Anaplasmataceae
Decapitation
Anaplasma
Rickettsiaceae
Anaplasmosis
Ehrlichia
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Ehrlichiosis
Western immunoblot analysis of the antigens of Haemobartonella felis with sera from experimentally infected cats. (1/35)
Cats were experimentally infected with a Florida isolate of Haemobartonella felis in order to collect organisms and evaluate the immune response to H. felis. Cryopreserved organisms were thawed and injected intravenously into nonsplenectomized and splenectomized cats. Splenectomized animals were given 10 mg of methylprednisolone per ml at the time of inoculation. Blood films were evaluated daily for 1 week prior to infection and for up to 60 days postinfection (p. i.). Blood for H. felis purification was repeatedly collected from splenectomized animals at periods of peak parasitemias. Organisms were purified from infected blood by differential centrifugation, separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes for immunoblot analysis. Serum was collected from nonsplenectomized animals prior to and for up to 60 days p.i. and was used on immunoblots to identify antigens. The combination of splenectomy and corticosteroid treatment resulted in marked, cyclic parasitemias without concurrent severe anemia, providing an opportunity to harvest organisms in a manner that was not lethal to the animals. Several antigens (150, 52, 47, 45, and 14 kDa) were identified. An antigen with a molecular mass of approximately 14 kDa appeared to be one of the most immunodominant and was consistently recognized by immune sera collected at various times during the course of infection. These data suggest that one or more of these antigens might be useful for the serologic diagnosis of H. felis infections in cats. (+info)Specific in situ hybridization of Haemobartonella felis with a DNA probe and tyramide signal amplification. (2/35)
Haemobartonella felis is an epierythrocytic bacterium suspected to be the causative agent of feline infectious anemia. Previous studies with a polymerase chain reaction assay have identified a mycoplasmal 16S rRNA gene sequence that coincides with clinical disease and the presence of organisms in the blood. Tissues from a cat experimentally infected with H. felis were used for in situ hybridization studies to physically link this 16S rRNA gene to the organisms on the red cells. A biotin-labeled probe was used in conjunction with tyramide signal amplification to visualize the hybridization signal. This study clearly demonstrates a specific hybridization signal on the red cells in the tissues of the H. felis-infected cat. This in situ hybridization study is the final step in fulfilling the molecular guidelines for disease causation and proves that H. felis, a mycoplasmal organism, is the causative agent of feline infectious anemia. (+info)Mechanisms of variable p44 expression by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. (3/35)
The human intragranulocytic bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum promotes variation of P44s, which are surface-exposed proteins encoded by a p44 multigene family. In the present study, the specific p44 gene expression loci in four strains of A. phagocytophilum were identified and it was determined that each consisted of four tandem genes, tr1, omp-1X, omp-1N, and p44. A putative sigma(70)-type promoter was found upstream of tr1. The p44 genes include a central hypervariable region flanked by conserved regions. The hypervariable region sequence in the p44 expression locus was duplicated and, regardless of the expression status, conserved at another locus in both low- and high-passage cell cultures of strain NY-37. No significant differences in the hypervariable region were found when we compared p44 sequences, at the level of cDNA, within the expression locus and within other loci in the genomes of strains NY-37 and HZ. Similarly, in cDNA isolated from patients and from assorted cultures of strains NY-31, NY-36, and NY-37, hypervariable regions of 450 deduced amino acid sequences of various p44s within each strain were found to be identical, as were those of p44 sequences in the genome of strain HZ. These data suggest that variations in p44 sequences at the level of the p44 expression locus occur through unidirectional conversion of the entire (nonsegmental) p44 hypervariable region including flanking regions with a corresponding sequence copied from one of the conserved donor p44 genomic loci. The data suggest that the P44 antigenic repertoire within the hypervariable region is restricted. (+info)Molecular characterization of Aegyptianella pullorum (Rickettsiales, Anaplasmataceae). (4/35)
We sequenced the 16S rRNA and groEL genes of Aegyptianella pullorum, a small bacterium that infects and replicates only in avian red blood cells. A specific PCR test was developed to analyze A. pullorum DNA. Phylogenic analysis revealed A. pullorum is most closely related to Anaplasma spp. (+info)Two cases of Neorickettsia (Ehrlichia) risticii infection in horses from Nova Scotia. (5/35)
Two horses from Nova Scotia were diagnosed with Potomac horse fever (PHF). Polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed on formalin-fixed colon tissue or whole blood to show the presence of Neorickettsia risticii DNA, the causative agent of PHF. These are the first reported cases of PHF in the Maritime Provinces. (+info)Anaplasma phagocytophilum has a functional msp2 gene that is distinct from p44. (6/35)
The msp2 and p44 genes encode polymorphic major outer membrane proteins that are considered unique to the intraerythrocytic agent of Anaplasma marginale and the intragranulocytic agent of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, respectively. In the present study, however, we found an msp2 gene in A. phagocytophilum that was remarkably conserved among A. phagocytophilum strains from human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) patients, ticks, and a horse from various regions in the United States, but the gene was different in a sheep isolate from the United Kingdom. The msp2 gene in the A. phagocytophilum strain HZ genome was a single-copy gene and was located downstream of two Ehrlichia chaffeensis omp-1 homologs and a decarboxylase gene (ubiD). The msp2 gene was expressed by A. phagocytophilum in the blood from HGA patients NY36 and NY37 and by A. phagocytophilum isolates from these patients cultured in HL-60 cells at 37 degrees C. The msp2 gene was also expressed in a DBA/2 mouse infected by attaching ticks infected with strain NTN-1 and in a horse experimentally infected by attaching strain HZ-infected ticks. However, the transcript of the msp2 gene was undetectable in A. phagocytophilum strain HZ in SCID mice and Ixodes scapularis ticks infected with strain NTN-1. These results indicate that msp2 is functional in various strains of A. phagocytophilum, and relative expression ratios of msp2 to p44 vary in different infected hosts. These findings may be important in understanding roles that Msp2 proteins play in granulocytic ehrlichia infection and evolution of the polymorphic major outer membrane protein gene families in Anaplasma species. (+info)Analysis of p51, groESL, and the major antigen P51 in various species of Neorickettsia, an obligatory intracellular bacterium that infects trematodes and mammals. (7/35)
The p51 gene that encodes the major antigenic 51-kDa protein in Neorickettsia risticii was identified in strains of Neorickettsia sennetsu and the Stellantchasmus falcatus agent but not in Neorickettsia helminthoeca, suggesting that p51-based diagnosis would be useful to distinguish among them. groESL sequencing results delineated the phylogenic relationships among Neorickettsia spp. (+info)Ultrastructure and phylogenetic analysis of 'Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis' in the family Anaplasmataceae, isolated from wild rats and found in Ixodes ovatus ticks. (8/35)
A novel bacterium that infects laboratory rats was isolated from wild Rattus norvegicus rats in Japan. Transmission electron microscopy of the spleen tissue revealed small cocci surrounded by an inner membrane and a thin, rippled outer membrane in a membrane-bound inclusion within the cytoplasm of endothelial cells. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the bacterium found in R. norvegicus rats and Ixodes ovatus ticks in Japan revealed that the organism represents a novel clade in the family Anaplasmataceae, which includes the Schotti variant found in Ixodes ricinus ticks in the Netherlands and the Ehrlichia-like Rattus strain found in R. norvegicus rats from China. The novel clade was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of groESL sequences found in R. norvegicus rats and Ixodes ovatus ticks in Japan. No serological cross-reactivity was detected between this bacterium and members of the genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia or Neorickettsia in the family Anaplasmataceae. It is proposed that this new cluster of bacteria should be designated 'Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis'. (+info)Anaplasmataceae infections are a group of diseases caused by bacteria belonging to the family Anaplasmataceae. These bacteria include Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Neorickettsia genera, which infect various mammalian hosts, including humans. The most well-known diseases caused by these bacteria are human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS).
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, which infects neutrophils in humans. Symptoms of HGA include fever, headache, muscle aches, and chills. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as respiratory failure, neurological symptoms, and even death.
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) is caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis or Ehrlichia ewingii, which infect monocytes in humans. Symptoms of HME are similar to those of HGA but may also include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and rash. Severe cases can lead to complications such as kidney failure, respiratory distress, and neurological symptoms.
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is caused by Dabie bandavirus, a member of the genus Bandavirus within the family Phenuiviridae. It was previously classified as a member of the family Anaplasmataceae. SFTS is transmitted to humans through tick bites and causes symptoms such as fever, fatigue, muscle pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Severe cases can lead to complications such as multi-organ failure, shock, and death.
Diagnosis of Anaplasmataceae infections typically involves laboratory tests that detect the presence of bacterial DNA or antibodies against the bacteria in the blood. Treatment usually includes antibiotics such as doxycycline, which is effective against all three genera of bacteria within the family Anaplasmataceae. Preventing tick bites through the use of insect repellent and protective clothing can help reduce the risk of infection.
Anaplasmataceae is a family of gram-negative, tick-borne bacteria that includes several human pathogens. These bacteria are known to infect and parasitize the white blood cells (such as granulocytes, monocytes, or erythrocytes) of various mammals, including humans. The bacterial genus within Anaplasmataceae include Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia, and Orientia.
Some notable human pathogens in this family are:
1. Anaplasma phagocytophilum - Causes Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA), which is transmitted primarily through the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) and the western black-legged tick (Ixodes pacificus).
2. Ehrlichia chaffeensis - Causes Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME), which is transmitted mainly by the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum).
3. Ehrlichia ewingii - Associated with Human Ewingii Ehrlichiosis, primarily transmitted through the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum).
4. Neorickettsia sennetsu - Causes Sennetsu fever, which is a rare infectious disease in humans and is usually found in Japan and Southeast Asia. It's transmitted by the swallow bug or through the consumption of raw fish.
5. Orientia tsutsugamushi - Causes Scrub typhus, a widespread mite-borne disease in the Asia-Pacific region.
These bacterial infections can lead to flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle pain, and fatigue. In severe cases, they may cause complications like respiratory failure, organ damage, or even death if left untreated. Early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment are crucial for a favorable prognosis.
Decapitation is the surgical separation or removal of the head from the body. It is also used to describe the traumatic separation of the head from the body, such as in a severe accident or a violent act. In a medical context, decapitation may be performed during an autopsy or as part of a surgical procedure for certain conditions like cancer or severe trauma.
Anaplasma is a genus of intracellular bacteria that infect and parasitize the white blood cells of various animals, including humans. It is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks. The most common species that infect humans are Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma platys.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), a tick-borne disease characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and leukopenia. It infects granulocytes, a type of white blood cell, and can cause severe complications such as respiratory failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and even death in some cases.
Anaplasma platys causes canine cyclic thrombocytopenia, a disease that affects dogs and is characterized by recurring low platelet counts. It infects platelets, another type of blood cell involved in clotting, and can cause bleeding disorders in affected animals.
Diagnosis of Anaplasma infections typically involves the detection of antibodies against the bacteria or the direct identification of the organism through molecular methods such as PCR. Treatment usually involves the use of antibiotics such as doxycycline, which is effective against both species of Anaplasma. Prevention measures include avoiding tick-infested areas and using insect repellents and protective clothing to reduce the risk of tick bites.
Rickettsiaceae is a family of Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria that are primarily parasitic in arthropods and mammals. They are the causative agents of several important human diseases, including typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and rickettsialpox. These bacteria are typically transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods such as ticks, fleas, or lice.
The bacteria in Rickettsiaceae are small, non-motile, and have a unique bipolar appearance with tapered ends. They can only replicate inside host cells, where they manipulate the host cell's machinery to create a protective niche for themselves. This makes them difficult to culture and study outside of their hosts.
Rickettsiaceae bacteria are divided into several genera based on their genetic and antigenic characteristics, including Rickettsia, Orientia, and Coxiella. Each genus contains several species that can cause different diseases in humans. For example, Rickettsia rickettsii is the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, while Rickettsia prowazekii causes epidemic typhus.
Overall, Rickettsiaceae bacteria are important pathogens that can cause serious and sometimes fatal diseases in humans. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with appropriate antibiotics is essential for a successful outcome.
Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) in the northeastern and upper midwestern United States and western black-legged ticks (Ixodes pacificus) in the western United States.
The bacterium infects and reproduces within certain white blood cells, leading to symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle aches, and chills that typically appear within 1-2 weeks after a tick bite. Other possible symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, and a rash (although a rash is uncommon).
Anaplasmosis can be diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies against the bacterium or the DNA of the organism itself. It is usually treated with antibiotics such as doxycycline, which are most effective when started early in the course of the disease.
Preventing tick bites is the best way to avoid anaplasmosis and other tick-borne diseases. This can be done by using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, avoiding wooded and brushy areas with high grass, and checking for ticks after being outdoors. If a tick is found, it should be removed promptly using fine-tipped tweezers, grasping the tick as close to the skin as possible and pulling straight upwards with steady pressure.
Ehrlichia is a genus of gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria that infect and replicate within the vacuoles of host cells. These bacteria are transmitted to humans and animals through the bite of infected arthropods, such as ticks. Infection with Ehrlichia can cause a variety of symptoms, including fever, headache, muscle aches, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Some species of Ehrlichia, such as Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii, are known to cause human disease, including ehrlichiosis.
Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne disease that can range in severity from mild to severe and can be fatal if not promptly diagnosed and treated. Symptoms of ehrlichiosis may include fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In some cases, the infection can lead to more serious complications, such as neurological problems, respiratory failure, or kidney failure.
Ehrlichiosis is typically treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline, which are effective against the bacteria. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect that you may have been infected with Ehrlichia, as early treatment can help prevent serious complications. Prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and avoiding tick-infested areas, can also help reduce the risk of infection.
'Anaplasma phagocytophilum' is a gram-negative bacterium that causes Anaplasmosis, a tick-borne disease in humans. It infects and survives within granulocytes, a type of white blood cell, leading to symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle pain, and chills. In severe cases, it can cause complications like respiratory failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and even death. It is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks, primarily the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) in the United States and the sheep tick (Ixodes ricinus) in Europe. Proper diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are crucial for managing this infection.
Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by infection with Ehrlichia bacteria. It is typically transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick. The symptoms of ehrlichiosis can include fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. If left untreated, ehrlichiosis can cause serious complications, including damage to the central nervous system and other organs. It is important to seek medical attention if you think you may have been exposed to ehrlichiosis and are experiencing symptoms of the disease. A healthcare provider can diagnose ehrlichiosis through laboratory tests and can recommend appropriate treatment, which typically involves antibiotics. Prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and avoiding tick-infested areas, can help reduce the risk of ehrlichiosis and other tick-borne diseases.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.
Ehrlichiosis
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
List of MeSH codes (C01)
Ehrlichia ewingii
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
Neorickettsia risticii
Neoehrlichia mikurensis
Anaplasma bovis
Ehrlichia ruminantium
Anaplasma
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Wolbachia
Parasitic flies of domestic animals
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Anaplasma20
- The rickettsial family Anaplasmataceae contains several tick-transmitted bacteria of considerable medical and veterinary importance, including known human pathogens such as Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia chaffeensis . (cdc.gov)
- Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne bacterial infection, caused by bacteria of the family Anaplasmataceae, genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. (wikipedia.org)
- Six (see note below) species have been shown to cause human infection: Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. (wikipedia.org)
- The tick-borne intracellular pathogen, Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis after infection of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
- With newer genetic analyses, these agents have been reclassified into the genera of Ehrlichia , Anaplasma , and Neorickettsia , all of which are in the family Anaplasmataceae. (msdvetmanual.com)
- infection of Anaplasma platys was detected in 1% of Ixodes persulcatus ticks and 10% of Dermacentor nuttalli ticks. (who.int)
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium long recognized as a veterinary agent 1 and more recently as a human infection. (who.int)
- This bacterial infection is triggered by an organism more specifically known as Anaplasma phagocytophilum . (jillcarnahan.com)
- And Anaplasma and Ehrlichia have been identified as co-infections to Lyme disease - which is the most commonly contracted tick-borne illness. (jillcarnahan.com)
- 4 Now let's take a look at exactly what kind of symptoms co-infections with Anaplasma and Ehrlichia can cause. (jillcarnahan.com)
- This dataset essentially presents as a prospective study enabling the association of the Anaplasma infections with occurring disease. (biomedcentral.com)
- All six dogs were infected, and two of them developed particular clinical symptoms that could be associated with Anaplasma infections over time. (biomedcentral.com)
- The ongoing presence of specific antibodies and Anaplasma DNA in one dog indicates one year of persisting infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- No single symptom can be appointed as pathognomonic for an A. phagocytophilum infection, but fever with severe pain and thrombocytopenia warrants serological and molecular testing for Anaplasma . (biomedcentral.com)
- An active Anaplasma -infection can be diagnosed by microscopic detection of morulae in granulocytic white blood cells or by demonstrating emerging specific antibodies (seroconversion) [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Methods: In this study a total of 712 DNA samples collected from small ruminants were analyzed for Anaplasmataceae and Anaplasma ovis using the 16S rRNA and MSP4 genes respectively. (busitema.ac.ug)
- The risk of Anaplasma ovis infections was not affected by age (OR ¼ 1.2, 95% CI: 0.9-1.7) or sex (OR ¼ 1.1, 95% CI: 0.6-2.0). (busitema.ac.ug)
- Anaplasmataceae includes the genera Anaplasma, Neorickettsia , and Wolbachia . (frontiersin.org)
- Reorganization of the genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma , Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia , descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and "HGE agent" as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila . (zju.edu.cn)
- The genus Anaplasma (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) comprises obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria that are mainly transmitted by ticks, and currently includes six species: Anaplasma bovis, Anaplasma centrale, Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, and Anaplasma ovis. (unl.pt)
Rickettsiales3
- This study sought to identify rickettsial agents (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae and Rickettsiaceae) in ticks collected from S. scrofa obtained in Florida and South Carolina. (cdc.gov)
- Wolbachia (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) are maternally transmitted intracellular bacteria that infect approximately half of all insect species. (ajuronline.org)
- O nome rickettsia úsase ás veces en sentido amplo para referirse a todas as Rickettsiales . (wikipedia.org)
Ticks12
- Anaplasmataceae and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the sand lizard Lacerta agilis and co-infection of these bacteria in hosted Ixodes ricinus ticks. (nih.gov)
- Anaplasmataceae and Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. are important tick-borne bacteria maintained in nature by transmission between ticks and vertebrate hosts. (biomedcentral.com)
- Moreover, we found a significant correlation between numbers of ticks infected with Anaplasmataceae and with B. burgdorferi s.l. living on the same lizard. (biomedcentral.com)
- On August 3, 2011, infection by a yet-unnamed bacterium in the genus Ehrlichia was reported, carried by deer ticks and causing flu-like symptoms in at least 25 people in Minnesota and Wisconsin. (wikipedia.org)
- While B miyamotoi was first identified in Japan in 1995 from ticks and field mice, human infections were not described until 2011 when 46 cases were reported from Russia. (logicalimages.com)
- Incidence of infection is increased in summer months when ticks are most actively seeking hosts. (logicalimages.com)
- Previous studies have found that more than 10% of co-infections were in host-seeking ticks. (bvsalud.org)
- More than 14,000 host-seeking and host-associated ticks from different habitats and host groups were individually tested for 12 different pathogens of Anaplasmataceae and Borrelia. (zoonosen.net)
- Because co-infections between Lyme borrelia and A. phagocytophilum were extremely rare in host-seeking ticks, A. phagocytophilum is not associated with rodents, birds or lizards as reservoir hosts. (zoonosen.net)
- The analyses carried out on host-seeking and host-associated ticks from areas with different land uses allow conclusions to be drawn about host animal associations, habitat associations, mode of transmission and stability of the transmission centre of the Anaplasmataceae studied. (zoonosen.net)
- rates of infection of amblyomma americanum (l.) by ehrlichia chaffeensis were compared in 100 ticks collected from sites in each of four states: indiana, north carolina, kentucky, and mississippi. (liverpool.ac.uk)
- rickettsial infection in amblyomma nodosum ticks (acari: ixodidae) from brazil. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Pathogens10
- In this paper we show the role of sand lizard ( Lacerta agilis ) in the transmission cycle of important tick-borne pathogens, Anaplasmataceae and Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. (biomedcentral.com)
- Furthermore, high read counts for five genera containing potentially human pathogenic species were detected among both male and female microbiomes: Ehrlichia, Borrelia, Rickettsia, Candidatus Neoehrlichia and Burkholderia and co-infections between different pathogens were frequent. (bvsalud.org)
- We also stress the importance of this tick species as a vector of potential human pathogens frequently found in co-infections. (bvsalud.org)
- Several tick-borne diseases often coexist in the same foci, and a single vector tick can transmit two or more pathogens at the same time, which greatly increases the probability of co-infection in host animals and humans and can lead to an epidemic of tick-borne disease. (bvsalud.org)
- The lack of epidemiological data and information on the specific clinical symptoms related to co-infection with tick-borne pathogens means that it is not currently possible to accurately and rapidly distinguish between a single pathogen infection and co-infection with multiple pathogens, which can have serious consequences. (bvsalud.org)
- However, the lack of data on the specific types of co-infection with pathogens makes clinical treatment difficult. (bvsalud.org)
- The prevalences of each pathogen and of co-infections of all occurring combinations of pathogens were determined. (zoonosen.net)
- In Mérida, Nicaragua, the potential for infection of horses by tickborne pathogens is a concern because of the horses' often poor body condition and heavy tick infestations. (cdc.gov)
- E. chaffeensis, E. ewingii , and EMLA are considered human zoonotic pathogens, but E. canis infections in humans have been reported in South America. (frontiersin.org)
- Contrasting other rickettsial human pathogens in Family Anaplasmataceae, Orientia and Rickettsia species do not reside in host-derived vacuoles and lack glycolytic potential. (ox.ac.uk)
Ehrlichia9
- Ehrlichia canis Neorickettsia sennetsu Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis The latter three infections are not well studied. (wikipedia.org)
- In 2008, human infection by a Panola Mountain (in Georgia, USA) Ehrlichia species was reported. (wikipedia.org)
- Experiments in mouse models further support this hypothesis, as mice lacking TNF-alpha I/II receptors are resistant to liver injury caused by Ehrlichia infection. (wikipedia.org)
- Dogs infected with Ehrlichia often show lameness, lethargy, enlarged lymph nodes, and loss of appetite during the acute phase, which is one to three weeks after infection. (wikipedia.org)
- A bacterial infection of Ehrlichia in humans causes a condition known as Ehrlichiosis . (jillcarnahan.com)
- Ehrlichia are zoonotic obligate intracellular alpha-proteobacteria of the family Anaplasmataceae. (fullerlabs.com)
- The antibody response to infections by Ehrlichia chaffeensis , Ehrlichia ewingii , Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia muris is primarily directed against outer-membrane protein antigens and is most often detected using standard IFA and MIF methods. (fullerlabs.com)
- The first incident of human ehrlichiosis (the infection caused by the Ehrlichia bacterium) was reported in Japan in 1954. (kenyon.edu)
- Despite its small genome and limited number of effector proteins, Ehrlichia efficiently establishes an intracellular infection and avoids immune defenses in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts through complex molecular and cellular reprogramming strategies. (frontiersin.org)
Rickettsiaceae2
- The primers were chosen to be specific for bacteria belonging to the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae ( 10 ), but they also amplified Bartonella spp. (cdc.gov)
- The order encompasses three families (Rickettsiaceae,Anaplasmataceae, andHolosporaceae) and a fourth, family-level cluster, which includes only one candidate species, "CandidatusMidichloria mitochondrii," as well as several unnamed bacterial symbionts. (uibk.ac.at)
Bacteria of the family1
- Infections with bacteria of the family ANAPLASMATACEAE. (uchicago.edu)
Obligate1
- Ehrlichiosis is an infection caused by obligate, intracellular bacteria that primarily affect cells of the immune system in dogs, cats, and people. (msdvetmanual.com)
Borrelia2
- Borrelia miyamotoi disease (BMD), a hard tick-borne relapsing fever, is an emerging infection due to a relapsing fever Borrelia and transmitted by Ixodes tick species. (logicalimages.com)
- A large number of bacteria other than Borrelia i.e., parasites and viruses are transmitted by tick bites and could cause different signs and symptoms in patients, the so-called co - infections (2-5). (fortuneonline.org)
Prevalence4
- Prevalence and molecular characterization of Anaplasmataceae agents in free-ranging Brazilian marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus). (nih.gov)
- infection prevalence in A. americanum of 2.7% and 2.9% in Florida and South Carolina, respectively. (cdc.gov)
- Additionally, a 0.9% infection prevalence of R. parkeri was identified in A. americanum collected in South Carolina. (cdc.gov)
- infection prevalence was documented in collected A. americanum in South Carolina. (cdc.gov)
Bacterial7
- Ehrlichiosis is a bacterial infection transmitted by the bite of a tick. (medlineplus.gov)
- Now, let's take a \deeper look at each of these bacterial species before diving into exactly what a co-infection is. (jillcarnahan.com)
- Tick extracellular vesicles enable arthropod feeding and promote distinct outcomes of bacterial infection. (usda.gov)
- Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (rush.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections" by people in this website by year, and whether "Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (rush.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections" by people in Profiles. (rush.edu)
- Bubonic plague is one of three types of bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis . (infogalactic.com)
Wolbachia1
- PCR-based techniques were used to assign infection states and, from these data, the first cases of Wolbachia in the Paronellidae springtails, Lithobiidae (Lithobiomorpha) centipedes, Lonchopteridae (Diptera) spear-winged flies, Sepsidae (Diptera) black scavenger flies, Cryptocercidae (Blattodea) wood roaches, and Lauxaniidae (Diptera) acalyptrate flies were identified. (ajuronline.org)
Chaffeensis1
- Mechanisms by which E. chaffeensis establishes intracellular infection, and avoids host defenses are not well understood, but involve functionally relevant host-pathogen interactions associated with tandem and ankyrin repeat effector proteins. (frontiersin.org)
Opportunistic infections1
- Ehrlichiosis can also blunt the immune system by suppressing production of TNF-alpha, which may lead to opportunistic infections such as candidiasis. (wikipedia.org)
Symptoms3
- Many other infections and noninfectious diseases may present with similar symptoms. (logicalimages.com)
- What's worse, co-infections can have a synergistic effect - essentially amplifying each other's symptoms and duration. (jillcarnahan.com)
- According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HME is one of the most frequent life-threatening tick-borne zoonoses (a disease that can be transmitted from an animal to a human) but frequently goes unreported in the United States since symptoms are similar to many other diseases or infections a person may get from insect bites, like Lyme disease from a tick. (kenyon.edu)
Rickettsia5
- They're typically grouped together because they're both rickettsia-like bacteria belonging to the Anaplasmataceae family. (jillcarnahan.com)
- Debido a este tipo de parasitismo, Rickettsia non pode vivir en medios artificiais con nutrientes e hai que cultivala en cultivos de embrións (xeralmente ovos de polo embrionados) ou de tecidos biolóxicos . (wikipedia.org)
- O método de cultivo das Rickettsia en embrións de polo inventouno Ernest William Goodpasture e os seus colegas na década de 1930. (wikipedia.org)
- As especies de Rickettsia son transportadas por moitas especies de carrachas , pulgas , e piollos , e causan enfermidades en humanos como por exemplo o tifo exantemático , varíola rickettsial [ 10 ] , febre botonosa [ 10 ] , febre manchada das Montañas Rocosas , ou a febre manchada da illa Flinders . (wikipedia.org)
- Rickettsia divídese en tres grupos baseados na seroloxía, que son: grupo da febre manchada, do tifo e da febre de tsutsugamushi [ 10 ] . (wikipedia.org)
Rickettsial infections1
- the rickettsial infections in 174 amblyomma nodosum found on passeriform birds in the atlantic forest, eastern brazil, have recently been evaluated. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Epidemiology1
- Background: Information as regards the epidemiology of the Anaplasmataceae in small ruminants in several lowand middle-income countries is scarce. (busitema.ac.ug)
Lyme2
- These microscopic bacteria are also often mentioned in the same breath because they're both considered Lyme co-infections . (jillcarnahan.com)
- Other common Lyme co-infections include Bartonella and Babesia . (jillcarnahan.com)
Family1
- family: Anaplasmataceae [Others may be used. (kenyon.edu)
Bartonella1
- Double infections with both Candidatus N. mikurensis and Bartonella spp. (cdc.gov)
RRNA2
- A nested PCR was performed with primers for Anaplasmataceae specific for the 16S rRNA gene ( 10 ). (cdc.gov)
- In this paper, two new bacteria belonging to the "CandidatusMidichloria" clade, hosted by two different strains of the ciliate protistEuplotes harpa, are described on the basis of ultrastructural observations, comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, and an estimation of the percentage of infection. (uibk.ac.at)
Candidatus Neoehrlichia1
- Of 771 rodents, 68 (8.8%) were infected by Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, but no other Anaplasmataceae were found. (cdc.gov)
Phagocytophilum infection3
- The effect of Sp110 expression on A. phagocytophilum infection was determined by RNA interference (RNAi). (biomedcentral.com)
- The A. phagocytophilum infection levels were evaluated in HL-60 cells after RNAi by real-time PCR of msp4 and normalizing against human Alu sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
- These results demonstrated that Sp110 expression is required for A. phagocytophilum infection and multiplication in HL-60 cells, and suggest a previously undescribed mechanism by which A. phagocytophilum modulates Sp110 mRNA levels to facilitate establishment of infection of human HL-60 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Ehrlichiosis2
- However, the term "ehrlichiosis" is still sometimes used to broadly describe these infections. (msdvetmanual.com)
- Several published reports of monocytic ehrlichiosis in cats suggest that feline infection may occur, albeit uncommonly. (msdvetmanual.com)
Clinical3
- Various tick-borne infections often occur without specific clinical signs and are therefore notoriously hard to diagnose separately in veterinary practice. (biomedcentral.com)
- Longitudinal studies over multiple tick seasons performing clinical, serological and molecular investigations in parallel, may elucidate the relationship between infection and disease. (biomedcentral.com)
- Treatment with doxycycline during recurring clinical episodes in the other dog resulted in transient clinical improvement and subsequent disappearance of specific antibodies and DNA suggesting that re-infection occurred. (biomedcentral.com)
Mikurensis2
- In this study, we collected blood samples from 7 small mammal species (rodents and shrews) at 5 localities in southern Sweden to investigate their role as hosts for Anaplasmataceae to determine whether these small mammals serve as natural hosts for Candidatus N. mikurensis. (cdc.gov)
- The most common co-infection occurring in all habitats was between N. mikurensis and B. afzelii. (zoonosen.net)
Diagnosis1
- A diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infection was made and he was given a course of piperacillin-tazobactam during hospitalisation in China. (hkmj.org)
Descriptor1
- Anaplasmataceae Infections" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)
Bacterium1
- Observed microorganism co-infection rates suggest that the risk of infection with one tick-borne bacterium is not independent of other bacteria [ 30 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Microbiology1
- Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. (usda.gov)
Hosts1
- We examined small mammals as hosts for Anaplasmataceae in southern Sweden. (cdc.gov)
Human6
- Recently, a case of human disease in a Swedish patient with recurrent fever episodes caused by another member of Anaplasmataceae was reported. (cdc.gov)
- In this research, we hypothesized that Sp110 may be involved in the infection of human promyelocytic HL-60 cells with A. phagocytophilum . (biomedcentral.com)
- The human Sp110 and A. phagocytophilum msp4 mRNA levels were evaluated by real-time RT-PCR in infected human HL-60 cells sampled at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours post-infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- although it is not considered a primary zoonosis, human infection with this agent has been occasionally reported. (msdvetmanual.com)
- The tick vector and the potential for canine and human infection remain unknown. (cdc.gov)
- It usually causes a non-pathogenic subcutaneous infection in dogs and is the principal agent of human dirofilariosis in the Old World. (unl.pt)
Lacerta1
- The current study showed that 23 of 171 examined sand lizards Lacerta agilis were PCR positive for Anaplasmataceae . (biomedcentral.com)
Additionally1
- To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Anaplasmataceae DNA and additionally the second report of B. burgdorferi s.l DNA detection in the sand lizard. (biomedcentral.com)
Disease1
- Doxycycline was added for treatment due to persistent fever and because it is known that Lyme's disease can be a concurrent infection. (hkmj.org)
Immune1
- A case of infection-associated antiproteinase-3-negative cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody pauci-immune focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis. (rush.edu)
Tick6
- Recognition of and Prompt Treatment for Tick-Borne Infections in Children. (nih.gov)
- Emerging tick-borne infections in mainland China: an increasing public health threat. (nih.gov)
- Tick-borne haemoparasites and Anaplasmataceae in domestic dogs in Zambia. (nih.gov)
- In rare cases, a tick bite can lead to more than one infection (co-infection). (medlineplus.gov)
- In our study, we present data on the co-infection types and the differences in co-infection among different ecological regions through genetic analysis of tick samples collected throughout Inner Mongolia. (bvsalud.org)
- It might be thus more accurate to change the paradigm, and consider the term "crypto-infections" rather than exclusively "tick-borne infections" (6). (fortuneonline.org)
Occur1
- however, these deaths occur "most commonly in immunosuppressed individuals who develop respiratory distress syndrome, hepatitis, or opportunistic nosocomial infections. (wikipedia.org)
Travelers1
- Travelers' diarrhea ( TD ) is a stomach and intestinal infection. (wikipedia.org)
Cycle1
- After infection, A. phagocytophilum undergoes a developmental cycle in parasitophorous vacuoles that includes reticulated and dense forms, and this infection modulates host cell growth and differentiation [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)