Alphavirus infections. Medical search. Definitions

Virus diseases caused by members of the ALPHAVIRUS genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE.

A genus of TOGAVIRIDAE, also known as Group A arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae. The viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes. The type species is the SINDBIS VIRUS.

The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.

A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines. It is seen most commonly in parts of Central and South America.

A species of ALPHAVIRUS isolated in central, eastern, and southern Africa.

A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing an acute dengue-like fever.

A species of ALPHAVIRUS associated with epidemic EXANTHEMA and polyarthritis in Australia.

A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines in the United States, southern Canada, and parts of South America.

The family Hirundinidae, comprised of small BIRDS that hunt flying INSECTS while in sustained flight.

Any DNA sequence capable of independent replication or a molecule that possesses a REPLICATION ORIGIN and which is therefore potentially capable of being replicated in a suitable cell. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A family of wingless, blood-sucking insects of the suborder HETEROPTERA, including the bedbugs and related forms. Cimex (BEDBUGS), Heamatosiphon, and Oeciacus are medically important genera. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing encephalomyelitis in Equidae and humans. The virus ranges along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States and Canada and as far south as the Caribbean, Mexico, and parts of Central and South America. Infections in horses show a mortality of up to 90 percent and in humans as high as 80 percent in epidemics.

A family of the order DIPTERA that comprises the mosquitoes. The larval stages are aquatic, and the adults can be recognized by the characteristic WINGS, ANIMAL venation, the scales along the wing veins, and the long proboscis. Many species are of particular medical importance.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.

A form of arboviral encephalitis endemic to Central America and the northern latitudes of South America. The causative organism (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, VENEZUELAN EQUINE) is transmitted to humans and horses via the bite of several mosquito species. Human viral infection may be asymptomatic or remain restricted to a mild influenza-like illness. Encephalitis, usually not severe, occurs in a small percentage of cases and may rarely feature SEIZURES and COMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp9-10)

Arthropod-borne viruses. A non-taxonomic designation for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Included are some members of the following families: ARENAVIRIDAE; BUNYAVIRIDAE; REOVIRIDAE; TOGAVIRIDAE; and FLAVIVIRIDAE. (From Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)

Virus diseases caused by the TOGAVIRIDAE.

A commercially important species of SALMON in the family SALMONIDAE, order SALMONIFORMES, which occurs in the North Atlantic.

Mayaro virus disease: an emerging mosquito-borne zoonosis in tropical South America. (1/604)

This report describes the clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological findings on 27 cases of Mayaro virus (MV) disease, an emerging mosquito-borne viral illness that is endemic in rural areas of tropical South America. MV disease is a nonfatal, dengue-like illness characterized by fever, chills, headache, eye pain, generalized myalgia, arthralgia, diarrhea, vomiting, and rash of 3-5 days' duration. Severe joint pain is a prominent feature of this illness; the arthralgia sometimes persists for months and can be quite incapacitating. Cases of two visitors from the United States, who developed MV disease during visits to eastern Peru, are reported. MV disease and dengue are difficult to differentiate clinically. (+info)

Vectors of Chikungunya virus in Senegal: current data and transmission cycles. (2/604)

Chikungunya fever is a viral disease transmitted to human beings by Aedes genus mosquitoes. From 1972 to 1986 in Kedougou, Senegal, 178 Chikungunya virus strains were isolated from gallery forest mosquitoes, with most of them isolated from Ae. furcifer-taylori (129 strains), Ae. luteocephalus (27 strains), and Ae. dalzieli (12 strains). The characteristics of the sylvatic transmission cycle are a circulation periodicity with silent intervals that last approximately three years. Few epidemics of this disease have been reported in Senegal. The most recent one occurred in 1996 in Kaffrine where two Chikungunya virus strains were isolated from Ae. aegypti. The retrospective analysis of viral isolates from mosquitoes, wild vertebrates, and humans allowed to us to characterize Chikungunya virus transmission cycles in Senegal and to compare them with those of yellow fever virus. (+info)

Geographic distribution and evolution of Sindbis virus in Australia. (3/604)

The molecular epidemiology and evolution of Sindbis (SIN) virus in Australia was examined. Several SIN virus strains isolated from other countries were also included in the analysis. Two regions of the virus genome were sequenced including a 418 bp region of the E2 gene and a 484 bp region containing part of the junction region and the 5' end of the C gene. Analysis of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence data from 40 SIN virus isolates clearly separated the Paleoarctic/Ethiopian and Oriental/Australian genetic types of SIN virus. Examination of the Australian strains showed a temporal rather than geographic relationship. This is consistent with the virus having migratory birds as the major vertebrate host, as it allows for movement of virus over vast areas of the continent over a relatively short period of time. The results suggest that the virus is being periodically redistributed over the continent from an enzootic focus of evolving SIN virus. However, SIN virus strains isolated from mosquitoes collected in the south-west of Australia appear to represent a new SIN virus lineage, which is distinct from the Paleoarctic/Ethiopian and Oriental/Australian lineages. Given the widespread geographic dispersal of the Paleoarctic/Ethiopian and Oriental/Australian lineages, it is surprising that the South-west genetic type is so restricted in its area of circulation. Nucleotide sequence data from the C gene of the prototype strain of the alphavirus Whataroa were also determined. This virus was found to be genetically distinct from the SIN virus isolates included in the present study; however, it is clearly SIN-like and appears to have evolved from a SIN-like ancestral virus. (+info)

Salmon pancreas disease virus, an alphavirus infecting farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (4/604)

A 5.2-kb region at the 3' terminus of the salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV) RNA genome has been cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences show that SPDV shares considerable organizational and sequence identity to members of the genus alphavirus within the family Togaviridae. The SPDV structural proteins encoded by the 5.2-kb region contain a number of unique features when compared to other sequenced alphaviruses. Based on cleavage site homologies, the predicted sizes of the SPDV envelope glycoproteins E2 (438 aa) and E1 (461 aa) are larger than those of other alphaviruses, while the predicted size of the alphavirus 6K protein is 3.2 K (32 aa) in SPDV. The E2 and E1 proteins each carry one putative N-linked glycosylation site, with the site in E1 being found at a unique position. From amino acid sequence comparisons of the SPDV structural region with sequenced alphaviruses overall homology is uniform, ranging from 32 to 33%. While nucleotide sequence analysis of the 26S RNA junction region shows that SPDV is similar to other alphaviruses, analysis of the 3'-nontranslated region reveals that SPDV shows divergence in this region. (+info)

Virus infection induces neuronal apoptosis: A comparison with trophic factor withdrawal. (5/604)

Multicellular organisms can employ a number of defences to combat viral replication, the most dramatic being implementation of a cell autonomous apoptotic process. The overall cost to the viability of an organism of losing infected cells by apoptosis may be small if the dying cells can be substituted. In contrast, suicide of irreplaceable cells such as highly specialised neurons may have a more dramatic, even fatal consequence. Previous in vitro approaches to understanding whether neurotropic viruses cause neurons to apoptose have utilised transformed cell lines. These are not in the appropriate state of differentiation to provide an accurate indication of events in vivo. We have chosen to characterise the ability of a model CNS disease-causing virus, Semliki Forest virus (SFV), to infect and trigger apoptosis in primary cultures of nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent sensory neurons. These cells are known to die when deprived of NGF and constitute a useful indicator of apoptosis. We observe that infection causes cell death which bears the morphological hallmarks of apoptosis, this occurs even in the present of survival promoting NGF and is concomitant with new virus production. Using the TUNEL (transferase dUTP nick end labelling) technique we show that SFV-induced apoptosis involves DNA fragmentation and requires caspase (CED-3/ICE cysteine protease) activation, as does apoptosis induced by NGF-deprivation. Extensive areas of apoptosis, as defined using a combination of ultrastructural analysis and TUNEL occur in infected neonatal mouse brains. The novel evidence that infection of primary neurons with SFV induces apoptosis with activation of one or more caspases defines a system for the further anlaysis of apoptosis regulation in physiologically relevant neurons. (+info)

Recombinant Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus efficiently infect neurons in hippocampal slice cultures. (6/604)

Gene transfer into nervous tissue is a powerful tool for the analysis of gene function. By using a rat hippocampal slice culture preparation, we show here that Semliki Forest virus (SFV) and Sindbis virus (SIN) vectors are useful for the effective infection of neurons. The stratum pyramidale and/or the granular cell layer were injected with recombinant virus encoding beta-galactosidase (LacZ) or green fluorescent protein (GFP). By using low concentrations of injected SFV-LacZ or SIN-LacZ, we detected LacZ staining of pyramidal cells, interneurons, and granule cells. About 60% of the infected cells showed clear neuronal morphology; thus, relatively few glial cells expressed the transgene. Expression of GFP from SFV and SIN vectors gave similar results, with an even higher percentage (>90%) of the GFP-positive cells identified as neurons. Infected pyramidal cells were readily recognized in living slices, displaying GFP fluorescence in dendrites of up to fourth order and in dendritic spines. They appeared morphologically normal and viable at 1-5 days postinfection. We conclude that both SFV and SIN vectors efficiently transfer genes into neurons in hippocampal slice cultures. In combination with the GFP reporter, SFV and SIN vectors will allow the physiological examination of identified neurons that have been modified by overexpression or suppression of a specific gene product. (+info)

Enzyme distributions in subcellular fractions of BHK cells infected with Semliki forest virus: evidence for a major fraction of sphingomyelin synthase in the trans-golgi network. (7/604)

BHK cells either untreated or infected with Semliki Forest virus have been fractionated on sucrose density gradients. Virus infection caused an increase in density of a membrane fraction enriched in sphingomyelin (SM), cholesterol, SM synthase and sialyltransferase activity. This increase in density was related to incorporation of viral proteins into this fraction, which is likely to contain trans-Golgi network (TGN) membranes. In contrast, glucosylceramide synthase and galactosyltransferase activities (markers for cis/medial and trans-Golgi respectively) underwent no density shift and alkaline phosphodiesterase, a plasma membrane marker, was only slightly density-shifted in infected cells. When cells were incubated with NBD-ceramide to enable them to synthesise NBD-SM and then washed with albumin to remove surface label, fluorescence in untreated cells was concentrated in a single juxtanuclear spot but in infected cells this region of bright fluorescence was larger and extended around the nucleus. After fractionation of these cells, NBD-SM (but only a small proportion of the NBD-ceramide) was found to be shifted into the higher density fraction in infected cells. This work provides further evidence that SM synthase is not mainly localised in the early Golgi cisternae as previously thought, but is associated more with a cholesterol-rich compartment which could be the TGN. (+info)

Human MxA protein protects mice lacking a functional alpha/beta interferon system against La crosse virus and other lethal viral infections. (8/604)

The human MxA protein is part of the antiviral state induced by alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta). MxA inhibits the multiplication of several RNA viruses in cell culture. However, its antiviral potential in vivo has not yet been fully explored. We have generated MxA-transgenic mice that lack a functional IFN system by crossing MxA-transgenic mice constitutively expressing MxA with genetically targeted (knockout) mice lacking the beta subunit of the IFN-alpha/beta receptor (IFNAR-1(-/-) mice). These mice are an ideal animal model to investigate the unique antiviral activity of human MxA in vivo, because they are unable to express other IFN-induced proteins. Here, we show that MxA confers resistance to Thogoto virus, La Crosse virus, and Semliki Forest virus. No Thogoto virus progeny was detectable in MxA-transgenic mice, indicating an efficient block of virus replication at the primary site of infection. In the case of La Crosse virus, MxA restricted invasion of the central nervous system. In contrast, Semliki Forest virus multiplication in the brain was detectable in both MxA-expressing and nonexpressing IFNAR-1(-/-) mice. However, viral titers were clearly reduced in MxA-transgenic mice. Our results demonstrate that MxA does not need the help of other IFN-induced proteins for activity but is a powerful antiviral agent on its own. Moreover, the results suggest that MxA may protect humans from potential fatal infections by La Crosse virus and other viral pathogens. (+info)

Alphavirus infections refer to a group of diseases caused by viruses belonging to the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family. These viruses are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, and can cause a range of symptoms depending on the specific virus and the individual's immune response.

Some of the more common alphaviruses that cause human disease include:

* Chikungunya virus (CHIKV): This virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and can cause a fever, rash, and severe joint pain. While most people recover from CHIKV infection within a few weeks, some may experience long-term joint pain and inflammation.
* Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV): This virus is transmitted by mosquitoes that feed on both birds and mammals, including humans. EEEV can cause severe neurological symptoms such as fever, headache, seizures, and coma. It has a high mortality rate of up to 30-50% in infected individuals.
* Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV): This virus is also transmitted by mosquitoes that feed on both birds and mammals. WEEV can cause mild flu-like symptoms or more severe neurological symptoms such as fever, headache, and seizures. It has a lower mortality rate than EEEV but can still cause significant illness.
* Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV): This virus is transmitted by mosquitoes that feed on horses and other mammals, including humans. VEEV can cause mild flu-like symptoms or more severe neurological symptoms such as fever, headache, and seizures. It is considered a potential bioterrorism agent due to its ability to cause severe illness and death in large populations.

There are no specific treatments for alphavirus infections other than supportive care to manage symptoms. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites through the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors during peak mosquito hours. Public health efforts also focus on reducing mosquito populations through environmental controls such as eliminating standing water and using insecticides.

Alphaviruses are a genus of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that belong to the family Togaviridae. They are enveloped viruses and have a icosahedral symmetry with a diameter of approximately 70 nanometers. Alphaviruses are transmitted to vertebrates by mosquitoes and other arthropods, and can cause a range of diseases in humans and animals, including arthritis, encephalitis, and rash.

Some examples of alphaviruses that can infect humans include Chikungunya virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Sindbis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. These viruses are usually found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, and can cause outbreaks of disease in humans and animals.

Alphaviruses have a wide host range, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects. They replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells and have a genome that encodes four non-structural proteins (nsP1 to nsP4) involved in viral replication, and five structural proteins (C, E3, E2, 6K, and E1) that form the virion.

Prevention and control of alphavirus infections rely on avoiding mosquito bites, using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and reducing mosquito breeding sites. There are no specific antiviral treatments available for alphavirus infections, but supportive care can help manage symptoms. Vaccines are available for some alphaviruses, such as Eastern equine encephalitis virus and Western equine encephalitis virus, but not for others, such as Chikungunya virus.

Sindbis virus is an alphavirus that belongs to the Togaviridae family. It's named after the location where it was first isolated, in Sindbis, Egypt, in 1952. This virus is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes and can infect a wide range of animals, including birds and humans. In humans, Sindbis virus infection often causes a mild flu-like illness characterized by fever, rash, and joint pain. However, some people may develop more severe symptoms, such as neurological disorders, although this is relatively rare. There is no specific treatment for Sindbis virus infection, and management typically involves supportive care to alleviate symptoms.

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) is a type of alphavirus that can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in horses and humans. It is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes, although it can also be spread through contact with contaminated food or water, or by aerosolization during laboratory work or in bioterrorism attacks.

VEEV infection can cause a range of symptoms in humans, from mild flu-like illness to severe encephalitis, which may result in permanent neurological damage or death. There are several subtypes of VEEV, some of which are more virulent than others. The virus is endemic in parts of Central and South America, but outbreaks can also occur in other regions, including the United States.

VEEV is considered a potential bioterrorism agent due to its ease of transmission through aerosolization and its high virulence. There are no specific treatments for VEEV infection, although supportive care can help manage symptoms. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites in endemic areas, using personal protective equipment during laboratory work with the virus, and implementing strict biocontainment procedures in research settings.

Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) is an alphavirus in the Togaviridae family, which is primarily transmitted to vertebrates through mosquito vectors. The virus was initially isolated from mosquitoes in the Semliki Forest of Uganda and has since been found in various parts of Africa and Asia. SFV infection in humans can cause a mild febrile illness characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash. However, it is more commonly known for causing severe disease in animals, particularly non-human primates and cattle, where it can lead to encephalitis or hemorrhagic fever. SFV has also been used as a model organism in laboratory studies of virus replication and pathogenesis.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus from the Togaviridae family that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The name "Chikungunya" is derived from a Makonde word meaning "to become contorted," which describes the stooped posture developed as a result of severe arthralgia (joint pain) that is a primary symptom of infection with this virus.

CHIKV infection typically causes a febrile illness, characterized by an abrupt onset of high fever, severe joint pain, muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue, and rash. While the symptoms are usually self-limiting and resolve within 10 days, some individuals may experience persistent or recurring joint pain for several months or even years after the initial infection.

There is no specific antiviral treatment available for Chikungunya virus infection, and management primarily focuses on relieving symptoms with rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites through the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, staying in air-conditioned or screened rooms, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed.

Chikungunya virus is found primarily in Africa, Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, but it has also caused outbreaks in Europe and the Americas due to the spread of its vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The virus can cause large-scale epidemics, with millions of cases reported during outbreaks. There is currently no approved vaccine for Chikungunya virus infection.

Ross River virus (RRV) is an infectious disease caused by the Ross River virus, which is a type of alphavirus. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, primarily Aedes vigilax, Culex annulirostris, and Culex australicus in Australia.

RRV is endemic to Australia, Papua New Guinea, and some islands in the Pacific Ocean. The symptoms of RRV include fever, rash, joint pain and swelling, muscle aches, fatigue, and headache, which can last for several weeks to months. In severe cases, it can lead to chronic arthritis and other long-term complications.

There is no specific treatment for RRV, and management typically involves relieving symptoms with rest, fluids, and pain relief medications. Preventive measures include avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and staying indoors during peak mosquito activity hours.

Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is a type of viral encephalitis that is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes. It is caused by the western equine encephalitis virus, which belongs to the family Togaviridae and the genus Alphavirus.

WEEV is most commonly found in North America, particularly in the western and central regions of the United States and Canada. The virus is maintained in a natural cycle between mosquitoes and birds, but it can also infect horses and humans.

In humans, WEEV infection can cause mild flu-like symptoms or more severe neurological manifestations such as encephalitis, meningitis, and seizures. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, particularly Culex tarsalis.

The incubation period for WEEV is typically 4-10 days, after which symptoms may appear suddenly or gradually. Mild cases of WEEV may be asymptomatic or may cause fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. Severe cases may involve neck stiffness, disorientation, seizures, coma, and permanent neurological damage.

There is no specific treatment for WEEV, and management is primarily supportive. Prevention measures include the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and avoiding outdoor activities during peak mosquito hours. Public health authorities may also implement mosquito control measures to reduce the risk of transmission.

In medical terms, "swallowing" refers to the process by which food or liquids are transported from the mouth to the stomach through a series of coordinated muscle movements. This complex neuromuscular activity involves several structures including the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and esophagus.

Dysphagia is a term used to describe difficulty in swallowing, which can be caused by various medical conditions such as neurological disorders, head and neck cancers, or gastrointestinal motility disorders. If not managed properly, dysphagia can lead to complications like malnutrition, dehydration, aspiration pneumonia, and decreased quality of life.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "replicon" is not a term that has a widely accepted or specific medical definition. It is a term that is used in the field of molecular biology, where it refers to a segment of DNA that contains an origin of replication. The origin of replication is the site on the DNA molecule where the process of DNA replication is initiated. This concept is important in the fields of genetics and virology, but it is not a term that is commonly used in clinical medicine.

If you have any questions related to the medical field, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!

Cimicidae is an family of small, wingless insects known as "bed bugs." These parasitic pests feed on the blood of humans and other warm-blooded animals. They are typically active at night and can be difficult to detect due to their small size and ability to hide in tight spaces. Infestations of bed bugs can cause skin irritation, allergic reactions, and psychological distress. It is important to seek professional help for the detection and elimination of bed bugs if an infestation is suspected.

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Togaviridae and the genus Alphavirus. It is the causative agent of Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), a rare but serious viral disease that can affect humans, horses, and some bird species.

EEEV is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes, particularly those belonging to the Culiseta and Coquillettidia genera. The virus is maintained in a transmission cycle between mosquitoes and wild birds, primarily passerine birds. Horses and humans are considered dead-end hosts, meaning they do not develop high enough levels of viremia to infect feeding mosquitoes and perpetuate the transmission cycle.

EEE is most commonly found in the eastern and Gulf Coast states of the United States, as well as in parts of Canada, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. The disease can cause severe neurological symptoms, including inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), meningitis, and neuritis. In severe cases, EEE can lead to seizures, coma, and death. There is no specific treatment for EEE, and prevention efforts focus on reducing mosquito populations and avoiding mosquito bites.

'Culicidae' is the biological family that includes all species of mosquitoes. It consists of three subfamilies: Anophelinae, Culicinae, and Toxorhynchitinae. Mosquitoes are small, midge-like flies that are known for their ability to transmit various diseases to humans and other animals, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika virus. The medical importance of Culicidae comes from the fact that only female mosquitoes require blood meals to lay eggs, and during this process, they can transmit pathogens between hosts.

Cricetinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes hamsters, gerbils, and relatives. These small mammals are characterized by having short limbs, compact bodies, and cheek pouches for storing food. They are native to various parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Some species are popular pets due to their small size, easy care, and friendly nature. In a medical context, understanding the biology and behavior of Cricetinae species can be important for individuals who keep them as pets or for researchers studying their physiology.

"Aedes" is a genus of mosquitoes that are known to transmit various diseases, including Zika virus, dengue fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever. These mosquitoes are typically found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. They are distinguished by their black and white striped legs and thorax. Aedes aegypti is the most common species associated with disease transmission, although other species such as Aedes albopictus can also transmit diseases. It's important to note that only female mosquitoes bite and feed on blood, while males feed solely on nectar and plant juices.

Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) is a viral disease that affects the central nervous system of horses and humans. The medical definition of VEE encephalomyelitis is as follows:

A mosquito-borne viral infection caused by the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, which primarily affects equids (horses, donkeys, and mules) but can also infect humans. In horses, VEE is characterized by fever, depression, weakness, ataxia, and often death. In humans, VEE can cause a spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild flu-like illness to severe encephalitis, which may result in permanent neurological damage or death. The virus is endemic in parts of Central and South America, and outbreaks can occur when the virus is amplified in equine populations and then transmitted to humans through mosquito vectors. Prevention measures include vaccination of horses and use of insect repellents to prevent mosquito bites.

Arboviruses are a group of viruses that are primarily transmitted to humans and animals through the bites of infected arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and sandflies. The term "arbovirus" is short for "arthropod-borne virus."

Arboviruses can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the specific virus and the individual host's immune response. Some common symptoms associated with arboviral infections include fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, rash, and fatigue. In severe cases, arboviral infections can lead to serious complications such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), or hemorrhagic fever (bleeding disorders).

There are hundreds of different arboviruses, and they are found in many parts of the world. Some of the most well-known arboviral diseases include dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika virus infection, West Nile virus infection, yellow fever, and Japanese encephalitis.

Prevention of arboviral infections typically involves avoiding mosquito bites and other arthropod vectors through the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors during peak mosquito feeding times. Public health efforts also focus on reducing vector populations through environmental management and the use of larvicides. Vaccines are available for some arboviral diseases, such as yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis.

Togaviridae is a family of single-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses that includes several important pathogens affecting humans and animals. The most well-known member of this family is the genus Alphavirus, which includes viruses such as Chikungunya, Eastern equine encephalitis, Sindbis, O'nyong-nyong, Ross River, and Western equine encephalitis viruses.

Togaviridae infections typically cause symptoms such as fever, rash, arthralgia (joint pain), myalgia (muscle pain), and sometimes more severe manifestations like meningitis or encephalitis, depending on the specific virus and the host's immune status. The transmission of these viruses usually occurs through the bite of infected mosquitoes, although some members of this family can also be transmitted via other arthropod vectors or through contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids.

Prevention strategies for Togaviridae infections include using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating breeding sites for mosquitoes. Vaccines are available for some members of this family, such as the Eastern and Western equine encephalitis viruses, but not for others like Chikungunya virus. Treatment is generally supportive, focusing on relieving symptoms and managing complications.

"Salmo salar" is the scientific name for the Atlantic salmon, which is a species of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Salmonidae. This anadromous fish is born in freshwater, migrates to the sea as a juvenile, then returns to freshwater to reproduce. The Atlantic salmon is highly valued for its nutritional content and is a popular choice for food worldwide. It's also an important species for recreational fishing and aquaculture.

Virus diseases caused by members of the ALPHAVIRUS genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE. (umassmed.edu)
Alphaviruses (family Togaviridae ) have been recognized as major emerging viruses. (cdc.gov)
Chikungunya virus belongs to the family Togaviridae , genus Alphavirus . (cdc.gov)
Alphaviruses constitute a genus of the Togaviridae family. (medscape.com)
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne alphavirus of the Togaviridae family endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, India, and now, the Americas. (logicalimages.com)
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a member of the genus Alphavirus of the family Togaviridae. (medscape.com)
Alphavirus, Togaviridae ) is an emerging pathogen endemic in South American countries. (biomedcentral.com)
Togaviridae, Alphavirus ) is an emerging virus first isolated in Trinidad in 1954 from the serum of febrile patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Equine arboviral encephalomyelitis is due to infection with arthropod-borne viruses typically belonging to the families Togaviridae (genus Alphavirus ) or Flaviviridae (genus Flavivirus ). (msdvetmanual.com)
Sindbis viruses are enveloped, single-strand RNA viruses, belonging to the genus of Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae that has more than 30 members [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Alphaviruses are a fascinating and diverse group of viruses that belong to the Togaviridae family. (kreetankhabar.com)
New World alphaviruses are primarily transmitted by mosquitoes of the Aedes genus, while Old World Togaviridae are transmitted by mosquitoes of the Culex and Aedes genera. (kreetankhabar.com)
Furthermore, Alphavirus is one of the two genera of the family Togaviridae. (pediaa.com)
Alphavirus refers to a genus of single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Togaviridae that are transmitted by arthropods and especially mosquitoes. (pediaa.com)
Alphaviruses are members of the Togaviridae family of viruses. (unc.edu)
EEE is caused by a virus from the Alphavirus genus, which is part of the antigenically similar family of viruses known as Togaviridae. (medscape.com)
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne disease caused by infection with CHIKV, an alphavirus from the Togaviridae family. (who.int)
Salmonid alphavirus (SAV), genus Alphavirus , family Togaviridae , is a single-stranded RNA virus affecting Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) and rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). (sciendo.com)
1 (1), 100%] the genus Alphavirus (Togaviridae). (who.int)

Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the viral cause of pancreas disease (PD) in farmed Atlantic salmon in Europe. (veterinaryirelandjournal.com)
A comparative study of marine salmonid alphavirus subtypes 1-6 using an experimental cohabitation challenge model. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Salmonid alphavirus replication in mosquito cells: towards a novel vaccine production system. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Scientists say their research into Pancreas Disease, caused by a salmonid alphavirus, will help salmon breeders to select fish with greater resilience to this infection. (aquafeed.com)
Scientists led by the University of Edinburgh's Roslin Institute in Scotland looked at commercial Atlantic salmon stocks that had survived an infection of salmonid alphavirus. (aquafeed.com)
Vaccines are available that are partially effective against salmonid alphavirus. (aquafeed.com)
Dr Ross Houston, of the University's Roslin Institute, said: "Based on these results, it is possible to take a small sample of fin tissue from a salmon, study its DNA and make accurate predictions on whether it is likely to produce offspring that have high resistance to salmonid alphavirus. (aquafeed.com)
Caused by infection with any one of the 6 genotypes of the pathogenic agent Salmonid alphavirus which is an enveloped spherical single stranded RNA virus. (gov.ie)
Farmed Atlantic Salmon and Rainbow Trout are seen to be the main reservoir of Salmonid alphavirus though other species such as Common Dab and Arctic Char are also affected. (gov.ie)

Middelburg virus (MIDV) was discovered in the late 1950s in Aedes species mosquitoes ( 13 ), although it was only linked to disease in 1990 ( 14 ) after MIDV was isolated from a horse with signs of infection with African horse sickness virus in Zimbabwe ( 14 ). (cdc.gov)
Alphaviruses are a genus of ssRNA viruses that are primarily transmitted by mosquitoes. (seekhealthz.com)
Taking a synthetic biology approach, we mimicked this naturally occurring phenomenon by generating a superinfection exclusion-like state in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes , rendering them refractory to alphavirus infection . (bvsalud.org)
By artificially expressing Sindbis virus (SINV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) nsP2 in mosquito cells and transgenic mosquitoes , we demonstrated a reduction in both SINV and CHIKV viral replication rates in cells following viral infection as well as reduced infection prevalence , viral titers, and transmission potential in mosquitoes . (bvsalud.org)
Arthritogenic alphaviruses are carried by mosquitoes. (healthline.com)
We established a new generic reverse transcription PCR assay for alphaviruses and tested 8860 tropical mosquitoes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
We detected a novel alphavirus, tentatively named Taï Forest alphavirus (TALV), in Culex decens mosquitoes collected in Ivory Coast. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The disease is perpetuated by the alphavirus Chikungunya, and is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. (medscape.com)
Alphaviruses rely on mosquitoes for transmission. (kreetankhabar.com)
Alphaviruses are primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. (kreetankhabar.com)
New World alphaviruses, such as chikungunya virus, are primarily transmitted by mosquitoes of the Aedes genus, while Old World alphaviruses like eastern equine encephalitis virus are transmitted by mosquitoes of the Culex and Aedes genera. (kreetankhabar.com)
Importantly, the Alphavirus infection transmits via infected mosquitoes. (pediaa.com)
The chikungunya pandemic that began 10 years ago was fueled in part by a single, nonsynonymous base change that enabled that alphavirus to replicate more efficiently in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. (cdc.gov)
Chikungunya virus is a mosquito-borne alphavirus transmitted by infected mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti and Aedes Albopictus [2]. (cdc.gov)

In a 2016 report of 110 nonpregnant adults hospitalized due to chikungunya virus infection in Guadeloupe, 42 had a severe form of disease with a syndrome consistent with severe sepsis or septic shock . (logicalimages.com)
Because of similar geographic distribution and symptoms, patients with suspected Zika virus infections also should be evaluated and managed for possible dengue or chikungunya virus infection. (cdc.gov)
Deaths linked to Chikungunya virus infection were estimated at 0.1% in La Réunion. (medscape.com)
This Health Advisory provides information on the current status of the chikungunya outbreak in Paraguay and advises on evaluating and testing travelers returning from Paraguay with signs and symptoms consistent with chikungunya virus infection. (cdc.gov)

Alphavirus infection may be caused by a Sindbis virus infection, and result in a cutaneous eruption of multiple, erythematous, 4- to 4-mm papules. (wikipedia.org)
Alphaviruses from Africa, such as Middelburg virus (MIDV), and Sindbis virus (SINV), were detected in horses with neurologic disease in South Africa, but their host ranges remain unknown. (cdc.gov)
Old World alphaviruses, such as o'nyong nyong virus, chikungunya virus, and Sindbis virus (SINV), are associated mostly with arthralgia, although rare infections with neurologic disease have been reported in humans and equids ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Due to the relative difficulty and risk of handling these dangerous pathogenic alphaviruses, Sindbis virus (SINV), that normally causes a mild rash and arthritis in humans but can cause fatal encephalomyelitis in mice, has been used extensively as a model system for the study of the infectivity and pathogenesis of alphaviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
We further investigate how the opal termination codon contributes to severe disease using a related alphavirus, Sindbis virus (SINV). (unc.edu)

Mimicking superinfection exclusion disrupts alphavirus infection and transmission in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti . (bvsalud.org)
Previous outbreaks of CHIKV infection have been associated with the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti , which is also the vector of yellow fever and dengue viruses. (who.int)

Researchers have identified 'broadly neutralizing' antibodies that protect against infection by multiple, distantly related alphaviruses-including Chikungunya virus (above)-that cause fever and debilitating joint pain. (genengnews.com)
A new study by researchers at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis (WUSTL) has identified broadly neutralizing antibodies that protect against infection in mice from multiple, distantly related alphaviruses-including Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)-that cause fever and debilitating joint pain. (genengnews.com)
What we've identified here are antibodies that actually neutralize several different alphaviruses. (genengnews.com)
The findings from this study were published online recently in Cell through an article entitled "Broadly Neutralizing Alphavirus Antibodies Bind an Epitope on E2 and Inhibit Entry and Egress. (genengnews.com)
In the current study, the researchers screened 60 neutralizing mouse and human antibodies against CHIKV and determined that 10 reacted against three or more different alphaviruses that cause arthritis-like symptoms. (genengnews.com)
Using in vitro cell culture studies, Dr. Diamond and his team observed that antibodies which recognized the alphavirus epitope also protected against infection by multiple alphaviruses. (genengnews.com)
Furthermore, to confirm that the antibodies could protect animals from disease, the researchers infected mice with three different alphaviruses: Chikungunya, the closely related O'nyong'nyong virus, or the more distantly related Mayaro virus. (genengnews.com)
Typically, individuals who are infected with alphaviruses produce antibodies against many viral epitopes, some of which are not protective-setting up a weak immune response scenario that allows the virus time to replicate and exert its pathogenic effects. (genengnews.com)
Aug. 20, 2020-Researchers at Vanderbilt University Medical Center have identified antibodies that, in animals, block infection by alphaviruses, which can cause chronic and debilitating joint pain and arthritis and are an increasing global health concern. (vumc.org)
30, 2020-Monoclonal antibodies against Marburg virus - a more lethal cousin of the RNA virus that causes COVID-19 - may aid in the development of antibody "cocktails" to counter viral infection. (vumc.org)

For example, over the past several years CHIKV has caused millions of infections annually across the globe and so far in 2015, there have been 650 cases seen in U.S. residents, largely among travelers returning from the Caribbean, where they were infected. (genengnews.com)
Currently, there is no vaccine or treatment for CHIKV or other alphaviruses. (genengnews.com)
Retrospective laboratory evaluation of the detection rate of CHIKV infection by real-time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) on urine. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Urine and serum samples from patients with confirmed CHIKV infections from an endemic area (Aruba) and from ITM will be analyzed. (clinicaltrials.gov)
To assess the added value of RT-PCR for CHIKV on urine samples for diagnosing CHIKV infection in comparison to the reference methods. (clinicaltrials.gov)
To describe the kinetics of RT- PCR for CHIKV on urine samples for diagnosing CHIKV infection over time. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Prospective cohort study of patients with a confirmed CHIKV infection (positive RT-PCR for CHIKV on the sample at the time of inclusion or seroconversion defined as positive anti-CHIKV Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody assay on day 14), who attend the outpatient clinic of the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp and the Horacio Oduber Hospitaal in Aruba within 72 hours after fever onset. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Study population : patients with confirmed CHIKV infection Sample size : panel of 20 CHIKV confirmed cases Data analysis and reporting : The percentages of positive urine RT-PCR (over different time-points of duration of the CHIKV infection) will be calculated. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Endpoints: diagnostic sensitivity of CHIKV RT-PCR on urine samples in patients with a confirmed CHIKV infection, comparison of analytical sensitivity (based on Ct-values) with RT-PCR on serum, positivity rates of RT-PCR urine samples over time Ethical issues: Informed consent will be obtained from study participants. (clinicaltrials.gov)
The inflammation caused during the acute phase of CHIKV infection may reduce erythrocyte half-life (RBCs). (ijpsr.com)
Currently, the greatest risk to human health among the alphaviruses is chikungunya virus (CHIKV). (unc.edu)
CHIKV infection causes a range of symptoms, including fever, rash, and pain and swelling of the muscles and joints that can persist for months or years. (unc.edu)
Lastly, we instead provide evidence that mutation of the opal termination codon specifically alters NF-kB signaling in response to CHIKV infection. (unc.edu)

However, there have been cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome reported in patients following suspected Zika virus infection. (cdc.gov)
Recently, CDC concluded that Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects. (cdc.gov)
Due to concerns of microcephaly caused by maternal Zika virus infection, fetuses and infants of women infected with Zika virus during pregnancy should be evaluated for possible congenital infection and neurologic abnormalities. (cdc.gov)
Based on the typical clinical features, the differential diagnosis for Zika virus infection is broad. (cdc.gov)
There is strong evidence of a possible association of infection by Zika virus in pregnant women in Brazil and the occurrence of microcephaly in newborn infants. (bvsalud.org)
Based on the typical clinical features, differential diagnosis for infection by Zika virus is widespread. (bvsalud.org)
12. Arthritis Associated with Alphavirus Infections: Dengue and Zika. (booksdo.com)
Epidemiology of Zika virus infection. (springer.com)
Guillain-Barre syndrome after Zika virus infection in Brazil. (springer.com)
Guillain-Barre syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: a case-control study. (springer.com)
Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with Zika virus infection. (springer.com)
Acute myelitis due to Zika virus infection. (springer.com)
Paraguay has not reported any Zika cases in 2023 and although the risk of Zika virus infection is currently low, clinicians should consider Zika as part of the differential diagnosis for anyone who tests negative for these other pathogens. (cdc.gov)

Old and New World alphaviruses cluster in separate phylogenetic groups ( 6 ), but limited information is available about pathogenesis and host range of alphaviruses from Africa and pathogenesis in animals. (cdc.gov)
The purpose of our study was to investigate the host range and association of alphaviruses from Africa with neurologic disease and death, as well as to increase knowledge on pathogenesis and the zoonotic potential of these 2 viruses. (cdc.gov)
Here, we present an investigation of a single viral determinant of alphavirus pathogenesis: the opal termination codon. (unc.edu)
Current Research and Scholarly Interests Our basic research program focuses on understanding the roles of virus-host interactions in viral infection and disease pathogenesis via molecular and systems virology single cell approaches. (stanford.edu)

The main difference between Alphavirus (Togavirus) and Flavivirus is that Alphavirus contains structural proteins at the 5′ end, whereas Flavivirus contains structural proteins at the 3′ end. (pediaa.com)
Alphavirus and Flavivirus are two viruses with a positive-strand RNA genome . (pediaa.com)
Alphavirus and Flavivirus are two RNA viruses that contain a positive-stranded RNA genome. (pediaa.com)
Alphavirus contains structural proteins at the 5′ end, while Flavivirus contains structural proteins at the 3′ end. (pediaa.com)
Alphavirus produces sub-genomic messages, while Flavivirus does not. (pediaa.com)
Alphavirus does not contain polyadenylation at the 3′ end, while Flavivirus contains polyadenylation at the 3′ end. (pediaa.com)
In brief, Alphavirus and Flavivirus are two genera of viruses that contain positive-sense RNA genomes. (pediaa.com)
Most arboviruses of public health importance belong to one of three virus genera: Flavivirus, Alphavirus, and Bunyavirus. (cdc.gov)

Other medically important alphaviruses found in the Americas include eastern equine encephalitis virus (neuroinvasive) and Mayaro virus (arthalgic). (cdc.gov)

Mayaro virus is an alphavirus in the Togavirus family. (msdmanuals.com)

Although a mosquito-transmitted disease, researchers determined that these infections can also be acquired from aerosolized virus. (medscape.com)
Different alphaviruses are associated with specific mosquito species, making their geographic distribution and transmission patterns diverse. (kreetankhabar.com)
Alphaviruses require mosquito vectors to complete their life cycle. (kreetankhabar.com)
Once a mosquito is infected with an alphavirus, it can transmit the virus horizontally to another host, typically through subsequent blood meals. (kreetankhabar.com)
Some alphaviruses can also be transmitted vertically from an infected female mosquito to her offspring through the mosquito's eggs. (kreetankhabar.com)
While the primary mode of transmission is mosquito-borne, some alphaviruses can be transmitted from person to person through contact with infected blood or other bodily fluids. (kreetankhabar.com)
The distribution of alphaviruses is influenced by the presence of suitable mosquito vectors and reservoir hosts. (kreetankhabar.com)
Effective surveillance of mosquito populations, reservoir hosts, and human cases is crucial for early detection and response to alphavirus outbreaks. (kreetankhabar.com)
Understanding the modes of transmission and the role of mosquito vectors, reservoir hosts, and human hosts is essential for controlling and preventing alphavirus infections and their associated diseases. (kreetankhabar.com)
The initiation of the infection occurs through the mosquito or tick bite. (pediaa.com)
O'nyong-nyong (ONN) fever, caused by infection with a mosquito-borne central African alphavirus, is an acute, nonfatal illness characterized by polyarthralgia. (ox.ac.uk)
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne infection of the genus alphavirus. (ijpsr.com)

Chikungunya virus was responsible for millions of human infections in new territories, and although the case-fatality rate was low, outbreaks resulted in major illness and long-term sequelae in affected persons ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Large outbreaks of infection have been recorded in humans in South Africa since 1974 ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
Outbreaks of alphavirus diseases are often localized in areas where these factors converge. (kreetankhabar.com)
With increased global travel, infected individuals can introduce alphaviruses to new regions, potentially leading to outbreaks in areas where the virus was previously absent. (kreetankhabar.com)
Serious outbreaks of alphavirus infection occur worldwide and affect millions of people. (unc.edu)
There are no effective therapies or vaccines against alphavirus infection, yet serious outbreaks of alphavirus infection continue to occur. (unc.edu)

Certain infections, such as infections by arthritogenic alphaviruses, can also cause polyarthralgia. (healthline.com)
The WUSTL investigators were interested in studying arthritogenic alphaviruses-those that cause characteristic symptoms of fever followed by arthritis-like joint pain. (genengnews.com)
They also identified an epitope of the alphavirus that is identical across the entire arthritogenic alphavirus family. (genengnews.com)

New World alphaviruses, such as Western equine encephalitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, are traditionally associated with severe disease, such as encephalitis and a high mortality rate in humans and horses in the Americas and Australia ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
In 1952, the first naturally acquired human case of Venezuelan equine encephalitis was reported from Colombia, whereas the first reported natural human infection in the United States was not documented until 1968. (medscape.com)
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is highly infectious by the aerosol route, and numerous laboratory infections have occurred, making it a possible biowarfare agent. (medscape.com)

Multiple viruses , including pathogenic viruses , bacteriophages , and even plant viruses , cause a phenomenon termed superinfection exclusion whereby a currently infected cell is resistant to secondary infection by the same or a closely related virus . (bvsalud.org)

The infection is highly symptomatic, with fever, skin rash and incapacitating arthralgia, which can evolve to chronic arthritis and rheumatism in elderly patients. (medscape.com)

Possible role of a cell surface carbohydrate in evolution of resistance to viral infections in old world primates. (umassmed.edu)
In particular, the RNA interference (RNAi) pathways are of notable significance for the control of viral infections. (mdpi.com)
Key viral factors include mode of host entry, tissue tropism, replication, effects of cytokines, ability to establish persistent or latent viral infections, and alterations of host antigens. (medscape.com)
This program is combined with translational efforts to apply this knowledge for the development of broad-spectrum host-centered antiviral approaches to combat emerging viral infections, including dengue, coronaviruses, encephalitic alphaviruses, and Ebola, and means to predict progression to severe disease. (stanford.edu)

Person-to-person transmission of chikungunya has not been documented, although there have been reports of maternal-fetal transmission in the perinatal period in mothers with acute infection, with subsequent high levels of morbidity for the neonate. (logicalimages.com)
During acute infection, ZIKV is detectable in most organs and body fluids including human semen. (springer.com)
The clinical characteristics of chikungunya include acute onset of fever which may last up to two weeks and painful, potentially debilitating, polyarthritis in adults which may last for up to a year following infection. (who.int)

We identified 32 (5.5%) of 608 alphavirus infections (9 SINV and 23 MIDV), mostly in neurotissue of wildlife, domestic animals, and birds. (cdc.gov)
We have also confirmed the essential role of E2 glycoprotein, especially the domain of 145-150 (amino acid) aa, in SINV infection through the interaction with cellular heparan sulfate (HS). (biomedcentral.com)
However, we report no correlation between mutation of the opal termination codon and evasion of the stress response during SINV infection. (unc.edu)

Vaccines, therefore, provide alternate preventative techniques for the spread of viral infection. (ijpsr.com)

There were 18 notifications of dengue virus infection acquired in Australia and 1,390 cases that were acquired overseas, while for 38 cases, the place of acquisition was unknown. (health.gov.au)
For patients with suspected chikungunya disease, it is important to rule out dengue virus infection because proper clinical management of dengue can improve the outcome. (cdc.gov)

Neutrophils during Arboviral Infections" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/11625 (accessed December 10, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)
In this review, we highlight the major findings from recent years regarding the role of neutrophils during arboviral infections. (encyclopedia.pub)
Better understanding of neutrophil pathways involved in effective protection against arboviral infections can help identify potential targets for therapeutics. (encyclopedia.pub)
In this review, we highlight the recent advancements in understanding the beneficial and detrimental nature of neutrophils during arboviral infections. (encyclopedia.pub)
Most arboviral infections are asymptomatic. (cdc.gov)

En este trabajo se presenta una lista de los mamíferos nativos de Paraguay actualizada a 2016 con base en investigación bibliográfica. (scielo.org.mx)

Viruses are also responsible for the common cold, childhood exanthems (such as chickenpox, measles, rubella), latent infections (such as herpes simplex), some cancers or lymphomas (such as Epstein-Barr virus), and diseases of all organ systems. (unboundmedicine.com)

In alphaviruses , this process is thought to be mediated, at least in part, by the viral protease (nsP2) which is responsible for processing the nonstructural polyproteins (P123 and P1234) into individual proteins (nsP1-nsP4), forming the viral replication complex. (bvsalud.org)
impairs early viral mRNA translation of the incoming genomic virus RNA, thus preventing alphavirus replication (By similarity). (avivasysbio.com)
Eilat virus, a unique alphavirus with host range restricted to insects by RNA replication. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Neutrophils are generally the first leukocytes to be recruited to a site of infection, playing a major role in regulating inflammation and, as a result, viral replication and dissemination. (encyclopedia.pub)
The opal termination codon is a conserved element within alphavirus genomes that regulates several aspects of alphavirus replication. (unc.edu)

Alphaviruses are a group of small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses with a positive-sense genome. (kreetankhabar.com)
The structural proteins of the Alphavirus occur at the 5′ end of the genome. (pediaa.com)

10 As PD is a notifiable disease in Norway, monthly qPCR antigen testing is carried out on all salmon farms in Norway to monitor PD infection, with severe restrictions and even culling enforced on any site(s) outside the endemic zones. (veterinaryirelandjournal.com)
Although younger individuals are less prone to develop severe disease, they are susceptible to mild COVID-19 or asymptomatic infection and may facilitate circulation of the virus and the potential for further mutation. (nature.com)
Therefore, the study of factors that contribute to severe alphavirus-induced disease is essential. (unc.edu)
These findings aid our understanding of factors that restrict severe alphavirus-induced disease, and could contribute to the design of effective therapies against alphavirus infection. (unc.edu)
recurrent, severe infections and chronic (more than 14 days) immunosuppressant medication within the past 6 months (inhaled and topical steroids are allowed). (who.int)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection:Spectrum of Rheumatic Manifestations. (booksdo.com)

Also, Alphavirus is an enveloped virion that is spherical. (pediaa.com)
These alphaviruses are spherical and have a diameter of 60-65 nm. (medscape.com)

7 PD tends to recur in each successive generation of fish introduced onto a site irrespective of the duration of fallowing period (empty site) suggesting a substantial reservoir of infection in the marine environment 4 . (veterinaryirelandjournal.com)
Many alphaviruses have reservoir hosts, which are typically wild birds or mammals that can maintain and amplify the virus in nature. (kreetankhabar.com)
In the urban-epidemic cycle, humans are the principal reservoir, and the infection cycle is human to human via the midge vector. (msdmanuals.com)

In comparison to the highly abundant insect-specific flaviviruses, insect-specific alphaviruses seem to be rare. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Sinde infection with these vectors induced apoptosis in both cell lines, it was determined that the anti-apoptosis genes limit the cell death associated with these virus constructs. (johnshopkins.edu)

However, since the virulence characteristics of the strain responsible in this case require further study and the prevalence of subclinical infections in laboratories working with SFV remains unknown, the committee recommends Level 3 until further information is available warranting reconsideration at a lower level. (cdc.gov)

1] This article focuses on EEE, which is caused by an arthropod-borne alphavirus. (medscape.com)

During 2010-2018, a total of 608 clinical samples from wildlife and nonequine domestic animals that had febrile, neurologic signs or unexplained deaths were tested for alphaviruses. (cdc.gov)
In some cases the specific virus involved can be identified on the basis of the clinical features of systemic infection, but in many cases serologic testing is necessary for diagnosis, guided by clinical and epidemiologic data. (medscape.com)

Pairwise amino acid identities to EILV ranged between 67 and 88 % for the corresponding proteins, suggesting that TALV defines a proposed new alphavirus species. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Viruses can cause infection or act as cofactors in the development of rheumatic diseases. (medscape.com)
Human cases of arbovirus infection and malaria are monitored using the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). (health.gov.au)
In this article, we will delve into the intriguing world of alphaviruses, exploring their structure, transmission, associated diseases, and the ongoing efforts to combat them. (kreetankhabar.com)
Like all diseases caused by alphaviruses, EEE has no specific treatment. (medscape.com)

In resource limited settings, rapid and accurate diagnosis of infections is critical for managing potential exposures to highly virulent pathogens, whether occurring from an act of bioterrorism or a natural event. (sbir.gov)
They serve as the first line of defense against incoming pathogens, quickly mobilizing to the site of infection [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

There are 27 Alphaviruses classified according to their antigenic properties. (pediaa.com)
Our ability to serologically diagnose infections with emerging arboviruses is often compromised by close antigenic relationships within virus families. (cdc.gov)

The seven alphaviruses which may have musculoskeletal manifestations are listed in the below table. (seekhealthz.com)

This work describes the consequences of such mutations on alphavirus disease severity. (unc.edu)

however, serologic testing and necropsy are required for definitive diagnosis of viral infection and subsequent encephalomyelitis. (msdvetmanual.com)

Organisms15

Diseases3

Phenomena and Processes1

Mayaro virus disease: an emerging mosquito-borne zoonosis in tropical South America. (1/604)

Vectors of Chikungunya virus in Senegal: current data and transmission cycles. (2/604)

Geographic distribution and evolution of Sindbis virus in Australia. (3/604)

Salmon pancreas disease virus, an alphavirus infecting farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (4/604)

Virus infection induces neuronal apoptosis: A comparison with trophic factor withdrawal. (5/604)

Recombinant Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus efficiently infect neurons in hippocampal slice cultures. (6/604)

Enzyme distributions in subcellular fractions of BHK cells infected with Semliki forest virus: evidence for a major fraction of sphingomyelin synthase in the trans-golgi network. (7/604)

Human MxA protein protects mice lacking a functional alpha/beta interferon system against La crosse virus and other lethal viral infections. (8/604)

No images available that match "alphavirus infections"

Alphavirus Infections

Alphavirus

Sindbis Virus

Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine

Semliki forest virus

Chikungunya virus

Ross River virus

Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine

Swallows

Replicon

Cimicidae

Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine

Culicidae

Cricetinae

Aedes

Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine

Arboviruses

Togaviridae Infections

Salmo salar

Mayaro virus disease: an emerging mosquito-borne zoonosis in tropical South America. (1/604)

Vectors of Chikungunya virus in Senegal: current data and transmission cycles. (2/604)

Geographic distribution and evolution of Sindbis virus in Australia. (3/604)

Salmon pancreas disease virus, an alphavirus infecting farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (4/604)

Virus infection induces neuronal apoptosis: A comparison with trophic factor withdrawal. (5/604)

Recombinant Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus efficiently infect neurons in hippocampal slice cultures. (6/604)

Enzyme distributions in subcellular fractions of BHK cells infected with Semliki forest virus: evidence for a major fraction of sphingomyelin synthase in the trans-golgi network. (7/604)

Human MxA protein protects mice lacking a functional alpha/beta interferon system against La crosse virus and other lethal viral infections. (8/604)

TOGAVIRIDAE19

Salmonid9

Mosquitoes14

Chikungunya virus infection4

Sindbis5

Aedes2

Antibodies10

CHIKV13

Zika13

Pathogenesis4

Flavivirus8

Medically important alphaviruses1

Mayaro1

Mosquito12

Outbreaks6

Arthritogenic3

Venezuelan3

Pathogenic1

Arthralgia1

Viral infections4

Acute3

SINV3

Vaccines1

Dengue virus infection2

Arboviral5

20161

Measles1

Replication5

Genome2

Severe5

Virus infection1

Spherical2

Reservoir3

Flaviviruses1

Vectors1

Subclinical1

Arthropod-borne1

Clinical2

Species1

Diseases4

Pathogens2

Antigenic2

Musculoskeletal manifestations1

Disease severity1

Diagnosis1

No images available that match "alphavirus infections"