Aortic Arch Syndromes

Hoarseness

Vocal Cord Paralysis

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

Subclavian Artery

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries

Lynch Syndrome II

Laryngeal Nerves

Ortner's syndrome

Interrupted aortic arch

Aortic arch anomaly - peculiar facies - intellectual disability

Takayasu's arteritis

DiGeorge syndrome

TBX1

Fertilysin

PHACE syndrome

Adams-Oliver syndrome

Right-sided aortic arch

Yasui procedure

Double aortic arch

Hypoplastic right heart syndrome

Branchial

Circle of Willis

Intra-aortic balloon pump

Inflammatory aortic aneurysm

Median arcuate ligament syndrome

Aberrant subclavian artery

Cardiac neural crest

List of syndromes

Fryns syndrome

Vocal cord paresis

List of ICD-9 codes 740-759: congenital anomalies

Cyanotic heart defect

Pulse

Tetralogy of Fallot

LeCompte maneuver

Prostaglandin E1

Fetal aortic stenosis

Hypoplastic11

• The aortic valve was mildly hypoplastic and the main pulmonary artery moderately dilated along with suspicion for a single coronary artery. (heraldopenaccess.us)
• The previously noted right aortic arch was mildly hypoplastic and gave rise to the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries. (heraldopenaccess.us)
• Mild degrees of aortic arch obstruction are common following Norwood palliation for hypoplastic heart syndrome. (hgexperts.com)
• Coarctation of the aorta, interrupted aortic arch, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome in three generations. (gerboni.net)
• In this issue of Archives of Disease in Childhood , the Guy's group present their experience with staged reconstructive surgery for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). (bmj.com)
• Preoperative and postoperative Norwood stage I circulation in hypoplastic left heart syndrome: the balance between the systemic and pulmonary circulations is crucial. (bmj.com)
• Our journey begins at the 20 week scan, when our Little Beatrice was diagnosed with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. (tinytickers.org)
• At our next scan they told us her heart had in fact grown and was repairing itself .It was definitely not Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, but she would need a Bi Ventricular repair as the left side of her heart was still slender. (tinytickers.org)
• Photograph showing hypoplastic right thumb of the right hand of a 6-month-old infant with Holt-Oram syndrome. (medscape.com)
• In a baby with a coarctation, the aortic arch also might be smaller than usual ( hypoplastic ). (kidshealth.org)
• Outcomes for the superior cavopulmonary connection in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: a 30-year experience. (chop.edu)

Coarctation4

• This right sided arch showed no evidence of coarctation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
• Fetal Diagnosis of Dextroposition, Left Pulmonary Artery Sling, Partial Anomalous Left Pulmonary Artery, and Aortic Coarctation. (rchsd.org)
• Double Choker: Double Aortic Arch with Bilateral Aortic Coarctation Associated with Heterotaxy-Asplenia Syndrome and Complex Atrioventricular Canal Defect. (rchsd.org)
• A cervical arch on either side, variable laterality of the descending thoracic aorta, coarctation of the major arch, and/or discontinuity of the central pulmonary arteries may be present. (medscape.com)

Aneurysm3

• These patients were classified according to the presence and severity of four major complications (Takayasu's retinopathy, secondary hypertension, aortic regurgitation and aortic or arterial aneurysm) attributed to Takayasu's disease at the time when the diagnosis was established: no complications (group I) or mild single complication (group IIa) and severe single complication (group IIb) or multiple complications (group III). (nih.gov)
• Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA), a focal enlargement of the abdominal aorta is an ongoing process that can be affected by many parameters. (asme.org)
• Aortic media necrosis and aortic dissection without aneurysm formation]. (bvsalud.org)

Aorta12

• As normal cardiovascular morphogenesis proceeds, a patterned regression and persistence of the various arches and right-sided dorsal aorta occur, ultimately resulting in the mature configuration of the thoracic aorta and its branches. (medscape.com)
• The third, fourth, and sixth arches, along with the seventh intersegmental arteries and the left dorsal aorta, are the primary contributors to the normal aortic arch and its major thoracic branches (see image below). (medscape.com)
• The segments of the bilateral aortic arch system that normally regress include the distal portion of the sixth arch and the right-sided dorsal aorta. (medscape.com)
• Normally, the left fourth arch becomes the aortic arch, the right fourth arch contributes to the innominate artery, the distal left sixth arch becomes the ductus arteriosus, the proximal sixth arches bilaterally contribute to the proximal branch pulmonary arteries, the left dorsal aorta becomes the descending thoracic aorta, and the dorsal intersegmental arteries bilaterally become the subclavian arteries. (medscape.com)
• A right aortic arch is formed when the right dorsal aorta remains patent and either the left fourth arch or the left dorsal aorta regress abnormally (see image below). (medscape.com)
• Examination of aorta showed a second/inner aortic arch just as a tube lying inside the aortic arch. (bezmialem.edu.tr)
• The inner aortic arch was arrised 2.5 cm above aortic valves and lasted at the beginning of the descending aorta. (bezmialem.edu.tr)
• The reported incidence is 1-1.5 in 10,000 live births.Right-sided aortic arch with isolation of the innominate artery is an extremely rare congenital anomaly, in which the innominate artery loses its connection with the ascending aorta and is supplied by either a patent ductus or mediastinal collaterals [1]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
• Perform a baseline echocardiogram, including views of the aortic arch and aorta. (medscape.com)
• and proximal dilatation of the aorta can cause aortic regurgitation , dilated cardiomyopathy , and congestive heart failure . (logicalimages.com)
• When a child is diagnosed with midaortic syndrome - a rare condition where part of the aorta (the largest blood vessel coming from the heart) and its major branches narrow - this can lead to an impaired blood flow to vital organs. (stlouischildrens.org)
• Middle aortic syndrome, also known as midaortic syndrome - narrowing of part of the aorta (the main artery of the heart) and its major branches, leading to impaired blood flow to vital organs in the chest, abdomen and the lower limbs. (stlouischildrens.org)

Left pulmon1

• Right: Mature anatomy of a vascular ring formed by a right aortic arch with an aberrant left subclavian artery arising from a retroesophageal diverticulum with a left-sided ligamentum arteriosum to the left pulmonary artery. (medscape.com)

Truncus arteriosus1

• 4 7 Conotruncal heart defects most commonly found in DGS/VCFS patients with 22q11.2 deletions are interrupted aortic arch (IAA) type B, truncus arteriosus (TA), and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). (bmj.com)

Aneurysms2

• When considering cardiovocal syndrome, the most common historical cause is a dilated left atrium due to mitral stenosis, but other causes, including pulmonary hypertension, thoracic aortic aneurysms, an enlarged pulmonary artery and aberrant subclavian artery syndrome have been reported compressing the nerve. (wikipedia.org)
• Progressive weakness of your artery wall results in aortic aneurysms, essentially blisters of the walls of the blood vessels, to form. (healthline.com)

Double Aortic Arch8

• Double aortic arch is one of the 2 most common forms of vascular ring, a class of congenital anomalies of the aortic arch system in which the trachea and esophagus are completely encircled by connected segments of the aortic arch and its branches. (medscape.com)
• Although the double aortic arch has various forms, the common defining feature is that both the left and right aortic arches are present. (medscape.com)
• The easiest way to understand the anatomy and development of double aortic arch and other forms of vascular ring is to begin by considering the bilateral system of pharyngeal arch vessels in the early embryo. (medscape.com)
• A double aortic arch is formed when both fourth arches and both dorsal aortas remain present. (medscape.com)
• Double aortic arch has various forms. (medscape.com)
• In more than 75% of patients with double aortic arch, the right arch is dominant. (medscape.com)
• Most people with double aortic arch will require surgery. (umms.org)
• Babies who have breathing problems due to double aortic arch usually continue to have breathing problems for a few weeks to months after surgery because the cartilage in the trachea is still soft. (umms.org)

Bicuspid aorti2

• Fetal echocardiographic features associated with bicuspid aortic valve. (uchicago.edu)
• Aortopathy Including Hereditary Disease (Marfan Syndrome, Bicuspid Aortic Valve, etc.) -- 14. (nshealth.ca)

Stenosis4

• An inflammatory disease called Takayasu syndrome may result in narrowing (stenosis) of the vessels of the aortic arch. (medlineplus.gov)
• Common examples include mild aortic arch obstruction, branch pulmonary stenosis, mild to moderate degrees of atrioventricular and semilunar valve insufficiency, and aortopulmonary collateral flow. (hgexperts.com)
• [11] Other upper airway abnormalities that can be seen in CHARGE syndrome include: laryngomalacia, tracheomalacia, tracheoesophageal fistula, and subglottic stenosis. (aao.org)
• Transluminal dilatation of innominate stenosis in aortic arch syndrome]. (bvsalud.org)

Tetralogy1

• [9] Cardiac defects can include Tetralogy of Fallot, aortic arch interruption, double outlet right ventricle with arch vessel abnormalities, and atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD). (aao.org)

Defects4

• However, the heart defects associated with CCHD can also occur as part of genetic syndromes that have additional features. (medlineplus.gov)
• Case Report: Airway and Concurrent Hemodynamic Management in a Neonate with Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral (Goldenhar) Syndrome, Severe Cervical Scoliosis, Interrupted Aortic Arch, Multiple Ventricular Septal Defects, and an Unstable Cervical Spine. (stanford.edu)
• [ 3 ] In addition, mutations of the gene encoding chromodomain-helicase DNA-binding protein 7 ( CHD7 ) have been found in some patients with Kallmann syndrome or idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, some of whom have features of the CHARGE syndrome (characterized by delayed growth and development, congenital cardiac defects, dysmorphic ears, hearing loss, coloboma of the eyes). (medscape.com)
• OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hypothesis that childhood survival for individuals with Down syndrome (DS) and congenital heart defects (CHDs) has improved in recent years, approaching survival of those with DS without CHDs. (cdc.gov)

Pulseless Disease1

• Takayasu arteritis, also referred to as pulseless disease and aortic arch syndrome, is a rare chronic inflammatory vasculitis that primarily affects large- and medium-sized vessels. (logicalimages.com)

Atresia2

• When the minor arch is atretic, the atretic segment almost always is distal to the left subclavian artery, although atresia may also occur between the left common carotid and subclavian arteries. (medscape.com)
• Approximately 65% of patients with CHARGE syndrome may have obstructed breathing due to choanal atresia at birth. (aao.org)

Dissection3

• Aortic dissection More commonly affects the right recurrent laryngeal nerve as the most common type of aortic dissection is type A (Figure 2). (wikipedia.org)
• Telescopic aortic arch is a consequence of aortic dissection in Marfan's syndrome, which has not been reported previously. (bezmialem.edu.tr)
• This paper presents the first case of telescopic aortic arch secondary to chronic aortic dissection, as an incidental finding of a forensic autopsy. (bezmialem.edu.tr)

Trachea and esophagus2

• Although the specific anatomic details of the various forms differ, they share the defining feature of all vascular rings, namely, encirclement of the trachea and esophagus by connected segments of the aortic arch and its branches. (medscape.com)
• The two arches encircle the trachea and esophagus and often cause compression on these structures. (umms.org)

Great arteries1

• Schematic diagram (right) shows the segments of the pharyngeal arch system that regress (shown in black) in the normal formation of the thoracic great arteries. (medscape.com)

Acute4

• Unstable Angina) Acute coronary syndromes result from a sudden blockage in a coronary artery. (merckmanuals.com)
• Mortality is high in acute aortic syndrome (AAS), which therefore requires early treatment. (revespcardiol.org)
• Introduction: A cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown origin was first reported in Wuhan China then the causa- tive pathogen was identified and named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov2) and the associated disease was named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). (who.int)
• The two beta coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory symptoms associated with COVID-19 infection are syndrome (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory fever (accounting for 98% of the symptoms), myalgia syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have caused or fatigue, and shortness of breath. (who.int)

Disease3

• Ortner's syndrome is a rare cardiovocal syndrome and refers to recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy from cardiovascular disease. (wikipedia.org)
• Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome or CFC syndrome is a rare disease that affects about 1 in 800,000 people, possibly more. (maximhealthcare.com)
• A region of homozygosity within 22q11.2 associated with congenital heart disease: recessive DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome? (bmj.com)

Ductus arteriosus4

• [ 1 ] The presence or absence of a vascular ring in the setting of a right aortic arch depends on the branching of the brachiocephalic vessels and the location of the ductus arteriosus, as discussed below. (medscape.com)
• Some examples of reported cardiovascular causes include: Congenital abnormalities: Atrial septal defect Aortopulmonary window Ebstein's Anomaly Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Surgical intervention: Transcatheter closure of a PDA Incidence: due to the close proximity of the LRLN to the aortic arch, transient paralysis can occur in 10% of cases while permanent effects can occur in 1% of cases. (wikipedia.org)
• We present a case of left isomeric heterotaxy, a right aortic arch, and a left brachiocephalic artery arising from a left ductus arteriosus. (heraldopenaccess.us)
• The aortic arch was noted to be right sided with bilateral ductus arteriosus. (heraldopenaccess.us)

Cardiac9

• The definition of Ortner's syndrome has since then expanded to encompass all possible causes of left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy with cardiac etiologies. (wikipedia.org)
• Patients with Holt-Oram syndrome may require dietary modification because of their specific cardiac abnormality. (medscape.com)
• Malignant hyperthermia-like manifestations in a two-month-old child with Holt-Oram syndrome undergoing cardiac surgery. (medscape.com)
• Cardiac malformations are found in 75-85% of patients with CHARGE syndrome. (aao.org)
• The cardiac apex, aortic arch, and stomach are all normally on the left. (uab.edu)
• In situs inversus totalis, the cardiac apex, stomach and aortic arch are all on the right. (uab.edu)
• Complex cardiac anomalies are usually found in this syndrome. (uab.edu)
• The cardiac anomalies associated with polysplenia syndrome are less complex giving this syndrome a better prognosis than asplenia syndrome. (uab.edu)
• The majority of patients with DiGeorge syndrome are recognized to have immunodeficiency in the first few months of life when they are being evaluated for cardiac malformations that are highly associated DiGeorge syndrome and/or deletions of chromosome 22q11.2. (lu.se)

Proximal1

• The proximal (p) sixth arches develop into the proximal pulmonary arteries, and the distal (d) sixth arches become the arterial ducts. (medscape.com)

Bilateral3

• The easiest way to understand the anatomy and development of vascular rings with a right aortic arch is to begin by considering the bilateral system of pharyngeal arch vessels in the early embryo. (medscape.com)
• Situs ambiguous with bilateral 'right-sidedness' is known as Asplenia syndrome. (uab.edu)
• Situs ambiguous with bilateral 'left-sidedness' is called Polysplenia syndrome. (uab.edu)

Septal1

• A 2-dimensional echocardiographic picture taken from subxiphoid window showing a large secundum atrial septal defect (arrow) in a 7-year-old boy with Holt-Oram syndrome. (medscape.com)

Abnormal2

• In all four groups of chromosomally abnormal fetuses, the aortic isthmus was significantly narrower than in normal fetuses and the degree of narrowing was significantly greater in fetuses with high nuchal translucency thickness. (nih.gov)
• Deficient hypothalamic GnRH secretion underlies the markedly abnormal gonadotropin secretion patterns in most patients with Kallmann syndrome or idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. (medscape.com)

Vena cava1

• Vena caval syndrome occurs when heartworms reside in the vena cava (the big vein returning blood from the liver and lower body to the heart). (irishdogs.ie)

Patients18

• The correct diagnosis for patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is critical and must be determined, if possible. (medscape.com)
• Recent studies indicate a risk for thoracic aortic enlargement in patients with classical-type EDS (types I and II). (medscape.com)
• Pregnancy represents a special issue in patients with certain types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). (medscape.com)
• Among patients with a right-dominant double arch, those with a patent minor arch outnumber those with an atretic minor arch. (medscape.com)
• In approximately 20% of patients, the left arch is dominant. (medscape.com)
• In these patients, the minor right arch is typically patent. (medscape.com)
• A report identified this syndrome in 4% of patients with radial longitudinal deficiency. (medscape.com)
• [4] It was found that 90-95% of patients fulfilling the formal diagnostic criteria for CHARGE syndrome are heterozygous for a CDH7 mutation or deletion. (aao.org)
• In addition to visual impairment, colobomas predispose CHARGE syndrome patients to retinal detachment . (aao.org)
• [7] Other ophthalmic features that can occur in patients with CHARGE syndrome include microphthalmia, microcornea, cataracts, strabismus, cranial nerve VII palsy, and ptosis. (aao.org)
• Genital hypoplasia is a common feature in patients with CHARGE Syndrome. (aao.org)
• One study showed that 70% of CHARGE syndrome patients have an IQ less than 70. (aao.org)
• [21] Patients with CHARGE syndrome are also at risk for hypothyroidism [22] and recurrent suppurative ear and chest infections. (aao.org)
• By definition, either anosmia (lack of sense of smell) or severe hyposmia is present in patients with Kallmann syndrome, in contrast to patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, whose sense of smell is normal. (medscape.com)
• MRI of the brain in patients with Kallmann syndrome (KS) and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). (medscape.com)
• Mutations of the KAL1 gene, which encodes a putative neural cell adhesion molecule (anosmin), have been described in several patients with X-linked Kallmann syndrome. (medscape.com)
• Loss-of-function mutations of the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) have been described in patients with autosomal dominant Kallmann syndrome. (medscape.com)
• Mutations of the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor 8 have been found in a small minority of patients with autosomal dominant Kallmann syndrome. (medscape.com)

DiGeorge3

• E ditor -DiGeorge syndrome (DGS, MIM 18840) and velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS, MIM 192430) are associated with interstitial deletions of chromosome 22q11.2 and are considered to be phenotypic variations of the same underlying genetic defect. (bmj.com)
• There is no known cause of vascular rings, thought it can be associated with DiGeorge syndrome. (umms.org)
• DiGeorge Syndrome by The Jeffrey Modell Foundation (JMF). (lu.se)

Right subclavian1

• In the most frequent form of vascular ring with a right aortic arch, an aberrant origin of the left subclavian artery from a retroesophageal diverticulum (diverticulum of Kommerell) is present, which originates as the last branch of the aortic arch (distal to the right subclavian artery). (medscape.com)

Artery3

• The aortic arch is the top part of the main artery carrying blood away from the heart. (medlineplus.gov)
• Left: Schematic diagram depicting the segments of the pharyngeal arch system that regress (shown in black) in order for the development of a right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery. (medscape.com)
• Likewise pulmonary artery narrowing or distortion can be approached in the same manner as aortic arch obstructions equalizing pulmonary blood flow and decreasing already elevated caval and lymphatic pressures in addition to reducing the total resistance the single ventricle faces. (hgexperts.com)

Anomalies1

• Holt-Oram syndrome associated with anomalies of the feet. (medscape.com)

Valve3

• In 1957, an American internist reported the preference of Streptococcus pneumoniae for the aortic valve and its frequent association with meningitis and pneumonia ( 1 ), an association now known as Austrian syndrome. (cdc.gov)
• One case of Austrian syndrome has been reported in the pediatric age group, in a 7-year-old girl in whom aortic valve endocarditis developed after pneumococcal meningitis infection ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
• In pneumococcal endocarditis, the native aortic valve is the most frequent location of vegetation. (cdc.gov)

Surgery6

• Surgery is often needed to treat the underlying cause of aortic arch syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
• ARCH offers world-class care from Washington University specialists in pediatric nephrology, pediatric interventional cardiology and vascular surgery, along with their fellow St. Louis Children's Hospital clinicians to provide unified care of the whole patient in a single center. (stlouischildrens.org)
• She had surgery to repair a narrow aortic arch, close a VSD and shut her PDA duct. (tinytickers.org)
• After numerous daily scans, they decided Beatrice needed open heart surgery to repair the narrow Aortic Arch, close the VSD and to shut the PDA duct. (tinytickers.org)
• Only people with symptoms due to the vascular rings from a right-sided aortic arch will require surgery. (umms.org)
• Most people with a right aortic arch never need surgery. (umms.org)

Vascular rings1

• Several types of vascular rings have aortic arches that are right sided. (medscape.com)

Severe2

• Ullrich-Turner syndrome was associated with severe narrowing of the whole aortic arch. (nih.gov)
• Many children with midaortic syndrome experience severe hypertension, which is addressed using medical, endovascular, and surgical approaches depending on each patient's need. (stlouischildrens.org)

Pseudoaneurysm1

• Pseudoaneurysm Notable case: A male with long-standing uncontrolled hypertension and hoarseness of voice attributed to life-long smoking was found to have a pseudoaneurysm of the aortic arch which was compressing the LRLN. (wikipedia.org)

Occur3

• A right aortic arch may occur without forming a vascular ring. (medscape.com)
• Other forms of aortic arch anomaly occur in which a vascular ring is not present. (medscape.com)
• [8] High refractive errors and amblyopia also occur in CHARGE syndrome. (aao.org)

Arterial1

• Left: Schematic diagram of the primitive pharyngeal arch system showing the left (L) and right (R) external carotid (EC) and internal carotid (IC) arteries, the fourth (IV) and sixth (VI) pharyngeal arches, distal pulmonary arterial segments (PA), dorsal aortas (DA), and seventh intersegmental arteries (VII). (medscape.com)

22q11.2 deletion2

• Some of these genetic conditions, such as Down syndrome , Turner syndrome , and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome , result from changes in the number or structure of particular chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)
• Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) can present with a wide range of features that are highly variable, even within families. (nih.gov)

Situs2

• Kartageners syndrome may also be seen in connection with situs inversus. (uab.edu)
• Kartageners syndrome represents a triad of situs inversus (seen in 50% of cases), sinusitis, and bronchiectasis. (uab.edu)

Genetic7

• When the genetic test results came back, Nolan was found to have Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome or CFC syndrome. (maximhealthcare.com)
• KLF13 is a genetic modifier of the Holt-Oram syndrome gene TBX5. (medscape.com)
• Li B, Chen S, Sun K, Xu R, Wu Y. Genetic analyses identified a SALL4 gene mutation associated with Holt-Oram syndrome. (medscape.com)
• A cardiomelic developmental field has also been postulated to relate the genetic heterogeneity of HOS (and other similar syndromes) to a cascade of molecules, including the brachyury, sonic hedgehog, bone morphogenetic protein, retinoic acid receptor, and transforming growth factor beta families. (medscape.com)
• CHARGE Syndrome is a rare genetic syndrome that produces a constellation of clinical features. (aao.org)
• Classic Kallmann syndrome (KS) and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) are rare genetic conditions that encompass the spectrum of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. (medscape.com)
• It's also common in girls born with Turner syndrome , a genetic disorder in which one of a girl's two X chromosomes is incomplete or missing. (kidshealth.org)

Branch1

• Aortic arch syndrome refers to a group of signs and symptoms associated with structural problems in the arteries that branch off the aortic arch. (medlineplus.gov)

Abnormalities2

• Heterotaxy syndrome is a complex set of abnormalities related to arrangements of the internal thoracic-abdominal structures across the left-right axis. (heraldopenaccess.us)
• It is postulated that narrowing of the aortic isthmus may be the basis of increased nuchal translucency thickness in all four chromosomal abnormalities. (nih.gov)

Affects3

• CFC syndrome generally affects an individual's heart (cardio), face (facio), and skin (cutaneous). (maximhealthcare.com)
• Takeyasu's arteritis, also known as aortic arch syndrome or nonspecific aortoarteritis, predominately affects young to middle-aged females of Asian descent. (healthline.com)
• Williams-Beuren Syndrome: Computed Tomography Imaging Review Karuna M. Das,Tarek S. Momenah,Sven G. Larsson,Shehla Jadoon, Abdullah S. Aldosary,Edward Y. Lee Abstract Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) affects young infants and children. (gerboni.net)