A group of congenital malformations involving the brainstem, cerebellum, upper spinal cord, and surrounding bony structures. Type II is the most common, and features compression of the medulla and cerebellar tonsils into the upper cervical spinal canal and an associated MENINGOMYELOCELE. Type I features similar, but less severe malformations and is without an associated meningomyelocele. Type III has the features of type II with an additional herniation of the entire cerebellum through the bony defect involving the foramen magnum, forming an ENCEPHALOCELE. Type IV is a form a cerebellar hypoplasia. Clinical manifestations of types I-III include TORTICOLLIS; opisthotonus; HEADACHE; VERTIGO; VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS; APNEA; NYSTAGMUS, CONGENITAL; swallowing difficulties; and ATAXIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p261; Davis, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp236-46)
Longitudinal cavities in the spinal cord, most often in the cervical region, which may extend for multiple spinal levels. The cavities are lined by dense, gliogenous tissue and may be associated with SPINAL CORD NEOPLASMS; spinal cord traumatic injuries; and vascular malformations. Syringomyelia is marked clinically by pain and PARESTHESIA, muscular atrophy of the hands, and analgesia with thermoanesthesia of the hands and arms, but with the tactile sense preserved (sensory dissociation). Lower extremity spasticity and incontinence may also develop. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1269)
A developmental deformity of the occipital bone and upper end of the cervical spine, in which the latter appears to have pushed the floor of the occipital bone upward. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The large hole at the base of the skull through which the SPINAL CORD passes.
Brain tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur.
The infratentorial compartment that contains the CEREBELLUM and BRAIN STEM. It is formed by the posterior third of the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid (SPHENOID BONE), by the occipital, the petrous, and mastoid portions of the TEMPORAL BONE, and the posterior inferior angle of the PARIETAL BONE.
Excision of part of the skull. This procedure is used to treat elevated intracranial pressure that is unresponsive to conventional treatment.
Part of the back and base of the CRANIUM that encloses the FORAMEN MAGNUM.
A surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.
A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.
Congenital, or rarely acquired, herniation of meningeal and spinal cord tissue through a bony defect in the vertebral column. The majority of these defects occur in the lumbosacral region. Clinical features include PARAPLEGIA, loss of sensation in the lower body, and incontinence. This condition may be associated with the ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp35-6)

Arnold-Chiari malformation with syringomyelia in an elderly woman. (1/185)

PRESENTATION: A 76-year-old woman, complaining of leg pain and unsteady gait for 3 years, presented with a spastic paraparetic gait, severe spasticity and touch, thermal and pain sensory loss limited to arms, lower thorax and upper abdomen. Brain and spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging showed a large loculated syrinx. Cerebellar tonsillar herniation into the foramen magnum was also seen (Arnold-Chiari malformation, type I). OUTCOME: The patient had successful cervico-spinal surgical decompression which resulted in marked reduction in hypertonia and weakness, normal gait and normal joint movement at 6 months. CONCLUSION: This unusual, late clinical presentation of a congenital disease underlines the importance of a comprehensive diagnostic work-up in the elderly patients with complex neurological signs.  (+info)

Coexistent holoprosencephaly and Chiari II malformation. (2/185)

Chiari II malformations and holoprosencephaly have been considered to be brain malformations that differ with respect to teratogenic insult, embryologic mechanism, and morphology. We herein describe coexistent Chiari II malformation and holoprosencephaly that occurred in a viable infant. A review of the literature regarding Chiari II malformations and holoprosencephaly suggests that a disturbance to the mesenchyme in early embryologic life may be the cause of both malformations.  (+info)

Phase-contrast MR imaging of the cervical CSF and spinal cord: volumetric motion analysis in patients with Chiari I malformation. (3/185)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Most previous MR studies of the dynamics of Chiari I malformation have been confined to sagittal images and operator-dependent measurement points in the midline. To obtain a deeper insight into the pathophysiology of the Chiari I malformation, we performed a prospective study using axial slices at the level of C2 to analyze volumetric motion data of the spinal cord and CSF over the whole cross-sectional area. METHODS: Eighteen patients with Chiari I malformation and 18 healthy control subjects underwent cardiac-gated phase-contrast imaging. Cross-sectional area measurements and volumetric flow/motion data calculations were made for the following compartments: the entire intradural space, the spinal cord, and the anterior and posterior subarachnoid space. RESULTS: The most striking feature was an increased early systolic caudal and diastolic cranial motion of the spinal cord in the patients. CSF pulsations in the anterior subarachnoid space were unchanged at systole but showed an impaired diastolic upward flow. In the posterior compartment, the CSF systole was slightly shortened, with an impairment of diastolic upward flow. Fourteen of the 18 patients had associated syringeal cavities. This subgroup showed an increased systolic downward displacement of the cord as compared with patients without a syrinx. CONCLUSION: Obstruction of the foramen magnum in patients with Chiari I malformation causes an abrupt systolic downward displacement of the spinal cord and impairs the recoil of CSF during diastole.  (+info)

Congenital malformations after intracytoplasmic injection of spermatids. (4/185)

Spermatid microinjection into oocytes was applied in cases of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)/testicular sperm extraction (TESE) where no spermatozoa could be found in numerous testicular samples. Although several pregnancies were obtained with this procedure, serious concerns remain regarding its safety. Although the relevance of the injection of spermatids is by no means certain, we wish to report that from four pregnancies obtained after injection of elongated spermatids, two cases of major malformation resulted.  (+info)

Chiari malformation and syringomyelia in monozygotic twins: birth injury as a possible cause of syringomyelia--case report. (5/185)

A 26-year-old female, the elder of monozygotic twins, presented with slow progressive numbness and pain in her left arm. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed syringomyelia with Chiari malformation. The patient's birth had been difficult with prolonged delivery time, breech delivery, and neonatal asphyxia. MR imaging of the patient's twin sister showed mild tonsillar ectopia, but absence of syringomyelia. This younger sister was born without problems. The patient underwent syringosubarachnoid shunt at the C5-6 level. The syrinx was collapsed promptly, and her symptoms disappeared. This case of syringomyelia with Chiari malformation in one of twins suggests that birth injury is likely to be a cause of the pathogenesis of syringomyelia.  (+info)

Arnold-Chiari malformation and nystagmus of skew. (6/185)

The Arnold-Chiari malfomation is typically associated with downbeat nystagmus. Eye movement recordings in two patients with Arnold-Chiari malfomation type 1 showed, in addition to downbeat and gaze evoked nystagmus, intermittent nystagmus of skew. To date this finding has not been reported in association with Arnold-Chiari malfomation. Nystagmus of skew should raise the suspicion of Arnold-Chiari malfomation and prompt sagittal head MRI examination.  (+info)

Isolated Horner's syndrome and syringomyelia. (7/185)

Although syringomyelia has been associated with Horner's syndrome, it is typically associated with other neurological findings such as upper limb weakness or numbness. A patient is described who had an isolated Horner's syndrome as the only manifestation of syringomyelia. A 76 year old woman was discovered to have right upper lid ptosis and right pupillary miosis. Neurological examination was unremarkable, and pharmacological testing was consistent with localisation of the lesion to a first or second order sympathetic neuron. Neuroimaging disclosed a Chiari I malformation with a syrinx extending to the C2 to C4 level. An isolated Horner's syndrome may be the presenting manifestation of syringomyelia.  (+info)

Can hindbrain decompression for syringomyelia lead to regression of scoliosis? (8/185)

Scoliosis in childhood develops secondary to syringomyelia in some children. The existing literature does not provide a clear answer as to whether surgical treatment of the syrinx can allow subsequent improvement of the spinal deformity, thus preventing the need for scoliosis surgery. This series comprised 16 patients with syringomyelia who presented with significant scoliosis in the absence of major neurological deficit. All underwent a hindbrain decompression, and follow-up ranged from 1 to 6 years (mean 2.5 years). Subsequent deformity surgery was necessary in eight cases, but the scoliosis was seen to improve or arrest its progression in six (37.5%). Improvement was found to be statistically more likely in children of younger age at the time of syrinx surgery and in those with left thoracic curves. Improvement occurred in 71.4% of those under the age of 10 at the time of hindbrain decompression.  (+info)

Arnold-Chiari malformation is a structural abnormality of the brain and skull base, specifically the cerebellum and brainstem. It is characterized by the descent of the cerebellar tonsils and sometimes parts of the brainstem through the foramen magnum (the opening at the base of the skull) into the upper spinal canal. This can cause pressure on the brainstem and cerebellum, potentially leading to a range of symptoms such as headaches, neck pain, unsteady gait, swallowing difficulties, hearing or balance problems, and in severe cases, neurological deficits. There are four types of Arnold-Chiari malformations, with type I being the most common and least severe form. Types II, III, and IV are progressively more severe and involve varying degrees of hindbrain herniation and associated neural tissue damage. Surgical intervention is often required to alleviate symptoms and prevent further neurological deterioration.

Syringomyelia is a medical condition characterized by the formation of a fluid-filled cavity or cavities (syrinx) within the spinal cord. This syrinx can lead to various symptoms depending on its size and location, which may include pain, muscle weakness, numbness, and stiffness in the neck, back, shoulders, arms, or legs. In some cases, it may also affect bladder and bowel function, sexual performance, and the ability to maintain normal body temperature. Syringomyelia is often associated with Chiari malformation, a condition where the lower part of the brain extends into the spinal canal. However, other conditions such as spinal cord injuries, tumors, or infections may also cause syringomyelia.

Platybasia is a medical term that refers to a condition where the base of the skull is flattened or broadened, resulting in an abnormal increase in the angle between the clivus (a part of the sphenoid bone) and the posterior aspect of the upper surface of the palatine bone. This condition can be congenital or acquired and is often associated with other skeletal abnormalities. In some cases, platybasia may lead to neurological symptoms such as headaches, neck pain, or even brainstem compression.

The foramen magnum is the largest opening in the human skull, located at the base of the skull, through which the spinal cord connects to the brain. It is a crucial structure for the transmission of nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body. The foramen magnum also provides passage for blood vessels that supply the brainstem and upper spinal cord.

An Encephalocele is a type of neural tube defect that occurs when the bones of the skull do not close completely during fetal development. This results in a sac-like protrusion of the brain and the membranes that cover it through an opening in the skull. The sac may be visible on the scalp, forehead, or back of the head, and can vary in size. Encephaloceles can cause a range of symptoms, including developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, vision problems, and seizures, depending on the severity and location of the defect. Treatment typically involves surgical repair of the encephalocele soon after birth to prevent further damage to the brain and improve outcomes.

The posterior cranial fossa is a term used in anatomy to refer to the portion of the skull that forms the lower, back part of the cranial cavity. It is located between the occipital bone and the temporal bones, and it contains several important structures including the cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, and the lower cranial nerves (IX-XII). The posterior fossa also contains the foramen magnum, which is a large opening through which the spinal cord connects to the brainstem. This region of the skull is protected by the occipital bone, which forms the base of the skull and provides attachment for several neck muscles.

A decompressive craniectomy is a neurosurgical procedure in which a portion of the skull is removed to allow the swollen brain to expand and reduce intracranial pressure. This surgical intervention is typically performed as a last resort in cases where other treatments for increased intracranial pressure, such as hyperosmolar therapy or drainage of cerebrospinal fluid, have been unsuccessful.

During the procedure, the surgeon creates an opening in the skull (craniectomy) and removes a piece of bone (bone flap). This exposes the brain and creates additional space for it to expand without being compressed by the rigid skull. The dura mater, the outermost protective layer surrounding the brain, may also be opened to provide further room for brain swelling.

Once the swelling has subsided, a second procedure known as cranioplasty is performed to replace the removed bone flap or use an artificial implant to restore the skull's integrity and protect the underlying brain tissue. The timing of cranioplasty can vary depending on individual patient factors and clinical conditions.

Decompressive craniectomy is most commonly used in the management of traumatic brain injuries, stroke-induced malignant cerebral edema, and intracranial hypertension due to various causes, such as infection or inflammation. While this procedure can be lifesaving in some cases, it may also lead to complications like seizures, hydrocephalus, or neurological deficits. Therefore, the decision to perform a decompressive craniectomy should be made carefully and on an individual basis, considering both the potential benefits and risks.

The occipital bone is the single, posterior cranial bone that forms the base of the skull and encloses the brain. It articulates with the parietal bones anteriorly and the temporal bones laterally. The occipital bone also contains several important structures such as the foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord connects to the brain, and the external and internal occipital protuberances, which serve as attachment points for neck muscles.

Surgical decompression is a medical procedure that involves relieving pressure on a nerve or tissue by creating additional space. This is typically accomplished through the removal of a portion of bone or other tissue that is causing the compression. The goal of surgical decompression is to alleviate symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness caused by the compression.

In the context of spinal disorders, surgical decompression is often used to treat conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or bone spurs that are compressing nerves in the spine. The specific procedure used may vary depending on the location and severity of the compression, but common techniques include laminectomy, discectomy, and foraminotomy.

It's important to note that surgical decompression is a significant medical intervention that carries risks such as infection, bleeding, and injury to surrounding tissues. As with any surgery, it should be considered as a last resort after other conservative treatments have been tried and found to be ineffective. A thorough evaluation by a qualified medical professional is necessary to determine whether surgical decompression is appropriate in a given case.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal tangles of blood vessels that directly connect arteries and veins, bypassing the capillary system. This results in a high-flow and high-pressure circulation in the affected area. AVMs can occur anywhere in the body but are most common in the brain and spine. They can vary in size and may cause symptoms such as headaches, seizures, or bleeding in the brain. In some cases, AVMs may not cause any symptoms and may only be discovered during imaging tests for other conditions. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, or embolization to reduce the flow of blood through the malformation and prevent complications.

Vascular malformations are abnormalities in the development and growth of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that can occur anywhere in the body. They can be present at birth or develop later in life, and they can affect both the form and function of the affected tissues and organs. Vascular malformations can involve arteries, veins, capillaries, and/or lymphatic vessels, and they can range from simple, localized lesions to complex, multifocal disorders.

Vascular malformations are typically classified based on their location, size, flow characteristics, and the type of blood or lymphatic vessels involved. Some common types of vascular malformations include:

1. Capillary malformations (CMs): These are characterized by abnormal dilated capillaries that can cause red or pink discoloration of the skin, typically on the face or neck.
2. Venous malformations (VMs): These involve abnormal veins that can cause swelling, pain, and disfigurement in the affected area.
3. Lymphatic malformations (LMs): These involve abnormal lymphatic vessels that can cause swelling, infection, and other complications.
4. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs): These involve a tangled mass of arteries and veins that can cause high-flow lesions, bleeding, and other serious complications.
5. Combined vascular malformations: These involve a combination of different types of blood or lymphatic vessels, such as capillary-lymphatic-venous malformations (CLVMs) or arteriovenous-lymphatic malformations (AVLMs).

The exact cause of vascular malformations is not fully understood, but they are believed to result from genetic mutations that affect the development and growth of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Treatment options for vascular malformations depend on the type, size, location, and severity of the lesion, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment may include medication, compression garments, sclerotherapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Meningomyelocele is a type of neural tube defect that affects the development of the spinal cord and the surrounding membranes known as meninges. In this condition, a portion of the spinal cord and meninges protrude through an opening in the spine, creating a sac-like structure on the back. This sac is usually covered by skin, but it may be open in some cases.

Meningomyelocele can result in various neurological deficits, including muscle weakness, paralysis, and loss of sensation below the level of the lesion. It can also cause bladder and bowel dysfunction, as well as problems with sexual function. The severity of these symptoms depends on the location and extent of the spinal cord defect.

Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing meningomyelocele and preventing further complications. Treatment typically involves surgical closure of the opening in the spine to protect the spinal cord and prevent infection. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other supportive care measures may also be necessary to help individuals with meningomyelocele achieve their full potential for mobility and independence.

"Arnold-Chiari" for all four types. Chiari malformation or Arnold-Chiari malformation should not be confused with Budd-Chiari ... A type II CM is also known as an Arnold-Chiari malformation in honor of Chiari and German pathologist Julius Arnold. Findings ... Arnold-Chiari+Malformation at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "Chiari Malformations - ... Chiari malformation is the most frequently used term for this set of conditions. The use of the term "Arnold-Chiari ...
"Arnold-Chiari malformation", named after Chiari and German pathologist, Julius Arnold (1835-1915). The malformation was given ... Arnold-Chiari malformation @ Who Named It Julius Arnold @ Who Named It Budd-Chiari syndrome @ Who Named It Bendadi, F; van Tijn ... Pearce, J.M.S. (January 2000). "Arnold Chiari, or "Cruveilhier Cleland Chiari" malformation". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry ... Wilkins, R H; Brady I A (October 1971). "The Arnold-Chiari malformations". Arch. Neurol. 25 (4): 376-9. doi:10.1001/archneur. ...
"Arnold Chiari Malformation: Symptoms, Types, and Treatment". WebMD. Retrieved 2019-04-28. Vissers, Lisenka E. L. M.; Gilissen, ... Another common feature observed in ZTTK syndrome patients is Arnold-Chiari malformations which are structural defects in the ... The majority of individuals diagnosed with ZTTK syndrome display congenital malformations such as urogenital and malformations ... Embryos that survived for a longer period of time have more severe phenotypes such as spinal malformations with brain oedema, ...
Faria MA Jr (1988). "Symptomatic Arnold-Chiari Malformations". J Neurosurg. 68 (2): 316-7. doi:10.3171/jns.1988.68.2.0316. PMID ... "Downbeat nystagmus as the salient manifestation of the Arnold-Chiari Malformation". Surg Neurol. 13 (5): 333-6. PMID 7384997. ... Faria MA Jr; Hoffman JC; O'Brien MS (1984). "Metrizamide Cisternography and the management of the Chiari II malformation". ... Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and surgical treatment of the Chiari Malformation. Contemporary Neurosurgery 1980 2 (Lesson 9) Faria, ...
Arnold-Chiari malformation is a malformation of the brain. It consists of a downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils and ...
An underdeveloped posterior cranial fossa can cause Arnold-Chiari malformation. These can be either acquired or congenital ...
In 2011, Clukey underwent brain surgery for Arnold Chiari Malformation. Clukey is a spokesperson for the Maine Beer & Wine ...
These conditions are sometimes found in conjunction with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak is ... Cerebellar tonsillar ectopia, or Chiari malformation, is a condition that was previously thought to be congenital but can be ... Chiari) and head/neck trauma (whiplash)". Brain Injury. 24 (7-8): 988-94. doi:10.3109/02699052.2010.490512. PMID 20545453. ...
Inbreeding can cause severe problems reproductively, even causing Arnold-Chiari malformation. This causes problems in the brain ... 2010). "Cranial Malformations in Related White Lions ( Panthera Leo Krugeri )". Veterinary Pathology. 47 (6): 1095-99. doi: ...
... can also be an indicator of Arnold-Chiari malformation. In a healthy person during sleep, breathing is ... Watson (2009-11-09). "Sleep Disordered Breathing and Sleepiness in Patients with Chiari type I Malformation". Archived from the ...
"Craniosynostosis-hydrocephalus-Arnold-Chiari malformation type I-radioulnar synostosis syndrome (Concept Id: C3267187)". www. ... "Craniosynostosis-Dandy-Walker malformation-hydrocephalus syndrome (Concept Id: C1838347)". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2023 ... "Syndactyly-telecanthus-anogenital and renal malformations syndrome (Concept Id: C2678045)". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved ...
Hans Chiari (1851-1916), Austrian pathologist (see Arnold-Chiari malformation, Budd-Chiari syndrome). Jacob Churg (1910-2005), ... Julius Arnold (1835-1915), German pathologist. Ludwig Aschoff (1866-1942), German pathologist, discoverer of the Aschoff body ... Arnold Ludwig Gotthilf Heller (1840-1913), German anatomist and pathologist. Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle (1809-1885), German ...
David underwent brain surgery in 1993 to correct a congenital Arnold-Chiari malformation. In January 2013, David became a ...
Ted has an Arnold-Chiari malformation, a narrowing in the base of his skull. Ted's therapy caused his brain to swell just ...
The interthalamic adhesion is notably enlarged in patients with the type II Arnold-Chiari malformation. Thalamus Medial surface ... Wolpert, S. M.; Anderson, M; Scott, R. M.; Kwan, E. S.; Runge, V. M. (1987). "Chiari II malformation: MR imaging evaluation". ...
Moreover, compressive lesions on the spine (e.g. Arnold-Chiari malformation or mucopolysaccharidosis) are associated with ...
Many individuals with spina bifida have an associated abnormality of the cerebellum, called the Arnold Chiari II malformation. ... Myelomeningocele is also associated with club foot deformity, and Arnold-Chiari malformation, necessitating a VP shunt ... "Chiari Malformation Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)". Ninds.nih.gov. 2011-09-16. ... Reversal of the hindbrain herniation component of the Chiari II malformation Reduced need for ventricular shunting (a procedure ...
Marissa lives with a rare and painful disorder called Arnold-Chiari malformation secondary to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Her ... Archived from the original on 2010-11-28., accessed March 12, 2010 "Marissa's Story" (PDF). The Chiari Institute. Archived from ...
... type II Arnold-Chiari malformation, aqueduct atresia and stenosis, and Dandy-Walker malformation. Hydrocephalus can also occur ... and Arnold-Chiari malformation. The cranial bones fuse by the end of the third year of life. For head enlargement to occur, ... Chiari malformation). The foramina of Luschka and foramen of Magendie may be obstructed due to congenital malformation (e.g., ... Arnold SR, Ford-Jones EL (November 2000). "Congenital syphilis: A guide to diagnosis and management". Paediatrics & Child ...
... is a medical institution that focuses on the treatment of Arnold-Chiari malformation and syringomyelia. It ... In 2007 they established an association between type one Chiari malformations and hereditary disorders of connective tissue. ... Milhorat TH; Bolognese, PA (2003). "Tailored operative technique for Chiari type I malformation using intraoperative color ... and chiari malformation type I in patients with hereditary disorders of connective tissue". J Neurosurg Spine. 7 (6): 601-9. ...
This was to be called the Arnold-Chiari malformation, named after Chiari and German pathologist, Julius Arnold (1835 − 1915). ... Hans Chiari (September 4, 1851 − 1916) was an Austrian pathologist who described in 1891 a brain malformation that is ... The malformation was given its name in 1907 by two of Dr. Arnold's students. "Biografia de Salomón Hakim". La Biografia.com. ... Chiari malformation, syringomyelia, pseudotumor cerebri, cerebral vasospasm, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and ...
The first major form relates to an abnormality of the brain called an Arnold-Chiari malformation or Chiari malformation. This ... "Chiari malformation". nhs.uk. 2017-10-18. Retrieved 2021-01-22. "Chiari Malformation Fact Sheet , National Institute of ... In cases involving an Arnold-Chiari malformation, the main goal of surgery is to provide more space for the cerebellum at the ... These include Chiari malformation, spinal arachnoiditis, scoliosis, spinal vertebrae misalignment, spinal tumors, spina bifida ...
Pathology List of pathologists Julius Arnold @ Who Named It Arnold-Chiari malformation @ Who Named It Bibliography of Arnold @ ... two of Arnold's students coined the eponym of "Arnold-Chiari malformation" in honor of the two scientists. Arnold died in 1915 ... With Austrian pathologist, Hans Chiari, his name is lent to a condition known as Arnold-Chiari malformation, a disorder that ... Julius Arnold (19 August 1835 - 3 February 1915) was a German pathologist born in Zurich. He was the son of anatomist Friedrich ...
Headache and pain upon performing the Valsalva maneuver is also one of the main symptoms in Arnold-Chiari malformation. The ...
The foetus was detected with a rare abnormality called the Arnold-Chiari malformation, where the brain and spinal cord connect ... Foetuses of two women, in their 29th and 30th week of pregnancy were both diagnosed with Arnold Chiari Type II syndrome. Based ... "SC allows women to abort foetus with Arnold Chiari syndrome". Hindustan Times. 9 October 2017. Archived from the original on 2 ... the Supreme Court to seek permission to terminate her 27-week pregnancy after discovering that the foetus had Arnold Chiari ...
... or previously an Arnold-Chiari malformation (ACM). There are four types of Chiari malformation, and they represent very ... The currently accepted radiographic definition for a Chiari malformation is that cerebellar tonsils lie at least 5mm below the ... Some clinicians have reported that some patients appear to experience symptoms consistent with a Chiari malformation without ... Congenital tonsillar herniation of the cerebellum is also known as a Chiari malformation (CM), ...
... as seen in some forms of Arnold-Chiari malformation. Other conditions that are closely linked to cerebellar degeneration ... "Chiari Malformation Fact Sheet". National Institutes of Health. 10 December 2014. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011 ... Congenital malformation or underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of the cerebellar vermis is a characteristic of both Dandy-Walker ... Congenital brain malformations outside the cerebellum can, in turn, cause herniation of cerebellar tissue, ...
Due to the impaired venous outflow, which may be further complicated with an Arnold-Chiari malformation, there is often a ... This can be further complicated with a possible Arnold-Chiari malformation, which can partially obstruct the flow of cerebro- ... The Chiari malformation may be asymptomatic or present with ataxia, spasticity or abnormalities in breathing, swallowing or ... It has been suggested that these problems are caused by a primary malformation of the brain, rather than being a consequence of ...
Guillaume Duchenne Arnold-Chiari malformation - Julius Arnold, Hans Chiari Asherman syndrome - Joseph G. Asherman Asperger ... Otokata Higashi Chiari malformation - Hans Chiari Chiari-Frommel syndrome - Johann Baptist Chiari, Richard Frommel Chilaiditi ... David Gitlin Budd-Chiari syndrome - George Budd, Hans Chiari Buerger disease - Leo Buerger Bumke syndrome - Oswald Conrad ... Arnold Pick Pickardt syndrome - Renate Pickardt Plummer's disease - Henry Stanley Plummer Plummer-Vinson syndrome (a.k.a. Kelly ...
Other congenital anomalies of the nervous system include the Arnold-Chiari malformation, the Dandy-Walker malformation, ... A typical combination of malformations affecting more than one body part is referred to as a malformation syndrome. Some ... Malformations often occur in the first trimester. A dysplasia is a disorder at the organ level that is due to problems with ... A congenital malformation is a physical anomaly that is deleterious, i.e. a structural defect perceived as a problem. ...
... and the most common serious malformation of the posterior fossa. This condition has skull, dural, brain, spinal, and spinal ... The Chiari II malformation is a complex congenital malformation of the brain, nearly always associated with myelomeningocele ( ... encoded search term (Imaging in Chiari Type II (Arnold-Chiari) Malformation) and Imaging in Chiari Type II (Arnold-Chiari) ... The Chiari type II malformation (Arnold-Chiari malformation) is a complex congenital malformation of the brain, nearly always ...
Learn about diagnosis and specialist referrals for Arnold-Chiari malformation type II. ... Arnold-Chiari malformation type 2; Chiari malformation type 2; Chiari malformation type IIArnold-Chiari malformation type 2; ... Arnold-Chiari malformation type II. Other Names: ... Chiari malformation type 2; Chiari malformation type II. Read ...
Arnold Chiari malformation type III. Chiari malformations involve the hindbrain and cervical spinal cord. There are four types ... 1 Type III is a rare type of Chiari malformation and the most severe one. Arnold Chiari malformation type III is associated ... Right Sided Cerebellar Ataxia with Occipital Encephalocele (Arnold -Chiari Type III Malformation). Full Text ... Kaur P, Singh J, Kaur M. Right Sided Cerebellar Ataxia with Occipital Encephalocele (Arnold -Chiari Type III Malformation). ...
Is there support out there for people with Syringomyelia and Arnold-Chiari Malformation? ... I figured I would capture some details here so that maybe it could help some of my fellow Syringomyelia and Chiari warrior ... syringowhat.com/is-there-support-for-syringomyelia-Chiari. ... Tag: Arnold-Chiari Malformation. Syringomyelia, Doing it DOC-cy ...
Acetylcysteine and Arnold-chiari Malformation. This page shows results related to Acetylcysteine and Arnold-chiari Malformation ...
"Arnold-Chiari" for all four types. Chiari malformation or Arnold-Chiari malformation should not be confused with Budd-Chiari ... A type II CM is also known as an Arnold-Chiari malformation in honor of Chiari and German pathologist Julius Arnold. Findings ... Arnold-Chiari+Malformation at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "Chiari Malformations - ... Chiari malformation is the most frequently used term for this set of conditions. The use of the term "Arnold-Chiari ...
Arnold Chiari malformation associated with multiple congenital anomalies ...
Arnold-Chiari malformation. *Battered child syndrome. *Bleeding inside the brain (intraventricular hemorrhage) ...
Arnold-Chiari Malformation Severely Impairs Patients Quality of Life. View Post Next Article Do You Need Medicare Supplemental ...
Chiari Malformation (CMs) is a congenital condition in which brain tissue extends to the spinal canal. Learn about the ... URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/chiarimalformation.html Chiari Malformation Also called: Arnold-Chiari Malformation ... Chiari Malformation (For Parents) (Nemours Foundation) Also in Spanish * Chiari Malformation: Diagnosis (C&S Patient Education ... Chiari Malformation: Symptoms (C&S Patient Education Foundation) - PDF * Chiari Malformation: Treatment (C&S Patient Education ...
Arnold Chiari malformation type 1, double syringomyelic cavity and a novel CREBBP mutation (c.3546insCC). We hypothesize that ... From: Novel cAMP binding protein-BP (CREBBP) mutation in a girl with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, GH deficiency, Arnold Chiari ...
Arnold Chiari malformation type 1, double syringomyelic cavity and a novel CREBBP mutation (c.3546insCC). We hypothesize that ... Chiari malformation and syrinx, this excludes the possibility of a contiguous gene syndrome (RTS + Chiari malformation + syrinx ... Arnold-Chiari malformation. RTS is associated with craniocervical and spinal cord complications. In literature patients with ... The association between RTS and Arnold-Chiari malformation has been described in four patients, complicated by syrinx in two of ...
With a Chiari malformation, the lower part of the brain (cerebellum) dips down through a normal opening (foramen magnum) at the ... A Chiari malformation (CM) is a problem with how the brain sits in the skull. The brain normally sits fully inside the skull. ... Type II (CM-II or Arnold-Chiari malformation). Part of the cerebellum and the brain stem dip down through the bottom of the ... Chiari Malformation Type I What is a Chiari malformation in children?. A Chiari malformation (CM) is a problem with how the ...
Arnold-Chiari malformation; cervical spine, myofascial pain, or temporomandibular joint disorders. Vascular. Arterial aneurysm ...
Chiari malformations (CM) are caused by problems in the structure of the brain and skull. The types and severity of symptoms ... The term Arnold-Chiari malformation is specific to CM Type II. *CM Type III - CM Type III is a critical condition characterized ... What are Chiari malformations?. Chiari malformations (CM) are caused by problems in the structure of the brain and skull. In ... How are Chiari malformations diagnosed and treated? Diagnosing CM. Currently, no test is available to determine if an infant ...
Arnold-Chiari malformation and Syringomyelia, 19. Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA), Parkinsons, Tourettes, 20. Myoclonus, ...
headache with a reversible Arnold-Chiari malformation. Headache 1995. Oct; 35:9, 557-9. ... Acquired Chiari I malformation secondary to spontaneous spinal. cerebrospinal fluid leakage and chronic intracranial ...
Cricopharyngeal Achalasia Associated with Arnold-Chiari Malformation in Childhood Subject Area: Neurology and Neuroscience , ... View articletitled, Cricopharyngeal Achalasia Associated with Arnold-Chiari Malformation in Childhood ...
Arnold Chiari Malformation. Its all made so much harder by how rare and unheard of our condition is, and how ignorant so many ... AV Malformation. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are relatively rare cerebral lesions that may cause significant ...
Structural defects in the cerebellum such as Arnold-Chiari malformation. *Brain aneurysm ...
THE ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION (1 November, 1953) Free H. Verbiest. *. TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY WITH PERSONALITY AND BEHAVIOUR ...
Diseases : Arnold-Chiari Malformation, Chiaris Syndrome, Cranial Nerve Diseases. Therapeutic Actions : Applied Kinesiology, ... Applied kinesiology chiropractic treatment may have therapeutic value in symptomatic Arnold-Chiari malformation and cranial ...
Arnold Chiari Malformation. *Arterial Venous Malformation (AVM), Brain Tumor. *Craniosytosis. *Hydrocephalus. *Intracranial ... Neurosurgery offers minimally-invasive delivery of radiation therapy to treat brain tumors and blood vessel malformations of ...
Arnold Chiari malformation. Prenatal clinical observations. Pediatrics Bulletin of VSMU. 2014; 13 (2): 87-95. ... Chiari malformation (CM) is a severe malformation of the craniovertebral region and a congenital pathology of the formation of ... Ключевые слова: chiari malformation, syringomyelia, minimally invasive surgery, reoperation Журнал: Вестник неврологии, ... 9. Alzate J. C., Kothbauer K. F., Jallo G. I., Epstein F. J. Treatment of Chiari-1 malformation in patients with and without ...
Spina Bifida and Arnold Chiari Malformation. We love you eternally and long to feel you in our arms again. Our sweet, precious ... Spina Bifida and Arnold Chiari Malformation. Tomy, we were so excited when we finally concieved you! We couldnt wait until the ... Dandy Walker Malformation, Cerebellar Agenesis, Hydrocephalus. Before you were conceived, we wanted you. Before you were born, ...
Arnold-Chiari malformation and Syringomyelia. Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA). Parkinsons. Tourettes. Myoclonus. Dystonia. ...
Recent questions on Arnold-chiari malformation. Will lying down on stomach cause headache and chest pain? ... he was told he has chiari malformation but the chiari is not large enough for surgery. he has many tremors in his left hand and ... What Causes A White Spots On Basal Ganglia In Paitients With Chiari Malformation? White spots in basal ganglia are due to basal ... What Causes A White Spots On Basal Ganglia In Paitients With Chiari Malformation?. ...
It most commonly is caused by trauma, vascular malformations, or bleeding diatheses and can be intramedullary, subarachnoid, ... Conditions known to predispose to syrinx formation include Arnold-Chiari malformation, meningitis, trauma, scoliosis and trauma ... Hemorrhage due to a vascular malformation (such as arteriovenous malformation [AVM], cavernoma, or spinal arteriovenous ... Vascular malformations can also lead to spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). A small percentage of spinal AVMs are associated ...
Arnold-Chiari malformation. Rajaraman Durai,Carl Fernandes,Philip CH Ng. British Journal of Hospital Medicine.2010;71(3)173. ... Chiari malformation and tuberculous meningitis: aetiology and management. Jose Danilo Bengzon Diestro,Jesi Ellen Cueto Bautista ...
  • Arnold Chiari malformation type III is associated with occipital encephalocele (containing neuroectodermal tissue), hydrocephalus, tethered cord, elongation of the fourth ventricle, failure of development of pontine flexure and kinking of the brainstem, pons, inferior vermis. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Congenital melanocytic nevi may be linked with neurologic melanocytic (neuromelanocytosis, melanoma) and nonmelanocytic (syringomyelia, related hydrocephalus, ependymoma, meningioma, astrocytoma, choroid plexus papilloma, pineal germinoma, and malformations such as Dandy‐Walker and Arnold‐Chiari malformations) findings and possibly hypophosphatemic rickets. (medscape.com)
  • These open forms are often associated with hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari malformation type II and may be classified as spina bifida aperta. (medscape.com)
  • I figured I would capture some details here so that maybe it could help some of my fellow Syringomyelia and Chiari warrior friends. (syringowhat.com)
  • Syringomyelia is often associated with type I Chiari malformation and is commonly seen between the C-4 and C-6 levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • The exact development of syringomyelia is unknown but many theories suggest that the herniated tonsils in type I Chiari malformations cause a "plug" to form, which does not allow an outlet of CSF from the brain to the spinal canal. (wikipedia.org)
  • Syringomyelia is present in 25% of patients with type I Chiari malformations. (wikipedia.org)
  • 8. Sanakoeva A. V. The results of posterior decompression of the craniovertebral transition in syringomyelia with Chiari-1 anomaly in children Asp. (panor.ru)
  • 9. Alzate J. C., Kothbauer K. F., Jallo G. I., Epstein F. J. Treatment of Chiari-1 malformation in patients with and without syringomyelia: a consecutive series of 66 cases. (panor.ru)
  • Syringomyelia (SM) with Chiari malformation is a rare disease with an unpredictable course. (mendeley.com)
  • Here, we identified the different types and global signs and symptoms (SS) that correlated with these malformations while further evaluating the impact of syringomyelia. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Throughout childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, the management of the Arnold-Chiari malformation (a malformation of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata) associated with spina bifida and of urologic problems often requires more surgical procedures. (cdc.gov)
  • Chiari II malformation is best explained with the theory of McLone and Knepper, which allows the hindbrain disorder to be conceptualized as resulting from a normal-sized cerebellum developing in an abnormally small posterior fossa with a low tentorial attachment. (medscape.com)
  • Chiari malformation (CM) is a structural defect in the cerebellum, characterized by a downward displacement of one or both cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum (the opening at the base of the skull). (wikipedia.org)
  • Chiari malformations (CMs) are structural defects in the cerebellum. (medlineplus.gov)
  • With a Chiari malformation, the lower part of the brain (cerebellum) dips down through a normal opening (foramen magnum) at the bottom of the skull. (rochester.edu)
  • In Chiari malformations, the lower part of the brain presses on and through an opening in the base of the skull and cerebellum into the spinal canal. (nih.gov)
  • When part of the cerebellum extends below this opening and into the upper spinal canal, it is called a Chiari malformation. (nih.gov)
  • We describe, for the first time in literature, a RTS Caucasian girl, 14-year-old, with growth hormone (GH) deficiency, pituitary hypoplasia, Arnold Chiari malformation type 1, double syringomyelic cavity and a novel CREBBP mutation (c.3546insCC). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Chiari type II malformation (Arnold-Chiari malformation) is a complex congenital malformation of the brain, nearly always associated with myelomeningocele (see the images below), and the most common serious malformation of the posterior fossa. (medscape.com)
  • Choosing the most appropriate modality for imaging congenital malformation of the spine (eg, spinal dysraphism/myelomeningocele) involves considering many factors. (medscape.com)
  • Health experts don't know the exact cause of a congenital Chiari malformation type I. A problem during fetal growth may cause the defect. (rochester.edu)
  • The condition, formerly known as Arnold-Chiari malformation, is a structural skull defect that causes the brain tissue to push and extend down into the spinal canal. (surfertoday.com)
  • The differential diagnosis includes spinal astrocytoma , Chiari I malformation , chordoma , and encephalocele . (medscape.com)
  • 2 Contents of encephalocele in Chiari malformation III is usually non-functional and contains necrosis of neural tissue, gliosis, fibrosis, meningeal inflammation, cerebral or cerebellar tissue, ventricles, and reactive astrocytes. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • The Chiari II malformation is a complex deformity of the calvarium, dura, and hindbrain, and it is almost always associated with myelomeningocele. (medscape.com)
  • In patients with symptomatic CM1 malformation (with or without syrinx), either posterior fossa decompression ( PFD ) or posterior fossa decompression with duraplasty ( PFDD ) may be utilized as a first line treatment to improve pre-operative symptoms. (guidelinecentral.com)
  • 5. Korshunov A. E. Rear decompression of the craniovertebral transition with Chiari-1 anomaly in children: the choice of the volume of operation / A. E. Korshunov, Yu. (panor.ru)
  • Chiari decompression - It is used to treat Arnold-Chiari malformation. (marham.pk)
  • Chiari decompression is the removal of bone in the back of the skull to widen the foramen magnum. (marham.pk)
  • Prenatal surgery for myelomeningocele reduces the need for ventricular shunting and improves motor outcomes in infants with Chiari II malformation. (medscape.com)
  • Complete reversibility of Chiari II malformation after postnatal repair of myelomeningocele has been reported. (medscape.com)
  • In a study by Beuriat et al of 47 patients who had a Chiari II malformation confirmed before myelomeningocele repair, only 28 (45.9%) patients had Chiari II malformation after myelomeningocele closure. (medscape.com)
  • A thoracic-level myelomeningocele (short arrow) is seen in a patient with a Chiari II malformation (long arrow). (medscape.com)
  • A study performed on the MRIs of 102 fetuses with open spinal dysraphism (OSD) found that in fetuses with severe Chiari II malformation that did not undergo prenatal repair, most (65.5%) had no change in severity of cerebellar ectopia/Chiari grade postnatally. (medscape.com)
  • The spectrum of abnormalities in Chiari II malformation is broad, with many findings reported. (medscape.com)
  • Cakirer S. Chiari III malformation: varieties of MRI appearances in two patients. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • 6. Sansur C. A. Pathophysiology of headache associated with cough in patients with Chiari I malformation / C. A. Sansur, J. D. Heiss, H. L. DeVroom et al. (panor.ru)
  • Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines for Patients With Chiari Malformation: Surgical Interventions. (guidelinecentral.com)
  • Deep scalloping between the bony septations that characterize the lacunar skull (luckenschadel) (arrows) are best appreciated on an axial computed tomography section, as in this patient with a Chiari II malformation. (medscape.com)
  • A Chiari malformation (CM) is a problem with how the brain sits in the skull. (rochester.edu)
  • Chiari malformations (CM) are caused by problems in the structure of the brain and skull. (nih.gov)
  • Traumatic brain injury may cause delayed acquired Chiari malformation, but the pathophysiology of this is unknown. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2 Occipital bone defects are seen in some, but not all Chiari III malformations, 3 and 70% of cases have been reported to have an incomplete fusion of the posterior arches of C1. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • 1 Type III is a rare type of Chiari malformation and the most severe one. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Since the active introduction of neuroimaging methods, the prevalence of registered children with craniovertebral anomalies, including the Chiari malformation (CM), has a statistically significant tendency to increase. (panor.ru)
  • Il n'y a pas eu d'études sur l'incidence des anomalies du tube neural en Jordanie. (who.int)
  • In non-traumatic cases, vascular malformations and coagulopathies are the most common etiologies, in almost equal proportions. (medscape.com)
  • The most widely accepted pathophysiological mechanism by which Chiari type I malformations occur is by a reduction or lack of development of the posterior fossa as a result of congenital or acquired disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • 4. Splavski B., Boop F. A., Arnautovic K. I. Pediatric and adult Chiari-1 malformation surgical series 1965-2013: a review of demographics, operative treatment, and outcomes. (panor.ru)
  • 10. Zhao J., Li M., Wang C., Meng W. A Systematic Review of Chiari I Malformation: Techniques and Outcomes. (panor.ru)
  • What are the symptoms of a Chiari malformation type I in a child? (rochester.edu)
  • The patient of SM with Arnold-Chiari malformation type 1 in a 54-year-old Russian woman who was treated with individualized classical homeopathy for over eight years with remarkable improvement in the clinical signs and symptoms of the condition and comorbidities. (mendeley.com)
  • When spinal malformations are suspected, investigation of the spinal canal and its contents are best performed by MRI. (medscape.com)
  • Considering the imperfection of treatment strategy mentioned above, the aim of this article was to analyze modern surgical interventions in pediatric and adult neurosurgeons with confirmation of our own results as an example of a clinical case of Chiari malformation in our clinic. (panor.ru)
  • 13. Galarza M., Sood S., Ham S. Relevance of surgical strategies for the management of pediatric Chiari-1 malformation. (panor.ru)
  • Large congenital melanocytic nevi are associated with an increased risk for developing cutaneous melanoma, leptomeningeal melanoma, neurocutaneous melanocytosis, malformations of the brain, and, rarely, rhabdomyosarcoma and liposarcoma. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Spinal cord hemorrhage is most commonly caused by trauma, vascular malformations, or bleeding diatheses. (medscape.com)
  • This page shows results related to Acetylcysteine and Arnold-chiari Malformation from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS). (drugcite.com)
  • Sleep endoscopy-directed management of Arnold-Chiari malformation: a child with persistent obstructive sleep apnea. (medindia.net)
  • Another doctor requested a MRI and determined that Schroeder had a condition called Arnold Chiari Type I Malformation. (injurytriallawyer.com)
  • In the same year, the young gun revealed she lives with a health condition - Chiari malformation. (surfertoday.com)
  • How is a Chiari malformation type I diagnosed in a child? (rochester.edu)
  • How is a Chiari malformation type I treated in a child? (rochester.edu)
  • A type II CM is also known as an Arnold-Chiari malformation in honor of Chiari and German pathologist Julius Arnold. (wikipedia.org)
  • The term Arnold-Chiari malformation is specific to CM Type II. (nih.gov)
  • 11. Shin H.-S., Kim J. A., Kim D.-S., Lee J. S. Type I Chiari malformation presenting orthostatic syncope who treated with decompressive surgery. (panor.ru)
  • he was told he has chiari malformation but the chiari is not large enough for surgery. (healthcaremagic.com)
  • Erlanger Neurosurgery offers minimally-invasive delivery of radiation therapy to treat brain tumors and blood vessel malformations of the brain. (erlanger.org)
  • Sagittal T2-weighted magnetic resonance image in a patient with a Chiari II malformation. (medscape.com)
  • Sagittal ultrasonogram in a patient with a Chiari II malformation. (medscape.com)