Akathisia, Drug-Induced
Psychomotor Agitation
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Antipsychotic Agents
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Diphenhydramine
Affective Disorders, Psychotic
Dibenzothiazepines
Benzodiazepines
Movement Disorders
Cholinergic Antagonists
Schizophrenia
Effect of leaf essential oil from Piper solmsianum C.DC. in mice behaviour. (1/63)
The essential oil from Piper solmsianum leaves and its major compound (sarisan) were tested to verify their influences upon mice behaviour. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation in a modified Clevenger extractor and analysed by GC/ MS. This analysis revealed in the oil the presence of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and of arylpropanoids. The compound sarisan, a myristicin analogue, was isolated from the oil to perform the pharmacological tests. Emulsions of the oil and of sarisan (5.0 and 10.0% v/v) were used in the tests. Pentobarbital (30 mg/ kg s.c.) or diazepam (2.5 mg/ kg s.c.) were tested as standard drugs to verify depressant or anxiolytic effects, respectively. Both essential oil and sarisan showed to have exciting and depressant effects in the tested animals. (+info)The ability of environmental context to facilitate psychomotor sensitization to amphetamine can be dissociated from its effect on acute drug responsiveness and on conditioned responding. (2/63)
Doses of amphetamine or cocaine that fail to induce psychomotor sensitization when given to a rat in its home cage can produce robust sensitization if given immediately following placement into a relatively novel, distinct environment. A drug-associated context can serve as a conditioned stimulus, and therefore may promote robust sensitization by facilitating associative learning processes. We examined this hypothesis by habituating rats to the test environment for 1 or 6--8 hr prior to each drug injection, which degrades the ability of environmental context to serve as an effective conditioned stimulus. When 0.5 mg/kg of amphetamine was administered intravenously immediately after placement into a distinct environment there was a large acute psychomotor response (rotational behavior) on the first test day, and robust sensitization developed with repeated daily injections. When the same treatment was administered in the home cage, there was a small acute response and no sensitization developed. The enhanced acute response seen in the distinct environment was significantly attenuated by 1 hr of habituation to the test environment, and completely abolished by 6--8 hr of habituation. Also, as little as 1 hr of habituation completely prevented the development of a conditioned rotational response. In contrast, neither 1 nor 6--8 hr of habituation had any effect on the ability of amphetamine to induce robust behavioral sensitization. It is concluded that the ability of a distinct environment to facilitate sensitization to amphetamine can be dissociated from its effect on acute drug responsiveness and from the ability of drug-associated environmental stimuli to elicit a conditioned response. Possible mechanisms by which a distinct environment facilitates sensitization are discussed. (+info)Bronchodilator therapy and hyperactivity in preschool children. (3/63)
The common report of parents of asthmatic children that inhaled/nebulised salbutamol causes overactive behaviour was investigated. Nineteen children were assessed in a standardised setting before and after the administration of nebulised salbutamol and placebo. Neither parental report nor observer ratings suggested any significant increase in the child's level of activity. (+info)The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous, nebulized and oral morphine-6-glucuronide. (4/63)
AIMS: Morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G), one of the active metabolites of morphine, has attracted considerable interest as a potent opioid analgesic with an apparently superior therapeutic index. To date studies have used the intravenous route, which is generally unacceptable in the treatment of cancer related pain. The aim of this study was to define the pharmacokinetics, toxicity and cardio-respiratory effects of three alternative routes of administration of M6G. METHODS: Ten healthy volunteers participated in an open randomized study. Subjects received M6G 2 mg as an intravenous bolus, 20 mg orally, 2 mg subcutaneously and 4 mg by the nebulized route. Pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate and peak flow rate were monitored and subjective toxicity recorded on rating and visual analogue scales. RESULTS: After i.v. M6G the mean (+/- s.d.) AUC(0,infinity) standardized to a dose of 1 mg was 223 +/- 57 nmol l(-1) h, mean elimination half-life was 1.7 +/- 0.7 h and the mean clearance was 157 +/- 46 ml min(-1). These parameters were virtually identical after subcutaneous administration which had a bioavailability (F(0,infinity)) of 102 +/- 35% (90% CI 82, 117%) and t(max) of 0.5 +/- 0.2 h. The mean bioavailability of nebulized M6G was 6 +/- 2% (90% CI 4, 7%) with a t(max) of 1.2 +/- 0.8 h. Following oral M6G two plasma M6G peaks were seen in 7 of the 10 subjects, the first with a t(max) of 3.1 (+/- 0.9) h. The second peak had a t(max) of 13.4 (+/-5.0) h, started approximately 4 h after dosing, and was associated with the detection of plasma M3G and morphine, suggesting that M6G was significantly hydrolysed in the gut to morphine, which was then glucuronidated following absorption. Although the overall mean bioavailability was 11 +/- 3% (90% CI 9, 12%), confining the analysis to data from the first peak suggested a bioavailability of directly absorbed M6G of only 4 +/- 4%. Apart from a characteristic dysphoria following intravenous and subcutaneous M6G, there was no significant toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: With the minimal toxicity reported in this and previous studies, subcutaneous infusion of M6G may potentially provide clinically useful analgesia for advanced cancer pain. Nebulized M6G is not significantly absorbed via the lungs, and if opiates are shown to have a local effect in the lung, reducing the sensation of breathlessness, then nebulized administration is likely to minimize systemic effects. Oral M6G has poor bioavailability, but is significantly hydrolysed in the gut to morphine, which is subsequently glucuronidated following absorption. This circuitous route accounts for the majority of systemically available M6G after oral administration. (+info)Comparison of caudal and intravenous clonidine in the prevention of agitation after sevoflurane in children. (5/63)
BACKGROUND: In children, sevoflurane anaesthesia is associated with postanaesthetic agitation, which is treated mainly with opioids. We compared the effectiveness of epidural and i.v. clonidine in the prevention of this postanaesthetic agitation. METHODS: Eighty children aged 3-8 yr (ASA I-II) received standardized general anaesthesia with inhaled sevoflurane and caudal epidural block with 0.175% bupivacaine 1 ml kg-1 for minor surgery. The children were assigned randomly to four groups: (I) clonidine 1 microgram kg-1 added to caudal bupivacaine; (II) clonidine 3 micrograms kg-1 added to caudal bupivacaine; (III) clonidine 3 micrograms kg-1 i.v. and caudal bupivacaine; and (IV) caudal block with bupivacaine, no clonidine (control). A blinded observer assessed the behaviour of the children during the first postoperative hour. Secondary end-points were the time to fitness for discharge from the postanaesthesia care unit, and haemodynamic and respiratory variables. RESULTS: The incidence of agitation was 22, 0, 5 and 39% in groups I, II, III and IV respectively (P < 0.05 for groups II and III compared with group IV). During the first hour after surgery, patients in groups II and III had significantly lower scores for agitation than group IV patients. Time to fitness for discharge did not differ between the four groups. CONCLUSIONS: Clonidine 3 micrograms kg-1 prevented agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia, independently of the route of administration. The effect of clonidine appears to be dose-dependent, as an epidural dose of 1 microgram kg-1 failed to reduce it. (+info)Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys 23: movement disorders. 20-year review. (6/63)
BACKGROUND: In the past 10 years the new atypical antipsychotic drugs have stimulated further interest in the pharmacological management of schizophrenia. The risk of movement disorders has been reported to be less with these new agents. AIMS: To examine the current prevalence of movement disorders among all people with schizophrenia in a discrete geographical area, to compare the prevalence in patients receiving and not receiving atypical antipsychotic drugs; and to compare current prevalence with prevalence over the past 20 years. METHOD: In Nithsdale, south-west Scotland, in 1999/2000, we replicated previous studies by using the Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale, Simpson-Angus scale and Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale to measure tardive dyskinesia, parkinsonism and akathisia, respectively. Mental state was assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. RESULTS: In 136 patients the prevalence of probable tardive dyskinesia was 43%, of parkinsonism 35% and of akathisia 15%. Parkinsonism was present as often in those receiving atypicals as in those receiving standard oral antipsychotics. The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia has doubled over 20 years. CONCLUSIONS: Movement disorders remain significant problems for patients despite the introduction of atypical antipsychotic drugs. (+info)Akathisia--diagnostic dilemma and behavioral treatment. (7/63)
Akathisia, an involuntary movement disorder resulting from exposure to antipsychotics, is characterized by subjective restlessness and a strong desire to move about. The diagnosis is often complicated by the overlapping symptoms of pseudoakathisia, chronic akathisia and tardive dyskinesia. This report deals with a patient with schizophrenia who developed akathisia after exposure to antipsychotics. Later, she developed movements that were more like pseudoakathisia and tardive dyskinesia rather than acute akathisia. On failure of anti-akathisia medication, she was treated with a behavioral regime to which her akathisia responded. This behavioral regime used the technique of distraction as a primary tool. This case report highlights the diagnostic difficulties in akathisia and the application of behavioral treatment for akathisia that is non-responsive to anti-akathisia medication. (+info)The effects of temporary inactivation of the core and the shell subregions of the nucleus accumbens on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex and activity in rats. (8/63)
The nucleus accumbens can be dissociated into at least two subregions: a 'core' and a 'shell'. Using temporary chemical inactivation of these subregions, we investigated whether they are differentially involved in the regulation of prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex and activity. For this purpose, rats were bilaterally implanted with guide cannulae aimed at either the core or the shell and infused with the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol (0.5 microg/0.2 microl per side). The control group consisted of vehicle infused and unoperated rats. To ascertain the region selectivity of the infusions, 0.2 microl of [3H]muscimol was infused into either the core or the shell of an additional group of rats. The behavioral results demonstrated that in comparison to the control group, inactivation of the core led to a loss of the prepulse intensity dependency of PPI. Moreover, core inactivation resulted in akinesia directly after infusion, but in hyperactivity 24 and 72 h thereafter in contrast to the control group. In both experiments, inactivation of the shell was ineffective compared to controls. Analysis of the autoradiograms revealed that the spread of drug into the other subregion was minimal, supporting the region selectivity of the inactivation. These results lend further support to the existence of a functional dissociation between the core and the shell, with the former being preferentially involved in PPI and locomotion. The persistent hyperactivity after the muscimol infusion into the core could be explained by compensatory mechanisms taking place in the nucleus accumbens. (+info)Drug-induced akathisia is a type of movement disorder that is a side effect of certain medications. The term "akathisia" comes from the Greek words "a-," meaning "without," and "kathisia," meaning "sitting." It is characterized by a subjective feeling of restlessness and an uncontrollable urge to be in constant motion, accompanied by objective motor symptoms such as fidgeting, rocking, or pacing.
Drug-induced akathisia is most commonly associated with the use of antipsychotic medications, particularly those that block dopamine receptors in the brain. Other drugs that have been linked to akathisia include certain antidepressants, anti-nausea medications, and some beta blockers used to treat heart conditions.
The symptoms of drug-induced akathisia can range from mild to severe and may include:
* A subjective feeling of inner restlessness or anxiety
* An uncontrollable urge to move, such as fidgeting, rocking, or pacing
* Difficulty sitting still or lying down
* Agitation and irritability
* Sleep disturbances
* Depression or dysphoria
* Suicidal thoughts or behaviors (in severe cases)
The symptoms of drug-induced akathisia can be distressing and may contribute to noncompliance with medication treatment. In some cases, the symptoms may resolve on their own after a period of time, but in other cases, they may persist or worsen, requiring a change in medication or the addition of other medications to manage the symptoms. It is important for individuals who are taking medications that have been associated with akathisia to report any new or worsening symptoms to their healthcare provider as soon as possible.
Psychomotor agitation is a state of increased physical activity and purposeless or semi-purposeful voluntary movements, usually associated with restlessness, irritability, and cognitive impairment. It can be a manifestation of various medical and neurological conditions such as delirium, dementia, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and substance withdrawal. Psychomotor agitation may also increase the risk of aggressive behavior and physical harm to oneself or others. Appropriate evaluation and management are necessary to address the underlying cause and alleviate symptoms.
Drug-induced dyskinesia is a movement disorder that is characterized by involuntary muscle movements or abnormal posturing of the body. It is a side effect that can occur from the long-term use or high doses of certain medications, particularly those used to treat Parkinson's disease and psychosis.
The symptoms of drug-induced dyskinesia can vary in severity and may include rapid, involuntary movements of the limbs, face, or tongue; twisting or writhing movements; and abnormal posturing of the arms, legs, or trunk. These symptoms can be distressing and negatively impact a person's quality of life.
The exact mechanism by which certain medications cause dyskinesia is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve changes in the levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in regulating movement. In some cases, adjusting the dose or switching to a different medication may help alleviate the symptoms of drug-induced dyskinesia. However, in severe cases, additional treatments such as deep brain stimulation or botulinum toxin injections may be necessary.
Antipsychotic agents are a class of medications used to manage and treat psychosis, which includes symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, disordered thought processes, and agitated behavior. These drugs work by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that is believed to play a role in the development of psychotic symptoms. Antipsychotics can be broadly divided into two categories: first-generation antipsychotics (also known as typical antipsychotics) and second-generation antipsychotics (also known as atypical antipsychotics).
First-generation antipsychotics, such as chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and fluphenazine, were developed in the 1950s and have been widely used for several decades. They are generally effective in reducing positive symptoms of psychosis (such as hallucinations and delusions) but can cause significant side effects, including extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), such as rigidity, tremors, and involuntary movements, as well as weight gain, sedation, and orthostatic hypotension.
Second-generation antipsychotics, such as clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and aripiprazole, were developed more recently and are considered to have a more favorable side effect profile than first-generation antipsychotics. They are generally effective in reducing both positive and negative symptoms of psychosis (such as apathy, anhedonia, and social withdrawal) and cause fewer EPS. However, they can still cause significant weight gain, metabolic disturbances, and sedation.
Antipsychotic agents are used to treat various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder with psychotic features, delusional disorder, and other conditions that involve psychosis or agitation. They can be administered orally, intramuscularly, or via long-acting injectable formulations. The choice of antipsychotic agent depends on the individual patient's needs, preferences, and response to treatment, as well as the potential for side effects. Regular monitoring of patients taking antipsychotics is essential to ensure their safety and effectiveness.
Metoclopramide is a medication that is primarily used to manage gastrointestinal disorders. It is classified as a dopamine antagonist and a prokinetic agent, which means it works by blocking the action of dopamine, a chemical in the brain that can slow down stomach and intestine function.
The medical definition of Metoclopramide is:
A synthetic congener of procainamide, used as an antiemetic and to increase gastrointestinal motility. It has a antidopaminergic action, binding to D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and stomach, and it may also block 5HT3 receptors at intrapyloric and central levels. Its actions on the gut smooth muscle are mediated via cholinergic muscarinic receptors. (Source: Dorland's Medical Dictionary)
Metoclopramide is commonly used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, and gastroparesis, which is a condition that affects the normal movement of food through the digestive tract. It can also be used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Like any medication, Metoclopramide can have side effects, including drowsiness, restlessness, and muscle spasms. In some cases, it may cause more serious side effects such as tardive dyskinesia, a condition characterized by involuntary movements of the face, tongue, or limbs. It is important to use Metoclopramide only under the supervision of a healthcare provider and to follow their instructions carefully.
Basal ganglia diseases are a group of neurological disorders that affect the function of the basal ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cells located deep within the brain. The basal ganglia play a crucial role in controlling movement and coordination. When they are damaged or degenerate, it can result in various motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and difficulty with balance and walking.
Some examples of basal ganglia diseases include:
1. Parkinson's disease - a progressive disorder that affects movement due to the death of dopamine-producing cells in the basal ganglia.
2. Huntington's disease - an inherited neurodegenerative disorder that causes uncontrolled movements, emotional problems, and cognitive decline.
3. Dystonia - a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions that cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures.
4. Wilson's disease - a rare genetic disorder that causes excessive copper accumulation in the liver and brain, leading to neurological and psychiatric symptoms.
5. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) - a rare brain disorder that affects movement, gait, and balance, as well as speech and swallowing.
6. Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) - a rare neurological disorder characterized by progressive loss of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia, leading to stiffness, rigidity, and difficulty with movement and coordination.
Treatment for basal ganglia diseases varies depending on the specific diagnosis and symptoms but may include medication, surgery, physical therapy, or a combination of these approaches.
Secondary Parkinson's disease, also known as acquired or symptomatic Parkinsonism, is a clinical syndrome characterized by the signs and symptoms of classic Parkinson's disease (tremor at rest, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability) but caused by a known secondary cause. These causes can include various conditions such as brain injuries, infections, drugs or toxins, metabolic disorders, and vascular damage. The underlying pathology of secondary Parkinson's disease is different from that of classic Parkinson's disease, which is primarily due to the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in a specific area of the brain called the substantia nigra pars compacta.
Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine medication used to relieve symptoms of allergies, such as sneezing, runny nose, and itchy or watery eyes. It works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic reactions. Diphenhydramine can also be used to treat motion sickness, insomnia, and symptoms of the common cold.
In addition to its antihistamine effects, diphenhydramine also has anticholinergic properties, which means it can help to reduce secretions in the nose and throat, and may have a drying effect on the mouth and eyes. It is available over-the-counter in various forms, including tablets, capsules, liquid, and topical creams or ointments.
It's important to note that diphenhydramine can cause drowsiness, so it should be used with caution when operating heavy machinery or driving a vehicle. It may also interact with other medications, so it's important to speak with a healthcare provider before taking this medication.
Affective disorders, psychotic are a category of mental health conditions characterized by significant disturbances in mood, thinking, and behavior. These disorders combine the symptoms of both mood disorders (such as depression or bipolar disorder) and psychotic disorders (such as schizophrenia).
In psychotic affective disorders, individuals experience severe changes in their mood, such as prolonged periods of depression or mania, along with psychotic features like hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized thinking and speech. These symptoms can significantly impair a person's ability to function in daily life and may require intensive treatment, including medication and therapy.
Examples of psychotic affective disorders include:
1. Psychotic Depression: A severe form of major depressive disorder that includes psychotic symptoms like delusions or hallucinations, often with a theme of guilt or worthlessness.
2. Bipolar Disorder with Psychotic Features: During manic or depressive episodes, some individuals with bipolar disorder may experience psychotic symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations. These symptoms can vary in intensity and may require hospitalization and intensive treatment.
3. Schizoaffective Disorder: A mental health condition that includes features of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder, such as depression or bipolar disorder. Individuals with this disorder experience psychotic symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, along with significant changes in mood.
It is essential to seek professional help if you suspect you or someone you know may have a psychotic affective disorder. Early intervention and treatment can significantly improve outcomes and quality of life.
Dibenzothiazepines are a class of heterocyclic chemical compounds that contain a dibenzothiazepine ring structure. This structure is composed of a benzene ring fused to a thiazepine ring, which is itself formed by the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring (a seven-membered ring containing two nitrogen atoms).
In the medical field, dibenzothiazepines are known for their pharmacological properties and have been used in the development of various drugs. Some dibenzothiazepine derivatives exhibit antipsychotic, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant activities. However, due to their potential for adverse effects and the availability of safer alternatives, they are not widely used in clinical practice today.
It is important to note that specific dibenzothiazepine compounds may have unique properties and uses beyond their general classification as a chemical class. Always consult medical literature or healthcare professionals for accurate information on specific drugs or compounds.
Benzodiazepines are a class of psychoactive drugs that have been widely used for their sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. They act by enhancing the inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed for the treatment of anxiety disorders, insomnia, seizures, and muscle spasms. They can also be used as premedication before medical procedures to produce sedation, amnesia, and anxiolysis. Some examples of benzodiazepines include diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), lorazepam (Ativan), and temazepam (Restoril).
While benzodiazepines are effective in treating various medical conditions, they can also cause physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Long-term use of benzodiazepines can lead to tolerance, meaning that higher doses are needed to achieve the same effect. Abrupt discontinuation of benzodiazepines can result in severe withdrawal symptoms, including seizures, hallucinations, and anxiety. Therefore, it is important to taper off benzodiazepines gradually under medical supervision.
Benzodiazepines are classified as Schedule IV controlled substances in the United States due to their potential for abuse and dependence. It is essential to use them only as directed by a healthcare provider and to be aware of their potential risks and benefits.
Movement disorders are a group of neurological conditions that affect the control and coordination of voluntary movements. These disorders can result from damage to or dysfunction of the cerebellum, basal ganglia, or other parts of the brain that regulate movement. Symptoms may include tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), akathisia (restlessness and inability to remain still), dystonia (sustained muscle contractions leading to abnormal postures), chorea (rapid, unpredictable movements), tics, and gait disturbances. Examples of movement disorders include Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Tourette syndrome, and dystonic disorders.
Cholinergic antagonists, also known as anticholinergics or parasympatholytics, are a class of drugs that block the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the nervous system. They achieve this by binding to and blocking the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, which are found in various organs throughout the body, including the eyes, lungs, heart, gastrointestinal tract, and urinary bladder.
The blockade of these receptors results in a range of effects depending on the specific organ system involved. For example, cholinergic antagonists can cause mydriasis (dilation of the pupils), cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), reduced gastrointestinal motility and secretion, urinary retention, and respiratory tract smooth muscle relaxation.
Cholinergic antagonists are used in a variety of clinical settings, including the treatment of conditions such as Parkinson's disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, gastrointestinal disorders, and urinary incontinence. Some common examples of cholinergic antagonists include atropine, scopolamine, ipratropium, and oxybutynin.
It's important to note that cholinergic antagonists can have significant side effects, particularly when used in high doses or in combination with other medications that affect the nervous system. These side effects can include confusion, memory impairment, hallucinations, delirium, and blurred vision. Therefore, it's essential to use these drugs under the close supervision of a healthcare provider and to follow their instructions carefully.
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. It often includes hallucinations (usually hearing voices), delusions, paranoia, and disorganized speech and behavior. The onset of symptoms typically occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood. Schizophrenia is a complex, chronic condition that requires ongoing treatment and management. It significantly impairs social and occupational functioning, and it's often associated with reduced life expectancy due to comorbid medical conditions. The exact causes of schizophrenia are not fully understood, but research suggests that genetic, environmental, and neurodevelopmental factors play a role in its development.
Diagnostic errors refer to inaccurate or delayed diagnoses of a patient's medical condition, which can lead to improper or unnecessary treatment and potentially serious harm to the patient. These errors can occur due to various factors such as lack of clinical knowledge, failure to consider all possible diagnoses, inadequate communication between healthcare providers and patients, and problems with testing or interpretation of test results. Diagnostic errors are a significant cause of preventable harm in medical care and have been identified as a priority area for quality improvement efforts.
A neurological examination is a series of tests used to evaluate the functioning of the nervous system, including both the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body). It is typically performed by a healthcare professional such as a neurologist or a primary care physician with specialized training in neurology.
During a neurological examination, the healthcare provider will assess various aspects of neurological function, including:
1. Mental status: This involves evaluating a person's level of consciousness, orientation, memory, and cognitive abilities.
2. Cranial nerves: There are 12 cranial nerves that control functions such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, and movement of the face and neck. The healthcare provider will test each of these nerves to ensure they are functioning properly.
3. Motor function: This involves assessing muscle strength, tone, coordination, and reflexes. The healthcare provider may ask the person to perform certain movements or tasks to evaluate these functions.
4. Sensory function: The healthcare provider will test a person's ability to feel different types of sensations, such as touch, pain, temperature, vibration, and proprioception (the sense of where your body is in space).
5. Coordination and balance: The healthcare provider may assess a person's ability to perform coordinated movements, such as touching their finger to their nose or walking heel-to-toe.
6. Reflexes: The healthcare provider will test various reflexes throughout the body using a reflex hammer.
The results of a neurological examination can help healthcare providers diagnose and monitor conditions that affect the nervous system, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, or peripheral neuropathy.
Trihexyphenidyl
Barnes Akathisia Scale
Akathisia
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Perminder Sachdev
Peter Breggin
Venlafaxine
Metoclopramide
Extrapyramidal symptoms
Procyclidine
Cyproheptadine
Pimavanserin
Ulotaront
List of MeSH codes (C23)
Restless legs syndrome
List of MeSH codes (C21)
Cinnarizine
List of drugs known for off-label use
Antipsychotic switching
Dyskinesia
Biperiden
Dirty drug
Methylphenidate
Hyperkinesia
Benzatropine
Benzylpiperazine
Clonazepam
Buspirone
Cariprazine
Schizophrenia
The Psychosocial Effects of Drug-Induced Akathisia - Research Explorer The University of Manchester
Self-Harm in Sertraline-Induced Akathisia | Psychiatrist.com
Trihexyphenidyl - Wikipedia
Kidnapped: Natalie's Story 2 - RxISK
FAB: Cotter & O'Keeffe 2007 - Improvement in neuroleptic-induced akathisia with intravenous iron treatment in a patient with...
Tardive Dyskinesia: Overview, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Recovering Emotions After 24 Years on Antidepressants - Mad In America
APA - Management of Tardive Dyskinesia
Abilify from the Inside Out - RxISK
Eric Rubin Boston Strangler - Dr. David Healy
Expert-Driven Psychiatry Case: Tardive Dyskinesia | Psychiatrist.com
Remission of SSRI-Induced Akathisia After Switch to Nefazodone/Case Report July 2001
paroxetine (Paxil) Archives - Mad In America
Unreported Paxil suicides: company abandons 'No Addiction' claim - Alliance for Human Research Protection
Akathisia vs Anxiety - After Anxiety | Managing Akathisia: The Clinical Approach to Akathisia Treatment and Care
Medical Pharmacology: Autonomic Pharmacology
Antipsychotics, First-Generation: Drug Class, Uses, Side Effects, Drug Names.
Research Institute - Research output - Houston Methodist Scholars
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH
Parkinsonism4
- The medical terms for the body movement disorders induced by neuroleptic drugs are: akinesia (immobility), Parkinsonism (rigidity and trembling), akathisia (disquiet, inability to be still), dystonia (contortions of face and body), and dyskinesia (disturbed movements). (moshersoteria.com)
- Furthermore, antipsychotics often induce gait disturbance with Parkinsonism. (biomedcentral.com)
- For use as an adjunct in the therapy of all forms of parkinsonism and control of extrapyramidal disorders secondary to neuroleptic drug therapy. (pharmacycode.com)
- Use of antipsychotics, certain antidepressants, lithium, or a number of other medications can trigger a condition called drug-induced Parkinsonism, while use of lithium, antipsychotics, valproic acid, or antidepressants can trigger a type of tremor called postural tremor. (elementsbehavioralhealth.com)
Agitation5
- Dr Martin Teicher, an associate professor at Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital researcher at the time, co-authored a paper with psychiatrist and psychopharmacologist Jonathan Cole on the link between Prozac and suicide back in 1990, which found that 3.5% of patients on Prozac either attempted or committed suicide due to severe agitation from akathisia. (blogspot.com)
- From agitation and hostility to impulsivity and mania, the FDA's litany of antidepressant-induced behaviors is identical to that of PCP, methamphetamine and cocaine-drugs known to cause aggression and violence. (lifeworksaz.com)
- When evaluating the vulnerability of children or adults to SSRI-induced adverse drug reactions, the inquiry should be broadened from suicidality to include the overall problem of SSRI-induced mental and behavioral disturbances, such as manic-like syndromes, agitated depression, agitation, anxiety, akathisia, and insomnia. (lifeworksaz.com)
- Lilly's own figures, in reports made available to the Globe, indicate that 1 in 100 previously nonsuicidal patients who took the drug in early clinical trials developed a severe form of anxiety and agitation called akathisia, causing them to attempt or commit suicide during the studies. (narpa.org)
- Figures in a 1984 Lilly document indicated that akathisia, the severe agitation that can lead to suicide, occurs in at least 1 percent of patients, a level considered a "frequent"event, and as such must be disclosed in a company's product literature and package inserts. (narpa.org)
Restlessness3
- Akathisia (Greek "not to sit") is an extrapyramidal movement disorder consisting of difficulty in staying still and a subjective sense of restlessness. (antidepressantsfacts.com)
- Hamilton and Opler (1992) stated that the term 'suicidal ideation' to describe the apparent suicidality associated with akathisia was misleading, as the 'suicidal ideation' reported in patients receiving fluoxetine was a reaction to the side-effect of akathisia (i.e., unbearable discomfort and restlessness) and not true suicidal ideation as is typically described by depressed patients experiencing suicidal ideation. (blogspot.com)
- Additional evidence showing Lilly knew about the akathisia-induced suicide surfaced in an application for a patent for a second-generation Prozac pill which claimed that the new-and-improved Prozac would decrease the side effects of, "inner restlessness (akathisia), suicidal thoughts and self-mutilation. (blogspot.com)
Dystonia8
- The acute movement disorders that occur as manifestations of effects of neuroleptics and other dopamine antagonists include akathisia, acute dystonia, and other hyperkinetic dyskinesias. (medscape.com)
- Drug-induced dystonia is a movement disorder caused primarily by the effects of antipsychotic and antiemetic drugs on the extrapyramidal system. (symptoma.com)
- Drug-induced dystonia is reversible and presents as acute, disorganized contraction of muscle groups. (symptoma.com)
- Drug-induced dystonia is seldom a source of fatalities [7]. (symptoma.com)
- The patient was evaluated as a case of venlafaxine-induced dystonia. (journalmeddbu.com)
- There was a temporal relationship between initiation of venlafaxine and side effect of dystonia, which completely cured after discontinuation of the drug. (journalmeddbu.com)
- The NADRPS score indicates a likely association between drug use and dystonia. (journalmeddbu.com)
- 7 ] reported a case of venlafaxine-induced dystonia in a 29-year-old female patient who was managed for a diagnosis of MDD. (journalmeddbu.com)
SSRI8
- A body of evidence shows that chronic use of psychotropic drugs-including psychostimulants, SSRI / SNRI class of antidepressants, and the most dangerous drugs of all, the antipsychotics-results in drug dependency. (ahrp.org)
- 1 2 SSRI induced suicidality was first reported in 1990 3 but only became generally recognised after a BBC Panorama programme focused on it in 2002. (bmj.com)
- 7 However, a large systematic review of published trials found an increase in suicide attempts with SSRI treatment, 1 and another review using data submitted to the UK's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) could not rule out an increased risk of suicidal behaviour during early treatment with these drugs. (bmj.com)
- Akathisia is but one in a long list of side effects that SSRI makers were able to keep hidden, as they settled thousands of lawsuits out of court, by obtaining court orders to seal documents produced in litigation. (blogspot.com)
- The SSRI drugs, as a class," he advised, "clearly have the potential to cause, and in reasonable medical probability or certainty do cause, akathisia in some patients. (blogspot.com)
- [4] A study published in the European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology also found that "…benzodiazepines and [SSRI antidepressants] are the main pharmacological classes able to induce aggressive behavior. (cchrint.org)
- Most holistic doctors consider Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) anti-depressants to be one of most harmful mass-prescribed drugs on the market (it typically makes their top 5). (midwesterndoctor.com)
- The overall pattern of SSRI-induced mental and behavior syndromes is well- documented and should discourage their use in children. (lifeworksaz.com)
Tardive akathisia4
- This report presents a case of drug-induced severe tardive akathisia developing after the combination of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and an antipsychotic, in a woman with severe major depression. (nih.gov)
- With the increase in the prevalence of treatment-resistant depression, adverse effects of medication such as tardive akathisia are becoming more common. (nih.gov)
- Tardive akathisia persists even after the withdrawal of the causative agent and is very challenging to treat. (nih.gov)
- Guidelines on the management of drug-induced tardive akathisia are non-existent. (nih.gov)
Symptoms9
- medical citation needed] The drug cannot cure Parkinson's disease, but may provide substantial alleviation of symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
- Years later I would learn that during Zoloft drug trials, Pfizer also gave subjects sedatives to mask the symptoms of akathisia. (rxisk.org)
- Psychotic symptoms-hallucinations, delusions, aggressiveness, etc. - may be reduced by neuroleptic drugs as well as by lobotomy. (moshersoteria.com)
- Using combined data, Drug-Induced Extra-pyramidal Symptoms Scale (DIEPSS) subscales of gait and bradykinesia showed an increasing trend in the SZ with iNPH group. (biomedcentral.com)
- It may be less of a question of patients experiencing fluoxetine-induced suicidal ideation than patients feeling that 'death is a welcome result' when the acutely discomforting symptoms of akathisia are experienced on top of already distressing disorders. (blogspot.com)
- The hope is that when reactions occur after starting, stopping or changing doses of a drug, people will be aware of the side-effect symptoms and can get help. (missd.co)
- I was lucky in that my inter-dose withdrawal akathisia got better, even if some other symptoms got worse. (missd.co)
- Horrible symptoms on a steady dose of that drug were a sign that I had to do something differently. (missd.co)
- Withdrawal symptoms may occur if you suddenly stop taking this drug. (medicinenet.com)
Suicidal thoughts1
- Though Lilly has steadfastly defended the drug's safety and downplayed studies linking Prozac to suicide, the patent for the new Prozac, R-fluoxetine, expected to be marketed by Lilly beginning in 2002, notes that the new version will not produce several existing side effects including "akathisia, suicidal thoughts, and self-mutilation," which the patent calls "one of its more significant side effects. (narpa.org)
Anxiety1
- Venlafaxine is an antidepressant of a group of drugs called selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSNRIs) which are used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and panic disorder. (journalmeddbu.com)
Antipsychotics3
- However, Lafuente et al did not find evidence of involvement of a polymorphism with a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTD) in the DAT gene (SLC6A3) in dyskinesias induced by antipsychotics. (medscape.com)
- The drugs-psychostimulants, antidepressants, and antipsychotics-induce severe hazardous effects in some who take them. (ahrp.org)
- For example, use of antidepressants , antipsychotics or the bipolar disorder medication lithium can trigger a hyperkinetic movement disorder called akathisia. (elementsbehavioralhealth.com)
Suicide5
- 6 It is widely believed that the risk of suicide is not increased in adults, and support for this was provided by a Food and Drug Administration meta-analysis of about 100 000 patients. (bmj.com)
- The DSM-IV acknowledges the association of akathisia with suicidality and states: "Akathisia may be associated with dysphoria, irritability, aggression, or suicide attempts. (blogspot.com)
- [1] In its report, Psychiatric Drugs Create Violence and Suicide , the mental health watchdog Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR) details at least nine other prominent senseless acts of violence since 2008 where the person responsible was taking a benzodiazepine, sometimes with an antidepressant. (cchrint.org)
- Akathisia Stories - a co-production of MISSD and Studio C Chicago, is a podcast series that features interviews and news concerning the adverse drug reaction akathisia and medication-induced suicide. (jasenn.org)
- A McLean Hospital researcher and associate professor at Harvard Medical School, Dr. Martin Teicher, whose early 1990s studies linked Prozac to akathisia and suicide, is a co-inventor of the new Prozac, which Lilly plans to market, along with Timothy J. Barberich, the CEO of Sepracor Inc., a Marlborough drug company, and James W. Young. (narpa.org)
Antidepressants5
- It is a recognised side effect of antipsychotic and antiemetic drugs but may also be caused by other widely prescribed drugs such as antidepressants. (antidepressantsfacts.com)
- Differences in mortality (all deaths were in adults, odds ratio 1.28, 95% confidence interval 0.40 to 4.06), suicidality (1.21, 0.84 to 1.74), and akathisia (2.04, 0.93 to 4.48) were not significant, whereas patients taking antidepressants displayed more aggressive behaviour (1.93, 1.26 to 2.95). (bmj.com)
- I don't know if he was speaking about the depression he had or the akathisia that antidepressants can cause. (davidhealy.org)
- the most dangerous times on antidepressants are when starting, stopping, changing doses or adding other drugs. (healingamericanow.com)
- RCTs necessarily focus on a primary endpoint and hypnotized by this the 99 other effects of a drug are gathered so haphazardly that they disappear even when these effects are immediate and all but universal like the sexual side effects of antidepressants. (davidhealy.org)
Dopamine2
- It is thought that this is due to the drugs' inhibitory effect on the dopamine system in the central nervous system. (symptoma.com)
- I've learned that any medication, which has an effect on serotonin or dopamine receptors seems to have a risk of akathisia tied to it. (missd.co)
Sexual dysfunction2
- This post is about structural aspects to the problems not just of sexual dysfunction and suicidality caused by drugs but all other adverse events also. (davidhealy.org)
- 6 It has been used as an off-label treatment for a wide range of psychiatric conditions, including serotonin syndrome, akathisia, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Extrapyramidal1
- The drug is also commonly used to treat extrapyramidal side effects occurring during antipsychotic treatment. (wikipedia.org)
Depression2
- For effective treatment of people with depression, if people respond to the drugs, they should be on them for that sort of timescale. (rxisk.org)
- Billed as a wonder drug to combat depression by boosting levels of the brain chemical serotonin, Prozac and others like it were also said to remedy a host of human frailties from poor self-esteem and concentration to fear of rejection. (narpa.org)
Metoclopramide4
- Her next chemotherapy session had to be cancelled owing to her distress and she was reviewed by her oncologist, who diagnosed akathisia due to metoclopramide. (antidepressantsfacts.com)
- The American Diabetes Association states that metoclopramide should be reserved for use in patients with severe diabetic gastric stasis that is unresponsive to other therapies, since evidence of benefit is weak and the drug is associated with serious adverse effects. (drugs.com)
- ASCO does not consider metoclopramide an appropriate first-line antiemetic for any group of patients receiving chemotherapy of high emetic risk and states that this drug should be reserved for patients unable to tolerate or refractory to first-line agents (i.e., a type 3 serotonin [5-HT 3 ] receptor antagonist [e.g., dolasetron, granisetron, ondansetron, palonosetron] with dexamethasone and aprepitant). (drugs.com)
- Metoclopramide has been used orally † [off-label] for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. (drugs.com)
Mania2
- They perceived Natalie as empowered when she was actually suffering from drug-induced mania. (rxisk.org)
- I was quitting supercrack, having an episode of medication-induced mania from California rocket fuel and breaking up with my girlfriend in May, so I guess I haven't had any time off since April. (manicgrant.com)
Psychiatric Drug1
- But it is precisely those people and their loved ones who drive me to write about a traumatizing experience such as psychiatric drug withdrawal induced akathisia. (missd.co)
Withdrawal4
- The All Party Parliamentary Group for Prescribed Drug Dependence isssue a Press Release , announcing a new study into depedence on and withdrawal from antidepessant drugs. (madintheuk.com)
- This systematic review provides important new data on antidepressant withdrawal which will be considered by Public Health England as part of their current review into prescribed drug dependence. (madintheuk.com)
- C. it can absolutely go away, and D. withdrawal induced akathisia is a different beast than medication induced akathisia. (missd.co)
- If one experiences akathisia as a symptom of withdrawal, it can become more complicated. (missd.co)
Aggressive1
- Secondary outcomes were aggressive behaviour and akathisia. (bmj.com)
Selective1
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are some of the most commonly prescribed drugs. (bmj.com)
Doses2
- Higher doses and greater potency of causative drugs, particularly neuroleptic drugs are associated with as higher incidence [4]. (symptoma.com)
- My akathisia crept up in between doses of my "benzo" because my GABA receptors (the receptors that help the brain absorb the calming chemical, known as GABA) were growing tolerant the drugs I was taking. (missd.co)
20191
- 2019). However, there are differences in how the therapeutic effect of each drug is mediated, differences in what adverse effects each drug can cause, and how likely these adverse effects are to occur, and these are important considerations, especially for clinicians who will be administering an atypical antidepressant and monitoring for adverse effects. (ceufast.com)
19841
- For instance, a 1984 Eli Lilly document showed akathisia occurred in at least 1% of patients long before Prozac was approved. (blogspot.com)
Lilly2
- Lilly officials continue to defend the drug's effectiveness, saying its track record is borne out by the fact it is still the most widely prescribed drug of its kind. (narpa.org)
- By the end of last year, more than 35 million people worldwide were using the drug, which provided Lilly with more than 25 percent of its $10 billion in 1999 revenue. (narpa.org)
Disorders1
- She was hospitalized with the diagnosis of MDD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V).[ 4 ] Previously prescribed drugs used by the patient at the effective dose and time included sertraline, duloxetine, olanzapine, supride, fluoxetine, paroxetine, quetiapine, and alprazolam. (journalmeddbu.com)
Clinical4
- They focus on the fundamental ways drugs cause cognitive toxicity and map strategies for clinical management. (april.org.uk)
- Data sources Clinical study reports for duloxetine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine obtained from the European and UK drug regulators, and summary trial reports for duloxetine and fluoxetine from Eli Lilly's website. (bmj.com)
- In actual clinical practice involving longer drug exposures and less thorough monitoring, the rates are even higher (see the enclosed reviews). (lifeworksaz.com)
- Causality assessment refers to the ways to assess possible links between a drug or vaccine and harms happening in company trials or other studies, or just clinical practice. (davidhealy.org)
Prozac1
- In a paper entitled, "Suicides and Homicides in Patients Taking Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft: Why They Keep Happening - And Why They Will Continue," Dr Jay Cohen points out that, as soon SSRI's arrived on the market in the late 1980s, reports of sudden, unexpected suicides and homicides by patients taking the drugs began to come in. (blogspot.com)
Disturbances1
- With parenteral biperiden, these drug-induced disturbances are rapidly brought under control. (pharmacycode.com)
Psychosis1
- Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death. (nih.gov)
Venlafaxine1
- 5 ] We can therefore assume the side effect was very likely induced by venlafaxine. (journalmeddbu.com)
Commonly5
- These drugs are or are on their way to being the most commonly used prescription drugs by Scottish adolescents. (rxisk.org)
- This is, of course, why neuroleptics are commonly called 'antipsychotic drugs. (moshersoteria.com)
- It appears commonly when the drug is initiated or when the dose of the drug is increased. (symptoma.com)
- Heroin, prescription painkillers, and fentanyl are among the most commonly used drugs in this deadly epidemic. (morethanrehab.com)
- It is commonly mixed with other illegal drugs like heroin, cocaine, meth, and counterfeit pills , which makes them even more powerful. (morethanrehab.com)
MISSD1
- Something like Drug Induced Emotional Turmoil (DIE.T) might have got the message over more effectively twenty years ago but MISSD and others have produced such good material on akathisia already that its not clear that going back is an option. (davidhealy.org)
Neuroleptic drugs5
- Today the standard treatment for madness, i.e., for schizophrenia and other psychoses, is neuroleptic drugs (also called antipsychotic drugs or major tranquilizers). (moshersoteria.com)
- Due to the fact that the 'neural machinery' of the posterior frontal brain organizing body movements is similar to that of the prefrontal brain organizing mind movements, neuroleptic drugs, unlike lobotomy, have effects not only on mind movements but also on body movements. (moshersoteria.com)
- These are the so called side effects of neuroleptic drugs. (moshersoteria.com)
- Since mind and body movements are similarly inhibited and disturbed by neuroleptic drugs, the outer person gives us an image of the state of the inner person. (moshersoteria.com)
- As the outer person is impoverished and uglified by neuroleptic drugs so is the inner person. (moshersoteria.com)
Psychotropic drugs3
- Americans may be astonished to learn that $20 million in taxpayers' money was spent on a study whose unacknowledged purpose is to increase the use of psychotropic drugs. (ahrp.org)
- But prevalence and chronicity are correlated to widespread use of psychotropic drugs in the US. (ahrp.org)
- Researchers took the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System data and identified 25 psychotropic drugs associated with violence accounting for 60% of the violent incidents that were reported. (cchrint.org)
Antipsychotic drugs3
- Before the 'antipsychotic drugs' were introduced in the 1950s, schizophrenia was often treated with 'antipsychotic surgery,' lobotomy. (moshersoteria.com)
- Analyses of seventeen placebo-controlled trials (modal duration of 10 weeks), largely in patients taking atypical antipsychotic drugs, revealed a risk of death in drug-treated patients of between 1.6 to 1.7 times the risk of death in placebo-treated patients. (nih.gov)
- Observational studies suggest that, similar to atypical antipsychotic drugs, treatment with conventional antipsychotic drugs may increase mortality. (nih.gov)
Medications3
- The patient did not respond to any standard medications indicated for drug-induced akathisia. (nih.gov)
- With the help of Psychiatric Side Effects of Prescription and Over-the-Counter Medications , readers will be able to quickly identify the ways drugs sometimes negatively affect behavior and ability to reason, and then determine the best practical course for treating those problems. (april.org.uk)
- While recognizing the essential benefits that medications provide, Wendy discusses the need for achieving transparency in reporting drug side effects so that akathisia becomes a household name. (missd.co)
Interactions1
- They also address the consequences of drug interactions and the basic pathophysiology of central nervous system toxicity. (april.org.uk)
Prevention1
- According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Vital Statistics Report from December 2018, among drug overdose deaths that mentioned at least one specific drug, the 10 most frequently mentioned drugs during 2011-2016 included alprazolam and diazepam. (cchrint.org)
Aggression1
- For adults, the odds ratios were 0.81 (0.51 to 1.28) for suicidality, 1.09 (0.55 to 2.14) for aggression, and 2.00 (0.79 to 5.04) for akathisia. (bmj.com)
Fluoxetine1
- Akathisia due to the higher dose of fluoxetine was diagnosed. (antidepressantsfacts.com)
Doctors2
- It is not to ensure that patients or doctors are properly warned before they take a drug. (davidhealy.org)
- One group of people who I wish knew more about akathisia is doctors. (missd.co)
Trials2
- New drugs that show promising results in animals are expected to come to human therapeutic trials in the near future under the auspice of the Huntington Study Group (HSG). (utmb.edu)
- Healthy volunteer trials, or Phase one trials as they are called, offer the perfect opportunity to see the hazards your drug or vaccine causes, leaving you time to think, for example, about how to just not collect any information on sexual function in an antidepressant trial or any indications of dependence. (davidhealy.org)
Dose1
- People should allow a period to adjust to the dose when first starting trihexyphenidyl and when the dose has been increased or added to a regimen with other drugs because acute somnolence and accumulated fatigue can make it particularly dangerous to operate an automobile, heavy machinery etc. (wikipedia.org)
Benzodiazepines2
- When taken with other drugs and alcohol, benzodiazepines increase their effects. (cchrint.org)
- Buspirone hydrochloride tablets, USP are an antianxiety agent that is not chemically or pharmacologically related to the benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or other sedative/anxiolytic drugs. (nih.gov)
Neuroleptics1
- Neuroleptics are not anti-psychotic, but rather anti-psychic drugs. (moshersoteria.com)
Include2
- Symptomatic treatment may include dietary modifications, optimization of glycemic control, avoidance of drugs that adversely affect GI motility, antiemetics for relief of associated nausea and vomiting, and, in more severe cases, prokinetic agents to improve gastric emptying. (drugs.com)
- Other impacts include strain on healthcare resources, economic losses due to drug-related crimes, and increased addiction. (morethanrehab.com)
Adverse effects1
- A retrospective review of the French Pharmacovigilance Database by Bertrand et al examined all reported adverse effects of cyproheptadine since its first distribution in France in 1985 and concluded that it can be considered a "safe" drug. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Side3
- Other anticholinergic drugs (e.g. spasmolytics, antihistamines, TCAs) : Side effects of trihexyphenidyl may be increased. (wikipedia.org)
- Natalie decided to try their new drug, Zoloft, after the therapist and doctor promised to closely monitor for side effects. (rxisk.org)
- Dr Cole said, in an affidavit submitted in litigation on April 20, 2000, "Our purpose in writing this article was to alert the profession to an alarming, probable drug side effect which we had observed. (blogspot.com)
Mortality1
- The extent to which the findings of increased mortality in observational studies may be attributed to the antipsychotic drug as opposed to some characteristic(s) of the patients is not clear. (nih.gov)