Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Sclerema Neonatorum
Asphyxia
Silver Nitrate
Conjunctivitis
Paraldehyde
Povidone-Iodine
Conjunctivitis, Inclusion
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Safety-Based Drug Withdrawals
Child Abuse
Platelet-activating factor mediates ischemia-induced leukocyte-endothelial adherence in newborn pig brain. (1/328)
The authors examined the involvement of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in mediating leukocyte adherence to brain postcapillary pial venules and altering blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability during basal conditions and during reoxygenation after asphyxia in newborn piglets. Intravital epifluorescence videomicroscopy, closed cranial windows, and labeling of leukocytes with rhodamine 6G allowed us to obtain serial measurements of adherent leukocytes within postcapillary venules. Blood-brain barrier breakdown was determined by optical measures of cortical extravascular fluorescence intensity after intravenous sodium fluorescein. Superfusion of PAF over the cortex induced a dose-dependent increase in leukocyte adherence to cerebral venules and leakage of fluorescein; with 1 micromol/L PAF, the magnitude of adherence and BBB breakdown was similar to that seen during reoxygenation after 9 minutes of asphyxia. Both adherence and loss of BBB integrity resulting from either exogenous PAF or asphyxia-reoxygenation could be significantly attenuated by intravenous administration of WEB 2086, a PAF receptor antagonist. Window superfusion of superoxide dismutase with PAF attenuated PAF-induced increases in adherence and associated fluorescein leakage. These findings indicate that PAF exhibits proinflammatory effects in piglet brain and that PAF contributes to leukocyte adherence and BBB breakdown after cerebral ischemia. These PAF effects are mediated by increases in superoxide radical generation. (+info)Intraosseous lines in preterm and full term neonates. (2/328)
AIM: To evaluate the use of intraosseous lines for rapid vascular access in primary resuscitation of preterm and full term neonates. METHODS: Thirty intraosseous lines were placed in 27 newborns, in whom conventional venous access had failed. RESULTS: All the neonates survived the resuscitation procedure, with no long term side effects. CONCLUSION: Intraosseous infusion is quick, safe, and effective in compromised neonates. (+info)Outcome of very severe birth asphyxia. (3/328)
The aim of this study was to establish the outcome of very severe birth asphyxia in a group of babies intensively resuscitated at birth. 48 infants, born between 1966 and 1971 inclusive, were selected; 15 were apparently stillborn and 33 had not established spontaneous respirations by 20 minutes after birth. One-half of them died, but 3 to 7 years later three-quarters of the survivors are apparently normal. Later handicap was associated with factors leading to prolonged partial intrapartum asphyxia, while acute periods of more complete asphyxia were not necessarily harmful. (+info)Amplitude integrated EEG 3 and 6 hours after birth in full term neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. (4/328)
AIM: To assess the prognostic value of amplitude integrated EEG (aEEG) 3 and 6 hours after birth. METHODS: Seventy three term, asphyxiated infants were studied (from two different centres), using the Cerebral Function Monitor (CFM Lectromed). The different aEEG tracings were compared using pattern recognition (flat tracing mainly isoelectric (FT); continuous extremely low voltage (CLV); burst-suppression (BS); discontinuous normal voltage (DNV); continuous normal voltage (CNV)) with subsequent outcome. RESULTS: Sixty eight infants were followed up for more than 12 months (range 12 months to 6 years). Twenty one out of 68 infants (31%) showed a change in pattern from 3 to 6 hours, but this was only significant in five cases (24%). In three this changed from BS to CNV with a normal outcome. One infant showed a change in pattern from CNV to FT and had a major handicap at follow up. Another infant showed a change in pattern from DNV to BS, and developed a major handicap at follow up. The other 16 infants did not have any significant changes in pattern: 11 infants had CLV, BS, or FT at 3 and 6 hours and died (n = 9) in the neonatal period or developed a major handicap (n = 2). Five infants had a CNV or DNV pattern at 3 and 6 hours, with a normal outcome. The sensitivity and specificity of BS, together with FT and CLV, for poor outcome at 3 hours was 0.85 and 0.77, respectively; at 6 hours 0.91 and 0.86, respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 78% and the negative predictive value (NPV) 84% 3 hours after birth. At 6 hours the PPV was 86% and the NPV was 91%. CONCLUSION: aEEG could be very useful for selecting those infants who might benefit from intervention after birth asphyxia. (+info)Measurement of the urinary lactate:creatinine ratio for the early identification of newborn infants at risk for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. (5/328)
BACKGROUND: Newborn infants with perinatal asphyxia are prone to the development of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. There are no reliable methods for identifying infants at risk for this disorder. METHODS: We measured the ratio of lactate to creatinine in urine by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy within 6 hours and again 48 to 72 hours after birth in 58 normal infants and 40 infants with asphyxia. The results were correlated with the subsequent presence or absence of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. RESULTS: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy did not develop in any of the normal newborns but did develop in 16 of the 40 newborns with asphyxia. Within six hours after birth, the mean (+/-SD) ratio of urinary lactate to creatinine was 16.75+/-27.38 in the infants who subsequently had hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, as compared with 0.09+/-0.02 in the normal infants (P<0.001) and 0.19+/-0.12 in the infants with asphyxia in whom hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy did not develop (P<0.001). A ratio of 0.64 or higher within six hours after birth had a sensitivity of 94 percent and a specificity of 100 percent for predicting the development of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. The sensitivity and specificity of measurements obtained 48 to 72 hours after birth were much lower. The mean ratio of urinary lactate to creatinine was significantly higher in the infants who had adverse outcomes at one year (25.36+/-32.02) than in the infants with favorable outcomes (0.63+/-1.50) (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of the urinary lactate: creatinine ratio soon after birth may help identify infants at high risk for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. (+info)Abnormal cerebral haemodynamics in perinatally asphyxiated neonates related to outcome. (6/328)
AIM: To measure changes in cerebral haemodynamics during the first 24 hours of life following perinatal asphyxia, and relate them to outcome. METHODS: Cerebral blood volume (CBV), its response (CBVR) to changes in arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO(2)), and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were measured using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in 27 term newborn infants with clinical and/or biochemical evidence consistent with perinatal asphyxia. RESULTS: Both CBF and CBV were higher on the first day of life in the infants with adverse outcomes, and a CBV outside the normal range had a sensitivity of 86% for predicting death or disability. The mean (SD) CBVR on the first day of life was 0.13 (0.12) ml/100 g/1/kPa, which, in 71% of infants, was below the lower 95% confidence limit for normal subjects. CONCLUSION: An increase in CBV on the first day of life is a sensitive predictor of adverse outcome. A reduction in CBVR is almost universally seen following asphyxia, but is not significantly correlated with severity of adverse outcome. (+info)Effects of the AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX on outcome of newborn pigs after asphyxic cardiac arrest. (7/328)
In neonates, asphyxia is a common cause of neuronal injury and often results in seizures. The authors evaluated whether blockade of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors during asphyxia and early recovery with 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo-(F)-quinoxaline (NBQX) ameliorates neurologic deficit and histopathology in 1-week-old piglets. Anesthetized piglets were exposed to a sequence of 30 minutes of hypoxia, 5 minutes of room air ventilation, 7 minutes of airway occlusion, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Vehicle or NBQX was administered intravenously before asphyxia (30 mg/kg) and during the first 4 hours of recovery (15 mg/kg/h). Neuropathologic findings were evaluated at 96 hours of recovery by light microscopic and cytochrome oxidase histochemical study. Cardiac arrest occurred at 5 to 6 minutes of airway occlusion, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation restored spontaneous circulation independent of treatment modalities in about 2 to 3 minutes. Neurologic deficit over the 96-hour recovery period was not ameliorated by NBQX. Seizure activity began after 24 to 48 hours in 7 of 10 animals with vehicle and in 9 of 10 of animals with NBQX. In each group, four animals died in status epilepticus. Neuropathologic outcomes were not improved by NBQX. The density of remaining viable neurons was decreased in parietal cortex and putamen by NBQX treatment. Metabolic defects in cytochrome oxidase activity were worsened by NBQX treatment. Seizure activity during recovery was associated with reduced neuronal viability in neocortex and striatum in piglets from both groups that survived for 96 hours. This neonatal model of asphyxic cardiac arrest and resuscitation generates neurologic deficits, clinical seizure activity, and selective damage in regions of basal ganglia and sensorimotor cortex. In contrast to other studies in mature brain, AMPA receptor blockade with NBQX failed to protect against neurologic damage in the immature piglet and worsened postasphyxic histopathologic outcome in neocortex and putamen. (+info)Reproducibility and accuracy of MR imaging of the brain after severe birth asphyxia. (8/328)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR imaging of the brain can be used to detect cerebral damage after suspected hypoxic-ischemic injury. This study examines the reproducibility and accuracy of MR imaging soon after severe birth asphyxia. METHODS: During a 48-month period, full-term newborn neonates, who died within the first week as a result of severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, were included in the study if they had undergone early (<5 days old) MR imaging and postmortem neuropathologic studies. Two trained observers assessed reproducibility by examining multiple brain regions independently with current criteria and then defining and applying improved criteria. Accuracy of MR findings was tested by comparing the brain regions about which the two imaging raters agreed to those regions about which the two pathologists agreed. RESULTS: Eight neonates, with a median gestational age of 40 weeks (range, 38-40 weeks) and who suffered severe birth asphyxia, were included in the study. In the reproducibility study, MR imaging agreement was moderate when current criteria were used (k = .44). Using the improved criteria, agreement increased considerably (k = .62). Much of this improvement was due to limiting the analyses to the posterior limb of the internal capsule, thalamus, parietal cortex, hippocampus, and medulla. The posterior limb of the internal capsule was the most reliable region analyzed. MR imaging agreement was similar to that achieved by two experienced pathologists reviewing the histologic sections (k = .66). In the accuracy study, MR imaging abnormality was predictive of pathologic abnormality with a sensitivity of .79 and a positive predictive value of 1.0. The predictive value of a single MR imaging abnormality was .79 (95% confidence interval, .61-.96). CONCLUSION: Criteria that provide substantial reproducibility and accuracy for the interpretation of MR imaging findings very early after birth asphyxia can be derived. (+info)Ophthalmia Neonatorum is a medical term that refers to a conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva) occurring in the first 28 days of life, often presenting with purulent discharge and redness of the eye. It can be caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, or bacterial flora from the mother's birth canal or hospital environment. Immediate treatment is necessary to prevent potential blindness and other complications. Prophylaxis with erythromycin ointment is often recommended for all newborns.
Asphyxia neonatorum is a medical condition that refers to a newborn baby's lack of oxygen or difficulty breathing, which can lead to suffocation and serious complications. It is often caused by problems during the birthing process, such as umbilical cord compression or prolapse, placental abruption, or prolonged labor.
Symptoms of asphyxia neonatorum may include bluish skin color (cyanosis), weak or absent breathing, poor muscle tone, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and a slow heart rate. In severe cases, it can lead to organ damage, developmental delays, or even death.
Prompt medical attention is necessary to diagnose and treat asphyxia neonatorum. Treatment may include oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and medications to support the baby's heart function and blood pressure. In some cases, therapeutic hypothermia (cooling the body) may be used to reduce the risk of brain damage. Preventive measures such as proper prenatal care, timely delivery, and careful monitoring during labor and delivery can also help reduce the risk of asphyxia neonatorum.
Sclerema Neonatorum is a rare, but serious condition that primarily affects newborns and infants. It is characterized by extensive hardening (sclerosis) and thickening of the subcutaneous fat tissue, which gives the skin a wood-like or waxen appearance and texture. This process can occur quite rapidly, often within hours to days.
The exact cause of Sclerema Neonatorum is not fully understood, but it's more commonly seen in premature babies, those with low birth weight, and those who have serious underlying medical conditions such as sepsis, pneumonia, or meningitis. It's thought to be a result of an abnormal response of the body's immune system to these conditions.
The condition can be difficult to treat, and mortality rates are high, particularly if there are underlying severe illnesses. Treatment typically involves addressing any underlying infections, providing supportive care to maintain body temperature, nutrition, and hydration, and in some cases, the use of medications to help soften the affected tissue.
Asphyxia is a medical condition that occurs when there is insufficient oxygen supply or excessive carbon dioxide buildup in the body, leading to impaired respiration and oxygenation of organs. This can result in unconsciousness, damage to internal organs, and potentially death if not treated promptly.
Asphyxia can be caused by various factors such as strangulation, choking, smoke inhalation, chemical exposure, or drowning. Symptoms of asphyxia may include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes), rapid heartbeat, confusion, and eventually loss of consciousness.
Immediate medical attention is required for individuals experiencing symptoms of asphyxia. Treatment may involve providing supplemental oxygen, removing the source of obstruction or exposure to harmful substances, and supporting respiratory function with mechanical ventilation if necessary. Prevention measures include avoiding hazardous environments, using proper safety equipment, and seeking prompt medical attention in case of suspected asphyxiation.
Silver nitrate is defined as an inorganic compound with the chemical formula AgNO3. It is a white or colorless crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. Silver nitrate is commonly used in medicine as a topical antiseptic and caustic, particularly for the treatment of wounds, ulcers, and warts. When applied to skin or mucous membranes, it can help to destroy bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and promote healing. However, it can also cause irritation and tissue damage if used inappropriately, so it should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, a thin, clear membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer surface of the eye. The condition can cause redness, itching, burning, tearing, discomfort, and a gritty feeling in the eyes. It can also result in a discharge that can be clear, yellow, or greenish.
Conjunctivitis can have various causes, including bacterial or viral infections, allergies, irritants (such as smoke, chlorine, or contact lens solutions), and underlying medical conditions (like dry eye or autoimmune disorders). Treatment depends on the cause of the condition but may include antibiotics, antihistamines, anti-inflammatory medications, or warm compresses.
It is essential to maintain good hygiene practices, like washing hands frequently and avoiding touching or rubbing the eyes, to prevent spreading conjunctivitis to others. If you suspect you have conjunctivitis, it's recommended that you consult an eye care professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.
Paraldehyde is not typically defined in the context of modern medical terminology. However, historically, it was used in medicine as a sedative and anticonvulsant. Paraldehyde is a chemical compound consisting of three molecules of acetaldehyde joined together, forming a cyclic structure. It has been used in the past to treat seizures and anxiety, but its use has largely been discontinued due to its adverse effects, such as unpleasant odor, gastric irritation, and potential for causing respiratory depression.
In modern medical terminology, paraldehyde is not commonly used or recognized. Instead, more modern and safer medications are employed to manage similar conditions.
Povidone-Iodine is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, which is a complex of iodine with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). This complex allows for sustained release of iodine, providing persistent antimicrobial activity. It has been widely used in various clinical settings, including as a surgical scrub, wound disinfection, and skin preparation before invasive procedures. Povidone-Iodine is effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. The mechanism of action involves the release of iodine ions, which oxidize cellular components and disrupt microbial membranes, leading to cell death.
Inclusion conjunctivitis is a type of bacterial conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva) that is caused by specific types of bacteria, most commonly Chlamydia trachomatis. It is also known as trachoma, which is a leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. The infection leads to the formation of small, inclusion-containing intracytoplasmic inclusions in the conjunctival epithelial cells, hence the name "inclusion conjunctivitis."
The symptoms of inclusion conjunctivitis include redness, irritation, and discharge from the eyes. It can also cause swelling of the lymph nodes near the ears. In severe cases, it can lead to scarring and damage to the cornea, potentially resulting in vision loss. The infection is typically spread through direct contact with eye or nose discharge from an infected person, and it can also be sexually transmitted.
Treatment for inclusion conjunctivitis usually involves antibiotics, such as azithromycin or doxycycline, to eliminate the bacteria causing the infection. It is important to complete the full course of treatment to ensure that the infection is fully cleared and to prevent recurrence. In addition, good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing and avoiding sharing personal items like towels and washcloths, can help prevent the spread of the infection.
A "newborn infant" refers to a baby in the first 28 days of life outside of the womb. This period is crucial for growth and development, but also poses unique challenges as the infant's immune system is not fully developed, making them more susceptible to various diseases.
"Newborn diseases" are health conditions that specifically affect newborn infants. These can be categorized into three main types:
1. Congenital disorders: These are conditions that are present at birth and may be inherited or caused by factors such as infection, exposure to harmful substances during pregnancy, or chromosomal abnormalities. Examples include Down syndrome, congenital heart defects, and spina bifida.
2. Infectious diseases: Newborn infants are particularly vulnerable to infections due to their immature immune systems. Common infectious diseases in newborns include sepsis (bloodstream infection), pneumonia, and meningitis. These can be acquired from the mother during pregnancy or childbirth, or from the environment after birth.
3. Developmental disorders: These are conditions that affect the normal growth and development of the newborn infant. Examples include cerebral palsy, intellectual disabilities, and vision or hearing impairments.
It is important to note that many newborn diseases can be prevented or treated with appropriate medical care, including prenatal care, proper hygiene practices, and timely vaccinations. Regular check-ups and monitoring of the newborn's health by a healthcare provider are essential for early detection and management of any potential health issues.
A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.
Fetal hypoxia is a medical condition that refers to a reduced level of oxygen supply to the fetus. This can occur due to various reasons, such as maternal health problems, complications during pregnancy or delivery, or issues with the placenta. Prolonged fetal hypoxia can lead to serious complications, including brain damage and even fetal death. It is important for healthcare providers to closely monitor fetal oxygen levels during pregnancy and delivery to ensure the well-being of the fetus.
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain refers to a condition characterized by a reduced supply of oxygen (hypoxia) and blood flow (ischemia) to the brain. This can lead to serious damage or death of brain cells, depending on the severity and duration of the hypoxic-ischemic event.
Hypoxia occurs when there is insufficient oxygen available to meet the metabolic needs of the brain tissue. Ischemia results from a decrease in blood flow, which can be caused by various factors such as cardiac arrest, stroke, or severe respiratory distress. When both hypoxia and ischemia occur together, they can have a synergistic effect, leading to more severe brain damage.
Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia can result in neurological deficits, cognitive impairment, and physical disabilities, depending on the area of the brain affected. Treatment typically focuses on addressing the underlying cause of the hypoxia-ischemia and providing supportive care to minimize secondary damage. In some cases, therapeutic hypothermia may be used to reduce metabolic demands and protect vulnerable brain tissue.
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome is a medically recognized condition that occurs when an individual who has been using certain substances, such as alcohol, opioids, or benzodiazepines, suddenly stops or significantly reduces their use. The syndrome is characterized by a specific set of symptoms that can be physical, cognitive, and emotional in nature. These symptoms can vary widely depending on the substance that was being used, the length and intensity of the addiction, and individual factors such as genetics, age, and overall health.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association, provides the following diagnostic criteria for Substance Withdrawal Syndrome:
A. The development of objective evidence of withdrawal, referring to the specific physiological changes associated with the particular substance, or subjective evidence of withdrawal, characterized by the individual's report of symptoms that correspond to the typical withdrawal syndrome for the substance.
B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
C. The symptoms are not better explained by co-occurring mental, medical, or other substance use disorders.
D. The withdrawal syndrome is not attributable to another medical condition and is not better accounted for by another mental disorder.
The DSM-5 also specifies that the diagnosis of Substance Withdrawal Syndrome should be substance-specific, meaning that it should specify the particular class of substances (e.g., alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines) responsible for the withdrawal symptoms. This is important because different substances have distinct withdrawal syndromes and require different approaches to management and treatment.
In general, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome can be a challenging and potentially dangerous condition that requires professional medical supervision and support during the detoxification process. The specific symptoms and their severity will vary depending on the substance involved, but they may include:
* For alcohol: tremors, seizures, hallucinations, agitation, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, and insomnia.
* For opioids: muscle aches, restlessness, lacrimation (tearing), rhinorrhea (runny nose), yawning, perspiration, chills, mydriasis (dilated pupils), piloerection (goosebumps), nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps.
* For benzodiazepines: anxiety, irritability, insomnia, restlessness, confusion, hallucinations, seizures, and increased heart rate and blood pressure.
It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of Substance Withdrawal Syndrome. They can provide appropriate medical care, support, and referrals for further treatment as needed.
Pharmaceutical preparations refer to the various forms of medicines that are produced by pharmaceutical companies, which are intended for therapeutic or prophylactic use. These preparations consist of an active ingredient (the drug) combined with excipients (inactive ingredients) in a specific formulation and dosage form.
The active ingredient is the substance that has a therapeutic effect on the body, while the excipients are added to improve the stability, palatability, bioavailability, or administration of the drug. Examples of pharmaceutical preparations include tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, creams, and injections.
The production of pharmaceutical preparations involves a series of steps that ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of the final product. These steps include the selection and testing of raw materials, formulation development, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and storage. Each step is governed by strict regulations and guidelines to ensure that the final product meets the required standards for use in medical practice.
Drug-related side effects and adverse reactions refer to any unintended or harmful outcome that occurs during the use of a medication. These reactions can be mild or severe and may include predictable, known responses (side effects) as well as unexpected, idiosyncratic reactions (adverse effects). Side effects are typically related to the pharmacologic properties of the drug and occur at therapeutic doses, while adverse reactions may result from allergic or hypersensitivity reactions, overdoses, or interactions with other medications or substances.
Side effects are often dose-dependent and can be managed by adjusting the dose, frequency, or route of administration. Adverse reactions, on the other hand, may require discontinuation of the medication or treatment with antidotes or supportive care. It is important for healthcare providers to monitor patients closely for any signs of drug-related side effects and adverse reactions and to take appropriate action when necessary.
Safety-based drug withdrawals refer to the removal of a medication from the market due to concerns about its safety profile. This action is typically taken by regulatory authorities, such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), when new information emerges that suggests a drug may pose an unacceptable risk of harm to patients, even if the benefit-risk balance was previously considered favorable.
Safety-based drug withdrawals can occur for various reasons, including the identification of new adverse effects, interactions with other medications or medical conditions, or an increased understanding of the drug's pharmacology or toxicology. In some cases, safety-based drug withdrawals may be temporary, allowing the manufacturer to conduct further studies and address the safety concerns. However, in other instances, the withdrawal may be permanent, leading to the discontinuation of the drug's production and distribution.
It is important to note that safety-based drug withdrawals are rare and typically represent a small fraction of the drugs approved for use. Nevertheless, they serve as an essential mechanism for protecting public health and ensuring that medications on the market are safe and effective for their intended use.
Substance-related disorders, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), refer to a group of conditions caused by the use of substances such as alcohol, drugs, or medicines. These disorders are characterized by a problematic pattern of using a substance that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. They can be divided into two main categories: substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders. Substance use disorders involve a pattern of compulsive use despite negative consequences, while substance-induced disorders include conditions such as intoxication, withdrawal, and substance/medication-induced mental disorders. The specific diagnosis depends on the type of substance involved, the patterns of use, and the presence or absence of physiological dependence.
Child abuse is a broad term that refers to any form of physical, emotional, or sexual mistreatment or neglect that causes harm to a child's health, development, or dignity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), child abuse includes:
1. Physical abuse: Non-accidental injuries caused by hitting, kicking, shaking, burning, or otherwise harming a child's body.
2. Sexual abuse: Any sexual activity involving a child, such as touching or non-touching behaviors, exploitation, or exposure to pornographic material.
3. Emotional abuse: Behaviors that harm a child's emotional well-being and self-esteem, such as constant criticism, humiliation, threats, or rejection.
4. Neglect: Failure to provide for a child's basic needs, including food, clothing, shelter, medical care, education, and emotional support.
Child abuse can have serious short-term and long-term consequences for the physical, emotional, and psychological well-being of children. It is a violation of their fundamental human rights and a public health concern that requires prevention, early detection, and intervention.
Morphine dependence is a medical condition characterized by a physical and psychological dependency on morphine, a potent opioid analgesic. This dependence develops as a result of repeated use or abuse of morphine, leading to changes in the brain's reward and pleasure pathways. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) outlines the following criteria for diagnosing opioid dependence, which includes morphine:
A. A problematic pattern of opioid use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:
1. Opioids are often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended.
2. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control opioid use.
3. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the opioid, use the opioid, or recover from its effects.
4. Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use opioids.
5. Recurrent opioid use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home.
6. Continued opioid use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of opioids.
7. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of opioid use.
8. Recurrent opioid use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.
9. Continued opioid use despite knowing that a physical or psychological problem is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by opioids.
10. Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:
a. A need for markedly increased amounts of opioids to achieve intoxication or desired effect.
b. A markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of an opioid.
11. Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:
a. The characteristic opioid withdrawal syndrome.
b. The same (or a closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.
Additionally, it's important to note that if someone has been using opioids for an extended period and suddenly stops taking them, they may experience withdrawal symptoms. These can include:
- Anxiety
- Muscle aches
- Insomnia
- Runny nose
- Sweating
- Diarrhea
- Nausea or vomiting
- Abdominal cramping
- Dilated pupils
If you or someone you know is struggling with opioid use, it's essential to seek professional help. There are many resources available, including inpatient and outpatient treatment programs, support groups, and medications that can help manage withdrawal symptoms and cravings.
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Perinatal14
- Available evidence shows adverse sequelae do not follow perinatal asphyxia unless encephalopathy is part of the neonatal clinical presentation. (nih.gov)
- Most survivors of perinatal asphyxia do not have adverse sequelae, and later cognitive development has been shown to be similar to normative data. (nih.gov)
- Traditionally the outcome for children after perinatal asphyxia who develop the clinical syndrome of neonatal encephalopathy has been defined in all or nothing terms, either as a healthy or a severely disabled survivor. (bmj.com)
- Severe perinatal asphyxia with accompanying secondary hyperammonemia was present in all, and abnormal liver function studies were present in three. (duke.edu)
- perinatal asphyxia is the second-highest cause of neonatal death in Indonesia. (ijbs-udayana.org)
- According to the World Health Organization (WHO), perinatal asphyxia is when a baby experiences spontaneous and regular breathing failure immediately after birth. (ijbs-udayana.org)
- This study aims to identify the risk factors associated with the incidence of perinatal asphyxia at the Sanjiwani Regional General Hospital, Gianyar. (ijbs-udayana.org)
- In multivariate analysis, it was found that meconium-stained amniotic fluid has the strongest association with perinatal asphyxia. (ijbs-udayana.org)
- There is a significant relationship between meconium-stained amniotic fluid, method of delivery, low birth weight, and prematurity with the incidence of perinatal asphyxia. (ijbs-udayana.org)
- Perinatal Asphyxia [Internet]. (ijbs-udayana.org)
- Perinatal asphyxia and its associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (ijbs-udayana.org)
- Risk factors of perinatal asphyxia in the term newborn at Sanglah General Hospital, Bali-Indonesia. (ijbs-udayana.org)
- Ellis M, Manandhar DS, Manandhar N, Wyatt J, Balam AJ, Costello AM. Stillbirths and neonatal encephalopathy in kathmandu, Nepal: an estimate of the contribution of birth asphyxia to perinatal mortality in low income urban population. (ijcmph.com)
- Mbweza E. Risk factors for perinatal asphyxia at queen eliza beth central hospital, Malawi. (ijcmph.com)
Neonates13
- Eight neonates, with a median gestational age of 40 weeks (range, 38−40 weeks) and who suffered severe birth asphyxia, were included in the study. (ajnr.org)
- The aim of this study therefore was to examine the reproducibility of MR images obtained from a group of neonates soon after birth asphyxia and to compare MR imaging appearances with neuropathologic findings. (ajnr.org)
- Although the majority of research is directed toward reducing the brain injury that results from intrapartum birth asphyxia, the multi-organ injury observed in surviving neonates is of equal importance. (frontiersin.org)
- Furthermore, we reviewed the current treatments available for neonates who have undergone intrapartum asphyxia, and highlight the emergence of maternal dietary creatine supplementation as a preventative therapy, which has been shown to provide multi-organ protection from birth asphyxia-induced injury in our preclinical studies. (frontiersin.org)
- Risk Factors of Birth Asphyxia Among Neonates Born in Public Hospitals of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. (ijbs-udayana.org)
- Prevalence and contributing factors of birth asphyxia among the neonates delivered at Nigist Eleni Mohammed memorial teaching hospital, Southern Ethiopia: a cross- sectional study. (ijbs-udayana.org)
- This was a retrospective hospital based analysis of data in neonates with birth asphyxia admitted during the period February 2010 to January 2011. (ijcmph.com)
- How to cite (IEEE): N. N. Agustina, and M. S. Kosim, "The Association between Asphyxia and Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β Levels in Neonates," Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research , vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 51-55, Aug. 2021. (undip.ac.id)
- How to cite (Vancouver): Agustina NN, Kosim MS. The Association between Asphyxia and Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β Levels in Neonates. (undip.ac.id)
- It can cause morbidity and mortality in neonates.Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β are inflammatory cytokines produced by neuronal cells in early response to brain injury due to asphyxia. (undip.ac.id)
- Objective: To determine theassociation between asphyxia and serumIL-6 and IL-1β levelsin neonates. (undip.ac.id)
- Methods: Across-sectional study was conducted on neonates diagnosed with moderate to severe asphyxia who hospitalized atthe Dr. Kariadi General Hospital Semarang Indonesia from December 2013 to May 2014. (undip.ac.id)
- Conclusion: There was association between asphyxia and IL-6 and IL-1β levelsin neonates.IL-6 and IL-1β levelswere increased in neonates with moderate and severe asphyxia, with extend of increase was significant higherin the later. (undip.ac.id)
Cause of neonatal2
- BACKGROUND: Neonatal resuscitation is a life-saving intervention for birth asphyxia, a leading cause of neonatal mortality. (omeka.net)
- Birth asphyxia is the third leading cause of neonatal deaths in developing countries. (ijcmph.com)
MeSH1
- Ophthalmia Neonatorum" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (wakehealth.edu)
Dengan kejadian asfiksia1
- Dewanta, D.G.S., Padma, G.D., Wiraningrat, I.G.A.A.N. Faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian asfiksia pada neonatus di RSIA Dedari Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia. (ijbs-udayana.org)
Encephalopathy2
- Each year, intrapartum-related complications (birth asphyxia) result in 1.2 million stillbirths, 700 000 term newborn deaths and an estimated 1.2 million babies developing neonatal encephalopathy (previously called hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy). (bmj.com)
- Despite the advent of hypothermia therapy for the treatment of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), treatment options following asphyxia at birth remain limited, particularly in low-resource settings where the incidence of birth asphyxia is highest. (frontiersin.org)
Complications3
- Each year 814,000 neonatal deaths result from intrapartum-related events in term babies (previously "birth asphyxia") and 1.03 million from complications of prematurity. (biomedcentral.com)
- The unpredictable nature of the many obstetric complications that contribute to intrapartum asphyxia, in addition to the multi-organ damage associated with intrapartum oxygen deprivation ( 11 ), presents a unique set of challenges to clinical and research professionals in their endeavor to implement effective treatments for intrapartum asphyxia. (frontiersin.org)
- They emphasize the importance of detailed prenatal investigation as most important in preventing prenatal asphyxia and consequent complications. (nel.edu)
Newborn1
- Early initiation of basic resuscitation interventions within 60 s in apneic newborn infants is thought to be essential in preventing progression to circulatory collapse based on experimental cardio-respiratory responses to asphyxia. (nih.gov)
Intrapartum asphyxia4
- The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the multi-organ effects of intrapartum asphyxia, with particular reference to the findings from our laboratory using the precocial spiny mouse to model birth asphyxia. (frontiersin.org)
- Intrapartum asphyxia results in a burden of 42 million disability years (DALYs). (frontiersin.org)
- Although it is a global issue, recent evaluations of the incidence of intrapartum asphyxia in high income countries, where adequate obstetric care is available during the peripartum period, have incidences ranging from 4.3 to 8.5% of term live births ( 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Despite the burden of intrapartum-related neonatal deaths and morbidities, research investment into intrapartum asphyxia and associated morbidities remains low, potentially due to it being a condition that is most prevalent in low resource settings. (frontiersin.org)
Mortality2
- Objective Mortality rates from birth asphyxia in low-income countries remain high. (bmj.com)
- Risk Factors for Neonatal Mortality due to Birth Asphyxia in Southern Nepal: A Prospective, Community-based Cohort Study. (ijcmph.com)
Incidence1
- Incidence and Risk Factors Associated with Birth Asphyxia in South Indian Newborns-Part I. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Research. (ijbs-udayana.org)
Infant1
- Originally produced as an infant blade for use in asphyxia neonatorum- this pattern is now available in two sizes extending its usefulness to older children. (insightshealthcare.net)
Pada1
- Deteksi dini dan penanganan anterpartum yang tepat dapat membantu mencegah kejadian asfiksia neonatorum pada ibu yang berisiko. (isainsmedis.id)
Abstract1
- and IL-1β}, abstract = { Background: Neonatal asphyxia is a respiratory failure during and just after birth. (undip.ac.id)
Severe2
- No significant difference between moderate and severe asphyxia neonatesin term ofsex, birthweight,type of delivery, neonate's mother age, gestational age, and parity. (undip.ac.id)
- Levels of IL-6 and IL-1β levels wereincreased significantly in both moderate and severe asphyxiagroups, and the levels were significant higher in the severe asphyxia than that of in the moderate, p =0.003 and p =0.007, respectively. (undip.ac.id)
Cyanosis1
- Cyanosis neonatorum. (abchomeopathy.com)
Neonatal deaths2
- Birth asphyxia contributes to almost 1 million neonatal deaths. (bmj.com)
- Birth asphyxia is a significant global health problem, responsible for ~1.2 million neonatal deaths each year worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
Prevalence1
- The prevalence of birth asphyxia was 71,2% in this study. (isainsmedis.id)
Newborns2
- By experimental neurology on kittens, guinea pigs, and monkeys, he and his colleagues created a basis for prevention and treatment of childbirth asphyxia in newborns. (wikipedia.org)
- Determinants of birth asphyxia among newborns in referral hospitals of Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. (ijbs-udayana.org)
Deaths2
General Hospital1
- The aim of this study is to know the correlation between severity of preeclampsia and asphyxia neonatorum in Negara General Hospital on January 2019-January 2020. (isainsmedis.id)
Moderate1
- The mean Apgar score was 8 with 62/91.2% of the babies presenting a normal Apgar score, 5/7.3% slight asphyxia and 1/1.5% moderate asphyxia. (bvsalud.org)
Maternal1
- http://www.who.int/maternal_child_ adolescent/ documents/who_rht_msm_981/en/1998. (ijcmph.com)
Study1
- Asphyxia (adjusted OR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.4-4.1) and complicated delivery (adjusted OR = 1.5, 1.0-2.1) were associated with personality disorder in the population-based study, and the former remained significant in multivariate models. (ox.ac.uk)
Year1
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Ophthalmia Neonatorum" by people in this website by year, and whether "Ophthalmia Neonatorum" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (wakehealth.edu)
Risk2
- Early identification and proper antepartum management were essential to prevent asphyxia neonatorum in mother with risk factors. (isainsmedis.id)
- The neonate is examined by a health care worker who checks the presence of risk factors for infection (Section 3). (cdc.gov)
Early2
- Criteria that provide substantial reproducibility and accuracy for the interpretation of MR imaging findings very early after birth asphyxia can be derived. (ajnr.org)
- [ 4 ] This possible role of bilirubin in early protection against oxidative injury, coupled with identification of multiple neonatal mechanisms to preserve and potentiate bilirubin production, has led to speculation about an as-yet-unrecognized beneficial role for bilirubin in the human neonate. (medscape.com)
Remain1
- However, their role in neonatal asphyxiais remain elusive. (undip.ac.id)
Delivery2
- Mode of delivery and severity of preeclampsia is associated with asphyxia neonatorum. (isainsmedis.id)
- The e-CRFm is completed at the time of the delivery if the mother has not already been pre-included, and the neonate is thus recruited at the time of delivery. (cdc.gov)
Develop1
- There is an impairment of blood flow to placenta vascularization which lead to tissue hypoxia and increase the chance to develop asphyxia neonatorum. (isainsmedis.id)
Countries1
- Birth asphyxia in developing countries: current status and public health implications. (ijcmph.com)
Mother2
- If the mother gives birth with the assistance of a matron (not in a health care structure) the investigator is notified as soon as possible, for the collection of medical information from the matron concerning the birth and the neonate. (cdc.gov)
- If the neonate dies before the arrival of the investigator, the e-CRFc is completed and a verbal autopsy is carried out by the investigator with the matron and, if possible, the mother or a relative. (cdc.gov)
Results1
- Furthermore, although cooling of the neonate results in improved neurological outcomes for a small proportion of treated infants, it does not provide any benefit to the other organ systems affected by asphyxia at birth. (frontiersin.org)
Management1
- Bang AT, Bang RA, Baitule SB, Reddy HM, Deshmukh MD. Management of birth asphyxia in home deliveries in rural Gadchiroli: the effect of two types of birth attendants and of resuscitating with mouth-to-mouth, tube-mask or bag-mask. (ijcmph.com)