A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565)
Intravenous injections of sodium amytal or sodium pentothal to induce a state in which the patient is more relaxed and communicative. Narcosuggestion, narcosynthesis, and narcoanalysis are therapeutic processes using these drug adjuncts.
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are GABA MODULATORS used as HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES, as ANESTHETICS, or as ANTICONVULSANTS.
A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.
An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.
A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.
Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.
Substances that do not act as agonists or antagonists but do affect the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor-ionophore complex. GABA-A receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA-A) appear to have at least three allosteric sites at which modulators act: a site at which BENZODIAZEPINES act by increasing the opening frequency of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride channels; a site at which BARBITURATES act to prolong the duration of channel opening; and a site at which some steroids may act. GENERAL ANESTHETICS probably act at least partly by potentiating GABAergic responses, but they are not included here.
Delivery of drugs into an artery.
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the temporal lobe, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (i.e., related to an identified disease process or lesion). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321)
A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.
A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)
Control of drug and narcotic use by international agreement, or by institutional systems for handling prescribed drugs. This includes regulations concerned with the manufacturing, dispensing, approval (DRUG APPROVAL), and marketing of drugs.
A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with improving and maintaining farm income and developing and expanding markets for agricultural products. Through inspection and grading services it safeguards and insures standards of quality in food supply and production.
(Note: 'North Carolina' is a place, not a medical term. However, I can provide a fun fact related to health and North Carolina.)
Persons who are enrolled in research studies or who are otherwise the subjects of research.
Laws concerned with manufacturing, dispensing, and marketing of drugs.
A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).
A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with administering those agencies and offices having programs pertaining to domestic national security.
A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309)
A pH sensitive dye that has been used as an indicator in many laboratory reactions.
A structurally and mechanistically diverse group of drugs that are not tricyclics or monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The most clinically important appear to act selectively on serotonergic systems, especially by inhibiting serotonin reuptake.
A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE. It is used as an antipsychotic and an antiemetic.
Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form.
A system of categories to which morbid entries are assigned according to established criteria. Included is the entire range of conditions in a manageable number of categories, grouped to facilitate mortality reporting. It is produced by the World Health Organization (From ICD-10, p1). The Clinical Modifications, produced by the UNITED STATES DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, are larger extensions used for morbidity and general epidemiological purposes, primarily in the U.S.
A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.
The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.
Complex pharmaceutical substances, preparations, or matter derived from organisms usually obtained by biological methods or assay.
Materials or substances used in the composition of traditional medical remedies. The use of this term in MeSH was formerly restricted to historical articles or those concerned with traditional medicine, but it can also refer to homeopathic remedies. Nosodes are specific types of homeopathic remedies prepared from causal agents or disease products.

Regional cerebral perfusion and amytal distribution during the Wada test. (1/167)

The distribution of sodium amytal and its effect on regional cerebral perfusion during the intracarotid amytal (Wada) test were investigated using high-resolution hexamethyl propyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) SPECT coregistered with the patient's MRI dataset. METHODS: Twenty patients underwent SPECT after intravenous HMPAO injection, and 5 patients had both intravenous and intracarotid injections in a double injection-acquisition protocol. RESULTS: All patients had hypoperfusion in the territories of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Basal ganglia perfusion was preserved in 20 of 25 patients. Hypoperfusion of the entire mesial temporal cortex was seen in 9 of 25 patients. Partial hypoperfusion of the whole mesial cortex or hypoperfusion of part of the mesial cortex was seen in 14 of 25 patients. In 2 of 25 patients, mesial temporal perfusion was unaffected. In 5 patients, the double acquisition showed a distribution of HMPAO delivery matching that of hypoperfusion, except for the following: (a) HMPAO was delivered to the basal ganglia and insula, where there was no hypoperfusion; (b) HMPAO was not delivered to the contralateral cerebellum, which did show hypoperfusion; and (c) in 1 patient, perfusion of the mesial temporal cortex was preserved despite intracarotid delivery of HMPAO. CONCLUSION: Some degree of hypoperfusion of medial temporal structures occurs in the great majority of patients during the Wada test. Partial inactivation of memory structures is therefore a credible mechanism of action of the test. The double acquisition protocol provided no evidence that mesial temporal structures are inactivated remotely by diaschisis. Perfusion in the basal ganglia and insular cortex is not affected by amytal.  (+info)

Drug blockade of open end-plate channels. (2/167)

1. The actions of amylobarbitone, thiopentone, methohexitone and methyprylone at voltage-clamped frog end-plates were studied. 2. In the presence of barbiturates the conductance change evoked by an iontophoretic carbachol application was reduced by a prepulse of carbachol. The extra inhibition evoked by a prepulse disappeared exponentially with a time constant of 150-200 ms. 3. Barbiturates produce an increased rate of decay of nerve evoked endplate currents. Tne concentration and voltage dependence of the barbtiruate e.p.c. decay rates tally with the hypothesis that the increased rate of decay is due to block of active receptor-channel complexes by barbiturates with a rate constant of 10(6) M-1S-1. 4. Conductance changes produced by bath applied agonists were depressed by thiopentone, the effect becoming greater the higher the agonist concentration. This effect, and also the observation that the concentration of thiopentone required to depress the bath agonist response is much greater than the apparent dissociation constant for binding to active receptor-channel complexes calculated from kinetic measurements, suggest that the selectivity for binding to open receptor-channel complexes is very high. 5. Methyprylone, which is structurally similar to the barbiturates, is only a weak antagonist and shows no interpulse interaction. It was predicted that methyprylone should produce fast and slow components in the e.p.c. decay, and this prediction was verified. 6. In the presence of barbiturates large iontophoretic carbachol applications produce conductance changes which show fast and slow components. Under these conditions the effects of carbachol prepulses become complex. However the effects are qualitatively consistent with the notion that different components of the response are contributed by channels located at various distances from the iontophoretic pipette tip. 7. All the data agree with a model in which the channel has three stages: closed, open and blocked. Only open channels can block, and blocked channels can only open.  (+info)

Functional MRI and the Wada test provide complementary information for predicting post-operative seizure control. (3/167)

Prediction of post-surgical seizure relief and potential cognitive deficits secondary to anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) are important to pre-surgical planning. Although the intracarotid amobarbital test (IAT) is predictive of post-ATL seizure outcome, development of non-invasive and more precise means for determining post-ATL seizure relief are needed. We previously reported on a technique utilizing functional MRI (fMRI) to evaluate the relative functional adequacy of mesial temporal lobe structures in preparation for ATL. In the present study, we report follow-up outcome data on eight temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients 1-year post-ATL who were evaluated pre-surgically using IAT and fMRI. Functional memory lateralization using fMRI predicted post-ATL seizure outcome as effectively as the IAT. In general, asymmetry of functional mTL activation favouring the non-epileptic hemisphere was associated with seizure-free status at 1-year follow-up. Moreover, when combined, fMRI and IAT provided complementary data that resulted in improved prediction of post-operative seizure control compared with either procedure alone.  (+info)

Comparison of localizing values of various diagnostic tests in non-lesional medial temporal lobe epilepsy. (4/167)

Though the surgical treatment for medial temporal lobe epilepsy yields a high success rate, more studies are needed in order to determine the most efficacious pre-operative algorithm. The authors studied the relationship between surgical outcome and the localization results of various pre-operative diagnostic tests to assess the predictive value. Seventy-one consecutive patients who had undergone anterior temporal lobectomy with amygdalohippocampectomy with the diagnosis of non-lesional medial temporal lobe epilepsy, who had been followed up more than 24 months, were analyzed retrospectively. Electroencephalogy (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), proton emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), the Wada test, and neuropsychological testing were analyzed. There was no diagnostic test that was found to have a statistically significant relationship between Engel Class I outcome and localization results (P & 0.05). SPECT, neuropsychological testing, and the Wada test all had less predictive values (P < 0.01). EEG and PET had comparable predictive values for Engel Class I with MRI (P & 0.05). No single diagnostic test alone is sufficient to make a diagnosis of non-lesional medial temporal lobe epilepsy. MRI, EEG and PET had comparable predictive values for Engel Class I. SPECT, neuropsychological testing, and the Wada test had less predictive values.  (+info)

Lateralized memory deficits on the Wada test correlate with the side of lobectomy only for patients with unilateral medial temporal lobe epilepsy. (5/167)

The aim of this study was to determine whether the predictive value of the intracarotid amobarbital test (IAT) for the side to be resected is applicable only to medial temporal lobe epilepsy and to investigate whether there are different patterns of memory performances on the IAT between patients with unilateral mesial temporal sclerosis (UMT group) and those without (non-UMT group). We studied 30 patients in the UMT group and 10 in the non-UMT group, who underwent pre-surgical evaluation for intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. Memory performances on the IAT was defined as the percentage of memory items presented during unilateral hemispheric anesthesia that was recognized after recovery. More than a 20% decline of the memory performance on the IAT compared with the memory performance on the pre-test was regarded as a memory deficit. Age at onset of epilepsy was significantly younger in the UMT than in the non-UMT group. Surgical outcome was significantly better in the UMT than in the non-UMT group. The lateralizing value of unilateral memory deficits on the IAT was statistically confirmed. There was a significant association between falsely lateralizing memory performances and the non-UMT group. Excluding the exceptional cases with right-sided language dominance in spite of right-sided lesions, the high incidence of the unilateral right-sided memory deficits in the non-UMT group was statistically significant. This study suggested that the excellent lateralizing value of the memory performances on the IAT is limited to patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. IAT memory performances in patients without such lesions can be misleading, even if lateralized, because their memory status presumably reflects a natural lateralization of the memory organization which is independent of the epileptogenic focus.  (+info)

Absent vestibulo-ocular reflexes and acute supratentorial lesions. (6/167)

Loss of vestibulo-ocular reflexes occurred in two patients with acute supratentorial lesions who received therapeutic doses of anticonvulsant drugs. There was no clinical or angiographic evidence of focal brain-stem damage. Absence of vestibulo-ocular reflexes is attributed to a combination of acute cerebral damage and anticonvulsant drugs. The loss of these reflexes in patients with acute cerebral lesions cannot be interpreted as evidence of irreversible brain-stem injury.  (+info)

Cardioprotective effect of chronic hyperglycemia: effect on hypoxia-induced apoptosis and necrosis. (7/167)

It is generally accepted that mild forms of diabetes render the heart resistant to an ischemic insult. Because myocytes incubated chronically in medium containing high concentrations of glucose (25 mM) develop into a diabetes-like phenotype, we tested the hypothesis that high-glucose treatment diminishes hypoxia-induced injury. In support of this hypothesis, we found that cardiomyocytes incubated for 3 days with medium containing 25 mM glucose showed less hypoxia-induced apoptosis and necrosis than cells exposed to medium containing 5 mM glucose (control). Indeed, whereas 27% of control cells became necrotic after 1 h of chemical hypoxia with 10 mM deoxyglucose and 5 mM amobarbital (Amytal), only 11% of the glucose-treated cells became necrotic. Similarly, glucose treatment reduced the extent of apoptosis from 32% to 12%. This beneficial effect of glucose treatment was associated with a 40% reduction in the Ca(2+) content of the hypoxic cell. Glucose treatment also mediated an upregulation of the cardioprotective factor Bcl-2 but did not affect the cellular content of the proapoptotic factors Bax and Bad. Nonetheless, the phosphorylation state of Bad was shifted in favor of its inactive, phosphorylated form after high-glucose treatment. These data suggest that glucose treatment renders the cardiomyocyte resistant to hypoxia-induced apoptosis and necrosis by preventing the accumulation of Ca(2+) during hypoxia, promoting the upregulation of Bcl-2, and enhancing the inactivation of Bad.  (+info)

Transcortical sensory aphasia: revisited and revised. (8/167)

Transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA) is characterized by impaired auditory comprehension with intact repetition and fluent speech. We induced TSA transiently by electrical interference during routine cortical function mapping in six adult seizure patients. For each patient, TSA was associated with multiple posterior cortical sites, including the posterior superior and middle temporal gyri, in classical Wernicke's area. A number of TSA sites were immediately adjacent to sites where Wernicke's aphasia was elicited in the same patients. Phonological decoding of speech sounds was assessed by auditory syllable discrimination and found to be intact at all sites where TSA was induced. At a subset of electrode sites where the pattern of language deficits otherwise resembled TSA, naming and word reading remained intact. Language lateralization testing by intracarotid amobarbital injection showed no evidence of independent right hemisphere language. These results suggest that TSA may result from a one-way disruption between left hemisphere phonology and lexical-semantic processing.  (+info)

Amobarbital is a barbiturate drug that is primarily used as a sedative and sleep aid. It works by depressing the central nervous system, which can lead to relaxation, drowsiness, and reduced anxiety. Amobarbital is also sometimes used as an anticonvulsant to help control seizures.

Like other barbiturates, amobarbital has a high potential for abuse and addiction, and it can be dangerous or even fatal when taken in large doses or mixed with alcohol or other drugs. It is typically prescribed only for short-term use due to the risk of tolerance and dependence.

It's important to note that the use of barbiturates like amobarbital has declined in recent years due to the development of safer and more effective alternatives, such as benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine sleep aids.

Narcotherapy is not a recognized term in modern medicine. However, it appears that you might be looking for "narcoanalysis" or "narcotherapy," which are related concepts used in the past but have fallen out of favor due to ethical concerns and the development of more effective treatments. Here's the definition of narcoanalysis:

Narcoanalysis (or sometimes referred to as narcotherapy) is a psychiatric procedure that involves the use of barbiturates or short-acting general anesthetics, such as sodium pentothal or thiopental, to induce a hypnotic state in which patients may reveal unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories that are not accessible in their normal conscious state. The goal is to help uncover repressed emotions or experiences that contribute to psychological distress or maladaptive behaviors.

It's important to note that this procedure has been associated with significant controversy due to concerns about the reliability of information obtained during the hypnotic state and potential manipulation by the interviewer. Additionally, there are ethical issues related to informed consent and the possibility of causing harm to patients through memory recall or revival of traumatic experiences. As a result, narcoanalysis is not commonly used in contemporary psychiatric practice.

Catatonia is a state of neurogenic motor immobility and behavioral abnormality manifested by stupor, mutism, negativism, rigidity, posturing, stereotypy, agitation, or Grimmacing. It can be a symptom associated with various neurological and mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, or brain injury. Catatonic symptoms can also occur as a side effect of certain medications.

The diagnosis of catatonia is typically made based on the observation of characteristic clinical symptoms and the exclusion of other potential causes through medical evaluation. Treatment for catatonia may include medication, such as benzodiazepines or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), depending on the underlying cause and severity of the symptoms.

Barbiturates are a class of drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, which means they slow down the activity of the brain and nerves. They were commonly used in the past to treat conditions such as anxiety, insomnia, and seizures, but their use has declined due to the risk of addiction, abuse, and serious side effects. Barbiturates can also be used for surgical anesthesia and as a treatment for barbiturate or pentobarbital overdose.

Barbiturates work by enhancing the activity of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which results in sedation, hypnosis, and anticonvulsant effects. However, at higher doses, barbiturates can cause respiratory depression, coma, and even death.

Some examples of barbiturates include pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital, and amobarbital. These drugs are usually available in the form of tablets, capsules, or injectable solutions. It is important to note that barbiturates should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as they carry a high risk of dependence and abuse.

I apologize, but I am not able to provide a medical definition for "Bromisovalum" because it is not a recognized or validated medication or substance in the field of medicine. It is possible that there may be a spelling error or typo in the term you provided. If you have more information about what you are looking for, I will do my best to help you find the correct information.

Methohexital is a rapidly acting barbiturate sedative-hypnotic agent primarily used for the induction of anesthesia. It is a short-acting drug, with an onset of action of approximately one minute and a duration of action of about 5 to 10 minutes. Methohexital is highly lipid soluble, which allows it to rapidly cross the blood-brain barrier and produce a rapid and profound sedative effect.

Methohexital is administered intravenously and works by depressing the central nervous system (CNS), producing a range of effects from mild sedation to general anesthesia. At lower doses, it can cause drowsiness, confusion, and amnesia, while at higher doses, it can lead to unconsciousness and suppression of respiratory function.

Methohexital is also used for diagnostic procedures that require sedation, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and cerebral angiography. It is not commonly used outside of hospital or clinical settings due to its potential for serious adverse effects, including respiratory depression, cardiovascular instability, and anaphylaxis.

It's important to note that Methohexital should only be administered by trained medical professionals under close supervision, as it requires careful titration to achieve the desired level of sedation while minimizing the risk of adverse effects.

Secobarbital is a barbiturate medication that is primarily used for the treatment of short-term insomnia and as a preoperative sedative. It works by depressing the central nervous system, producing a calming effect and helping to induce sleep. Secobarbital has a rapid onset of action and a relatively short duration of effect.

It is available in various forms, including capsules and injectable solutions, and is typically prescribed for use on an as-needed basis rather than as a regular medication. Secobarbital can be habit-forming and carries a risk of dependence and withdrawal, so it should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

It's important to note that Secobarbital is not commonly prescribed in modern medical practice due to its high potential for abuse and the availability of safer and more effective sleep aids.

Hypnotics and sedatives are classes of medications that have depressant effects on the central nervous system, leading to sedation (calming or inducing sleep), reduction in anxiety, and in some cases, decreased awareness or memory. These agents work by affecting the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) in the brain, which results in inhibitory effects on neuronal activity.

Hypnotics are primarily used for the treatment of insomnia and other sleep disorders, while sedatives are often prescribed to manage anxiety or to produce a calming effect before medical procedures. Some medications can function as both hypnotics and sedatives, depending on the dosage and specific formulation. Common examples of these medications include benzodiazepines (such as diazepam and lorazepam), non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (such as zolpidem and eszopiclone), barbiturates, and certain antihistamines.

It is essential to use these medications under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have potential side effects, such as drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, and impaired coordination. Additionally, long-term use or high doses may lead to tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) modulators are substances that affect the function of GABA, which is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. GABA plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability and reducing the activity of overactive nerve cells.

GABA modulators can either enhance or decrease the activity of GABA receptors, depending on their specific mechanism of action. These substances can be classified into two main categories:

1. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs): These compounds bind to a site on the GABA receptor that is distinct from the neurotransmitter binding site and enhance the activity of GABA at the receptor, leading to increased inhibitory signaling in the brain. Examples of positive allosteric modulators include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and certain non-benzodiazepine drugs used for anxiolysis, sedation, and muscle relaxation.
2. Negative allosteric modulators (NAMs): These compounds bind to a site on the GABA receptor that reduces the activity of GABA at the receptor, leading to decreased inhibitory signaling in the brain. Examples of negative allosteric modulators include certain antiepileptic drugs and alcohol, which can reduce the effectiveness of GABA-mediated inhibition and contribute to their proconvulsant effects.

It is important to note that while GABA modulators can have therapeutic benefits in treating various neurological and psychiatric conditions, they can also carry risks for abuse, dependence, and adverse side effects, particularly when used at high doses or over extended periods.

Intra-arterial injection is a type of medical procedure where a medication or contrast agent is delivered directly into an artery. This technique is used for various therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.

For instance, intra-arterial chemotherapy may be used to deliver cancer drugs directly to the site of a tumor, while intra-arterial thrombolysis involves the administration of clot-busting medications to treat arterial blockages caused by blood clots. Intra-arterial injections are also used in diagnostic imaging procedures such as angiography, where a contrast agent is injected into an artery to visualize the blood vessels and identify any abnormalities.

It's important to note that intra-arterial injections require precise placement of the needle or catheter into the artery, and are typically performed by trained medical professionals using specialized equipment.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a type of focal (localized) epilepsy that originates from the temporal lobes of the brain. The temporal lobes are located on each side of the brain and are involved in processing sensory information, memory, and emotion. TLE is characterized by recurrent seizures that originate from one or both temporal lobes.

The symptoms of TLE can vary depending on the specific area of the temporal lobe that is affected. However, common symptoms include auras (sensory or emotional experiences that occur before a seizure), strange smells or tastes, lip-smacking or chewing movements, and memory problems. Some people with TLE may also experience automatisms (involuntary movements such as picking at clothes or fumbling with objects) during their seizures.

Treatment for TLE typically involves medication to control seizures, although surgery may be recommended in some cases. The goal of treatment is to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures and improve quality of life.

Lidocaine is a type of local anesthetic that numbs painful areas and is used to prevent pain during certain medical procedures. It works by blocking the nerves that transmit pain signals to the brain. In addition to its use as an anesthetic, lidocaine can also be used to treat irregular heart rates and relieve itching caused by allergic reactions or skin conditions such as eczema.

Lidocaine is available in various forms, including creams, gels, ointments, sprays, solutions, and injectable preparations. It can be applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes, or it can be administered by injection into a muscle or vein. The specific dosage and method of administration will depend on the reason for its use and the individual patient's medical history and current health status.

Like all medications, lidocaine can have side effects, including allergic reactions, numbness that lasts too long, and in rare cases, heart problems or seizures. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider carefully when using lidocaine to minimize the risk of adverse effects.

Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) is a coenzyme that plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes, particularly in the electron transport chain where it functions as an electron carrier in oxidation-reduction reactions. FAD is composed of a flavin moiety, riboflavin or vitamin B2, and adenine dinucleotide. It can exist in two forms: an oxidized form (FAD) and a reduced form (FADH2). The reduction of FAD to FADH2 involves the gain of two electrons and two protons, which is accompanied by a significant conformational change that allows FADH2 to donate its electrons to subsequent components in the electron transport chain, ultimately leading to the production of ATP, the main energy currency of the cell.

"Drug and narcotic control" refers to the regulation and oversight of drugs and narcotics, including their production, distribution, and use. This is typically carried out by governmental agencies in order to ensure public safety, prevent abuse and diversion, and protect the health of individuals. The goal of drug and narcotic control is to strike a balance between making sure that medications are available for legitimate medical purposes while also preventing their misuse and illegal sale.

Drug control policies may include measures such as licensing and registration of manufacturers, distributors, and pharmacies; tracking and monitoring of controlled substances; setting standards for prescription practices; and enforcement of laws and regulations related to drug use and trafficking. Narcotic control specifically refers to the regulation of drugs that have a high potential for abuse and are subject to international treaties, such as opioids.

It's important to note that while these regulations aim to protect public health and safety, they can also be controversial and have unintended consequences, such as contributing to drug shortages or creating barriers to access for people who need controlled substances for legitimate medical reasons.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is not a medical organization or entity, so it does not provide medical definitions. However, I can give you some information about what the USDA is and what it does.

The USDA is a federal executive department of the U.S. government responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, and food. It was established in 1862 by President Abraham Lincoln and is headed by the Secretary of Agriculture, who is a member of the President's cabinet.

The USDA has several key missions, including:

* Promoting agricultural trade and production
* Ensuring the safety of the food supply
* Providing nutrition assistance to vulnerable populations
* Protecting natural resources and the environment
* Promoting rural development and economic stability

In terms of food and nutrition, the USDA plays an important role in setting dietary guidelines for Americans, establishing standards for school meals and other federal food programs, and regulating the safety of meat, poultry, and egg products. The agency also conducts research on agricultural and food-related topics and provides education and outreach to farmers, ranchers, and consumers.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "North Carolina" is a geographical location and not a medical term or condition. It is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I'd be happy to help with those!

A research subject, also commonly referred to as a "human subject" or "participant," is an individual who takes part in a research study or clinical trial. Research subjects are essential for the advancement of medical and scientific knowledge, as they provide data that can help researchers understand various phenomena, develop new treatments, and improve existing ones.

The term "research subject" emphasizes the ethical considerations involved in conducting research with human participants. It highlights the importance of protecting their rights, dignity, and well-being throughout the study. Researchers must obtain informed consent from subjects before enrolling them in a study, ensuring that they understand the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits associated with the research.

Additionally, researchers are required to follow strict guidelines and regulations to minimize any harm or discomfort to the research subjects during the study. These guidelines may include requirements for data confidentiality, privacy protection, and monitoring of adverse events. Overall, treating research subjects with respect and care is crucial in maintaining the integrity of medical research and ensuring its societal benefits.

'Drug legislation' refers to the laws and regulations that govern the production, distribution, sale, possession, and use of medications and pharmaceutical products within a given jurisdiction. These laws are designed to protect public health and safety by establishing standards for drug quality, ensuring appropriate prescribing and dispensing practices, preventing drug abuse and diversion, and promoting access to necessary medications. Drug legislation may also include provisions related to clinical trials, advertising, packaging, labeling, and reimbursement. Compliance with these regulations is typically enforced through a combination of government agencies, professional organizations, and legal penalties for non-compliance.

Methyltestosterone is a synthetic form of the hormone testosterone, which is primarily used in the treatment of low testosterone levels (hypogonadism) in men. It has a methyl group attached to it, which allows it to be taken orally and still have significant effects on the body.

Testosterone is an androgen hormone that plays important roles in the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics, such as deepening of the voice, growth of facial and body hair, and increased muscle mass. It also helps maintain bone density, red blood cell production, and sex drive.

Methyltestosterone is available in various forms, including tablets and capsules, and its use should be under the supervision of a healthcare professional due to potential side effects and risks associated with its use, such as liver toxicity, increased risk of cardiovascular events, and changes in cholesterol levels.

It's important to note that methyltestosterone is not approved for use in women, as it can cause virilization (development of male sex characteristics) and other side effects.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the 'United States Department of Homeland Security' (DHS) is not a medical term or concept. It's a cabinet department of the U.S. federal government, created in response to the September 11 attacks, with the primary responsibilities of protecting the United States from terrorism and managing border control. The DHS includes several components, including the U.S. Coast Guard, Transportation Security Administration (TSA), Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), among others.

If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

Trazodone is an antidepressant medication that belongs to the class of drugs called serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs). It works by increasing the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain, which helps to improve mood and reduce symptoms of depression.

Trazodone is primarily used to treat major depressive disorder, but it may also be prescribed for anxiety, insomnia, and other conditions. The medication comes in various forms, including tablets and an extended-release formulation, and is typically taken orally one to three times a day. Common side effects of trazodone include dizziness, dry mouth, and sedation.

It's important to note that trazodone can interact with other medications and substances, so it's essential to inform your healthcare provider about all the drugs you are taking before starting treatment. Additionally, trazodone may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in some people, particularly during the initial stages of treatment, so close monitoring is necessary.

Bromthymol Blue is a pH indicator dye that is commonly used in laboratory settings to determine the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is a blue, water-soluble compound that turns yellow in acidic solutions with a pH below 6.0 and can turn green, blue, or purple in solutions with a pH between 6.0 and 7.6, depending on the concentration of hydrogen ions present. At a pH above 7.6, Bromthymol Blue turns bright blue-green.

The chemical formula for Bromthymol Blue is C27H35BrClO5S. It has a molecular weight of 609.64 g/mol and a structural formula that includes a thymol blue core with bromine and chlorine atoms attached to it, along with a sulfonate group that makes the compound water-soluble.

Bromthymol Blue is often used in medical and biological research to measure pH changes in bodily fluids such as urine or blood. It can also be used in environmental testing to monitor water quality and detect acid rain, for example. In addition, Bromthymol Blue has been used in educational settings to teach students about pH and chemical indicators.

Second-generation antidepressants (SGAs) are a class of medications used primarily for the treatment of depression, although they are also used for other psychiatric and medical conditions. They are called "second-generation" because they were developed after the first generation of antidepressants, which include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).

SGAs are also known as atypical antidepressants or novel antidepressants. They work by affecting the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. However, they have a different chemical structure and mechanism of action than first-generation antidepressants.

Some examples of second-generation antidepressants include:

* Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and citalopram (Celexa)
* Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as venlafaxine (Effexor) and duloxetine (Cymbalta)
* Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) such as bupropion (Wellbutrin)
* Atypical antidepressants such as mirtazapine (Remeron), trazodone, and vortioxetine (Brintellix)

SGAs are generally considered to have a more favorable side effect profile than first-generation antidepressants. They are less likely to cause anticholinergic effects such as dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision, and they are less likely to cause cardiac conduction abnormalities or orthostatic hypotension. However, SGAs may still cause side effects such as nausea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, and weight gain.

It's important to note that the choice of antidepressant medication should be individualized based on the patient's specific symptoms, medical history, and other factors. It may take some trial and error to find the most effective and well-tolerated medication for a given patient.

Trifluoperazine is an antipsychotic medication that belongs to the class of drugs called phenothiazines. It works by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain, and helps to reduce symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and disordered thought. Trifluoperazine may also be used to manage anxiety or agitation in certain medical conditions. It is available in the form of tablets for oral administration. As with any medication, trifluoperazine should be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider due to potential side effects and risks associated with its use.

Pharmaceutical preparations refer to the various forms of medicines that are produced by pharmaceutical companies, which are intended for therapeutic or prophylactic use. These preparations consist of an active ingredient (the drug) combined with excipients (inactive ingredients) in a specific formulation and dosage form.

The active ingredient is the substance that has a therapeutic effect on the body, while the excipients are added to improve the stability, palatability, bioavailability, or administration of the drug. Examples of pharmaceutical preparations include tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, creams, and injections.

The production of pharmaceutical preparations involves a series of steps that ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of the final product. These steps include the selection and testing of raw materials, formulation development, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and storage. Each step is governed by strict regulations and guidelines to ensure that the final product meets the required standards for use in medical practice.

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a standardized system for classifying and coding mortality and morbidity data, established by the World Health Organization (WHO). It provides a common language and framework for health professionals, researchers, and policymakers to share and compare health-related information across countries and regions.

The ICD codes are used to identify diseases, injuries, causes of death, and other health conditions. The classification includes categories for various body systems, mental disorders, external causes of injury and poisoning, and factors influencing health status. It also includes a section for symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings.

The ICD is regularly updated to incorporate new scientific knowledge and changing health needs. The most recent version, ICD-11, was adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2019 and will come into effect on January 1, 2022. It includes significant revisions and expansions in several areas, such as mental, behavioral, neurological disorders, and conditions related to sexual health.

In summary, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a globally recognized system for classifying and coding diseases, injuries, causes of death, and other health-related information, enabling standardized data collection, comparison, and analysis across countries and regions.

Calmodulin is a small, ubiquitous calcium-binding protein that plays a critical role in various intracellular signaling pathways. It functions as a calcium sensor, binding to and regulating the activity of numerous target proteins upon calcium ion (Ca^2+^) binding. Calmodulin is expressed in all eukaryotic cells and participates in many cellular processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, gene expression, metabolism, and cell cycle progression.

The protein contains four EF-hand motifs that can bind Ca^2+^ ions. Upon calcium binding, conformational changes occur in the calmodulin structure, exposing hydrophobic surfaces that facilitate its interaction with target proteins. Calmodulin's targets include enzymes (such as protein kinases and phosphatases), ion channels, transporters, and cytoskeletal components. By modulating the activity of these proteins, calmodulin helps regulate essential cellular functions in response to changes in intracellular Ca^2+^ concentrations.

Calmodulin's molecular weight is approximately 17 kDa, and it consists of a single polypeptide chain with 148-150 amino acid residues. The protein can be found in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of cells. In addition to its role as a calcium sensor, calmodulin has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disorders.

Chlorpromazine is a type of antipsychotic medication, also known as a phenothiazine. It works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps to reduce the symptoms of psychosis such as hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking. Chlorpromazine is used to treat various mental health conditions including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and severe behavioral problems in children. It may also be used for the short-term management of severe anxiety or agitation, and to control nausea and vomiting.

Like all medications, chlorpromazine can have side effects, which can include drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, weight gain, and sexual dysfunction. More serious side effects may include neurological symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, or abnormal movements, as well as cardiovascular problems such as low blood pressure or irregular heart rhythms. It is important for patients to be monitored closely by their healthcare provider while taking chlorpromazine, and to report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly.

According to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), biological products are "products that are made from or contain a living organism or its derivatives, such as vaccines, blood and blood components, cells, genes, tissues, and proteins." These products can be composed of sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, or complex combinations of these substances, and they can come from many sources, including humans, animals, microorganisms, or plants.

Biological products are often used to diagnose, prevent, or treat a wide range of medical conditions, and they can be administered in various ways, such as through injection, inhalation, or topical application. Because biological products are derived from living organisms, their manufacturing processes can be complex and must be tightly controlled to ensure the safety, purity, and potency of the final product.

It's important to note that biological products are not the same as drugs, which are chemically synthesized compounds. While drugs are designed to interact with specific targets in the body, such as enzymes or receptors, biological products can have more complex and varied mechanisms of action, making them potentially more difficult to characterize and regulate.

"Materia Medica" is a term that comes from the Latin language, where "materia" means "substance" or "material," and "medica" refers to "medical." In a medical context, Materia Medica historically refers to a collection of detailed descriptions of substances that are used for medicinal purposes.

It is essentially a comprehensive reference book that describes the properties, actions, uses, dosages, potential side effects, and contraindications of various drugs or medicinal agents. The information in a Materia Medica is typically based on historical use, experimental pharmacological data, clinical trials, and other scientific research.

Modern Materia Medica has evolved to become more specialized, with separate references for different types of medicinal substances, such as botanical (herbal) medicine, homeopathic remedies, or conventional pharmaceuticals. These resources are often used by healthcare professionals, including physicians, pharmacists, and nurses, to guide their prescribing decisions and ensure the safe and effective use of medications for their patients.

... withdrawal mimics delirium tremens and may be life-threatening. Amobarbital was manufactured by Eli Lilly and ... amobarbital > phenobarbital > barbital) It has an LD50 in mice of 212 mg/kg s.c.[citation needed] Amobarbital undergoes both ... The use of amobarbital as a truth serum has lost credibility due to the discovery that a subject can be coerced into having a " ... Amobarbital has been used in a study to inhibit mitochondrial electron transport in the rat heart in an attempt to preserve ...
The combination of clonazepam and certain barbiturates (for example, amobarbital), at prescribed doses has resulted in a ... Honer WG, Rosenberg RG, Turey M, Fisher WA (November 1986). "Respiratory failure after clonazepam and amobarbital". The ...
Examples of barbiturates are phenobarbital, primidone and amobarbital. Antihistamines, also known as H1 antagonists, are a ...
Patel A, Wordell C, Szarlej D (March 2011). "Alternatives to sodium amobarbital in the Wada test". The Annals of ... Jones-Gotman M, Sziklas V, Djordjevic J (August 2009). "Intracarotid amobarbital procedure and etomidate speech and memory test ...
Under the original CSA, no barbiturates were placed in schedule I, II, or V; however, amobarbital, pentobarbital, and ... The most commonly used are amobarbital (Amytal), pentobarbital (Nembutal), and secobarbital (Seconal). A combination of ... amobarbital, butalbital, cyclobarbital, and pentobarbital as schedule III, and allobarbital, barbital, butobarbital, ... Among that group of drugs are the barbiturates amobarbital, butalbital, cyclobarbital, and pentobarbital. In the United States ...
... and then responding dramatically to multigram doses of amobarbital. The films were convincing, and amobarbital was quickly and ... He and Lorenz found that intravenous sodium amytal (amobarbital) was effective in producing a "lucid interval," wherein ... Tollefson GD (1982). "The amobarbital interview in the differential diagnosis of catatonia". Psychosomatics. 23 (4): 437-438. ... Bleckwenn and Mabel Masten also studied the reversal of overdosage by amobarbital in the mid-1930s. They found that dilute ...
Examples include amobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital, and sodium thiopental. Quinazolinones are also a ...
ISBN 0-465-02960-4. Loring, D.W., Meador, K.J., Lee, G.P., King, D.W. (1992). Amobarbital Effects and Lateralized Brain ... A barbiturate, usually sodium amobarbital, is introduced into one of the internal carotid arteries via a cannula or intra- ... The Wada test, also known as the intracarotid sodium amobarbital procedure (ISAP), establishes cerebral language and memory ...
Cameron suggests drugging her with amobarbital to suppress her thalamus. However, she continues to lie even on the amobarbital ...
Bartels, Jr., John R. (November 13, 1973). "Schedule II Control of Amobarbital, Pentobarbital, Secobarbital, and their salts" ( ...
Assessment of grammar optimizes language tasks for the intracarotid amobarbital procedure. Epilepsy & Behavior. 76:89-100. ...
Barbiturates more likely to cause euphoria include amobarbital, secobarbital and pentobarbital. Benzodiazepines more likely to ...
Tollefson GD: The amobarbital interview in the differential diagnosis of catatonia. Psychosomatics 1982; 23: 437-438. Bleckwenn ... These include ethanol, scopolamine, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, midazolam, flunitrazepam, sodium thiopental, and amobarbital, ... and amobarbital (formerly known as sodium amytal). While there have been many clinical studies of the efficacy of narcoanalysis ...
Horton was also in possession of the drugs Dexedrine, a stimulant, and Dexamyl, a stimulant-sedative; traces of amobarbital, an ...
Flynn Pharma of Ireland no longer manufactures Tuinal, Seconal or Amytal (amobarbital). Amytal has been discontinued, though ... The combination of a short-acting barbiturate, Secobarbital, with an intermediate-acting barbiturate, Amobarbital, aimed to ... secobarbital sodium and amobarbital sodium) in equal proportions. Tuinal was introduced as a sedative-hypnotic (sleeping pill) ...
Walker had allegedly been drinking before the outburst, and it was believed that the combination of amobarbital and alcohol ... She called Walker's psychiatrist Frederick Hacker, who arrived and administered amobarbital for sedation. ...
Use of sodium amobarbital with LSD to cause loss of inhibition.[page needed] Psychiatric drugs In the United States, in a ...
McCall, W. Vaughn M.D. "The Addition of Intravenous Caffeine During an Amobarbital Interview". Journal of Psychiatry and ... Narcosynthesis-also called sodium amytal interview, amobarbital interview, or amytal interview-uses a technique of free ...
... and hydrochlorothiazide have been known to interfere with amobarbital, which has led to inadequate anesthetization during the ... "Reduced anesthetization during the intracarotid amobarbital (Wada) test in patients taking carbonic anhydrase-inhibiting ...
Amobarbital Barbiturate Use of sodium amytal during WWII American Experience - The Battle of the Bulge. Thomas F. Lennon. 1994 ...
"Selective posterior cerebral artery amobarbital test: its role in presurgical memory assessment in temporal lobe epilepsy". ...
The test turns phenobarbital, pentobarbital, amobarbital and secobarbital light purple by complexation of cobalt with the ...
Some epilepsy centers use intracarotid sodium amobarbital test (Wada test), functional MRI (fMRI) or magnetoencephalography ( ...
People who use barbiturates tend to prefer rapid-acting barbiturates (amobarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital) rather than ...
Originally in treatment for social anxiety and memory loss, after extended therapy involving amobarbital and hypnosis ...
Likewise a combination with amobarbital (potent sedative/hypnotic agent) for the amelioration of psychoneurosis and insomnia ...
An autopsy later showed a lethal combination of secobarbital and amobarbital, prescriptions for her insomnia and diet, which ...
The blood test also showed signs of amobarbital, which was possibly a residue from the Dexamyl pills that were found on ...
... as in amobarbital. A cyclopentyl group is a ring with the formula -C5H9. The name is also used for the pentyl radical, a pentyl ...
The Wada test, where sodium amobarbital is used to anaesthetise one hemisphere, shows that the left-hemisphere appears to be ...
Amobarbital withdrawal mimics delirium tremens and may be life-threatening. Amobarbital was manufactured by Eli Lilly and ... amobarbital > phenobarbital > barbital) It has an LD50 in mice of 212 mg/kg s.c.[citation needed] Amobarbital undergoes both ... The use of amobarbital as a truth serum has lost credibility due to the discovery that a subject can be coerced into having a " ... Amobarbital has been used in a study to inhibit mitochondrial electron transport in the rat heart in an attempt to preserve ...
amobarbital answers are found in the Tabers Medical Dictionary powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, ... "Amobarbital." Tabers Medical Dictionary, 24th ed., F.A. Davis Company, 2021. Tabers Online, www.tabers.com/tabersonline/view/ ... Tabers-Dictionary/766039/all/amobarbital. Amobarbital. In: Venes DD, ed. Tabers Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company; 2021. ... Amobarbital [Internet]. In: Venes DD, editors. Tabers Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company; 2021. [cited 2023 December 04]. ...
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Amobarbital is an intermediate-acting barbiturate with hypnotic properties used in short-term treatment of insomnia and to ... Amobarbital is administered by intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection. The duration of its hypnotic effect is about 6 ...
Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties. ... Amobarbital is a member of the class of barbiturates. The barbiturates are nonselective central nervous system (CNS) ... Amobarbital sodium is classified as an intermediate barbiturate. The plasma half-life for amobarbital sodium in adults ranges ... Amobarbital sodium, an intermediate-acting barbiturate, is a CNS depressant. For the oral form, the onset of sedative and ...
Intracarotid Amobarbital (Wada) Test. The intracarotid amobarbital test was developed by Jun Wada as a means of preoperatively ... a dose of sodium amobarbital (sufficient to impede hemispheric function) is injected. If the drug produces a contralateral ...
Copyright © 2023 Justin Medicare : USAs Safest Online Pharmacy! ...
If you are using this medicine for a long time, tell your doctor about any extra stress or anxiety in your life, including other health concerns and emotional stress. Your dose of this medicine might need to be changed for a short time while you have extra stress. Using too much of this medicine or using it for a long time may increase your risk of having adrenal gland problems. Talk to your doctor right away if you have more than one of these symptoms while you are using this medicine: blurred vision, dizziness or fainting, a fast, irregular, or pounding heartbeat, increased thirst or urination, irritability, or unusual tiredness or weakness. This medicine may cause you to get more infections than usual. Avoid people who are sick or have infections and wash your hands often. If you are exposed to chickenpox or measles, tell your doctor right away. If you start to have a fever, chills, sore throat, or any other sign of an infection, call your doctor right away. Check with your doctor right away ...
i) Amobarbital.. (ii) Secobarbital.. (iii) Pentobarbital.. or any salt of any of these drugs and approved by the federal Food ...
... amobarbital; chlordiazepoxide; or meprobamate). ...
Detailed drug Information for Carbihist. Includes common brand names, drug descriptions, warnings, side effects and dosing information.
Check with your doctor right away if you have drowsiness, confusion, mood changes, muscle weakness in the arms or legs, seizures (convulsions), or trouble with speaking, swallowing, or controlling body movements. These may be symptoms of a serious and rare condition called osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). This may occur if the sodium blood level rises too fast. Check with your doctor right away if you have pain or tenderness in the upper stomach, pale stools, dark urine, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, or yellow eyes or skin. These could be symptoms of a serious liver problem. Certain medicines or illnesses, such as vomiting or diarrhea, may cause you to lose too much body water (dehydration). If you think you are dehydrated, tell your doctor right away. Always have water available to drink if you are thirsty, unless your doctor tells you otherwise. Ask your doctor first before you use any medicine or salt substitutes that contain potassium. You should not eat grapefruit or drink ...
Detailed drug Information for Xolox. Includes common brand names, drug descriptions, warnings, side effects and dosing information.
Norgestimate/Ethinyl Estradiol is a prescription medication used as contraception to prevent pregnancy. Learn about side effects, dosages, drug interactions, warnings, and more.
History.-s. 3, ch. 73-331; s. 247, ch. 77-104; s. 1, ch. 77-174; ss. 1, 2, ch. 78-195; s. 2, ch. 79-325; s. 1, ch. 80-353; s. 1, ch. 82-16; s. 1, ch. 84-89; s. 2, ch. 85-242; s. 1, ch. 86-147; s. 2, ch. 87-243; s. 1, ch. 87-299; s. 1, ch. 88-59; s. 3, ch. 89-281; s. 54, ch. 92-69; s. 1, ch. 93-92; s. 4, ch. 95-415; s. 1, ch. 96-360; ss. 1, 5, ch. 97-1; s. 96, ch. 97-264; s. 1, ch. 99-186; s. 2, ch. 2000-320; s. 1, ch. 2001-55; s. 5, ch. 2001-57; s. 1, ch. 2002-78; s. 2, ch. 2003-10; s. 1, ch. 2008-88; s. 2, ch. 2011-73; s. 1, ch. 2011-90; s. 1, ch. 2012-23; s. 1, ch. 2013-29; s. 1, ch. 2014-159; s. 1, ch. 2015-34. ...
amobarbital. 57-43-2. 4.2.. buprenorphine. 52485-79-7. 4.3.. butalbital. 77-26-9. ...
Amobarbital. Amytal. (2). Glutethimide. Doriden. (3). Pentobarbital. Nembutal, Tuinal. (4). Phencyclidine. Sernyl, Sernylar. ...
Recovery from Amobarbital addiction is possible. Learn more about the causes of Amobarbital addiction and what you can d ... ... Amobarbital Addiction Treatment. by Lee Weber , March 30, 2017. June 12, 2020. ...
Barbiturates-Amobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital, etc. * Benzodiazepines-Includes alprazolam, ...
Simulation of schizophrenic performance with Sernyl, LSD-25, and amobarbital (Amytal) sodium; I. Attention, motor function, and ... and 5 subjects were given amobarbital sodium (average dose: 500 mg. of amobarbital sodium and 15 mg. of amphetamine sulfate i.v ... LSD and amobarbital did not reduce the proprioception. . These results agree with the authors hypothesis that blocking of the ... Amobarbital and LSD produced no significant change. . The rotary pursuit test showed a deficit in motor proficiency in ...
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Amobarbital • Amytal sodium. Carbamazepine • Carbatrol, Equetro. Carbidopa/levodopa • Sinemet. Disulfiram • Antabuse. ... Other agents that act on GABA-including amobarbital and zolpidem-have also been used. Catatonias hallmark features such as ...
961.18 (3) (n) 1. Amobarbital. 2. Secobarbital. 3. Pentobarbital. 448,477 Section 477 . 961.19 (2m) of the statutes is created ...
Amobarbital Cuait N - Quimica Ariston. Jalonac - Rohm Pharma Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride. Chlordiazepoxide Cloact Tablets - ...
Amobarbital Sodium. Anthrax Immune Globulin Intravenous. (Human). Antivenin (Latrodectus mactans). Antivenin (Micrurus fulvius) ...
Strasbourg, France 06/09/2021 Diminuer la taille du texte Augmenter la taille du texte Imprimer la page Imprimer en PDF New Ph. Eur. reference standards Replacement batches for Ph. Eur....
Amobarbital. Amoxicilina. Ampicilina. Ardeparina. Argatroban. Auranofina. Aurothioglucosa. Butabarbital. Carbenicilina. ...
  • Amobarbital (formerly known as amylobarbitone or sodium amytal as the soluble sodium salt) is a drug that is a barbiturate derivative. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amobarbital was manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company in the US under the brand name Amytal in bright blue bullet shaped capsules (known as Pulvules) or pink tablets (known as Diskets) containing 50, 100, or 200 milligrams of the drug. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amytal, as well as Tuinal, a combination drug containing equal quantities of secobarbital and amobarbital, were both manufactured by Eli Lilly until the late-1990s. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amobarbital was once manufactured in the US by Eli Lilly Pharmaceuticals under the brand name Amytal in capsule form. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sodium amytal (amobarbital, amylobarbitone, Amytal) is an intermediate-acting barbiturate. (espionageinfo.com)
  • Amobarbital is an intermediate-acting barbiturate with hypnotic properties used in short-term treatment of insomnia and to reduce anxiety and provide sedation preoperatively. (mayocliniclabs.com)
  • Amobarbital sodium, an intermediate-acting barbiturate, is a CNS depressant. (rxreasoner.com)
  • Anxiety Epilepsy Insomnia Wada test When given slowly by an intravenous route, sodium amobarbital has a reputation for acting as a so-called truth serum. (wikipedia.org)
  • In particular, in order to make amobarbital, α-ethyl-α-isoamylmalonic ester is reacted with urea (in the presence of sodium ethoxide). (wikipedia.org)
  • As with secobarbital sodium and pentobarbital sodium, other barbiturates (including amobarbital) might be expected to lose their effectiveness for inducing and maintaining sleep after about 2 weeks. (rxreasoner.com)
  • The sodium salts of amobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, and secobarbital are available as sterile parenteral solutions. (mind42.com)
  • Sodium amobarbital and effects of frustrative nonreward. (bvsalud.org)
  • A 1988 study found that amobarbital increases benzodiazepine receptor binding in vivo with less potency than secobarbital and pentobarbital (in descending order), but greater than phenobarbital and barbital (in descending order). (wikipedia.org)
  • Mezerein (34807415), 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13- acetate (544638), amobarbital (57432), butylated-hydroxytoluene (128370), phenobarbital (50066), butylated-hydroxyanisole (25013165), tryptophan (153946), and catechol (120809) inhibited metabolic cooperation between the wild type and mutant cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Amobarbital (5-ethyl-5-isoamylbarbituric acid), like all barbiturates, is synthesized by reacting malonic acid derivatives with urea derivatives. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amobarbital is a sedative hypnotic with anticonvulsant properties that interfere with the transmission of impulses from the thalamus to the cortex. (medscape.com)
  • barbital) It has an LD50 in mice of 212 mg/kg s.c.[citation needed] Amobarbital undergoes both hydroxylation to form 3'-hydroxyamobarbital, and N-glucosidation to form 1-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-amobarbital. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amobarbital is administered by intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection. (mayocliniclabs.com)
  • citation needed] If amobarbital is taken for extended periods of time, physiological and psychological dependence can develop. (wikipedia.org)
  • LSD and amobarbital did not reduce the proprioception. (erowid.org)
  • Amobarbital has been used in a study to inhibit mitochondrial electron transport in the rat heart in an attempt to preserve mitochondrial function following reperfusion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amobarbital did not change the motor function while LSD improved and accelerated motor learning. (erowid.org)
  • According to notes from Kennedy's doctor, Kennedy took secobarbital and amobarbital to help him sleep. (sleepbetter.org)
  • Anxiety Epilepsy Insomnia Wada test When given slowly by an intravenous route, sodium amobarbital has a reputation for acting as a so-called truth serum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our aim was to investigate the safety and efficacy of propofol relative to amobarbital in the Wada test. (nih.gov)
  • These findings support previous studies indicating that propofol is as safe and efficacious as amobarbital, and can continue to be used in Wada procedures with confidence. (nih.gov)
  • King, D. (1992) Amobarbital effects and lateralized Brain Function - The Wada Test . (bvsalud.org)
  • The duration of the drug effect during the intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP) is an important factor when considering the prioritization of behavioral testing during the IAP. (nih.gov)
  • Potential toxic effects of superselective injection of amobarbital sodium on microvasculature: a study in an animal model. (ajnr.org)
  • Previous studies of thiopental, a barbiturate similar to sodium amobarbital, found that age and gender significantly affect the dose required to induce anesthesia, such that younger patients require higher dosage. (nih.gov)
  • Amobarbital has been used in a study to inhibit mitochondrial electron transport in the rat heart in an attempt to preserve mitochondrial function following reperfusion. (wikipedia.org)
  • To determine if a higher dose of sodium amobarbital was needed for younger patients during the IAP, we analyzed the time to return to preinjection EEG baseline status and time to return to 5/5 strength as a function of patient age and gender. (nih.gov)
  • The sodium amobarbital effect during IAP dissipates faster in young patients. (nih.gov)
  • Propofol produced similar lateralization rates as amobarbital for both language and memory. (nih.gov)
  • Sodium-cyclamate (139059), tryptophan (153946), and amobarbital (57432) showed ambiguous or weakly positive results. (cdc.gov)