and nearly odorless substance that is formed when chlorine gas is dissolved in water. Hypochlorous acid is a powerful oxidizing agent, which makes it effective at killing bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.

In the human body, hypochlorous acid is produced by white blood cells as part of the immune response to infection. It helps to kill invading pathogens and prevent the spread of infection. Hypochlorous acid is also used in medical settings as a disinfectant for surfaces and equipment, as well as in wound care to help prevent infection and promote healing.

It's important to note that while hypochlorous acid is safe and effective as a disinfectant, it can be harmful if swallowed or inhaled in large quantities. Therefore, it should be used with caution and according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Meprobamate is a carbamate derivative and acts as a central nervous system depressant. It is primarily used as an anti-anxiety agent, although it also has muscle relaxant properties. Meprobamate works by enhancing the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that inhibits nerve transmission in the brain, thereby producing a calming effect.

It is important to note that meprobamate has a potential for abuse and dependence, and its use is associated with several side effects, including dizziness, drowsiness, and impaired coordination. Therefore, it should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

Aplastic anemia is a medical condition characterized by pancytopenia (a decrease in all three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) due to the failure of bone marrow to produce new cells. It is called "aplastic" because the bone marrow becomes hypocellular or "aplastic," meaning it contains few or no blood-forming stem cells.

The condition can be acquired or inherited, with acquired aplastic anemia being more common. Acquired aplastic anemia can result from exposure to toxic chemicals, radiation, drugs, viral infections, or autoimmune disorders. Inherited forms of the disease include Fanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenita.

Symptoms of aplastic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, easy bruising or bleeding, frequent infections, and fever. Treatment options for aplastic anemia depend on the severity of the condition and its underlying cause. They may include blood transfusions, immunosuppressive therapy, and stem cell transplantation.

Leukopenia is a medical term used to describe an abnormally low white blood cell (WBC) count in the blood. White blood cells are crucial components of the body's immune system, helping to fight infections and diseases. A normal WBC count ranges from 4,500 to 11,000 cells per microliter (μL) of blood in most laboratories. Leukopenia is typically diagnosed when the WBC count falls below 4,500 cells/μL.

There are several types of white blood cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Neutropenia, a specific type of leukopenia, refers to an abnormally low neutrophil count (less than 1,500 cells/μL). Neutropenia increases the risk of bacterial and fungal infections since neutrophils play a significant role in combating these types of pathogens.

Leukopenia can result from various factors, such as viral infections, certain medications (like chemotherapy or radiation therapy), bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, or congenital conditions affecting white blood cell production. It is essential to identify the underlying cause of leukopenia to provide appropriate treatment and prevent complications.

The United States Public Health Service (USPHS) is not a medical term per se, but I can certainly provide a definition and overview of it in the context of public health and healthcare.

The USPHS is a division of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and is responsible for promoting and protecting the health of the nation, particularly focusing on preventing and controlling infectious diseases and other health threats. The USPHS is composed of eight uniformed service components: the Surgeon General's Office, the Commissioned Corps, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Indian Health Service (IHS), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).

The Commissioned Corps of the USPHS is a group of uniformed healthcare professionals who are appointed by the President and commissioned as officers. They serve in various capacities within the federal government, including research, clinical care, health policy, and emergency response. The Surgeon General serves as the head of the USPHS and is responsible for providing advice to the President and HHS Secretary on matters related to public health.

The USPHS plays a critical role in responding to public health emergencies, such as natural disasters, infectious disease outbreaks, and bioterrorism attacks. They also work to address health disparities and promote health equity by providing healthcare services to underserved populations, including American Indians and Alaska Natives through the IHS. Additionally, the USPHS supports research and surveillance efforts aimed at understanding and addressing various public health issues, such as tobacco use, substance abuse, and mental health.

Pancytopenia is a medical condition characterized by a reduction in the number of all three types of blood cells in the peripheral blood: red blood cells (anemia), white blood cells (leukopenia), and platelets (thrombocytopenia). This condition can be caused by various underlying diseases, including bone marrow disorders, viral infections, exposure to toxic substances or radiation, vitamin deficiencies, and certain medications. Symptoms of pancytopenia may include fatigue, weakness, increased susceptibility to infections, and easy bruising or bleeding.

Chlorpromazine is a type of antipsychotic medication, also known as a phenothiazine. It works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps to reduce the symptoms of psychosis such as hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking. Chlorpromazine is used to treat various mental health conditions including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and severe behavioral problems in children. It may also be used for the short-term management of severe anxiety or agitation, and to control nausea and vomiting.

Like all medications, chlorpromazine can have side effects, which can include drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, weight gain, and sexual dysfunction. More serious side effects may include neurological symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, or abnormal movements, as well as cardiovascular problems such as low blood pressure or irregular heart rhythms. It is important for patients to be monitored closely by their healthcare provider while taking chlorpromazine, and to report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly.

Drug-related side effects and adverse reactions refer to any unintended or harmful outcome that occurs during the use of a medication. These reactions can be mild or severe and may include predictable, known responses (side effects) as well as unexpected, idiosyncratic reactions (adverse effects). Side effects are typically related to the pharmacologic properties of the drug and occur at therapeutic doses, while adverse reactions may result from allergic or hypersensitivity reactions, overdoses, or interactions with other medications or substances.

Side effects are often dose-dependent and can be managed by adjusting the dose, frequency, or route of administration. Adverse reactions, on the other hand, may require discontinuation of the medication or treatment with antidotes or supportive care. It is important for healthcare providers to monitor patients closely for any signs of drug-related side effects and adverse reactions and to take appropriate action when necessary.

Pyridones are a class of organic compounds that contain a pyridone ring, which is a heterocyclic ring consisting of a six-membered ring with five carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom, with one oxygen atom attached to the nitrogen atom by a double bond. Pyridones can be found in various natural sources, including plants and microorganisms, and they also have important applications in the pharmaceutical industry as building blocks for drug design and synthesis. Some drugs that contain pyridone rings include antihistamines, anti-inflammatory agents, and antiviral agents.

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue found inside certain bones in the body, such as the hips, thighs, and vertebrae. It is responsible for producing blood-forming cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. There are two types of bone marrow: red marrow, which is involved in blood cell production, and yellow marrow, which contains fatty tissue.

Red bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells, which can differentiate into various types of blood cells. These stem cells continuously divide and mature to produce new blood cells that are released into the circulation. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, white blood cells help fight infections, and platelets play a crucial role in blood clotting.

Bone marrow also serves as a site for immune cell development and maturation. It contains various types of immune cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which help protect the body against infections and diseases.

Abnormalities in bone marrow function can lead to several medical conditions, including anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and various types of cancer, such as leukemia and multiple myeloma. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are common diagnostic procedures used to evaluate bone marrow health and function.

Amodiaquine is an antimalarial medication used to prevent and treat malaria caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. It works by inhibiting the growth of the parasite in red blood cells. Amodiaquine is often used in combination with other antimalarial drugs, such as artesunate or chloroquine.

The chemical name for amodiaquine is 4-[(7-chloro-4-quinolinyl)methyl]-1-(4-amino-1-methylbutyl)piperazine and it has the molecular formula C18H24ClN3O. It is available in the form of tablets for oral administration.

Like all medications, amodiaquine can cause side effects, including nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and headache. In rare cases, it can cause more serious side effects such as liver damage, abnormal heart rhythms, and blood disorders. It is important to take amodiaquine exactly as directed by a healthcare provider and to report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly.

It's important to note that Amodiaquine is not available in all countries and it's use is limited due to the risk of severe side effects, especially when used alone. It should be used only under the supervision of a healthcare provider and with regular monitoring of blood cells, liver function and heart activity.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "New Mexico" is not a medical term or concept. It is a geographical location, specifically a state in the southwestern United States. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

A bone marrow examination is a medical procedure in which a sample of bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are produced, is removed and examined. This test is used to diagnose or monitor various conditions affecting blood cell production, such as infections, leukemia, anemia, and other disorders of the bone marrow.

The sample is typically taken from the hipbone (iliac crest) or breastbone (sternum) using a special needle. The procedure may be done under local anesthesia or with sedation to minimize discomfort. Once the sample is obtained, it is examined under a microscope for the presence of abnormal cells, changes in cell size and shape, and other characteristics that can help diagnose specific conditions. Various stains, cultures, and other tests may also be performed on the sample to provide additional information.

Bone marrow examination is an important diagnostic tool in hematology and oncology, as it allows for a detailed assessment of blood cell production and can help guide treatment decisions for patients with various blood disorders.

Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) is a type of growth factor that specifically stimulates the production and survival of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell crucial for fighting off infections. G-CSF works by promoting the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into mature granulocytes, primarily neutrophils, in the bone marrow.

Recombinant forms of G-CSF are used clinically as a medication to boost white blood cell production in patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy for cancer, those with congenital neutropenia, and those who have had a bone marrow transplant. By increasing the number of circulating neutrophils, G-CSF helps reduce the risk of severe infections during periods of intense immune suppression.

Examples of recombinant G-CSF medications include filgrastim (Neupogen), pegfilgrastim (Neulasta), and lipegfilgrastim (Lonquex).

Antipsychotic agents are a class of medications used to manage and treat psychosis, which includes symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, disordered thought processes, and agitated behavior. These drugs work by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that is believed to play a role in the development of psychotic symptoms. Antipsychotics can be broadly divided into two categories: first-generation antipsychotics (also known as typical antipsychotics) and second-generation antipsychotics (also known as atypical antipsychotics).

First-generation antipsychotics, such as chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and fluphenazine, were developed in the 1950s and have been widely used for several decades. They are generally effective in reducing positive symptoms of psychosis (such as hallucinations and delusions) but can cause significant side effects, including extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), such as rigidity, tremors, and involuntary movements, as well as weight gain, sedation, and orthostatic hypotension.

Second-generation antipsychotics, such as clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and aripiprazole, were developed more recently and are considered to have a more favorable side effect profile than first-generation antipsychotics. They are generally effective in reducing both positive and negative symptoms of psychosis (such as apathy, anhedonia, and social withdrawal) and cause fewer EPS. However, they can still cause significant weight gain, metabolic disturbances, and sedation.

Antipsychotic agents are used to treat various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder with psychotic features, delusional disorder, and other conditions that involve psychosis or agitation. They can be administered orally, intramuscularly, or via long-acting injectable formulations. The choice of antipsychotic agent depends on the individual patient's needs, preferences, and response to treatment, as well as the potential for side effects. Regular monitoring of patients taking antipsychotics is essential to ensure their safety and effectiveness.

Neutropenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low concentration (less than 1500 cells/mm3) of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in fighting off bacterial and fungal infections. Neutrophils are essential components of the innate immune system, and their main function is to engulf and destroy microorganisms that can cause harm to the body.

Neutropenia can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the severity of the neutrophil count reduction:

* Mild neutropenia: Neutrophil count between 1000-1500 cells/mm3
* Moderate neutropenia: Neutrophil count between 500-1000 cells/mm3
* Severe neutropenia: Neutrophil count below 500 cells/mm3

Severe neutropenia significantly increases the risk of developing infections, as the body's ability to fight off microorganisms is severely compromised. Common causes of neutropenia include viral infections, certain medications (such as chemotherapy or antibiotics), autoimmune disorders, and congenital conditions affecting bone marrow function. Treatment for neutropenia typically involves addressing the underlying cause, administering granulocyte-colony stimulating factors to boost neutrophil production, and providing appropriate antimicrobial therapy to prevent or treat infections.

Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition characterized by an excessive production and release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland, leading to an increased metabolic rate in various body systems. The thyroid gland, located in the front of the neck, produces two main thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play crucial roles in regulating many bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, energy levels, and mood.

In hyperthyroidism, the elevated levels of T3 and T4 can cause a wide range of symptoms, such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, increased appetite, tremors, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Some common causes of hyperthyroidism include Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, Plummer's disease (toxic multinodular goiter), and thyroiditis. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to manage the symptoms and prevent potential complications associated with this condition.

Drug monitoring, also known as therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), is a medical practice that involves testing blood or other bodily fluids to determine the concentration of a particular medication. This information is used to ensure that the patient is receiving an appropriate dosage and to help guide adjustments in medication therapy. It can be especially important for medications with a narrow therapeutic index, meaning that there is a small range between the effective dose and a toxic dose.

The goal of drug monitoring is to optimize medication effectiveness while minimizing potential side effects. This may involve measuring the concentration of a drug at various times after dosing to determine how quickly it is being metabolized or eliminated from the body, as well as to assess compliance with the prescribed treatment regimen.

Drug monitoring can be performed using a variety of methods, including immunoassays, chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The specific method used will depend on the drug being monitored and the level of sensitivity required. Results from drug monitoring tests are typically interpreted in conjunction with other clinical information, such as the patient's age, weight, renal function, liver function, and overall health status.

Peroxidase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction in which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is broken down into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). This enzymatic reaction also involves the oxidation of various organic and inorganic compounds, which can serve as electron donors.

Peroxidases are widely distributed in nature and can be found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They play important roles in various biological processes, such as defense against oxidative stress, breakdown of toxic substances, and participation in metabolic pathways.

The peroxidase-catalyzed reaction can be represented by the following chemical equation:

H2O2 + 2e- + 2H+ → 2H2O

In this reaction, hydrogen peroxide is reduced to water, and the electron donor is oxidized. The peroxidase enzyme facilitates the transfer of electrons between the substrate (hydrogen peroxide) and the electron donor, making the reaction more efficient and specific.

Peroxidases have various applications in medicine, industry, and research. For example, they can be used for diagnostic purposes, as biosensors, and in the treatment of wastewater and medical wastes. Additionally, peroxidases are involved in several pathological conditions, such as inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, making them potential targets for therapeutic interventions.

A leukocyte count, also known as a white blood cell (WBC) count, is a laboratory test that measures the number of leukocytes in a sample of blood. Leukocytes are a vital part of the body's immune system and help fight infection and inflammation. A high or low leukocyte count may indicate an underlying medical condition, such as an infection, inflammation, or a bone marrow disorder. The normal range for a leukocyte count in adults is typically between 4,500 and 11,000 cells per microliter (mcL) of blood. However, the normal range can vary slightly depending on the laboratory and the individual's age and sex.

Cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylon coca). It is a powerful central nervous system stimulant that affects the brain and body in many ways. When used recreationally, cocaine can produce feelings of euphoria, increased energy, and mental alertness; however, it can also cause serious negative consequences, including addiction, cardiovascular problems, seizures, and death.

Cocaine works by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward. This leads to the pleasurable effects that users seek when they take the drug. However, cocaine also interferes with the normal functioning of the brain's reward system, making it difficult for users to experience pleasure from natural rewards like food or social interactions.

Cocaine can be taken in several forms, including powdered form (which is usually snorted), freebase (a purer form that is often smoked), and crack cocaine (a solid form that is typically heated and smoked). Each form of cocaine has different risks and potential harms associated with its use.

Long-term use of cocaine can lead to a number of negative health consequences, including addiction, heart problems, malnutrition, respiratory issues, and mental health disorders like depression or anxiety. It is important to seek help if you or someone you know is struggling with cocaine use or addiction.

... "agranulocytosis" (which can be misinterpreted as "agranulocyt-osis", meaning proliferation of agranulocytes (i.e. lymphocytes ... The terms agranulocytosis, granulocytopenia and neutropenia are sometimes used interchangeably. Agranulocytosis implies a more ... Agranulocytosis may be asymptomatic, or may clinically present with sudden fever, rigors and sore throat. Infection of any ... Agranulocytosis, also known as agranulosis or granulopenia, is an acute condition involving a severe and dangerous lowered ...
Agranulocytosis; bone marrow depression; leukopenia;thrombocytopenia; purpura; eosinophilia. Gastrointestinal: Nausea and ...
Lawrence, J. S.; Syverton, J. T.; Shaw, J. S.; Smith, F. P. (1940). "Infectious feline agranulocytosis". The American Journal ... Lawrence, J. S.; Syverton, J. T. (1938). "Spontaneous Agranulocytosis in the Cat". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 38 (5): ...
Kostmann R (1956). "Infantile genetic agranulocytosis; agranulocytosis infantilis hereditaria". Acta Paediatr. 45 (Suppl 105): ...
Reactions Weekly 305(1):1. June 1990 Cinepazide-related agranulocytosis Laporte JR, Capellà D, Juan J (1990). "Agranulocytosis ... In 1988 the drug was withdrawn from the market in Spain due to risk of agranulocytosis; other countries where the drug was ...
Agranulocytosis occurs rarely when dapsone is used alone but more frequently in combination regimens for malaria prophylaxis. ... Firkin FC, Mariani AF (1977). "Agranulocytosis due to dapsone". Med. J. Aust. 2 (8): 247-51. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1977. ...
Wiciński, M; Węclewicz, MM (2018). "Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis/granulocytopenia". Current Opinion in Hematology. 25 (1 ... agranulocytosis). Because anemia during pregnancy can result in poorer outcomes for the mother and her baby, the complete blood ...
Caldwell, K. B.; Graham, O. Z.; Arnold, J. J. (2012). "Agranulocytosis from Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine". The Journal of the ... Several cases of severe agranulocytosis associated with cocaine use have been reported since 2006. With the recently recognized ... Potential risks of levamisole-laced cocaine include neutropenia, agranulocytosis, arthralgias, retiform purpura, skin necrosis ...
... can also cause agranulocytosis. Phenylbutazone amplifies the anticoagulant effect of vitamin K antagonists such ...
... was implicated in a number of cases of agranulocytosis and was subsequently withdrawn from the market. More recently, ... Drake M, Honey NK (November 1957). "Agranulocytosis during mepazine therapy". Med. J. Aust. 44 (20): 726-7. doi:10.5694/j.1326- ... Sherman S, Baur E, Klahre H, Lever PG (February 1958). "Agranulocytosis after 10(N-methyl-piperdyl-3-methyl)phenothiazine, with ... Feldman PE, Bertone J, Panthel H (March 1957). "Fatal agranulocytosis during treatment with pacatal". Am J Psychiatry. 113 (9 ...
Agranulocytosis has been observed with Enalapril. Normally, angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by an angiotensin- ...
Agranulocytosis is an acute form of neutropenia. Low white cell count may be due to acute viral infections, such as a cold or ...
Andersohn F, Konzen C, Garbe E (May 2007). "Systematic review: agranulocytosis induced by nonchemotherapy drugs". Annals of ... with a risk of agranulocytosis in rare cases. Carbamazepine and phenytoin lower serum levels of mebendazole. Cimetidine does ...
Agranulocytosis was sometimes reported as adverse effect. Pyrithyldione is also a CYP2D6 inducer but is not as potent as ... Ibáñez L, Ballarín E, Pérez E, Vidal X, Capellà D, Laporte JR (January 2000). "Agranulocytosis induced by pyrithyldione, a ... Covner AH, Halpern SL (January 1950). "Fatal agranulocytosis following therapy with presidon (3,3-diethyl-2,4- ...
Other side effects may include: agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, decreased white blood cell count, and a low platelet count. ... Sharafuddin MJ, Spanheimer RG, McClune GL (1991). "Phenytoin-induced agranulocytosis: a nonimmunologic idiosyncratic reaction ...
The most dangerous side effect is agranulocytosis (1/250, more in PTU); this is an idiosyncratic reaction which generally ... Zambrana, J.; Zambrana, F.; Neto, F.; Gonçalves, A.; Zambrana, F.; Ushirohira, J. (2005). "Agranulocytosis with tonsillitis ...
Nancy Y Zhu; Donald F. LeGatt; A Robert Turner (February 2009). "Agranulocytosis After Consumption of Cocaine Adulterated With ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (December 2009). "Agranulocytosis associated with cocaine use - four States, ...
One of the more serious side effects of levamisole is agranulocytosis, or the depletion of the white blood cells. In particular ... Levamisole suppresses the production of white blood cells, resulting in neutropenia and agranulocytosis. With the increasing ... Zhu NY, Legatt DF, Turner AR (February 2009). "Agranulocytosis after consumption of cocaine adulterated with levamisole". ... Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (December 2009). "Agranulocytosis associated with cocaine use - four States, March ...
"Deferiprone-induced agranulocytosis: 20 years of clinical observations". American Journal of Hematology. 91 (10): 1026-31. doi: ...
Pancytopenia, aplastic anemia, reversible agranulocytosis, low blood platelets, neutropenia. Chloroquine has not been shown to ...
Metiamide was an effective agent; however, it was associated with unacceptable nephrotoxicity and agranulocytosis. It was ...
Metiamide was an effective agent; it was associated, however, with unacceptable nephrotoxicity and agranulocytosis. The ...
2004). "NQO2 gene is associated with clozapine-induced agranulocytosis". Tissue Antigens. 62 (6): 483-91. doi:10.1046/j.1399- ...
Closely related terms include agranulocytosis (etymologically, "no granulocytes at all"; clinically, granulocyte levels less ...
Acquired agranulocytosis is much more common than the congenital form. The common causes of acquired agranulocytosis including ... Agranulocytosis can be presented as whitish or greyish necrotic ulcer in the oral cavity, without any sign of inflammation. ... Agranulocytosis has a mortality rate of 7-10%. To manage this, the application of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF ...
A possible factor in these deaths might have been a side effect of metamizole that can cause agranulocytosis (a lowering of ... The relative risk for agranulocytosis appears to greatly vary according to the country of estimates on said rate and opinion on ... It is suggested that some populations are more prone to suffer from metamizole induced agranulocytosis than others. As an ... Previous hypersensitivity (such as agranulocytosis or anaphylaxis) to metamizole or any of the excipients (e.g. lactose) in the ...
Other adverse effects reported include peripheral neuritis, agranulocytosis, and neutropaenia. Negative effects on the central ...
It has been shown that the psychiatric medication olanzapine can increase risk of developing agranulocytosis, among other ... J. Alvir (1993). "Clozapine-Induced Agranulocytosis -- Incidence and Risk Factors in the United States". New England Journal of ...
Common side effects include agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, anaemia, leukopenia, nausea and vomiting. Lobaplatin was first ...
Rare cases of agranulocytosis have also been reported in medical literature. The rarity of the latter adverse effect led ...
... "agranulocytosis" (which can be misinterpreted as "agranulocyt-osis", meaning proliferation of agranulocytes (i.e. lymphocytes ... The terms agranulocytosis, granulocytopenia and neutropenia are sometimes used interchangeably. Agranulocytosis implies a more ... Agranulocytosis may be asymptomatic, or may clinically present with sudden fever, rigors and sore throat. Infection of any ... Agranulocytosis, also known as agranulosis or granulopenia, is an acute condition involving a severe and dangerous lowered ...
When the body has too few granulocytes, the condition is called agranulocytosis. This makes it harder for the body to fight off ... If you are having treatment or taking medicine that could cause agranulocytosis, your health care provider will use blood tests ...
Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis is a major issue affecting use of the drug for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. What do we ... Clozapine Pharmacogenomics: A Review of Efficacy, Pharmacokinetics, and Agranulocytosis. Kevin J. Li; Haley V. Solomon; Lynn E ... Inflammatory pathway candidate gene (ABCB1) has been a promising target for CLZ-induced agranulocytosis, but results have been ... Diagnostic performance testing continues through HLA and other genetic loci in relation to CLZ-induced agranulocytosis but have ...
However, agranulocytosis as a result of exposure to cocaine containing levamisole, a known cause of agranulocytosis, was ... Descriptive epidemiology of agranulocytosis. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:1475--80.. * Ibáñez L, Vidal X, Ballarín E, Laport JR. ... For example, agranulocytosis is not a reportable condition to health departments, patients might not disclose cocaine use to ... Agranulocytosis is an uncommon condition (7.2 cases per 1 million population per year, excluding patients with cancer and ...
Agranulocytosis and hepatic dysfunction following propylthiouracil treatment. Hoffman DM, Burgess J, Hill P. Hoffman DM, et al. ... Propylthiouracil-induced agranulocytosis: an unusual presentation and a possible mechanism. Toth EL, Mant MJ, Shivji S, ...
AGRANULOCYTOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH PROMAZINE ADMINISTRATION: REPORT OF THREE CASES1 GERALD L. GLASER, M.D.; DONALD A. ADAMS, M.D. ... Systematic Review: Agranulocytosis Induced by Nonchemotherapy Drugs Annals of Internal Medicine; 146 (9): 657-665 ... AGRANULOCYTOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH PROMAZINE ADMINISTRATION: REPORT OF THREE CASES1. Ann Intern Med. ;48:372-379. doi: 10.7326/ ... The Drug Etiology of Agranulocytosis and Aplastic Anemia Annals of Internal Medicine; 117 (12): 1072 ...
Association of MICA gene polymorphisms with thionamide-induced agranulocytosis P Ma 1 2 , P Chen 1 , J Gao 2 , H Guo 1 , S Li 2 ... Background: Thionamide-induced agranulocytosis (TIA), namely antithyroid drug (ATD)-induced agranulocytosis, is one of the most ... Association of MICA gene polymorphisms with thionamide-induced agranulocytosis P Ma et al. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021 Feb. ... Antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis: clinical experience with ten patients treated at one institution and review of the ...
Do individuals develop neutropenia or agranulocytosis after lithium is discontinued? The authors of this report analyzed all of ... Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis: incidence and risk factors in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(3):162-167. PubMed ... Mask Off? Lithium Augmentation for Clozapine Rechallenge After Neutropenia or Agranulocytosis: Discontinuation Might Be Risky. ... Do individuals develop neutropenia or agranulocytosis after lithium is discontinued?. Methods. We conducted a PubMed search ...
Among them, 7,410 (2.05%) have agranulocytosis. These people tend to be male, 60+ old, have been taking the drug for , 1 month ... Do you take Revlimid and have Agranulocytosis?. Check whether Agranulocytosis is associated with a drug or a condition How to ... Time on Revlimid when people have Agranulocytosis *:. Click here to view. Gender of people who have Agranulocytosis when taking ... What is Agranulocytosis?. Agranulocytosis (a deficiency of granulocytes in the blood, causing increased vulnerability to ...
Agranulocytosis is ssociated with cocaine use, according to cases published by the New Mexico Department of Health. ... Agranulocytosis Associated with Cocaine Use. August 23, 2020. December 17, 2009. by admin ... Health-care providers should consider these findings in the differential diagnosis of agranulocytosis, and public health ... which suggested that levamisole in cocaine was the likely cause of the agranulocytosis. ...
Antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis complicated by pneumococcal sepsis and upper airway obstruction. Internal medicine ( ... Delayed anithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology ...
বিভাগ Agranulocytosis, রক্তের রোগ, হেমাটোলজি, অভ্যন্তরীণ ঔষধ অ্যাগ্রানুলোসাইটোসিসের লক্ষণ , অ্যাগ্রানুলোসাইটোসিস - কারণগুলি কী ... Agranulocytosis অ্যাগ্রানুলোসাইটোসিস - কারণগুলি কী কী?. বৃহত্তর অর্থে সমার্থক গ্রানুলোসাইটোপেনিয়া অ্যাগ্রানুলোসাইটোসিস কী? ...
Severe congenital agranulocytosis. Severe congenital agranulocytosis, also known as Kostmann syndrome, is characterized by the ... Patients with congenital agranulocytosis are at increased risk for myelodysplastic syndrome or acute leukemia. Most of the ... 91] Mutations in GFII and WASP have also been associated with severe congenital agranulocytosis. These mutations may lead to ... Reticular dysgenesis is characterized by lymphopenia and subsequent B-cell and T-cell immunodeficiency and agranulocytosis. ...
Agranulocytosis Patients who are to receive mirtazapine should be warned about the risk of developing agranulocytosis. Patients ... Agranulocytosis. In premarketing clinical trials, 2 (1 with Sjögrens Syndrome) out of 2796 patients treated with mirtazapine ... tablets developed agranulocytosis [absolute neutrophil count (ANC) , 500/mm 3 with associated signs and symptoms, e.g., fever, ...
Agranulocytosis. Agranulocytosis is a potentially life-threatening adverse reaction of methimazole therapy. Patients should be ... In such cases, white-blood-cell and differential counts should be obtained to determine whether agranulocytosis has developed. ... Aplastic anemia (pancytopenia) or agranulocytosis may be manifested in hours to days. Less frequent events are hepatitis, ... The drug should be discontinued in the presence of agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia (pancytopenia), ANCA-positive vasculitis, ...
Neutropenia/Agranulocytosis:. Another ACE inhibitor, captopril, has been shown to cause agranulocytosis and bone marrow ... Agranulocytosis did occur during quinapril treatment in one patient with a history of neutropenia during previous captopril ... has caused agranulocytosis, particularly in patients with renal impairment or collagen-vascular disease. Available data are ... quinapril does not cause agranulocytosis at similar rates. As with other ACE inhibitors, periodic monitoring of white blood ...
Neutropenia/Agranulocytosis. Another ACE inhibitor, captopril, has been shown to cause agranulocytosis and bone marrow ... OTHER: Agranulocytosis, Thrombocytopenia, Arthralgia. Angioedema: Angioedema has been reported in 0.1% of patients receiving ... HEMATOLOGIC: Aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and hemolytic anemia.. RENAL: Renal failure, renal ... Agranulocytosis did occur during quinapril treatment in one patient with a history of neutropenia during previous captopril ...
Open the PDF for Experimental Agranulocytosis. Its Production through Leukocyte Agglutination by Antileukocytic Serum in ... View article titled, Experimental Agranulocytosis. Its Production through Leukocyte Agglutination by Antileukocytic Serum ...
5.8 Agranulocytosis. Agranulocytosis has been reported in patients receiving propafenone. Generally, the agranulocytosis ... 5.8 Agranulocytosis 5.9 Use in Patients with Hepatic Dysfunction 5.10 Use in Patients with Renal Dysfunction 5.11 Use in ... Agranulocytosis: Patients should report signs of infection. ( 5.8) • Administer cautiously to patients with impaired hepatic ... Very low white blood cell levels in your blood (agranulocytosis). Your bone marrow may not produce enough of a certain type of ...
Drug-induced agranulocytosis. Young GA, Vincent PC. Young GA, et al. Clin Haematol. 1980 Oct;9(3):483-504. Clin Haematol. 1980. ... Drug-induced agranulocytosis is relatively rare. It is a heterogeneous disorder in pathogenetic terms, not surprisingly in view ... Drug-induced agranulocytosis is relatively rare. It is a heterogeneous disorder in pathogenetic terms, not surprisingly in view ... Major bacterial infections are most commonly associated with agranulocytosis or an abnormality of immunoglobulins or co … ...
Neutropenia/Agranulocytosis: Neutropenia (, 1000/mm 3 ) with myeloid hypoplasia has resulted from use of captopril. About half ... Hematologic: Neutropenia/agranulocytosis has occurred (see WARNINGS ). Cases of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and pancytopenia have ... In using captopril, consideration should be given to the risk of neutropenia/agranulocytosis (see WARNINGS ). ... of the neutropenic patients developed systemic or oral cavity infections or other features of the syndrome of agranulocytosis. ...
Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis is associated with rare HLA-DQB1 and HLA-B alleles.pdf - Published version Download (1MB) , ... Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis is associated with rare HLA-DQB1 and HLA-B alleles ... Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis is associated with rare HLA-DQB1 and HLA-B alleles ... Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis is associated with rare HLA-DQB1 and HLA-B alleles. Nature Communications, 5 (1). 4757-. ...
Risk minimization evolution of agranulocytosis caused by the administration of pharmaceut [Risk minimization evolution of ... However, its use entails a serious risk of causing hematologic alterations (including granulocytopenia/agranulocytosis). Such ... Currently, the incidence of agranulocytosis in our country is lower than the international incidence rates. ... agranulocytosis caused by the administration of pharmaceutical products containing Clozapine in Argentina]. / Evolución de la ...
Leukopenia and agranulocytosis have occurred. Warn patients to report the sudden appearance of sore throat or other signs of ... blood dyscrasias (pancytopenia, thrombocytopenic purpura, leukopenia, agranulocytosis, eosinophilia, hemolytic anemia, aplastic ...
本品可能會增加發生粒細胞缺乏症(英语:agranulocytosis)的風險,可能會導致死亡[2]。為了降低不良反應的風險,用藥時最好進行血液監測[2]。其他嚴重副作用包含癲癇發作、心肌炎、高血糖。因失智症導致精神錯亂的年長者用藥可能增加死亡的風險[2] ... Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Incidence and risk factors in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine. Jul ... Griffith, R.W.; Saameli, K. CLOZAPINE AND AGRANULOCYTOSIS.
Since the clinical symptoms of agranulocytosis and SCN are similar, we hypothesized that it may origin from a common genetic ... not seem to be involved in the etilogy of sulphasalazine-induced agranulocytosis. Why sulphasalazine is more toxic to ... Drug-induced agranulocytosis, a severe side effect marked by a deficit or absolute lack of granulocytic white blood cells, is a ... screened for genetic differences in ELA2 in DNA from 36 patients who had suffered from sulphasalazine-induced agranulocytosis, ...
Hematologic: aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis, leukopenia, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia. Hypersensitivity: anaphylactic ...
AGRANULOCYTOSIS 42. LEUKEMOID REACTION, LEUCOCYTOSIS 43. MAY-HEGGLIN ANOMALY Immature cells seen which may be classified as ...
  • Antithyroid Drug-Induced Agranulocytosis: Is Routine White Blood Cell Count Effective for the Detection? (jamanetwork.com)
  • We appreciate and agree with the comment by Asawa et al that "the leukocyte differentiated count, not only routine white blood cell count is critically important for the correct diagnosis of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis in some cases. (jamanetwork.com)
  • From 1975 to 1990, 72 patients presented with antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Agranulocytosis, also known as agranulosis or granulopenia, is an acute condition involving a severe and dangerous lowered white blood cell count (leukopenia, most commonly of neutrophils) and thus causing neutropenia in the circulating blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] The terms agranulocytosis, granulocytopenia and neutropenia are sometimes used interchangeably. (wikipedia.org)
  • To be precise, neutropenia is the term normally used to describe absolute neutrophil counts (ANCs) of less than 500 cells per microlitre, whereas agranulocytosis is reserved for cases with ANCs of less than 100 cells per microlitre. (wikipedia.org)
  • And yes, this will appear very similar to a neutropenia because agranulocytosis is a blood disorder in which the body is unable to make neutrophils. (coastdental.com)
  • A case report of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis in a patient treated concomitantly with lithium is reported. (tau.ac.il)
  • We start clozapine, 400 mg/d, and order twice-monthly blood tests to check for clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. (mhaus.org)
  • for these reasons, granulocytopenia is a more etymologically consistent term, and as such, is sometimes preferred to "agranulocytosis" (which can be misinterpreted as "agranulocyt-osis", meaning proliferation of agranulocytes (i.e. lymphocytes and monocytes). (wikipedia.org)
  • Agranulocytosis implies a more severe deficiency than granulocytopenia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Severe albumin, inborn achieves agranulocytosis backslab crease. (rusf.ru)
  • Acquired agranulocytosis is a rare, drug-induced blood disorder that is characterized by a severe reduction in the number of white blood cells (granulocytes) in the circulating blood. (checkorphan.org)
  • Hypoplastic bone marrow associated with agranulocytosis is a well-known side effect of chlorpromazine treatment. (biu.ac.il)
  • A 35-year-old woman with liver and bone marrow granulomas associated with agranulocytosis induced by chlorpromazine treatment is described. (biu.ac.il)
  • Although the reaction is generally idiosyncratic rather than proportional, experts recommend that patients using these drugs be told about the symptoms of agranulocytosis-related infection, such as a sore throat and a fever. (wikipedia.org)
  • We report a case of ritodrine hydrochloride-induced agranulocytosis accompanied by bacteremia due to catheter infection. (hindawi.com)
  • Vulnerability to infection is extremely high in patients with agranulocytosis, which is the virtual absence of neutrophils in peripheral blood, with ANC typically lower than 100/μL. (medscape.com)
  • So if an individual has Infantile Genetic Agranulocytosis, these are individuals who absolutely are going to be prone to infection and periodontitis, of course, is no exception. (coastdental.com)
  • Individuals with agranulocytosis must be very careful to avoid infection. (coastdental.com)
  • It absolutely means that individuals who may be experiencing oral infection associated with their Infantile Genetic Agranulocytosis are individuals who must be treated right away and then maintained consistently in order to continue to reduce the threat or vulnerability that they have to infection. (coastdental.com)
  • In agranulocytosis, the concentration of granulocytes (a major class of white blood cells that includes neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils) drops below 200 cells/mm3 of blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • Agranulocytosis refers to a situation where the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) falls to less than 100 neutrophils per microliter of blood. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Consequently, agranulocytosis is sometimes described as "no granulocytes", but a total absence is not required for diagnosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • When the body has too few granulocytes, the condition is called agranulocytosis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In using VASOTEC consideration should be given to the fact that another angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, has caused agranulocytosis, particularly in patients with renal impairment or collagen vascular disease, and that available data are insufficient to show that VASOTEC does not have a similar risk (see WARNINGS ). (rxlist.com)
  • No patients discontinued treatment due to agranulocytosis. (psychiatrist.com)
  • citation needed] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention traced outbreaks of agranulocytosis among cocaine users, in the US and Canada between March 2008 and November 2009, to the presence of levamisole in the drug supply. (wikipedia.org)
  • This report investigated diagnosis of agranulocytosis following new use of several anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), as well as clozapine and olanzapine. (sentinelinitiative.org)
  • Blood examination findings at the onset of agranulocytosis. (hindawi.com)
  • To formally diagnose agranulocytosis, other pathologies with a similar presentation must be excluded, such as aplastic anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, myelodysplasia and leukemias. (wikipedia.org)
  • There were two cases of reversible agranulocytosis in the sulphasalazine group. (nih.gov)
  • has been greatly restricted after cases of life-threatening agranulocytosis and hepatic toxicity during prophylactic use. (bvsalud.org)
  • The findings indicate that there was no agranulocytosis or hepatic toxicity suggesting that AQ may pose no public health risk in its wide therapeutic dosage uses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Agranulocytosis may be asymptomatic, or may clinically present with sudden fever, rigors and sore throat. (wikipedia.org)
  • If you are having treatment or taking medicine that could cause agranulocytosis, your health care provider will use blood tests to monitor you. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Despite this, "agranulocytosis" remains the most widely used term for the condition. (wikipedia.org)
  • We, herein, report a case of agranulocytosis due to continuous infusion therapy with ritodrine and summarize ritodrine-induced agranulocytosis. (hindawi.com)
  • So we're talking about Infantile Genetic Agranulocytosis and this, for our listeners, is going to sound relatively similar to the previous episode where we talked about neutropenias. (coastdental.com)
  • Share your experience with Bactrim Ds and Agranulocytosis. (drugcite.com)
  • We also, by the way, can have individuals who experience Acquired Agranulocytosis, so you can be born with it. (coastdental.com)
  • However, in general, only about seven people out of every 1 million each year experience Agranulocytosis. (coastdental.com)
  • You see, an individual who has Infantile Genetic Agranulocytosis is an individual who is born, present at birth with this congenital or genetic disorder. (coastdental.com)
  • You can also have Acquired Agranulocytosis in which an individual could be exposed to chemicals, some prescription medications, cancer medications, antipsychotic medications, for example, that will develop a form of Drug-Induced Agranulocytosis. (coastdental.com)
  • Ritodrine hydrochloride is used for preterm labor, although serious side effects, including agranulocytosis, are reported. (hindawi.com)
  • This page shows results related to Bactrim Ds and Agranulocytosis from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS). (drugcite.com)