Suppression of NO production in activated macrophages in vitro and ex vivo by neoandrographolide isolated from Andrographis paniculata. (1/39)

In this study, we investigated the in vitro and ex vivo suppressive effects of Andrographis paniculata on nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse peritoneal macrophages elicited by bacillus Calmette-Guein (BCG) and stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Incubation of BCG-induced macrophages with the methanol extract of A. paniculata reduced LPS stimulated NO production. The diterpene lactones andrographolide and neoandrographolide were isolated as active components from the extract. These compounds suppressed NO production in a concentration-dependent manner in the concentration range from 0.1 to 100 microM and their IC50 values were 7.9 and 35.5 microM. Neoandrographolide also suppressed NO production by 35 and 40% when the macrophages were collected after oral administration of neoandrographolide at doses of 5 and 25 mg/kg/d and LPS stimulated NO production was examined. However, andrographolide did not reduce NO production on oral administration at the same doses. These results indicate that neoandrographolide, which inhibited NO production both in vitro and ex vivo may play an important role in the use of A. paniculata as an anti-inflammatory crude drug.  (+info)

Two new flavonoids from Andrographis rothii. (2/39)

Two new flavonoids, 5, 7, 2', 5'-tetramethoxyflavanone (1) and 5-hydroxy-7, 2'-dimethoxyflavone (2), together with two known flavones, skullcapflavone I (3) and echioidin (4) were isolated from the whole plant of Andrographis rothii. The structures of the new compounds were established by extensive one- and two-dimensional (1D- and 2D-) NMR spectral studies.  (+info)

A new chalcone and a flavone from Andrographis neesiana. (3/39)

Two new flavonoids, 2',4',6',2,3,4-hexamethoxychalcone (1) and 5-hydroxy-7,2',5'-trimethoxyflavone (2) together with a known flavone glycoside, echioidinin 5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3) were isolated from the whole plant of Andrographis neesiana, and the structures were elucidated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and one- and two-dimensional (1D- and 2D)-NMR spectral studies including 1H-1H correlation spectroscopy (COSY), heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC), heteronuclear multiple bond connectivity (HMBC) and nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY) experiments.  (+info)

Flavonoids from Andrographis viscosula. (4/39)

Phytochemical investigation of the whole plant of Andrographis viscosula has led to the isolation of three new 2'-oxygenated flavonoids, (2R)-5-hydroxy-7,2',3'-trimethoxyflavanone (1), 7,2',5'-trimethoxyflavone (2), 5,7,2',3'-tetramethoxyflavone (3), and eight known flavones, 5,7,2'-trimethoxyflavone (4), 5,7,2',4',5'-pentamethoxyflavone (5), echioidinin (6), 5,2',6'-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (7), 5-hydroxy-7,2'-dimethoxyflavone (8), echioidin (9), echioidinin 5-O-glucoside (10), and 5,2',6'-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone 2'-O-glucoside (11). The structures of 1-11 were elucidated by physical and spectral methods, including extensive 2D NMR studies. The presence of 2'-oxygenated flavonoids is apparently restricted to Andrographis species in Acanthaceae. Therefore, 2'-oxygenated flavonoids are regarded as chemotaxonomic markers of Andrographis genus in the Acanthaceae family.  (+info)

Bisandrographolide from Andrographis paniculata activates TRPV4 channels. (5/39)

Many transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are activated or blocked by various compounds found in plants; two prominent examples include the activation of TRPV1 channels by capsaicin and the activation of TRPM8 channels by menthol. We sought to identify additional plant compounds that are active on other types of TRP channels. We screened a library of extracts from 50 Chinese herbal plants using a calcium-imaging assay to find compounds active on TRPV3 and TRPV4 channels. An extract from the plant Andrographis paniculata potently activated TRPV4 channels. The extract was fractionated further, and the active compound was identified as bisandrographolide A (BAA). We used purified compound to characterize the activity of BAA on certain TRPV channel subtypes. Although BAA activated TRPV4 channels with an EC(50) of 790-950 nm, it did not activate or block activation of TRPV1, TRPV2, or TRPV3 channels. BAA activated a large TRPV4-like current in immortalized mouse keratinocytes (308 cells) that have been shown to express TRPV4 protein endogenously. This compound also activated TRPV4 currents in cell-free outside-out patches from HEK293T cells overexpressing TRPV4 cDNA, suggesting that BAA can activate the channel in a membrane-delimited manner. Another related compound, andrographolide, found in abundance in the plant Andrographis was unable to activate or block activation of TRPV4 channels. These experiments show that BAA activates TRPV4 channels, and we discuss the possibility that activation of TRPV4 by BAA could play a role in some of the effects of Andrographis extract described in traditional medicine.  (+info)

Ameliorating effects of Andrographis paniculata extract against cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice. (6/39)

Major drawbacks of chemotherapeutic agents are their toxic side effects and lack of tumor specificity. Immunological and biochemical studies were here carried out to investigate protective effects of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata against cyclophosphamide (CTX) induced toxicity in vivo. Intraperitoneal administration of the extract significantly increased the total WBC account (3256.5+/-196 cells/cm(2)), bone marrow cellularity (17.1+/-10.4x10(6) cells/femur) and betaesterase positive cells (849+/-23.2 cells/4000 cells) in CTX treated animals, when compared to CTX alone treated control mice. Weights of lymphoid organs such as a spleen and thymus, reduced by CTX administration, were also increased by A paniculata treatment. Reduction of GSH in liver (4.8+/-0.21nmol/mg protein) and in intestinal mucosa (13+/-0.67 nmol/mg protein) of CTX-treated controls was significantly reversed by A paniculata administration (liver: 6.4+/-0.13, intestinal mucosa: 17.11+/-0.06), with amelioration of changes in serum and liver ALP, GPT, LPO (lipid peroxidation). Histopathological analysis of small intestine also suggests that extract could reduce the CTX induced intestinal damage. The level of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha, which was elevated during CTX administration, was significantly reduced by the A paniculata extract administration. The lowered levels of other cytokines like IFN-gamma, IL-2, GM-CSF, after CTX treatment were also found to be increased by extract administration.  (+info)

Secondary metabolites from Andrographis paniculata. (7/39)

Two new flavonoid glycosides, 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy (2R)-flavanone-5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 5-hydroxy-7,8,2',5'-tetramethoxy-flavone-5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), and a new diterpenoid, andrographic acid (3), along with andrographidine A (4) were isolated from Andrographis paniculata, and their structures were determined on the basis of physicochemical and spectroscopic analysis. Compound 3 was evaluated for cytotoxicity to KB cells along with andrographolide, isoandrographolide, neoandrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide obtained from A. paniculata in the present study. Cytotoxicity was observed for andrographolide and isoandrographolide with ED50 values of 6.5 and 5.1 microg/ml, respectively.  (+info)

Dechlorophyllation by electrocoagulation. (8/39)

Electrocoagulation was used for dechlorophyllation of alcoholic extracts from five plants. The results showed that for every plant extract studied, electrocoagulation was more efficient than the classical solvent extraction method in removing plant pigments, while not affecting the important secondary metabolites in those extracts.  (+info)

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