The downward displacement of the cuspal or pointed end of the trileaflet AORTIC VALVE causing misalignment of the cusps. Severe valve distortion can cause leakage and allow the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to aortic regurgitation.
Abnormal protrusion or billowing of one or both of the leaflets of MITRAL VALVE into the LEFT ATRIUM during SYSTOLE. This allows the backflow of blood into left atrium leading to MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; SYSTOLIC MURMURS; or CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA.
The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.
The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle.
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).
Downward displacement of the UTERUS. It is classified in various degrees: in the first degree the UTERINE CERVIX is within the vaginal orifice; in the second degree the cervix is outside the orifice; in the third degree the entire uterus is outside the orifice.
Protrusion of the rectal mucous membrane through the anus. There are various degrees: incomplete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle but with herniation of the bowel; and internal complete with rectosigmoid or upper rectum intussusception into the lower rectum.
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).
Abnormal protrusion of one or more of the leaflets of TRICUSPID VALVE into the RIGHT ATRIUM during SYSTOLE. This allows the backflow of blood into right atrium leading to TRICUSPID VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; SYSTOLIC MURMURS. Its most common cause is not primary valve abnormality but rather the dilation of the RIGHT VENTRICLE and the tricuspid annulus.
Abnormal descent of a pelvic organ resulting in the protrusion of the organ beyond its normal anatomical confines. Symptoms often include vaginal discomfort, DYSPAREUNIA; URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE; and FECAL INCONTINENCE.
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.
Downward displacement of any one of the HEART VALVES from its normal position. This usually results in failed valve closure.
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.
Graphic registration of the heart sounds picked up as vibrations and transformed by a piezoelectric crystal microphone into a varying electrical output according to the stresses imposed by the sound waves. The electrical output is amplified by a stethograph amplifier and recorded by a device incorporated into the electrocardiograph or by a multichannel recording machine.
Surgical insertion of synthetic material to repair injured or diseased heart valves.
Act of listening for sounds within the heart.
Heart sounds caused by vibrations resulting from the flow of blood through the heart. Heart murmurs can be examined by HEART AUSCULTATION, and analyzed by their intensity (6 grades), duration, timing (systolic, diastolic, or continuous), location, transmission, and quality (musical, vibratory, blowing, etc).
A device that substitutes for a heart valve. It may be composed of biological material (BIOPROSTHESIS) and/or synthetic material.
Prosthesis, usually heart valve, composed of biological material and whose durability depends upon the stability of the material after pretreatment, rather than regeneration by host cell ingrowth. Durability is achieved 1, mechanically by the interposition of a cloth, usually polytetrafluoroethylene, between the host and the graft, and 2, chemically by stabilization of the tissue by intermolecular linking, usually with glutaraldehyde, after removal of antigenic components, or the use of reconstituted and restructured biopolymers.
An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome is associated with mutations in the gene encoding fibrillin, a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue.
A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle.
The valve consisting of three cusps situated between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart.
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues using a transducer placed in the esophagus.
A HERNIA-like condition in which the weakened pelvic muscles cause the URINARY BLADDER to drop from its normal position. Fallen urinary bladder is more common in females with the bladder dropping into the VAGINA and less common in males with the bladder dropping into the SCROTUM.
The tendinous cords that connect each cusp of the two atrioventricular HEART VALVES to appropriate PAPILLARY MUSCLES in the HEART VENTRICLES, preventing the valves from reversing themselves when the ventricles contract.
Procedures in which placement of CARDIAC CATHETERS is performed for therapeutic or diagnostic procedures.
The prolapse or downward displacement of the VISCERA.
Herniation of the RECTUM into the VAGINA.
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.
Echocardiography amplified by the addition of depth to the conventional two-dimensional ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY visualizing only the length and width of the heart. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging was first described in 1961 but its application to echocardiography did not take place until 1974. (Mayo Clin Proc 1993;68:221-40)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Surgery performed on the female genitalia.
Soft tissue formed mainly by the pelvic diaphragm, which is composed of the two levator ani and two coccygeus muscles. The pelvic diaphragm lies just below the pelvic aperture (outlet) and separates the pelvic cavity from the PERINEUM. It extends between the PUBIC BONE anteriorly and the COCCYX posteriorly.
Measurement of intracardiac blood flow using an M-mode and/or two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiogram while simultaneously recording the spectrum of the audible Doppler signal (e.g., velocity, direction, amplitude, intensity, timing) reflected from the moving column of red blood cells.
Echocardiography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image.
The plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis.
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.
Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Flaps within the VEINS that allow the blood to flow only in one direction. They are usually in the medium size veins that carry blood to the heart against gravity.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
A type of heart valve surgery that involves the repair, replacement, or reconstruction of the annuli of HEART VALVES. It includes shortening the circumference of the annulus to improve valve closing capacity and reinforcing the annulus as a step in more complex valve repairs.
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.

Transesophageal echocardiographic description of the mechanisms of aortic regurgitation in acute type A aortic dissection: implications for aortic valve repair. (1/12)

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to use transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to define the mechanisms of aortic regurgitation (AR) in acute type A aortic dissection so as to assist the surgeon in identifying patients with mechanisms of AR suitable for valve preservation. BACKGROUND: Significant AR frequently complicates acute type A aortic dissection necessitating either aortic valve repair or replacement at the time of aortic surgery. Although direct surgical inspection can identify intrinsically normal leaflets suitable for repair, it is preferable for the surgeon to correlate aortic valve function with the anatomy prior to thoracotomy. METHODS: We studied 50 consecutive patients with acute type A aortic dissection in whom preoperative TEE findings were considered by the surgeons in planning aortic valve surgery. Six patients did not undergo surgery (noncandidacy or refusal) and one patient had had a prior aortic valve replacement and therefore was excluded from the analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients had no or minimal AR and 22 had moderate or severe AR. In all, there were 16 with intrinsically normal leaflets who had AR due to one or more correctable aortic valve lesion: incomplete leaflet closure due to leaflet tethering in a dilated aortic root in 7; leaflet prolapse due to disrupted leaflet attachments in 8; and dissection flap prolapse through the aortic valve orifice in 5. Of these 16 patients, 15 had successful aortic valve repair whereas just 1 underwent aortic valve replacement after a complicated intraoperative course (unrelated to the aortic valve). Nine patients underwent aortic valve replacement for nonrepairable abnormalities, including Marfan's syndrome in four, bicuspid aortic valve in four, and aortitis in one. In patients undergoing aortic valve repair, follow-up transthoracic echocardiography at a median of three months revealed no or minimal residual AR, and clinical follow-up at a median of 23 months showed that none required aortic valve replacement. CONCLUSIONS: When significant AR complicates acute type A aortic dissection, TEE can define the severity and mechanisms of AR and can assist the surgeon in identifying patients in whom valve repair is likely to be successful.  (+info)

Imbalance of cusp width and aortic regurgitation associated with aortic cusp prolapse in ventricular septal defect. (2/12)

The Doppler echocardiograms of the aortic valve and associated aortic regurgitation (AR) were reviewed in 72 patients with a ventricular septal defect (VSD). Group I comprised 13 patients without any deformity of the aortic cusp for > or = 10 years, group 2 included 35 patients who did not develop AR for > or = 10 years after right coronary cusp prolapse (RCCP) was first detected, group 3 comprised 11 patients with RCCP and AR in whom the AR remained subclinical for > or = 10 years, and group 4 was 13 patients who underwent surgical treatment because of moderate to severe AR. The cusp imbalance index [width of right (R) or non- (N) coronary cusp/width of left coronary cusp (L)] was compared among the 4 groups. R/L or N/L was larger in group 4 than in groups 1-3; R/L exceeded 1.30 in all the patients in group 4, whereas it was less than 1.30 in all the atients in groups 1-3. Two patients in group 4 with non-coronary cusp prolapse had an N/L greater than 1.50. No other patients in any group had an N/L larger than 1.20. An imbalance of cusp width may predict possible progressive deterioration of AR.  (+info)

Clinical significance of iodine-123-15-(p-iodophenyl)-3-R, S-methylpentadecanoic acid myocardial scintigraphy in patients with aortic valve disease. (3/12)

The present study sought to determine whether myocardial fatty acid metabolism as assessed with iodine-123-labeled 15-(p-iodophenyl)-3-R,S-methylpentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) scintigraphy is impaired in patients with aortic valve disease (AVD) and whether the degree of the metabolic abnormality reflects the severity of AVD. BMIPP scintigraphy was performed in 12 patients with aortic stenosis (AS), 14 patients with aortic regurgitation (AR), and 9 healthy volunteers, and from that the heart-mediastinum uptake ratio (H/M ratio) corrected by the left ventricular (LV) mass (U/Mass ratio) and the myocardial washout rate (WR) were obtained. The H/M ratio tended to be higher in patients than in healthy volunteers (3.3 +/- 0.7 for AS, 3.5 +/- 0.5 for AR, 3.0 +/- 0.3 for healthy volunteers), and the WR was significantly higher in patients than in healthy volunteers (42.8 +/- 9.1% for AS, 35.7 +/- 6.5% for AR, 19.6 +/- 9.1% for healthy volunteers, p<0.01). In the AS patients, the U/Mass ratio showed significant negative correlations (r=-0.79 to -0.90, all p<0.01) and the WR showed significant positive correlations (r=0.61 to 0.82, all p<0.01) with transaortic pressure gradient, LV wall thickness, and LV mass. Similarly, in AR patients these BMIPP parameters showed proportional changes to the LV volumes and LV mass (r=-0.79 to -0.83, all p<0.01 for U/Mass ratio, r=0.55 to 0.70, p<0.05 to <0.01 for WR). In the 9 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement, the BMIPP parameters tended to normalize with increasing U/Mass ratio (0.90 +/- 0.41 x 10(-2)/g to 1.34 +/- 0.59 x 10(-2)/g, p<0.05) and decreasing WR (41.9 +/- 8.8% to 35.4 +/- 9.2%, p<0.01) after surgery. Myocardial fatty acid metabolism as assessed with BMIPP scintigraphy was impaired in patients with aortic valve disease and the U/Mass ratio and WR reflect the severity. These parameters may be useful for the noninvasive assessment of the myocardial metabolic abnormalities caused by hemodynamic overload.  (+info)

Eccentric aortic regurgitation in patients with right coronary cusp prolapse complicating a ventricular septal defect. (4/12)

To analyze the clinical significance of eccentric aortic regurgitation (AR) complicating the right coronary cusp prolapse associated with a ventricular septal defect (VSD), the Doppler echocardiograms of 129 patients were reviewed. In 102 patients, AR was classified as mild and in 27 patients it was classified as moderate. Eccentric AR was defined as the jet distributing in an eccentric direction. In 15 patients of the moderate group, AR was already moderate at the initial examination and of these, the AR was eccentric in 14 and central in 1. In 12 patients who initially had mild AR, it became moderate during follow-up. In 7 patients with mild, central AR, 6 worsened to central moderate AR and 1 evolved to eccentric moderate AR. Eccentric mild AR patients all developed eccentric moderate AR. Within the mild AR group, 5 of 9 patients with eccentric AR progressed from mild to moderate, whereas only 7 of 105 patients with central AR did so (p<0.01). In conclusion, eccentric AR may be an advanced finding of the AR associated with right coronary cusp prolapse in some patients, but in others eccentric AR is highly likely to progress and is malignant.  (+info)

Severity indices of right coronary cusp prolapse and aortic regurgitation complicating ventricular septal defect in the outlet septum: which defect should be closed? (5/12)

BACKGROUND: The factors that may determine the evolution of right coronary cusp prolapse (RCCP) and regurgitation (AR) associated with a ventricular septal defect in the outlet septum (outlet VSD) have not been clarified. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Doppler echocardiograms of 316 patients were grouped according to both the development of RCCP, and the values of the right coronary cusp deformity index (RCCD) and the right coronary cusp imbalance index (R/L). All detected AR was /=0.30 or R/L >/=0.30. Rupture of the sinus of Valsalva was identified in patients with RCCD >/=0.30. A significantly large number of patients with both RCCD >/=0.30 and R/L >/=1.30 (p<0.01), and a few patients with either RCCD >/=0.30 or R/L >/=0.30 underwent aortic valvuloplasty or replacement. Operative outcome for AR /=0.30 or R/L >/=1.30.  (+info)

Repair of trileaflet aortic valve prolapse: mid-term outcome in patients with normal aortic root morphology. (6/12)

We described our mid-term results in repairing prolapsing aortic cusps in 21 patients with aortic regurgitation and normal aortic root morphology. Aortic regurgitation was moderate-severe in five patients and severe in 16 patients. Prolapse involved the left cusp in four patients (19%), the right cusp in 10 patients (47%) and the non-coronary cusp in 7 (33%) patients. Correction of the prolapsing cusp was achieved by either free edge plication, triangular resection or resuspension with polytetrafluoroethylene sutures, frequently associated to a subcommissural annuloplasty. There was no hospital death. At discharge transthoracic echocardiography, 18 patients (85%) showed no residual aortic regurgitation and three patients (14%) had trivial aortic regurgitation with a central jet. Mean clinical follow-up was 27.2+/-17.1 months (range: 10-72 months). Overall survival was 90.5%. At follow-up transthoracic echocardiography, fourteen patients (73%) were free from aortic regurgitation and five patients (26%) had mild aortic regurgitation without clinical signs of congestive heart failure. Correction of valve prolapse appears a reasonable extension of the original techniques of valve-preserving surgery.  (+info)

Valve-sparing aortic root replacement with repair of leaflet prolapse after Ross operation. (7/12)

The need for reoperation remains a principal limitation of the Ross procedure and most commonly includes replacement of the neo-aortic valve. Valve-preserving aortic root replacement has recently evolved into an increasingly accepted treatment modality for patients with neo-aortic valve regurgitation. Leaflet prolapse, however, may be present, making composite replacement the most frequent choice. Alternatively, valve preservation may be combined with correction of leaflet prolapse. We describe the use of a valve-sparing procedure with correction of leaflet prolapse in a patient with progressive dilatation of the pulmonary autograft and severe regurgitation of the neo-aortic valve.  (+info)

Acute aortic valve prolapse in Marfan's syndrome. (8/12)

A 22 year old man with Marfan's syndrome died suddenly following acute aortic valve prolapse. Although aortic root involvement in Marfan's syndrome is common, we have found no previous description of this particular complication in the literature.  (+info)

Aortic valve prolapse is a cardiac condition in which the aortic valve leaflets bulge or billow into the left ventricle during systole, the phase of the heart cycle when the ventricles contract to pump blood out of the heart. The aortic valve typically has three leaflets that open and close to regulate the flow of blood between the left ventricle and the aorta. In aortic valve prolapse, one or more of these leaflets become floppy, allowing blood to leak back into the left ventricle, a condition known as aortic regurgitation.

Aortic valve prolapse can be congenital or acquired. Some people are born with abnormalities in the aortic valve that make it more prone to prolapse, while others may develop the condition due to degenerative changes in the valve tissue over time. Certain factors, such as Marfan syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, and infective endocarditis, can increase the risk of aortic valve prolapse.

The symptoms of aortic valve prolapse can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Mild cases may not cause any noticeable symptoms, while more severe cases can lead to shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and irregular heart rhythms. Treatment for aortic valve prolapse may include monitoring, medication, or surgical repair or replacement of the aortic valve.

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a heart condition where the mitral valve, which separates the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart, doesn't function properly. In MVP, one or both of the mitral valve flaps (known as leaflets) bulge or billow into the left atrium during the contraction of the left ventricle. This prolapse can cause a leakage of blood back into the atrium, known as mitral regurgitation. In many cases, MVP is asymptomatic and doesn't require treatment, but in some instances, it may lead to complications such as infective endocarditis or arrhythmias. The exact causes of MVP are not fully understood, but it can be associated with certain genetic factors, connective tissue disorders, and mitral valve abnormalities present at birth.

A prolapse is a medical condition where an organ or tissue in the body slips from its normal position and drops down into a lower part of the body. This usually occurs when the muscles and ligaments that support the organ become weak or stretched. The most common types of prolapses include:

* Uterine prolapse: When the uterus slips down into or protrudes out of the vagina.
* Rectal prolapse: When the rectum (the lower end of the colon) slips outside the anus.
* Bladder prolapse (cystocele): When the bladder drops into the vagina.
* Small bowel prolapse (enterocele): When the small intestine bulges into the vagina.

Prolapses can cause various symptoms, such as discomfort, pain, pressure, and difficulty with urination or bowel movements. Treatment options depend on the severity of the prolapse and may include lifestyle changes, physical therapy, medication, or surgery.

The aortic valve is the valve located between the left ventricle (the lower left chamber of the heart) and the aorta (the largest artery in the body, which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body). It is made up of three thin flaps or leaflets that open and close to regulate blood flow. During a heartbeat, the aortic valve opens to allow blood to be pumped out of the left ventricle into the aorta, and then closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricle when it relaxes. Any abnormality or damage to this valve can lead to various cardiovascular conditions such as aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, or infective endocarditis.

Aortic valve stenosis is a cardiac condition characterized by the narrowing or stiffening of the aortic valve, which separates the left ventricle (the heart's main pumping chamber) from the aorta (the large artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body). This narrowing or stiffening prevents the aortic valve from opening fully, resulting in reduced blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta and the rest of the body.

The narrowing can be caused by several factors, including congenital heart defects, calcification (hardening) of the aortic valve due to aging, or scarring of the valve due to rheumatic fever or other inflammatory conditions. As a result, the left ventricle must work harder to pump blood through the narrowed valve, which can lead to thickening and enlargement of the left ventricular muscle (left ventricular hypertrophy).

Symptoms of aortic valve stenosis may include chest pain or tightness, shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness or fainting, and heart palpitations. Severe aortic valve stenosis can lead to serious complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, or even sudden cardiac death. Treatment options may include medications to manage symptoms, lifestyle changes, or surgical intervention such as aortic valve replacement.

Heart valve diseases are a group of conditions that affect the function of one or more of the heart's four valves (tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic). These valves are responsible for controlling the direction and flow of blood through the heart. Heart valve diseases can cause the valves to become narrowed (stenosis), leaky (regurgitation or insufficiency), or improperly closed (prolapse), leading to disrupted blood flow within the heart and potentially causing symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and irregular heart rhythms. The causes of heart valve diseases can include congenital defects, age-related degenerative changes, infections, rheumatic heart disease, and high blood pressure. Treatment options may include medications, surgical repair or replacement of the affected valve(s), or transcatheter procedures.

Uterine prolapse is a condition where the uterus descends or slips down from its normal position in the pelvic cavity into or through the cervix and sometimes even outside the vaginal opening. This occurs due to the weakening of the muscles and ligaments that support the uterus, often as a result of childbirth, aging, menopause, obesity, or prior hysterectomy. Uterine prolapse can lead to various symptoms such as a feeling of heaviness in the pelvis, difficulty in urinating or having bowel movements, and uncomfortable sexual intercourse. The severity of the condition may vary from mild to severe, and treatment options range from lifestyle changes and physical therapy to surgery.

Rectal prolapse is a medical condition where the rectum, which is the lower end of the colon, slips outside the anus, the opening through which stool leaves the body. This usually occurs due to weakened muscles and supporting structures in the pelvic area, often as a result of aging, childbirth, or long-term constipation or diarrhea.

The rectal prolapse can be partial, where only a small portion of the rectum slips outside the anus, or complete, where the entire rectum protrudes. This condition can cause discomfort, pain, bleeding, and difficulty with bowel movements. Treatment options may include dietary changes, medication, or surgical intervention.

Aortic valve insufficiency, also known as aortic regurgitation or aortic incompetence, is a cardiac condition in which the aortic valve does not close properly during the contraction phase of the heart cycle. This allows blood to flow back into the left ventricle from the aorta, instead of being pumped out to the rest of the body. As a result, the left ventricle must work harder to maintain adequate cardiac output, which can lead to left ventricular enlargement and heart failure over time if left untreated.

The aortic valve is a trileaflet valve that lies between the left ventricle and the aorta. During systole (the contraction phase of the heart cycle), the aortic valve opens to allow blood to be pumped out of the left ventricle into the aorta and then distributed to the rest of the body. During diastole (the relaxation phase of the heart cycle), the aortic valve closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.

Aortic valve insufficiency can be caused by various conditions, including congenital heart defects, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, Marfan syndrome, and trauma. Symptoms of aortic valve insufficiency may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, palpitations, and edema (swelling). Diagnosis is typically made through physical examination, echocardiography, and other imaging studies. Treatment options depend on the severity of the condition and may include medication, surgery to repair or replace the aortic valve, or a combination of both.

Tricuspid valve prolapse is a cardiac condition where the tricuspid valve, located between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart, doesn't close properly due to one or more of its leaflets (flaps) bulging or billowing into the right atrium during contraction of the right ventricle. This allows the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium, known as tricuspid regurgitation. In some cases, tricuspid valve prolapse may not cause any symptoms and can be an incidental finding on echocardiography. However, if severe tricuspid regurgitation occurs, it can lead to right-sided heart failure, atrial arrhythmias, and other complications. The condition is often associated with mitral valve prolapse or other connective tissue disorders.

Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) is a medical condition where the supporting muscles and ligaments in a woman's pelvis weaken, causing one or more of the pelvic organs - including the bladder, uterus, rectum, or small intestine - to drop or press into or out of the vagina. This can result in various symptoms such as a feeling of heaviness or fullness in the pelvis, pressure or pain in the lower back, painful intercourse, and problems with urination or bowel movements. POP is often associated with childbirth, menopause, aging, and certain medical conditions that increase abdominal pressure, like obesity or chronic coughing. Treatment options can range from lifestyle changes and physical therapy to surgery.

The mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve, is a two-leaflet valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart. Its function is to ensure unidirectional flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle during the cardiac cycle. The mitral valve consists of two leaflets (anterior and posterior), the chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and the left atrial and ventricular myocardium. Dysfunction of the mitral valve can lead to various heart conditions such as mitral regurgitation or mitral stenosis.

Echocardiography is a medical procedure that uses sound waves to produce detailed images of the heart's structure, function, and motion. It is a non-invasive test that can help diagnose various heart conditions, such as valve problems, heart muscle damage, blood clots, and congenital heart defects.

During an echocardiogram, a transducer (a device that sends and receives sound waves) is placed on the chest or passed through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart. The sound waves produced by the transducer bounce off the heart structures and return to the transducer, which then converts them into electrical signals that are processed to create images of the heart.

There are several types of echocardiograms, including:

* Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE): This is the most common type of echocardiogram and involves placing the transducer on the chest.
* Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): This type of echocardiogram involves passing a specialized transducer through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart from a closer proximity.
* Stress echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram is performed during exercise or medication-induced stress to assess how the heart functions under stress.
* Doppler echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram uses sound waves to measure blood flow and velocity in the heart and blood vessels.

Echocardiography is a valuable tool for diagnosing and managing various heart conditions, as it provides detailed information about the structure and function of the heart. It is generally safe, non-invasive, and painless, making it a popular choice for doctors and patients alike.

Heart valve prolapse, also known as mitral valve prolapse or MVP, is a condition in which the leaflets (flaps) of the heart's valves do not close properly. In heart valve prolapse, one or more of the valve leaflets bulge into the upper chamber of the heart (atrium) when the valve closes. This can cause a backflow of blood, known as regurgitation, which can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and irregular heart rhythms. Heart valve prolapse is most commonly affects the mitral valve, but it can also affect the other heart valves. The exact cause of heart valve prolapse is not known, but it may be associated with certain factors such as connective tissue disorders, aging, and previous heart conditions. In many cases, heart valve prolapse does not cause any symptoms or complications and may only require regular monitoring by a healthcare professional. However, in some cases, heart valve prolapse can lead to serious complications such as endocarditis (inflammation of the inner lining of the heart) or heart failure, so it is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms or have concerns about your heart health.

Mitral valve insufficiency, also known as mitral regurgitation, is a cardiac condition in which the mitral valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart does not close properly, causing blood to flow backward into the atrium during contraction of the ventricle. This leads to an increased volume load on the left heart chamber and can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. The condition can be caused by various factors including valve damage due to degenerative changes, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, or trauma. Treatment options include medication, mitral valve repair, or replacement surgery depending on the severity and underlying cause of the insufficiency.

Phonocardiography is a non-invasive medical procedure that involves the graphical representation and analysis of sounds produced by the heart. It uses a device called a phonocardiograph to record these sounds, which are then displayed as waveforms on a screen. The procedure is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic techniques, such as electrocardiography (ECG), to help diagnose various heart conditions, including valvular heart disease and heart murmurs.

During the procedure, a specialized microphone called a phonendoscope is placed on the chest wall over the area of the heart. The microphone picks up the sounds generated by the heart's movements, such as the closing and opening of the heart valves, and transmits them to the phonocardiograph. The phonocardiograph then converts these sounds into a visual representation, which can be analyzed for any abnormalities or irregularities in the heart's function.

Phonocardiography is a valuable tool for healthcare professionals, as it can provide important insights into the health and functioning of the heart. By analyzing the waveforms produced during phonocardiography, doctors can identify any potential issues with the heart's valves or other structures, which may require further investigation or treatment. Overall, phonocardiography is an essential component of modern cardiac diagnostics, helping to ensure that patients receive accurate and timely diagnoses for their heart conditions.

Heart valve prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure where an artificial heart valve is inserted to replace a damaged or malfunctioning native heart valve. This can be necessary for patients with valvular heart disease, including stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leaking), who do not respond to medical management and are at risk of heart failure or other complications.

There are two main types of artificial heart valves used in prosthesis implantation: mechanical valves and biological valves. Mechanical valves are made of synthetic materials, such as carbon and metal, and can last a long time but require lifelong anticoagulation therapy to prevent blood clots from forming. Biological valves, on the other hand, are made from animal or human tissue and typically do not require anticoagulation therapy but may have a limited lifespan and may need to be replaced in the future.

The decision to undergo heart valve prosthesis implantation is based on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health, type and severity of valvular disease, and personal preferences. The procedure can be performed through traditional open-heart surgery or minimally invasive techniques, such as robotic-assisted surgery or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Recovery time varies depending on the approach used and individual patient factors.

Heart auscultation is a medical procedure in which a healthcare professional uses a stethoscope to listen to the sounds produced by the heart. The process involves placing the stethoscope on various locations of the chest wall to hear different areas of the heart.

The sounds heard during auscultation are typically related to the opening and closing of the heart valves, as well as the turbulence created by blood flow through the heart chambers. These sounds can provide important clues about the structure and function of the heart, allowing healthcare professionals to diagnose various cardiovascular conditions such as heart murmurs, valvular disorders, and abnormal heart rhythms.

Heart auscultation is a key component of a physical examination and requires proper training and experience to interpret the findings accurately.

A heart murmur is an abnormal sound heard during a heartbeat, which is caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart. It is often described as a blowing, whooshing, or rasping noise. Heart murmurs can be innocent (harmless and not associated with any heart disease) or pathological (indicating an underlying heart condition). They are typically detected during routine physical examinations using a stethoscope. The classification of heart murmurs includes systolic, diastolic, continuous, and functional murmurs, based on the timing and auscultatory location. Various heart conditions, such as valvular disorders, congenital heart defects, or infections, can cause pathological heart murmurs. Further evaluation with diagnostic tests like echocardiography is often required to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.

A heart valve prosthesis is a medical device that is implanted in the heart to replace a damaged or malfunctioning heart valve. The prosthetic valve can be made of biological tissue (such as from a pig or cow) or artificial materials (such as carbon or polyester). Its function is to allow for the proper directional flow of blood through the heart, opening and closing with each heartbeat to prevent backflow of blood.

There are several types of heart valve prostheses, including:

1. Mechanical valves: These are made entirely of artificial materials and have a longer lifespan than biological valves. However, they require the patient to take blood-thinning medication for the rest of their life to prevent blood clots from forming on the valve.
2. Bioprosthetic valves: These are made of biological tissue and typically last 10-15 years before needing replacement. They do not require the patient to take blood-thinning medication, but there is a higher risk of reoperation due to degeneration of the tissue over time.
3. Homografts or allografts: These are human heart valves that have been donated and preserved for transplantation. They have similar longevity to bioprosthetic valves and do not require blood-thinning medication.
4. Autografts: In this case, the patient's own pulmonary valve is removed and used to replace the damaged aortic valve. This procedure is called the Ross procedure and has excellent long-term results, but it requires advanced surgical skills and is not widely available.

The choice of heart valve prosthesis depends on various factors, including the patient's age, overall health, lifestyle, and personal preferences.

A bioprosthesis is a type of medical implant that is made from biological materials, such as heart valves or tendons taken from animals (xenografts) or humans (allografts). These materials are processed and sterilized to be used in surgical procedures to replace damaged or diseased tissues in the body.

Bioprosthetic implants are often used in cardiac surgery, such as heart valve replacement, because they are less likely to cause an immune response than synthetic materials. However, they may have a limited lifespan due to calcification and degeneration of the biological tissue over time. Therefore, bioprosthetic implants may need to be replaced after several years.

Bioprostheses can also be used in other types of surgical procedures, such as ligament or tendon repair, where natural tissue is needed to restore function and mobility. These prostheses are designed to mimic the properties of native tissues and provide a more physiological solution than synthetic materials.

Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the body's connective tissue. Connective tissue helps to strengthen and support various structures in the body, including the skin, ligaments, blood vessels, and heart. In Marfan syndrome, the body produces an abnormal amount of a protein called fibrillin-1, which is a key component of connective tissue. This leads to problems with the formation and function of connective tissue throughout the body.

The most serious complications of Marfan syndrome typically involve the heart and blood vessels. The aorta, which is the large artery that carries blood away from the heart, can become weakened and stretched, leading to an increased risk of aortic dissection or rupture. Other common features of Marfan syndrome include long, thin fingers and toes; tall stature; a curved spine; and eye problems such as nearsightedness and lens dislocation.

Marfan syndrome is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene mutation from a parent who has the condition. However, about 25% of cases are the result of a new mutation and occur in people with no family history of the disorder. There is no cure for Marfan syndrome, but treatment can help to manage the symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.

The pulmonary valve, also known as the pulmonic valve, is a semilunar valve located at the exit of the right ventricle of the heart and the beginning of the pulmonary artery. It has three cusps or leaflets that prevent the backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during ventricular diastole, ensuring unidirectional flow of blood towards the lungs for oxygenation.

The tricuspid valve is the heart valve that separates the right atrium and the right ventricle in the human heart. It is called "tricuspid" because it has three leaflets or cusps, which are also referred to as flaps or segments. These cusps are named anterior, posterior, and septal. The tricuspid valve's function is to prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricle into the atrium during systole, ensuring unidirectional flow of blood through the heart.

Bacterial endocarditis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation and infection of the inner layer of the heart, known as the endocardium. This infection typically occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and attach themselves to damaged or abnormal heart valves or other parts of the endocardium. The bacteria can then multiply and cause the formation of vegetations, which are clusters of infected tissue that can further damage the heart valves and lead to serious complications such as heart failure, stroke, or even death if left untreated.

Bacterial endocarditis is a relatively uncommon but potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention. Risk factors for developing bacterial endocarditis include pre-existing heart conditions such as congenital heart defects, artificial heart valves, previous history of endocarditis, or other conditions that damage the heart valves. Intravenous drug use is also a significant risk factor for this condition.

Symptoms of bacterial endocarditis may include fever, chills, fatigue, muscle and joint pain, shortness of breath, chest pain, and a new or changing heart murmur. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood cultures, and imaging tests such as echocardiography. Treatment usually involves several weeks of intravenous antibiotics to eradicate the infection, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart valves.

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a type of echocardiogram, which is a medical test that uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart. In TEE, a special probe containing a transducer is passed down the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach) to obtain views of the heart from behind. This allows for more detailed images of the heart structures and function compared to a standard echocardiogram, which uses a probe placed on the chest. TEE is often used in patients with poor image quality from a standard echocardiogram or when more detailed images are needed to diagnose or monitor certain heart conditions. It is typically performed by a trained cardiologist or sonographer under the direction of a cardiologist.

A cystocele is a type of pelvic organ prolapse that occurs when the wall between the bladder and the vagina weakens and allows the bladder to bulge into the vagina. This condition is also sometimes referred to as a "prolapsed bladder." Cystoceles can cause various symptoms, including urinary incontinence, difficulty emptying the bladder completely, and discomfort or pain during sexual activity. The severity of a cystocele can vary, and treatment options may include lifestyle changes, pelvic floor exercises, or surgery.

The chordae tendineae are cord-like tendons that attach the heart's papillary muscles to the tricuspid and mitral valves in the heart. They play a crucial role in preventing the backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction. The chordae tendineae ensure that the cusps of the atrioventricular valves close properly and maintain their shape during the cardiac cycle. Damage to these tendons can result in heart conditions such as mitral or tricuspid valve regurgitation.

Cardiac catheterization is a medical procedure used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions. In this procedure, a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the arm or leg and threaded up to the heart. The catheter can be used to perform various diagnostic tests, such as measuring the pressure inside the heart chambers and assessing the function of the heart valves.

Cardiac catheterization can also be used to treat certain cardiovascular conditions, such as narrowed or blocked arteries. In these cases, a balloon or stent may be inserted through the catheter to open up the blood vessel and improve blood flow. This procedure is known as angioplasty or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Cardiac catheterization is typically performed in a hospital cardiac catheterization laboratory by a team of healthcare professionals, including cardiologists, radiologists, and nurses. The procedure may be done under local anesthesia with sedation or general anesthesia, depending on the individual patient's needs and preferences.

Overall, cardiac catheterization is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of various heart conditions, and it can help improve symptoms, reduce complications, and prolong life for many patients.

Visceral prolapse, also known as pelvic organ prolapse, is a medical condition where one or more of the pelvic organs (such as the bladder, uterus, rectum, or small intestine) descends from their normal position and bulges into or out of the vagina. This can occur due to weakened or damaged muscles and tissues that support these organs, often as a result of childbirth, aging, menopause, obesity, or certain medical conditions.

Visceral prolapse is classified based on the organ involved and the degree of descent. The most common types include cystocele (bladder prolapse), rectocele (rectum prolapse), enterocele (small intestine prolapse), and uterine or vaginal vault prolapse. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort, pressure, or a feeling of fullness in the pelvic area to more severe issues like urinary or fecal incontinence, difficulty emptying the bladder or bowels, and painful intercourse. Treatment options may include lifestyle changes, physical therapy, pessaries (vaginal support devices), or surgery.

A rectocele is a type of pelvic organ prolapse, which occurs when the rectum (the lower end of the colon) bulges into the back wall of the vagina. This condition most commonly affects women who have gone through childbirth, although it can also occur in older women or those with long-term constipation or other conditions that put pressure on the pelvic floor muscles.

Rectoceles can cause a variety of symptoms, including difficulty having bowel movements, feeling like something is sticking out of the vagina, and pain during sexual intercourse. In some cases, rectoceles may not cause any symptoms at all. Treatment options for rectoceles include pelvic floor physical therapy, lifestyle changes (such as avoiding heavy lifting or straining), and in severe cases, surgery.

The exact medical definition of a rectocele is: "A herniation of the rectal wall into the vaginal wall, often associated with disruption of the rectovaginal septum." This means that there is a protrusion or bulge of the rectal wall into the vaginal wall, which can be caused by a weakening or tearing of the tissue that separates the two structures.

Calcinosis is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal deposit of calcium salts in various tissues of the body, commonly under the skin or in the muscles and tendons. These calcium deposits can form hard lumps or nodules that can cause pain, inflammation, and restricted mobility. Calcinosis can occur as a complication of other medical conditions, such as autoimmune disorders, kidney disease, and hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium in the blood). In some cases, the cause of calcinosis may be unknown. Treatment for calcinosis depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to manage calcium levels, physical therapy, and surgical removal of large deposits.

Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) is a type of cardiac ultrasound that uses advanced technologies to create a real-time, detailed 3D image of the heart. This imaging technique provides a more comprehensive view of the heart's structure and function compared to traditional 2D echocardiography. By visualizing the heart from multiple angles, 3DE can help physicians better assess complex cardiac conditions, plan treatments, and monitor their effectiveness.

In a 3DE examination, a transducer (a handheld device that emits and receives sound waves) is placed on the chest to capture ultrasound data. This data is then processed by specialized software to create a 3D model of the heart. The procedure is non-invasive and typically takes less than an hour to complete.

Three-dimensional echocardiography has several clinical applications, including:

1. Evaluation of cardiac morphology and function in congenital heart disease
2. Assessment of valvular structure and function, such as mitral or aortic valve regurgitation or stenosis
3. Guidance during interventional procedures like transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
4. Quantification of left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, and mass
5. Assessment of right ventricular size and function
6. Detection and monitoring of cardiac tumors or other masses
7. Pre-surgical planning for complex heart surgeries

Overall, 3DE offers a more accurate and detailed view of the heart, allowing healthcare providers to make informed decisions about patient care and improve outcomes.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Gynecologic surgical procedures refer to the operations that are performed on the female reproductive system and related organs. These surgeries can be either minimally invasive or open procedures, depending on the condition and the patient's health status.

The indications for gynecologic surgical procedures may include but are not limited to:

1. Diagnosis and treatment of various benign and malignant conditions such as uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, endometriosis, and cancers of the reproductive organs.
2. Management of abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, and infertility.
3. Treatment of ectopic pregnancies and miscarriages.
4. Pelvic organ prolapse repair.
5. Sterilization procedures such as tubal ligation.
6. Investigation and treatment of suspicious lesions or abnormal Pap smears.

Some common gynecologic surgical procedures include hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), oophorectomy (removal of the ovary), salpingectomy (removal of the fallopian tube), cystectomy (removal of a cyst), myomectomy (removal of fibroids while preserving the uterus), and endometrial ablation (destruction of the lining of the uterus).

Minimally invasive surgical techniques such as laparoscopy and hysteroscopy have gained popularity in recent years due to their advantages over traditional open surgeries, including smaller incisions, less postoperative pain, quicker recovery times, and reduced risk of complications.

The pelvic floor is a group of muscles, ligaments, and connective tissues that form a sling or hammock across the bottom of the pelvis. It supports the organs in the pelvic cavity, including the bladder, rectum, and uterus or prostate. The pelvic floor helps control urination, defecation, and sexual function by relaxing and contracting to allow for the release of waste and during sexual activity. It also contributes to postural stability and balance. Weakness or damage to the pelvic floor can lead to various health issues such as incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and sexual dysfunction.

Doppler echocardiography is a type of ultrasound test that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce detailed images of the heart and its blood vessels. It measures the direction and speed of blood flow in the heart and major blood vessels leading to and from the heart. This helps to evaluate various conditions such as valve problems, congenital heart defects, and heart muscle diseases.

In Doppler echocardiography, a small handheld device called a transducer is placed on the chest, which emits sound waves that bounce off the heart and blood vessels. The transducer then picks up the returning echoes, which are processed by a computer to create moving images of the heart.

The Doppler effect is used to measure the speed and direction of blood flow. This occurs when the frequency of the sound waves changes as they bounce off moving objects, such as red blood cells. By analyzing these changes, the ultrasound machine can calculate the velocity and direction of blood flow in different parts of the heart.

Doppler echocardiography is a non-invasive test that does not require any needles or dyes. It is generally safe and painless, although patients may experience some discomfort from the pressure applied by the transducer on the chest. The test usually takes about 30 to 60 minutes to complete.

Echocardiography, Doppler, color is a type of ultrasound test that uses sound waves to create detailed moving images of the heart and its blood vessels. In this technique, color Doppler is used to visualize the direction and speed of blood flow through the heart and great vessels. The movement of the red blood cells causes a change in frequency of the reflected sound waves (Doppler shift), which can be used to calculate the velocity and direction of the blood flow. By adding color to the Doppler image, it becomes easier for the interpreting physician to understand the complex three-dimensional motion of blood through the heart. This test is often used to diagnose and monitor various heart conditions, including valve disorders, congenital heart defects, and cardiac muscle diseases.

Prosthesis design is a specialized field in medical device technology that involves creating and developing artificial substitutes to replace a missing body part, such as a limb, tooth, eye, or internal organ. The design process typically includes several stages: assessment of the patient's needs, selection of appropriate materials, creation of a prototype, testing and refinement, and final fabrication and fitting of the prosthesis.

The goal of prosthesis design is to create a device that functions as closely as possible to the natural body part it replaces, while also being comfortable, durable, and aesthetically pleasing for the patient. The design process may involve collaboration between medical professionals, engineers, and designers, and may take into account factors such as the patient's age, lifestyle, occupation, and overall health.

Prosthesis design can be highly complex, particularly for advanced devices such as robotic limbs or implantable organs. These devices often require sophisticated sensors, actuators, and control systems to mimic the natural functions of the body part they replace. As a result, prosthesis design is an active area of research and development in the medical field, with ongoing efforts to improve the functionality, comfort, and affordability of these devices for patients.

Mitral valve stenosis is a cardiac condition characterized by the narrowing or stiffening of the mitral valve, one of the four heart valves that regulate blood flow through the heart. This narrowing prevents the mitral valve from fully opening during diastole (relaxation phase of the heart cycle), leading to restricted flow of oxygenated blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle.

The narrowing or stiffening of the mitral valve can be caused by various factors, such as rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart defects, aging, or calcium deposits on the valve leaflets. As a result, the left atrium has to work harder to pump blood into the left ventricle, causing increased pressure in the left atrium and pulmonary veins. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, coughing, and heart palpitations.

Mitral valve stenosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and imaging techniques like echocardiography or cardiac catheterization. Treatment options may include medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications, as well as surgical interventions such as mitral valve repair or replacement to alleviate the stenosis and improve heart function.

Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) is defined as a chronic heart condition caused by damage to the heart valves due to untreated or inadequately treated streptococcal throat infection (strep throat). The immune system's response to this infection can mistakenly attack and damage the heart tissue, leading to inflammation and scarring of the heart valves. This damage can result in narrowing, leakage, or abnormal functioning of the heart valves, which can further lead to complications such as heart failure, stroke, or infective endocarditis.

RHD is a preventable and treatable condition if detected early and managed effectively. It primarily affects children and young adults in developing countries where access to healthcare and antibiotics for strep throat infections may be limited. Long-term management of RHD typically involves medications, regular monitoring, and sometimes surgical intervention to repair or replace damaged heart valves.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities in the heart that are present at birth. They can affect any part of the heart's structure, including the walls of the heart, the valves inside the heart, and the major blood vessels that lead to and from the heart.

Congenital heart defects can range from mild to severe and can cause various symptoms depending on the type and severity of the defect. Some common symptoms of CHDs include cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails), shortness of breath, fatigue, poor feeding, and slow growth in infants and children.

There are many different types of congenital heart defects, including:

1. Septal defects: These are holes in the walls that separate the four chambers of the heart. The two most common septal defects are atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD).
2. Valve abnormalities: These include narrowed or leaky valves, which can affect blood flow through the heart.
3. Obstruction defects: These occur when blood flow is blocked or restricted due to narrowing or absence of a part of the heart's structure. Examples include pulmonary stenosis and coarctation of the aorta.
4. Cyanotic heart defects: These cause a lack of oxygen in the blood, leading to cyanosis. Examples include tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries.

The causes of congenital heart defects are not fully understood, but genetic factors and environmental influences during pregnancy may play a role. Some CHDs can be detected before birth through prenatal testing, while others may not be diagnosed until after birth or later in childhood. Treatment for CHDs may include medication, surgery, or other interventions to improve blood flow and oxygenation of the body's tissues.

A lentigo is a small, sharply defined, pigmented macule (flat spot) on the skin. It's usually tan, brown, or black and can appear on various parts of the body, particularly where the skin has been exposed to the sun. Lentigos are typically harmless and don't require treatment unless they're uncomfortable or for cosmetic reasons. However, some types of lentigines, such as lentigo maligna, can progress into melanoma, a type of skin cancer, so regular self-examinations and professional skin checks are important.

It is essential to differentiate between simple lentigos and lentigo maligna, which is a precancerous lesion. Lentigo maligna tends to occur in older individuals, often on the face, and can appear as a large, irregularly shaped, and darkly pigmented patch. A dermatologist should evaluate any suspicious or changing skin spots for proper diagnosis and treatment.

A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a type of congenital heart defect that involves a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart, the ventricles. This defect allows oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to mix with deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle, leading to inefficient oxygenation of the body's tissues. The size and location of the hole can vary, and symptoms may range from none to severe, depending on the size of the defect and the amount of blood that is able to shunt between the ventricles. Small VSDs may close on their own over time, while larger defects usually require medical intervention, such as medication or surgery, to prevent complications like pulmonary hypertension and heart failure.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Venous valves are one-way flaps made of thin, flexible tissue that lie inside your veins. They allow blood to flow towards the heart but prevent it from flowing backward. These valves are especially important in the veins of the legs, where they help to counteract the force of gravity and ensure that blood flows back up to the heart. When venous valves become damaged or weakened, blood can pool in the veins, leading to conditions such as varicose veins or chronic venous insufficiency.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Cardiac valve annuloplasty is a surgical procedure that involves repairing and reinforcing the ring-like structure (annulus) surrounding the heart valves, primarily the mitral or tricuspid valves. This procedure is often performed to correct valve leaks or regurgitation caused by various conditions such as valve disease or dilated cardiomyopathy.

During the annuloplasty procedure, the surgeon typically uses an artificial ring-like device (annuloplasty ring) made of fabric, metal, or a combination of both to reshape and stabilize the damaged annulus. The ring is sewn in place, reducing the size of the valve opening and helping the valve leaflets to coapt properly, thereby preventing valve leaks and improving heart function.

Annuloplasty can be performed as a standalone procedure or in combination with other cardiac surgeries such as valve replacement or repair. The specific technique and approach may vary depending on the individual patient's needs and the surgeon's preference.

Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart chambers and heart valves, called the endocardium. This inflammation typically results from a bacterial or, less commonly, fungal infection that travels through the bloodstream and attaches to damaged areas of the heart.

There are two main types of endocarditis:

1. Acute Endocarditis: Develops quickly and can be severe, causing fever, chills, shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart murmurs. It may lead to serious complications like heart failure, embolism (blood clots that travel to other parts of the body), and damage to heart valves.

2. Subacute Endocarditis: Develops more slowly, often causing milder symptoms that can be mistaken for a cold or flu. Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, fever, night sweats, weight loss, joint pain, and heart murmurs. Subacute endocarditis is more likely to affect people with previously damaged heart valves or congenital heart conditions.

Treatment usually involves several weeks of intravenous antibiotics or antifungal medications, depending on the cause of the infection. In some cases, surgery may be required to repair or replace damaged heart valves. Preventive measures include good oral hygiene and prompt treatment of infections, especially in individuals at a higher risk for endocarditis, such as those with congenital heart defects, artificial heart valves, or previous history of endocarditis.

Sudden death is a term used to describe a situation where a person dies abruptly and unexpectedly, often within minutes to hours of the onset of symptoms. It is typically caused by cardiac or respiratory arrest, which can be brought on by various medical conditions such as heart disease, stroke, severe infections, drug overdose, or trauma. In some cases, the exact cause of sudden death may remain unknown even after a thorough post-mortem examination.

It is important to note that sudden death should not be confused with "sudden cardiac death," which specifically refers to deaths caused by the abrupt loss of heart function (cardiac arrest). Sudden cardiac death is often related to underlying heart conditions such as coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, or electrical abnormalities in the heart.

Other cardiac abnormalities may be present, including aortic stenosis, or mitral valve prolapse. Abnormal genitalia: usually ...
MASS stands for mitral valve prolapse, aortic root diameter at upper limits of normal for body size, stretch marks of the skin ... Other possible symptoms are mitral valve prolapse, a large aortic root diameter, and myopia. The skeletal features found in ... mitral valve prolapse, loose or hypextensible joints, highly arched roof of the mouth, and mild dilatation of the aortic root. ... Individuals with MASS syndrome do not have progressive aortic enlargement or lens dislocation, while people with Marfan ...
In most instances some cusp stretching will be found which would result in prolapse and relevant regurgitation afterward if ... of the aortic valve. Thus, congenital aortic stenosis may be treated by aortic valve repair. In acquired aortic stenosis valve ... Aortic valve repair or aortic valve reconstruction is the reconstruction of both form and function of a dysfunctional aortic ... In most instances, aortic valve repair will be performed for aortic regurgitation (insufficiency). Aortic valve repair may also ...
... result from cystic medial degeneration of the valves, which is commonly associated with MFS (see mitral valve prolapse, aortic ... or leads to failure of the aortic or other valve, then surgery (possibly a composite aortic valve graft or valve-sparing aortic ... The signs of regurgitation from prolapse of the mitral or aortic valves (which control the flow of blood through the heart) ... The most serious complications involve the heart and aorta, with an increased risk of mitral valve prolapse and aortic aneurysm ...
This provides the explanation for the aortic aneurysms and prolapsed valves that are commonly associated with Marfan Syndrome. ... ß-blocker medication for aortic protection and prophylactic replacement of the aortic root. In MFS affected adults, it is ... The formation of the elastic fibers in the heart valves and the aorta require the involvement of both FBN-1 and FBN-2. It has ... These molecules interact to form the elastic fibers in the ventricularis layer of the semilunar valves. Fibrillin-1 and ...
... mitral and aortic valve heart defects. A second genetic study specific to mitral valve prolapse focused on the PDGF signaling ... as these valves are often prolapsed or malformed as a symptom of EDS. Because hEDS is such a complex, multi-organ disease, ... such as mitral valve prolapse, creates an increased risk for infective endocarditis during surgery. This may progress to a life ... affecting aortic and mitral valves), skin problems such as hyperextensibility, atrophic scarring, thin skin, and easy bruising ...
... mitral valve prolapse, bicuspid pulmonary valve, hypoplastic transverse aortic arch, tricuspid valve regurgitation, right ... Other cardiac anomalies include mitral valve regurgitation, ...
... aortic regurgitation, aortic root dilation, mitral valve regurgitation, and mitral valve prolapse. Craniosynostosis RESERVED, ... Some cardiac issues which are occasionally seen in people with SGS include aortic aneurysm, ...
Mitral Valve Prolapse murmur at mitral area Heart sounds of a 16-year-old girl diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse and mitral ... Stenosis of Bicuspid aortic valve is like the aortic valve stenosis heart murmur. But, one may hear a systolic ejection click ... Recorded with the stethoscope over the mitral valve. Mitral Valve Prolapse murmur at tricuspid area Her heart sounds while ... This will make murmurs in the mitral valve area more pronounced. Systolic Aortic valve stenosis is a crescendo/decrescendo ...
"Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) - Cardiovascular Disorders". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 2021-11-21. "Aortic ... Mitral Valve Prolapse murmur at mitral area Heart sounds of a 16-year-old girl diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse and mitral ... "Mitral Valve Prolapse". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 18 July 2021. Mitral Valve Prolapse at eMedicine " ... ISBN 978-0-615-15205-9. Scholia has a topic profile for Mitral valve prolapse. Mitral valve prolapse at Curlie (CS1 errors: ...
... mitral valve prolapse, and a bicuspid aortic valve, and (3) atrial myxomas.[citation needed] Temporary vasospasm leading to ...
A bicuspid aortic valve (a type of congenital heart disease involving the aortic valve) is found in 7-14% of individuals who ... Alternatively, following an extensive intimal tear, the intimal flap may prolapse into the left ventricular outflow tract, ... Individuals who have undergone aortic valve replacement for aortic insufficiency are at particularly high risk because aortic ... preventing the leaflets of the valve from coapting. The dissection may extend into the aortic root and detach the aortic valve ...
Cocaine/marijuana toxicity and induced vasospasm Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Valvular stenosis Mitral valve prolapse Aortic ...
... mitral valve prolapse, aortic valve disease, and atrial septal defect). In symptomatic cases, intravenous atropine or ...
Aortic Regurgitation Chapter 258: Mitral Stenosis Chapter 259: Mitral Regurgitation Chapter 260: Mitral Valve Prolapse Chapter ... 261: Tricuspid Valve Disease Chapter 262: Pulmonic Valve Disease Chapter 263: Multiple and Mixed Valvular Heart Disease Chapter ...
... facial dysmorphism facial hypotonia low posterior hairline short webbed neck low set ears mitral valve prolapse aortic valve ...
... progressive aortic root dilation, mitral valve prolapse, and mitral regurgitation Urogenital: Hirschsprung disease and ...
... ectopia lentis and heart complications such as mitral valve prolapse and aortic enlargement increasing the likelihood of aortic ... April 2006). "Losartan, an AT1 antagonist, prevents aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome". Science. 312 (5770): ...
Elongation of aorta Bicuspid aortic valve Subaortic stenosis Mitral valve prolapse with mitral regurgitation Atrial septal ... defect Patent ductus arteriosus Tricuspid valve prolapse Aortic dissection and aneurysm Aneurysm of ductus arteriosus These ...
Causes include mitral valve prolapse, tricuspid valve prolapse and papillary muscle dysfunction. Holosystolic (pansystolic) ... dilation of aortic root or pulmonary trunk, or structural changes in the semilunar valves without obstruction. Late systolic ... Many involve stenosis of the semilunar valves or regurgitation of the atrioventricular valves. Mid-systolic ejection murmurs ... Causes of midsystolic ejection murmurs include outflow obstruction, increased flow through normal semilunar valves, ...
... aortic root dilatation and aneurysms, mitral valve prolapse, and abdominal wall hernias. Over 50% of patients with ADPKD ...
... heart valve prolapse MeSH C14.280.484.400.100 - aortic valve prolapse MeSH C14.280.484.400.500 - mitral valve prolapse MeSH ... aortic valve insufficiency MeSH C14.280.484.150 - aortic valve stenosis MeSH C14.280.484.150.060 - aortic stenosis, ... tricuspid valve prolapse MeSH C14.280.484.461 - mitral valve insufficiency MeSH C14.280.484.517 - mitral valve stenosis MeSH ... aortic aneurysm, thoracic MeSH C14.907.109.139.175 - aortic rupture MeSH C14.907.109.239 - aortic arch syndromes MeSH C14.907. ...
... Prolapse murmur Heart sounds of a 16 year old girl diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse and mitral regurgitation. ... where the mitral valve leaflet is contiguous with the posterior aortic root. During left ventricular diastole, after the ... The heart valves are all one-way valves allowing blood flow in just one direction. The mitral valve and the tricuspid valve are ... The mitral valve (/ˈmaɪtrəl/), also known as the bicuspid valve or left atrioventricular valve, is one of the four heart valves ...
... mitral valve prolapse, hurler syndrome female gender "Mitral Annular Calcification: Background, Etiopathophysiology, ... aortic stenosis or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy abnormal calcium-phosphorus metabolism Chronic kidney disease/ESRD genetic ... As in most types of calcific valve disease, echocardiography plays the major role in detecting MAC and grading its severity and ... The overall prevalence of MAC is estimated at 10%. Interestingly, the two annuli of the mitral valve are not affected equally, ...
"Mitral Valve Prolapse", The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library, Retrieved 2011-01-08. "Aortic Stenosis - Cardiovascular ... Mitral valve prolapse: The click and the murmur of mitral valve prolapse are delayed because left atrial volume also increases ... The reason for this is that there is a larger pressure gradient across the aortic valve. A complementary maneuver for ... "Aortic Regurgitation". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. October 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2021. Tanser, Paul H. (reviewed ...
... of the heart valves); for example, aortic valve insufficiency causes regurgitation through that valve, called aortic ... owing to insufficiency of the mitral valve; it may be acute or chronic, and is usually due to mitral valve prolapse, rheumatic ... of the tricuspid valve. Regurgitant fraction is the percentage of blood that regurgitates back through the aortic valve to the ... The various types of heart valve regurgitation via insufficiency are as follows: Aortic regurgitation: the backflow of blood ...
Aortic valve repair Cardiac surgery Mitral valve insufficiency MitraClip Lewis, Sharon (2015). Medical-Surgical Nursing: ... Mitral Valve Prolapse, Functional MR, Cardiac Surgery, Degenerative MR, and Cardiomyopathy - Evalve, Inc Archived June 8, 2007 ... of the mitral valve. The mitral valve is the "inflow valve" for the left side of the heart. Blood flows from the lungs, where ... Not all damaged valves are suitable for repair; in some, the state of valve disease is too advanced and replacement is ...
"Results of the First 158 Cases of Isolated Replacement of the Mitral and Aortic Valves in Jordan", Cardio-Pulmonary Medicine: ... "Clinical Non-Invasive and Invasive Findings in 50 Patients with Mitral Valve Prolapse". Non-Invasive Cardiovascular Diagnosis- ... "Gaucher's disease with valve calcification: Possible role of Gaucher cells, bone matrix proteins and integrins." Canadian ... Daoud Hanania performed the first open-heart surgery procedure in Jordan in 1970, the first heart-valve replacement in the ...
Also, abnormal closure of the mitral valve leaflets or mitral valve prolapse will cause the valve significantly leak during ... A 2004 study finds that children with PMV are 68% likely to have aortic coarctation, 54% likely to have an atrial septal defect ... Parachute mitral valve (or PMV) is a rare congenital heart disease where the mitral valve only has a single papillary muscle ... Themes, U. F. O. (2018-12-25). "Mitral Valve Repair for Congenital Mitral Valve Disease in the Adult". Thoracic Key. Retrieved ...
Atrioventricular valve Mitral Valve Prolapse murmur Heart sounds of a 16 year old girl diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse and ... as in mitral valve stenosis, tricuspid valve stenosis, pulmonary valve stenosis and aortic valve stenosis. Stenosis of the ... The other two valves are at the entrance to the arteries leaving the heart these are the semilunar valves - the aortic valve at ... For example, valvular disease of the aortic valve, such as aortic stenosis or aortic regurgitation, may cause breathlessness, ...
... is associated with aortic root (AoR) enlargement in patients with inherited connective tissue disorders. This report... , Find ... 15,22 We revealed in the Barlows disease group larger aortic diameter and higher prevalence of aortic valve prolapse, which ... Background: Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a valvular heart disease in which the two valve flaps of the mitral valve do not ... Mitral valve prolapse and the mitral valve prolapse syndrome: A diagnostic classification and pathogenesis of symptoms ...
Case-patients: aortic valve defects, 10 (no bicuspid valves); mitral valve defects, 9 (no prolapse); tricuspid valve defects, 4 ... aortic valve defects, 6 (no bicuspid valves); mitral valve defects, 3 (1 prolapse).. ¶n = 0 in reality.. #Angina pectoris and ...
... articles related to Aortic Valve Stenosis * Difference Between Mitral Valve Prolapse and Aortic Valve Stenosis. • (0) ... Tag archive for Aortic Valve Stenosis. Want more amazing articles related to Aortic Valve Stenosis? Please subscribe below ...
Other cardiac abnormalities may be present, including aortic stenosis, or mitral valve prolapse. Abnormal genitalia: usually ...
International Research Collaboration Reveals Mutations in DCHS1 Cause Mitral Valve Prolapse Technology ... The aortic valves leaflets act as sentries to help blood flow from the heart into the aorta while preventing blood from ... UCLA has performed its first transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), using a new device approved by the U.S. Food and ... The TAVR allows doctors for the first time to replace the aortic valve without either of these components of conventional ...
... are located in the left ventricle outflow tract beneath the aortic valve. They are the most common VSD subtype in the United ... Aortic valve insufficiency if there is evidence of leaflet prolapse. * Subaortic stenosis ... Perimembranous ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are located in the left ventricle outflow tract beneath the aortic valve. They ... The defect may be partially or completely occluded by the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve. (See Epidemiology, Prognosis, ...
Bicuspid aortic valve. *Mitral valve prolapse. *Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection. *Hypoplastic left heart ...
Learn about the different types of stenosis or stenotic valves. ... Stenosis is the term for a heart valve that doesnt open ... Video: Bicuspid Aortic Valves and Mitral Valve Prolapse. Play without Auto-Play Play Video Text ... Valve Stenosis: When a Heart Valve is Too Narrow. About Valve Stenosis. Stenosis is the term for a valve that is narrowed and ... For example, a type of malformed aortic valve is a bicuspid aortic valve. About 1% to 2% of the population is born with an ...
Aortic regurgitation is a heart valve disease in which the aortic valve does not close tightly. This allows blood to flow from ... Aortic regurgitation is a heart valve disease in which the aortic valve does not close tightly. This allows blood to flow from ... Aortic valve prolapse; Aortic insufficiency; Heart valve - aortic regurgitation; Valvular disease - aortic regurgitation; AI - ... Surgery to repair or replace the aortic valve corrects aortic regurgitation. The decision to have aortic valve replacement ...
... and aortic valve are four main valves present in the heart. Atresia, regurgitation or valvular inadequacy, prolapse and ... On the basis of position, the market is segmented into mitral valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, and aortic valve. On the ... and pulmonary valves can be repaired and replaced depending upon the condition of the patient but the aortic valve is not ... Global Heart Valve Replacement Market Expected to Reach USD 15,139.2 Million by 2027. January 15th, 2021 Growth Market Reports ...
More than mild aortic or mitral stenosis.. *Intrinsic (prolapse, rheumatic) valve disease with more than moderate mitral, ... tricuspid or aortic regurgitation.. *Acute or chronic severe liver disease as evidenced by any of the following: encephalopathy ...
Heart valves. Four heart valves - the aortic, mitral, pulmonary and tricuspid - keep the blood moving the right way. The valves ... A heart valve may become narrowed (stenosis), leaky (regurgitation or insufficiency) or close improperly (prolapse). ... Chambers and valves of the heart Enlarge image Close Chambers and valves of the heart. Chambers and valves of the heart. A ... The heart has four valves - the aortic, mitral, pulmonary and tricuspid valves. They open and close to move blood through the ...
Valvular heart disease: morphology and pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease, aortic stenosis, mitral valve prolapse, ... Aortic dissection.. Diseases of the respiratory sysetm. Obstructive pulmonary diseases: chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, ...
More than mild aortic or mitral stenosis.. *Intrinsic (prolapse, rheumatic) valve disease with more than moderate mitral, ... tricuspid or aortic regurgitation.. *Acute or chronic severe liver disease as evidenced by any of the following: encephalopathy ...
... aortic regurgitation and aortic stenosis assessment (1).. *Mitral valve evaluation: mitral valve prolapse is one of the most ... Figure 4: Mitral valve prolapse evaluation by using 3D-TEE imaging. Mitral valve prolapse evaluation is one of the most common ... Figure 3: Aortic valve 3D-TEE image. The three aortic leaflets can be seen during systole in this image.. ... In this figure we can see a mitral valve prolapse.. Figure 2: Ostium secundum atrial septal defect obtained by means of 3D-TEE ...
Learn about valve disease and the cause and treatment options for each specific condition. ... There are several types of valve and structural heart defects or abnormalities. ... Patients with bicuspid aortic valve disease usually have an aortic valve repair or aortic valve replacement surgery to prevent ... Mitral Valve Prolapse. Mitral valve prolapse develops when one of the leaflets that act as the seal for the mitral valve have ...
... mitral valve prolapse, and aortic dilation/rupture ...
Mitral and Aortic Valve Disorder ... Mitral Valve Prolapse ...
Mitral and Aortic Valve Disorder ... Mitral Valve Prolapse ...
Mitral valve prolapse: This common condition usually doesnt cause symptoms or need treatment. Most people with mitral valve ... Aortic valve regurgitation: Your level of risk depends on the severity of the regurgitation (leakiness). If you dont have ... Aortic valve stenosis (if severe and causing symptoms).. *Coarctation of the aorta (if uncorrected or existing along with an ... Heart valve disease. There are many forms of heart valve disease that can develop during your life. And they can range from ...
Introduction Mitral valve replacement is surgery to replace the mitral valve with an artificial (prosthetic) valve. You may ... The four valves of the heart are the tricuspid valve, the pulmonic valve, the mitral valve, and the aortic valve. The tricuspid ... "mitral valve prolapse." A valvular prolapse is an abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that causes the valve to not close ... Mitral Valve Prolapse. Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) was first characterized by Barlow and Bosman in the 1960s.(Barlow and Bosman ...
... include investigating the biological changes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of mitral valve prolapse and thoracic aortic ... His clinical focus was on minimally invasive surgery and valve surgery. He performed the first valve-sparing root replacement ... at Yale in 2008; the first hybrid revascularization at the VA in 2008; the first right thoracotomy mitral valve repair at Yale ... science research focusing on the role of miRNA in the heart and dysregulated TGF-beta signaling in myxomatous mitral valve ...
Bicuspid Aortic Valve. *Mitral Valve Prolapse. Our collaboration with Mayo Clinic is the latest example of Boys Towns ...
The aortic valve leaflet was normal and the diameter of the aortic annulus and sinotubular junction was 23 and 27mm ... The Doppler color-flow echocardiogram showed moderate aortic regurgitation which resulted in prolapse of the right aortic cusp ... We performed modified aortic root remodeling using a tailored Dacron graft to preserve the native aortic valve. Right and ... Echocardiography of the aortic valve before discharge showed a normal function without regurgitation.. @Jpn. J. Cardiovasc. ...
Rheumatic valvular disease most commonly involves the mitral and aortic valves. The tricuspid and pulmonic valves are seldom if ... leaflet tip prolapse, or beading/nodularity of leaflet tips. ... particularly involving the mitral and/or aortic valves, may ... worsening regurgitation of damaged valves or causing regurgitation of an otherwise unaffected valve. Dilation of valve rings ... Pathologic aortic valve morphologic changes include irregular or focal leaflet thickening, coaptation defect, restricted ...
... mitral and aortic valve heart defects. A second genetic study specific to mitral valve prolapse focused on the PDGF signaling ... Valvular heart disease, such as mitral valve prolapse, creates an increased risk for infective endocarditis during surgery. ... as these valves are often prolapsed or malformed as a symptom of EDS. Because hEDS is such a complex, multi-organ disease, ... affecting aortic and mitral valves), skin problems such as hyperextensibility, atrophic scarring, thin skin, and easy bruising ...
Cardiac evaluation - mitral valve prolapse, aortic insufficiency, arterial stenosis and other associated cardiac pathologies ... Surgery may be required for supravalvular aortic stenosis (required in 30% of children with the disorder[9]), mitral valve ... Colleen A. Morris also stated that "individuals with SVAS (supravalvular aortic stenosis) should be evaluated to determine if ... Williams observed in four patients an association between supravalvular aortic stenosis and the common physical and mental ...
Changes in the aortic valve may include prolapse, coaptation defect, and thickening of the leaflets, with restricted motion. ... The murmurs of acute rheumatic fever are from valve regurgitation, and the murmurs of chronic rheumatic fever are from valve ... Is rheumatic aetiology a predictor of poor outcome in the current era of mitral valve repair? Contemporary long-term results of ... Acute morphologic changes in the mitral valve may include annular dilation, chordal elongation, chordal rupture resulting in ...
Aortic Valve Prolapse, Heart Murmurs, Endocarditis, Algorithms, Catheterization, Catheters, Prolapse ... Regardless of the size of the defect, non-muscular VSDs can be associated with aortic valve prolapse, double chamber right ... definition of clinically significant aortic valve complications, and the variability in VSD nomenclature as well as size ... Clinical Topics: Cardiac Surgery, Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, Valvular Heart Disease, Aortic Surgery, ...
  • Aortic regurgitation (AR) is the diastolic flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle (LV). (medscape.com)
  • Regurgitation is due to incompetence of the aortic valve or any disturbance of the valvular apparatus (eg, leaflets, annulus of the aorta) resulting in the diastolic flow of blood into the left ventricular chamber. (medscape.com)
  • Aortic regurgitation may be a chronic disease process or it may occur acutely, presenting as heart failure. (medscape.com)
  • 2] The most common cause of chronic aortic regurgitation used to be rheumatic heart disease, but presently it is most commonly caused by bacterial endocarditis. (medscape.com)
  • Acute aortic regurgitation is associated with significant morbidity, which can progress from pulmonary edema to refractory heart failure and cardiogenic shock. (medscape.com)
  • Aortic regurgitation is a heart valve disease in which the aortic valve does not close tightly. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In the past, rheumatic fever was the main cause of aortic regurgitation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Therefore, aortic regurgitation is more commonly due to other causes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If your blood pressure is high, you may need to take blood pressure medicines to help slow the worsening of aortic regurgitation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Surgery to repair or replace the aortic valve corrects aortic regurgitation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People with angina or congestive heart failure due to aortic regurgitation do poorly without treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You have symptoms of aortic regurgitation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Blood pressure control is very important if you are at risk for aortic regurgitation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Atresia, regurgitation or valvular inadequacy, prolapse and valvular stenosis are some major diseases associated with the heart valve. (medgadget.com)
  • As per GMR industry analyst Akshata Ahire, "The global heart valve replacement market is anticipated to witness significant growth during forecast period 2020-2027 driven by increasing prevalence of heart valve disease in Elderly Population and the growing prevalence of severe aortic stenosis disorder and mitral regurgitation are boosting the market. (medgadget.com)
  • Aortic valve evaluation (Figure 3): aortic regurgitation and aortic stenosis assessment (1). (escardio.org)
  • For many people, this is a mild condition without any symptoms or complications, but if the mitral valve regurgitation is severe, the condition may require treatment. (uchicagomedicine.org)
  • It was established that the patient's symptoms were due to an aortic regurgitation this was confirmed by echocardiogram. (bartleby.com)
  • The Doppler color-flow echocardiogram showed moderate aortic regurgitation which resulted in prolapse of the right aortic cusp due to deformity of the annulus. (umin.ac.jp)
  • Echocardiography of the aortic valve before discharge showed a normal function without regurgitation. (umin.ac.jp)
  • But, over time, aortic regurgitation became my new problem. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • My name is Denise Ring and I suffered from severe mitral regurgitation due to a mitral valve prolapse. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • Common valve issues include aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation or prolapse. (jamaicahospital.org)
  • If a valve doesn't close tightly and some blood leaks backward, this is called regurgitation. (healthline.com)
  • Rupture of a degenerate chorda can allow part of the valve leaflet to flail into the atrium, which typically causes severe regurgitation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Severe valve distortion can cause leakage and allow the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to aortic regurgitation. (bvsalud.org)
  • New innovations have been directed toward the 2 most frequent forms of valvular heart disease in the industrialized West: aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation, which account for more than 70% of the cases of acquired valve disease in the United States and Europe (see the table below). (medscape.com)
  • Investigations into the current management of patients with valvular heart disease in Europe and the United States showed that as many as one third of elderly patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis, and a similar number of patients with mitral regurgitation, were not referred for surgical management by the attending practitioner. (medscape.com)
  • AVR surgery replaces the aortic valve to treat heart conditions such as aortic valve stenosis, bicuspid valves, congenital aortic valve, and aortic valve regurgitation. (expertchikitsa.com)
  • 4] Additionally, educational and support organizations, such as the The Marfan Foundation and the Bicuspid Aortic Foundation, exist for many of the underlying conditions. (medscape.com)
  • For example, a type of malformed aortic valve is a bicuspid aortic valve . (heart.org)
  • About 1% to 2% of the population is born with an abnormal bicuspid valve, which means instead of having three flaps that open for blood flow, two are fused together. (heart.org)
  • Bicuspid aortic valve disease is a congenital disorder in which people are born only two aortic valve leaflets. (uchicagomedicine.org)
  • Patients with bicuspid aortic valve disease usually have an aortic valve repair or aortic valve replacement surgery to prevent further heart problems. (uchicagomedicine.org)
  • TTE revealed mitral valve prolapse in 8(3,5%) athletes, bicuspid aortic valve in 1(0,4%), and signs consistent with anomalous origin of left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery(ALCAPA) in 1 (0,4%) athlete. (bmj.com)
  • However, other cardiovascular abnormalities such as anomalies of coronary vessels, arrhythmogenic dysplasia of right ventricle (ADRV), mitral valve prolapse, myocarditis, coronary vessel bridge, Marfan Syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, pulmonary thrombo-embolism and channelopathies also significantly contribute to cardiovascular risk in athletes. (escardio.org)
  • About 70% of all cases of valvular disease occur to the mitral valve or the bicuspid valve on the left side of the heart, slightly under 30% to the aortic valve, and just under 5% to the valves on the right side of the heart. (futurelearn.com)
  • Stenosis can happen in patients with either a tricuspid or a bicuspid aortic valve. (expertchikitsa.com)
  • Aortic insufficiency is most common in men between the ages of 30 and 60. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Lab tests cannot diagnose aortic insufficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Surgery can cure aortic insufficiency and relieve symptoms, unless you develop heart failure or other complications. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You have aortic insufficiency and your symptoms worsen or new symptoms develop (especially chest pain, difficulty breathing , or swelling ). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Amet suffers from chronic rheumatic heart disease, aortic insufficiency, coronary artery disease and third level mitral valve prolapse, and urgently needs a heart valve transplant. (khpg.org)
  • Valvular heart disease: morphology and pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease, aortic stenosis, mitral valve prolapse, infective endocarditis, non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis. (unibo.it)
  • You may need this procedure if your mitral valve is too damaged to repair, such as from rheumatic disease. (bartleby.com)
  • The defect may be partially or completely occluded by the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve. (medscape.com)
  • Mitral valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, and aortic valve are four main valves present in the heart. (medgadget.com)
  • On the basis of position, the market is segmented into mitral valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, and aortic valve. (medgadget.com)
  • The four valves of the heart are the tricuspid valve, the pulmonic valve, the mitral valve, and the aortic valve. (bartleby.com)
  • The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. (bartleby.com)
  • The tricuspid valve goes from your right atrium to your right ventricle. (healthline.com)
  • Myxomatous degeneration less commonly affects the aortic or tricuspid valve, resulting in aortic or tricuspid prolapse. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cardiologists at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center have completed their first transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), a new minimally invasive procedure that doesn't require incisions in the chest wall and cardiopulmonary bypass. (scitechdaily.com)
  • UCLA has performed its first transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), using a new device approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to replace an aortic valve in a patient who was not a candidate for open-heart surgery. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The TAVR allows doctors for the first time to replace the aortic valve without either of these components of conventional surgery. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Currently, the TAVR is used to detect severe and symptomatic aortic stenosis, but the early intervention of patients with moderate or mild aortic stenosis potentially through TAVR would be beneficial for expansion and attain growth for this market, this factor possesses as an opportunity for this market. (medgadget.com)
  • Learn about TAVR The AdventHealth Cardiovascular Institute maintains an experienced Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) Heart Team. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • To learn more about TAVR for patients with aortic stenosis, click here . (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • AdventHealth Cardiovascular Institute has been selected as one of the first sites to offer the recently FDA-approved Edwards SAPIEN Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) as a treatment option for certain patients with inoperable, severe, symptomatic aortic valve stenosis. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • His research interests include investigating the biological changes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of mitral valve prolapse and thoracic aortic aneurysm. (yale.edu)
  • F Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm (FTAA) is more common than previously recognised and has an indolent growth pattern that is silent but lethal. (rbht.nhs.uk)
  • Loci for isolated thoracic aortic aneurysm have been identified on chromosomes 11q (AAT1) and 5q (AAT2) and pathogenic variants in the MYH11, ACTA2, MYLK and PRKG1 genes are known causes [13] . (rbht.nhs.uk)
  • Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is an aortic aneurysm syndrome characterised by vascular, skeletal, cutaneous, and craniofacial findings. (rbht.nhs.uk)
  • This case report details the presentation of two patients with FXS and aortic aneurysm. (bvsalud.org)
  • Incompetent closure of the aortic valve can result from intrinsic disease of the leaflets, cusp, diseases of the aorta, or trauma. (medscape.com)
  • The aortic valve's leaflets act as sentries to help blood flow from the heart into the aorta while preventing blood from leaking backward into the heart. (scitechdaily.com)
  • When the leaflets aren't doing their job properly due to aortic stenosis, the heart needs to generate higher pressure to push the blood through the valve into the aorta. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The three aortic leaflets can be seen during systole in this image. (escardio.org)
  • Mitral valve prolapse develops when one of the leaflets that act as the seal for the mitral valve have extra tissue that protrudes into the upper left chamber as the heart contracts. (uchicagomedicine.org)
  • Barlow's syndrome was diagnosed by electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram and chest X-ray.3 The mitral valve apparatus includes tow leaflets, chordae tendineae, anulus, left atrium, papillary muscles and left ventricular wall (Devereux et al. (bartleby.com)
  • Doctor DeBoer was able to repair the aortic valve by simply cutting the three leaflets to a full open position. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a billowing of mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during systole. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The chordae become longer and thinner and the valve leaflets enlarge and become rubbery. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These changes result in floppy valve leaflets that can balloon back (prolapse) into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These fused, stiff, inflexible, and rigid valve leaflets cause narrowing of the aortic valve, restricting the blood flow. (expertchikitsa.com)
  • The calcium build-up on valve leaflets increases the aortic valve stenosis and causes limited mobility. (expertchikitsa.com)
  • These valve leaflets do not seal completely. (expertchikitsa.com)
  • 3D transesophageal echocardiography (3D-TEE) has rapidly become the gold standard in the evaluation of every patient with a valve disease. (escardio.org)
  • Mitral valve prolapse evaluation is one of the most common indications for transesophageal 3D echocardiography. (escardio.org)
  • 3. Langerveld J, Valocik G, Plokker HW, Ernst SM, Mannaerts HF, Kelder JC, Kamp O, Jaarsma W. Additional value of three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography for patients with mitral valve stenosis undergoing balloon valvuloplasty . (escardio.org)
  • He completed his residency in Internal Medicine at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, followed by fellowships in Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Diseases at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, MA and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, CA. He joined the staff of the Mass General Hospital in 2013 as a faculty member of the Cardiology Division and MGH Heart Valve Program. (massgeneral.org)
  • On echocardiography, the characteristic appearance includes a thickened ventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall without an obvious etiology (eg, hypertension, aortic stenosis). (medscape.com)
  • Large VSDs (defined as defect size equal to or greater than the diameter of the aortic annulus) typically have left heart dilatation and pulmonary artery hypertension with normal left ventricular systolic function. (medscape.com)
  • The aortic valve leaflet was normal and the diameter of the aortic annulus and sinotubular junction was 23 and 27mm respectively. (umin.ac.jp)
  • Abnormalities of the ascending aorta, in the absence of valve pathology, may also cause AR. (medscape.com)
  • 3] In developed countries, it is caused by dilation of the ascending aorta (eg, aortic root disease, aortoannular ectasia). (medscape.com)
  • The severity of AR is dependent on the diastolic regurgitant valve area, the diastolic pressure gradient between the aorta and LV, and the duration of diastole. (medscape.com)
  • The aortic valve is found between the aorta and the left ventricle and allows blood to flow to the aorta and throughout the body. (bartleby.com)
  • The aortic valve goes from your left ventricle to your aorta. (healthline.com)
  • The heart has four valves, two atrioventricular valves that separate the atria from the ventricles, and two semilunar valves, one in the aorta and one in the pulmonary artery. (futurelearn.com)
  • The aortic valve is between the left verticle (also called the lower chamber of heart pumping) and the aorta, the most extensive artery in the body. (expertchikitsa.com)
  • Abnormal elastin fiber networks have been found in the skin, valves, and aorta in individual cases. (bvsalud.org)
  • Challenges to the algorithm development included the need for ongoing follow-up and testing which may be influenced by provider and institutional preferences, accounting for the potential risk of endocarditis, definition of clinically significant aortic valve complications, and the variability in VSD nomenclature as well as size categorization. (acc.org)
  • Our two cases highlight the risks of aortic pathology in FXS, and the need for monitoring in asymptomatic patients with significant aortic dilatation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Without the third leaflet, the valve will not close properly and blood can leak backwards into the heart, which reduces blood flow to the rest of the body. (uchicagomedicine.org)
  • Early surgical intervention should be considered (particularly if AR is due to aortic dissection, in which case surgery should be performed immediately). (medscape.com)
  • Aortic dissection. (unibo.it)
  • [3] Complications may include aortic dissection , joint dislocations , scoliosis , chronic pain , or early osteoarthritis . (wikipedia.org)
  • Predicting the risk of rupture or dissection based upon aortic dimension is possible. (rbht.nhs.uk)
  • Small VSDs (defined as VSD dimension less than half the size of the aortic annulus diameter) are usually isolated defects with otherwise normal cardiac anatomy and function. (medscape.com)
  • The aortic valve can also become diseased, and the most common condition is aortic stenosis, in which the aperture size of the aortic valve is significantly decreased. (futurelearn.com)
  • When the aperture size of the aortic valve becomes sufficiently small, this can significantly overload the heart because the heart has to work much harder to pump blood to the systemic circulation. (futurelearn.com)
  • Small valve leaks may be able to be treated with medication, but larger, symptomatic valve leaks may require a minimally invasive transcatheter approach. (uchicagomedicine.org)
  • A valvular prolapse is an abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that causes the valve to not close completely. (bartleby.com)
  • An abnormal murmur in adults is usually caused by problems with the valves that separate the chambers of your heart. (healthline.com)
  • Many patients are not good candidates for conventional valve replacement because they suffer from a number of other health issues, and it is estimated that 40 percent of patients do not undergo aortic valve replacement because they are considered inoperable. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The decision to have aortic valve replacement depends on your symptoms and the condition and function of your heart. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There is increasing interest in a minimally invasive procedure in which a replacement valve is implanted via catheter. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These diseases can be treated with the help of the replacement or repair of the heart valve. (medgadget.com)
  • But some of these diseases are treated only by replacement and not by repairing, for instance, mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves can be repaired and replaced depending upon the condition of the patient but the aortic valve is not repaired but only replaced with the prosthetic heart valve. (medgadget.com)
  • The global heart valve replacement market is fragmented based on by material, position, end-user, approach and Region. (medgadget.com)
  • Based on region, the global heart valve replacement market is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East & Africa (MEA). (medgadget.com)
  • In the year 2020, the heart valve replacement market is expected to witness the slight declining of COVID 19 pandemic. (medgadget.com)
  • Various medical research institute and manufacturer are trying to find the use heart valve replacement string. (medgadget.com)
  • However, the market is anticipated to witness slight fluctuations in demand and supply for heart valve replacement due to closing of international trades. (medgadget.com)
  • Key players in the market are actively focusing on R&D activities to develop heart valve replacement products. (medgadget.com)
  • US based Abbott, holds approximately 20% of market share of global heart valve replacement market in year 2019. (medgadget.com)
  • Several governments' bodies globally are willing to incorporate heart valve replacement in public immunization programs given assured quality, safety, and affordability of the string in hospitals. (medgadget.com)
  • This, in turn, creates awareness among the people about the heart valve replacement, thus boosting segment growth. (medgadget.com)
  • Intraoperative real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic measurement of hemodynamic, anatomic and functional changes after aortic valve replacement . (escardio.org)
  • Mitral valve replacement is surgery to replace the mitral valve with an artificial (prosthetic) valve. (bartleby.com)
  • Minimally invasive mitral valve replacement surgery. (bartleby.com)
  • Replacement with a mechanical valve requires lifelong treatment with medicine to prevent blood clots. (bartleby.com)
  • AdventHealth Cardiovascular Institute (formerly Florida Hospital) excels at the repair and replacement of heart valves. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • The field of percutaneous valve replacement and repair is currently developing at a rapid pace: percutaneous treatment of valvular heart disease is now one of the fastest developing areas of cardiology. (medscape.com)
  • Transcatheter aortic and pulmonary valve replacement and a variety of mitral valve therapy approaches have been successfully performed in hundreds of patients (see the table below). (medscape.com)
  • Efforts to develop and refine percutaneous catheter-based approaches to cardiac valve repair and replacement have advanced rapidly over the past several years. (medscape.com)
  • With the increasing availability of cardiopulmonary bypass, surgical expertise, and intensive care facilities, valve repair and replacement are widely performed to relieve symptoms and improve prognosis of valvular heart disease, despite the associated morbidity and mortality. (medscape.com)
  • The main treatment option for valvular disease is either valvular repair or valve replacement. (futurelearn.com)
  • Aortic valve replacement is complex heart surgery. (expertchikitsa.com)
  • You will get advanced technologies and feasible Aortic Valve Replacement Cost in Turkey . (expertchikitsa.com)
  • Let's learn more about avr heart, aortic heart valve, avr procedure, heart valve replacement surgery cost. (expertchikitsa.com)
  • These all symptoms can indicate a person needs aortic valve replacement. (expertchikitsa.com)
  • The heart valve replacement cost in Turkey is 6,000 - 14,000 US$ . (expertchikitsa.com)
  • The pulmonic valve is located between the pulmonary arteries and the right ventricle and is responsible for allowing blood flow from the heart to the lungs. (bartleby.com)
  • Right and noncoronary sinuses of Valsalva were all excised with a small button of the aortic wall around the ostia of the right coronary artery. (umin.ac.jp)
  • Up to 20% of thoracic aortic aneurysms are inherited, with heterogeneous genetic factors and variable penetrance [13] . (rbht.nhs.uk)
  • However, while aortic aneurysms are characteristic of Marfan syndrome, no similar cases have been reported in FXS patients to date. (bvsalud.org)
  • The new guidelines significantly reduced the indications for antibiotic prophylaxis, recommending them only before major dental procedures in only very high-risk patients (patients with prosthetic cardiac valves, previous IE, congenital heart disease , and cardiac transplant recipients who develop a valvulopathy). (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] If there has been an overall increase in cases of IE, it largely appears to be associated with staphylococci acquired through such risk factors as increases in injection drug use and the increased prevalence of prosthetic valves, pacemakers, defibrillators, and surgically repaired congenital heart disease, rather than an increase in dental microbes resulting from reduced antibiotic use. (medscape.com)
  • Objectives: We investigated the role and molecular mechanisms of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and their regulated alternative splicing events (RASEs) in the pathogenesis of mitral valve prolapse (MVP). (bvsalud.org)
  • Aortic dilatation has been described in other connective tissue disorders, particularly Marfan syndrome. (bvsalud.org)
  • Other cardiac abnormalities may be present, including aortic stenosis, or mitral valve prolapse. (wikipedia.org)
  • The primary function of the heart valve is to ensure unidirectional flow of blood throughout the cardiac cycle with its thin flap made of tissue. (medgadget.com)
  • Patients eligible for this therapy have severe aortic stenosis and are experiencing cardiac symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest discomfort or syncope. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • As a member of the MGH Heart Valve Program , Dr. Dal-Bianco works closely with his colleagues in the MGH Cardiac Catheterization laboratory and Cardiac Surgery. (massgeneral.org)
  • In addition to mitral valve prolapse, aortic dilatation has been identified within individuals with FXS. (bvsalud.org)
  • Additional congenital heart lesions (eg, muscular right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, pulmonary valve stenosis, pulmonary venous obstruction, persistent elevation of PVR, mitral stenosis) can restrict shunting, possibly leading to right-to-left shunting at the VSD, depending on the ultimate resistance balance between the systemic and the total right-sided resistances. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with aortic stenosis have a number of symptoms, including chest pressure or angina, shortness of breath, edema, and fainting. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Most valve conditions are very treatable with medications and procedures or surgery. (heart.org)
  • You and your surgeon will decide which type of valve is best for you and which type of surgery you will have. (bartleby.com)
  • His clinical focus was on minimally invasive surgery and valve surgery. (yale.edu)
  • Recognized around the world for the volume of procedures performed, expertise and success, valve surgery has become a routine practice at our Institute. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • In 2017, AdventHealth performed more than 865 valve surgery patients (aortic valve and mitral valve combined), more than anyone else in the state. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • Heart valve surgery can be extremely complex and the experience of the entire team is critical. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • Gordon faced having his chest opened during surgery for mitral valve prolapse - until he came to UCSF. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • However, there may be changes in aortic valve surgery cost depending on treatment requirements. (expertchikitsa.com)
  • valve surgery cost, aortic valve cost. (expertchikitsa.com)
  • Although minimally invasive surgical procedures have been used on the aortic valve in the past, these operations relied on incisions in the chest wall and required cardiopulmonary bypass. (scitechdaily.com)
  • As a Valve Center of Excellence, AdventHealth is leading the field in ground-breaking techniques including minimally invasive and small incision. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • Once in place, a balloon at the end of the catheter is inflated, opening the new valve, which starts working instantly. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty, however, has yielded largely unfavorable results and is now seldom performed because of its substantial risks and short-lived benefits. (medscape.com)
  • Prosthetic valves evaluation: one of the main indications of 3D-TEE is the evaluation of para-valvular leaks. (escardio.org)
  • A time/trend analysis showed that there was a slight overall increase in rates of IE during the 11 years studied, which was presumed to be related to the aging of the population as well as the increased use of prosthetic valves, pacemakers, and defibrillators during the time frame. (medscape.com)
  • The new valve procedure offers hope to patients who previously had few options," said Dr. Jonathan Tobis, a clinical professor of cardiology and director of interventional cardiology for the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the UCLA Health System. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Regardless of the size of the defect, non-muscular VSDs can be associated with aortic valve prolapse, double chamber right ventricle, and subaortic membrane. (acc.org)
  • The mitral valve is found between the left atrium and the left ventricle, which allow blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle preventing backflow of blood back into the left atrium. (bartleby.com)
  • The mitral valve leads from your left atrium to your left ventricle. (healthline.com)
  • or acquired valvular disorder, including mitral valve prolapse or prior IE. (medscape.com)
  • The flaps of a valve may thicken, stiffen or fuse together. (heart.org)
  • A healthy aortic valve will have three flaps to seal the valve and regulate blood flow. (uchicagomedicine.org)
  • This could indicate a mitral valve prolapse , when one or both flaps of your mitral valve are too long. (healthline.com)
  • As the U.S. population ages, an increasing number of patients will develop aortic stenosis, a narrowing of the heart's aortic valve caused by calcium deposits, which impedes blood flow, causing the heart to work harder to pump blood to the body and placing patients at higher risk of heart failure or death. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is associated with aortic root (AoR) enlargement in patients with inherited connective tissue disorders. (researchgate.net)
  • The Center for Valve Therapies is a multidisciplinary clinic that combines the efforts of referring physicians, cardiologists, interventional cardiologists and cardiothoracic surgeons to provide focused assessments and treatment options for patients with complex valve disorders. (heart-valve-surgery.com)