A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)
A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These disorders may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.
A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. They work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. The many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here.
Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.
Excessive movement of muscles of the body as a whole, which may be associated with organic or psychological disorders.
Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.
Propylamines are organic compounds consisting of an amino group (-NH2) attached to a propyl group (CH3CH2CH2-), which can act as central nervous system stimulants, local anesthetics, or vasopressors, depending on their specific chemical structure.
A subtype of dopamine D2 receptors that has high affinity for the antipsychotic CLOZAPINE.
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
An act performed without delay, reflection, voluntary direction or obvious control in response to a stimulus.
Drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin.
The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
A projective test used to evaluate a broad range of personality variables including pathology of thought and perception. The subject's responses to inkblot prints are scored along with subjective interpretation by the test administrator.

Long-term neurological dysfunction and neonatal hypoglycaemia after diabetic pregnancy. (1/2243)

AIM: To determine if children born to mothers with diabetes mellitus during pregnancy, who subsequently developed neonatal hypoglycaemia, experienced long-term neurological dysfunction. METHODS: Thirteen children with, and 15 without, neonatal hypoglycaemia (blood glucose < 1.5 mmol/l) were randomly selected from a larger cohort and investigated at the age of 8 years. They were also compared with 28 age matched healthy controls. RESULTS: Children with neonatal hypoglycaemia had significantly more difficulties in a validated screening test for minimal brain dysfunction than controls and were also more often reported to be hyperactive, impulsive, and easily distracted. On psychological assessment, they had a lower total development score than normoglycaemic children born to diabetic mothers, and control children. CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal hypoglycaemia in diabetic pregnancy was associated with long-term neurological dysfunction related to minimal brain dysfunction/deficits in attention, motor control, and perception.  (+info)

Further analysis of the separate and interactive effects of methylphenidate and common classroom contingencies. (2/2243)

We evaluated separate and interactive effects between common classroom contingencies and methylphenidate (MPH) on disruptive and off-task behaviors for 4 children with a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Analogue conditions consisting of contingent teacher reprimands, brief time-out, no interaction, and alone were conducted in a multielement design. Medication status (MPH or placebo) was alternated across days in a superordinate multielement design. Results indicate that (a) the behavioral effects of MPH were influenced by one or more of the analogue conditions for each participant, and (b) time-out was associated with zero or near-zero levels of both disruptive and off-task behavior for 3 of the 4 participants during MPH and placebo conditions. Implications for the clinical effectiveness of MPH and possible behavioral mechanisms of action of MPH in applied settings are discussed.  (+info)

Remediation of attention deficits in head injury. (3/2243)

Head injury is associated with psychological sequelae which impair the patient's psychosocial functioning. Information processing, attention and memory deficits are seen in head injuries of all severity. We attempted to improve deficits of focused, sustained and divided attention. The principle of overlapping sources of attention resource pools was utilised in devising the remediation programme. Tasks used simple inexpensive materials. Four head injured young adult males with post concussion syndrome underwent the retraining program for one month. The patients had deficits of focused, sustained and divided attention parallel processing, serial processing, visual scanning, verbal learning and memory and working memory. After the retraining programme the deficits of attention improved in the four patients. Serial processing improved in two patients. Parallel processing and neuropsychological deficits did not improve in any patient. The symptom intensity reduced markedly and behavioural functioning improved in three of the four patients. The results supported an association between improving attention and reduction of symptom intensity. Attention remediation shows promise as a cost effective, time efficient and simple technique to improve the psychological and psychosocial functioning of the head injured patient.  (+info)

School problems and the family physician. (4/2243)

Children with school problems pose a challenge for the family physician. A multidisciplinary team of professionals can most appropriately assess and manage complex learning problems, which are often the cause of poor school performance. The family physician's primary role in this process is to identify or exclude medical causes of learning difficulties. An understanding of the complicated nature of school problems, the methods used to assess, diagnose and treat them, and the resources available to support the child and family are essential to successful management. Various references and resources are helpful for a more in-depth study of specific school problems.  (+info)

Effect of methylphenidate on attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): ERP evidence. (5/2243)

Methylphenidate is the most common treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and has been shown to improve attention and behaviour. However, the precise nature of methylphenidate on specific aspects of attention at different dose levels remains unclear. We studied methylphenidate effects in ADHD from a neurophysiological perspective, recording event-related potentials (ERPs) during attention task performance in normal controls and children with ADHD under different dose conditions. Twenty children with ADHD and 20 age matched controls were assessed with a continuous performance task requiring subjects to identify repeating alphabetic characters. ERPs and behavioural measures were recorded and analyzed for trials where a correct response was made. The ADHD group was assessed off drug (baseline) and on placebo, low (0.28 mg/kg) and high (0.56 mg/kg) dose levels of methylphenidate. The results showed that the ADHD group at baseline was more impulsive and inattentive than controls and had shorter P2 and N2 latencies and longer P3 latencies. Low dose methylphenidate was associated with reduced impulsivity (fewer false alarms) and decreased P3 latencies, whereas the higher dose level was associated with reduced impulsivity and less inattention (more hits), as well as increased P2 and N2 latencies and decreased P3 latencies. Amplitudes were unaffected and there were no adverse effects of the higher dose for any of the children. These results suggest differential dosage effects and a dissociation between dose levels and aspects of processing.  (+info)

Hyperactivity and learning deficits in transgenic mice bearing a human mutant thyroid hormone beta1 receptor gene. (6/2243)

Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is a human syndrome mapped to the thyroid receptor beta (TRbeta) gene on chromosome 3, representing a mutation of the ligand-binding domain of the TRbeta gene. The syndrome is characterized by reduced tissue responsiveness to thyroid hormone and elevated serum levels of thyroid hormones. A common behavioral phenotype associated with RTH is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To test the hypothesis that RTH produces attention deficits and/or hyperactivity, transgenic mice expressing a mutant TRbeta gene were generated. The present experiment tested RTH transgenic mice from the PV kindred on behavioral tasks relevant to the primary features of ADHD: hyperactivity, sustained attention (vigilance), learning, and impulsivity. Male transgenic mice showed elevated locomotor activity in an open field compared to male wild-type littermate controls. Both male and female transgenic mice exhibited impaired learning of an autoshaping task, compared to wild-type controls. On a vigilance task in an operant chamber, there were no differences between transgenics and controls on the proportion of hits, response latency, or duration of stimulus tolerated. On an operant go/no-go task measuring sustained attention and impulsivity, there were no differences between controls and transgenics. These results indicate that transgenic mice bearing a mutant human TRbeta gene demonstrate several behavioral characteristics of ADHD and may serve a valuable heuristic role in elucidating possible candidate genes in converging pathways for other causes of ADHD.  (+info)

The extent of drug therapy for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder among children in public schools. (7/2243)

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of medication use for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in southeastern Virginia. METHODS: Students enrolled in grades 2 through 5 in school districts in city A (n = 5767 students) and city B (n = 23,967 students) were included. Nurses recorded students who received ADHD medication in school. RESULTS: The proportion of students receiving ADHD medication was similar in both cities (8% and 10%) and was 2 to 3 times as high as the expected rate of ADHD. Receipt of drug therapy was associated with social and educational characteristics. Medication was used by 3 times as many boys as girls and by twice as many Whites as Blacks. Medication use increased with years in school, and by fifth grade 18% to 20% of White boys were receiving ADHD medication. Being young for one's grade was positively associated with medication use (P < .01). The prevalence of ADHD was 12% in district A, 63% in district B. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that criteria for diagnosis of ADHD vary substantially across US populations, with potential overdiagnosis and overtreatment of ADHD in some groups of children.  (+info)

Further analysis of problem behavior in response class hierarchies. (8/2243)

A functional analysis identified the reinforcers for 3 participants' problem behavior, but only relatively mild problem behaviors (e.g., screaming, disruption) were observed when all topographies produced tested consequences. We then conducted an extinction analysis in which specific topographies produced a reinforcer while all other topographies were on extinction. The extinction analysis confirmed that the same reinforcer identified in the initial functional analysis maintained more severe topographies of problem behavior (e.g., aggression). In addition, results of the extinction analysis indicated that 2 of the participants displayed patterns of responding consistent with a response class hierarchy hypothesis, in which less severe problem behavior frequently occurred prior to more severe topographies. The 3rd participant displayed a response pattern indicative of differential reinforcement effects.  (+info)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with hyperactivity is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. The condition is characterized by symptoms including:

1. Difficulty paying attention or staying focused on a single task
2. Impulsivity, or acting without thinking
3. Hyperactivity, or excessive fidgeting, restlessness, or talking

In order to be diagnosed with ADHD with hyperactivity, an individual must exhibit these symptoms to a degree that is developmentally inappropriate and interferes with their daily functioning. Additionally, the symptoms must have been present for at least six months and be present in multiple settings (e.g., at home, school, work).

It's important to note that ADHD can manifest differently in different people, and some individuals may experience predominantly inattentive or impulsive symptoms rather than hyperactive ones. However, when the hyperactive component is prominent, it is referred to as ADHD with hyperactivity.

Effective treatments for ADHD with hyperactivity include a combination of medication (such as stimulants) and behavioral therapy. With appropriate treatment, individuals with ADHD can learn to manage their symptoms and lead successful, fulfilling lives.

Methylphenidate is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant drug that is primarily used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It works by increasing the levels of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain, which helps to improve focus, concentration, and alertness.

Methylphenidate is available under various brand names, including Ritalin, Concerta, and Methylin, among others. It comes in different forms, such as tablets, capsules, or extended-release formulations, and is typically taken orally. The dosage and duration of treatment are usually individualized based on the patient's response to the medication and any potential side effects.

It is important to note that methylphenidate has a high potential for abuse and addiction, and its use should be closely monitored by a healthcare professional. Additionally, it can interact with other medications and medical conditions, so it is essential to inform your doctor of any health concerns before starting treatment with methylphenidate.

A learning disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to acquire, process, and use information in one or more academic areas despite normal intelligence and adequate instruction. It can manifest as difficulties with reading (dyslexia), writing (dysgraphia), mathematics (dyscalculia), or other academic skills. Learning disorders are not the result of low intelligence, lack of motivation, or environmental factors alone, but rather reflect a significant discrepancy between an individual's cognitive abilities and their academic achievement. They can significantly impact a person's ability to perform in school, at work, and in daily life, making it important to diagnose and manage these disorders effectively.

Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants are a class of drugs that increase alertness, attention, energy, and/or mood by directly acting on the brain. They can be prescribed to treat medical conditions such as narcolepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depression that has not responded to other treatments.

Examples of CNS stimulants include amphetamine (Adderall), methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), and modafinil (Provigil). These medications work by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain.

In addition to their therapeutic uses, CNS stimulants are also sometimes misused for non-medical reasons, such as to enhance cognitive performance or to get high. However, it's important to note that misusing these drugs can lead to serious health consequences, including addiction, cardiovascular problems, and mental health issues.

In a medical or psychological context, attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on certain aspects of the environment while ignoring other things. It involves focusing mental resources on specific stimuli, sensory inputs, or internal thoughts while blocking out irrelevant distractions. Attention can be divided into different types, including:

1. Sustained attention: The ability to maintain focus on a task or stimulus over time.
2. Selective attention: The ability to concentrate on relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant ones.
3. Divided attention: The capacity to pay attention to multiple tasks or stimuli simultaneously.
4. Alternating attention: The skill of shifting focus between different tasks or stimuli as needed.

Deficits in attention are common symptoms of various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as ADHD, dementia, depression, and anxiety disorders. Assessment of attention is an essential part of neuropsychological evaluations and can be measured using various tests and tasks.

Hyperkinesis is not considered a formal medical diagnosis. However, the term is often used informally to refer to a state of excessive or involuntary muscle movements. It is sometimes used as a synonym for hyperkinetic movement disorders, which are a group of neurological conditions characterized by an excess of involuntary movements. Examples of hyperkinetic movement disorders include chorea, dystonia, tics, myoclonus, and stereotypies.

It is important to note that the term "hyperkinesis" is not used in the current diagnostic classifications such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Instead, specific movement disorders are diagnosed and classified based on their underlying causes and symptoms.

Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders (ADDBDs) are a group of childhood-onset disorders characterized by persistent patterns of behavior that are difficult for the individual to control. These disorders include Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Conduct Disorder (CD).

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning. These symptoms must be present for at least six months and occur in multiple settings, such as school, home, and social situations.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is characterized by a pattern of negative, hostile, and defiant behavior towards authority figures, which includes arguing with adults, losing temper, actively defying rules, and deliberately annoying others. These symptoms must be present for at least six months and occur more frequently than in other children of the same age and developmental level.

Conduct Disorder (CD) is characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms and rules. These behaviors include aggression towards people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules.

It's important to note that these disorders can co-occur with other mental health conditions, such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and learning disabilities. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing the symptoms and improving the individual's quality of life.

Propylamines are a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of a propylamine group, which is a functional group consisting of a propyl chain (-C3H7) attached to an amino group (-NH2). Propylamines can be primary, secondary, or tertiary, depending on the number of organic substituents attached to the nitrogen atom.

In a medical context, propylamines may refer to certain drugs that contain this functional group and have pharmacological activity. For example, some local anesthetics, such as procaine (Novocain), are derivatives of propylamine. Procaine is a ester of p-aminobenzoic acid and diethylaminoethanol, where the amino group is part of a propylamine chain.

It's important to note that not all compounds containing propylamines have medical applications or uses, as this functional group can also be found in various chemicals with different properties and applications.

Dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) is a type of dopamine receptor that belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptors. It is activated by the neurotransmitter dopamine and plays a role in various physiological functions, including regulation of movement, motivation, reward processing, cognition, and emotional responses.

The DRD4 gene contains a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism in its coding region, which results in different isoforms of the receptor with varying lengths of the third intracellular loop. This genetic variation has been associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), substance use disorders, and personality traits like novelty seeking.

The D4 receptor is widely expressed in the brain, particularly in the limbic system, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. It has a lower affinity for dopamine than other dopamine receptors (D1-D3) and exhibits a slower rate of dissociation from dopamine, suggesting that it may act as a modulator of dopaminergic signaling rather than a primary mediator.

In summary, the Dopamine D4 receptor is a type of dopamine receptor involved in various physiological functions and has been associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders due to genetic variations in its coding region.

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.

Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:

* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.

Neuropsychological tests are a type of psychological assessment that measures cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and perception. These tests are used to help diagnose and understand the cognitive impact of neurological conditions, including dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders that affect the brain.

The tests are typically administered by a trained neuropsychologist and can take several hours to complete. They may involve paper-and-pencil tasks, computerized tasks, or interactive activities. The results of the tests are compared to normative data to help identify any areas of cognitive weakness or strength.

Neuropsychological testing can provide valuable information for treatment planning, rehabilitation, and assessing response to treatment. It can also be used in research to better understand the neural basis of cognition and the impact of neurological conditions on cognitive function.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by mental health professionals in the United States and around the world to diagnose and classify mental health conditions.

The DSM includes detailed descriptions of symptoms, clinical examples, and specific criteria for each disorder, which are intended to facilitate accurate diagnosis and improve communication among mental health professionals. The manual is regularly updated to reflect current research and clinical practice, with the most recent edition being the DSM-5, published in 2013.

It's important to note that while the DSM is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, it is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the manual medicalizes normal human experiences and that its categories may be too broad or overlapping. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in the field of mental health.

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

Conduct Disorder is a mental health disorder that typically begins in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a repetitive pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms and rules. The behaviors fall into four main categories: aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules.

The specific symptoms of Conduct Disorder can vary widely among individuals, but they generally include:

1. Aggression to people and animals: This may include physical fights, bullying, threatening others, cruelty to animals, and use of weapons.
2. Destruction of property: This may include deliberate destruction of others' property, arson, and vandalism.
3. Deceitfulness or theft: This may include lying, shoplifting, stealing, and breaking into homes, buildings, or cars.
4. Serious violation of rules: This may include running away from home, truancy, staying out late without permission, and frequent violations of school rules.

Conduct Disorder can have serious consequences for individuals who suffer from it, including academic failure, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and difficulties in interpersonal relationships. It is important to note that Conduct Disorder should be diagnosed by a qualified mental health professional based on a comprehensive evaluation.

Impulsive behavior can be defined medically as actions performed without proper thought or consideration of the consequences, driven by immediate needs, desires, or urges. It often involves risky or inappropriate behaviors that may lead to negative outcomes. In a clinical context, impulsivity is frequently associated with certain mental health conditions such as ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, and some neurological conditions. It's important to note that everyone can exhibit impulsive behavior at times, but when it becomes a persistent pattern causing distress or functional impairment, it may indicate an underlying condition requiring professional assessment and treatment.

Adrenergic uptake inhibitors are a class of medications that work by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and dopamine, into the presynaptic neuron. This results in an increase in the amount of neurotransmitter available to bind to postsynaptic receptors, leading to an enhancement of adrenergic transmission.

These medications are used in the treatment of various medical conditions, including depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and narcolepsy. Some examples of adrenergic uptake inhibitors include:

* Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs): These medications, such as imipramine and amitriptyline, were developed in the 1950s and are used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and chronic pain.
* Selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs): These medications, such as venlafaxine and duloxetine, were developed in the 1990s and are used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and chronic pain.
* Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs): These medications, such as bupropion, are used to treat depression and ADHD.

It's important to note that these medications can have side effects and should be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider.

Dextroamphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain. Dextroamphetamine is available as a prescription medication and is sold under various brand names, including Adderall and Dexedrine. It is important to use this medication only as directed by a healthcare professional, as it can have potentially serious side effects if used improperly.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

The Rorschach test is a psychological assessment tool that consists of a series of ten symmetrical, ambiguous inkblots which are printed in black and white or colored. The test was developed by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in the early 2

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... of the disorder. Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders found in ... "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". In Mash, Eric J.; Barkley, Russell A. (eds.). Assessment of Childhood Disorders (4th ... "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". In Mash, Eric J.; Barkley, Russell A. (eds.). Assessment of Childhood Disorders (4th ... Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Clinical medicine, ...
"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Archived from the original on 25 ... Chang JP, Lane HY, Tsai GE (2014). "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) dysregulation". ... Atomoxetine is indicated for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Atomoxetine is approved for use ... Chan E, Fogler JM, Hammerness PG (May 2016). "Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents: A ...
Associated conditions include attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), learning ... August 2004). "Relative contribution of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and tic ... Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 41 (2): 215-23. ... during long-term therapy in children with comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and chronic multiple tic disorder ...
"CG72 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): full guideline" (PDF). NHS. "Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( ... Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulty focusing attention ... Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Prevalence of mental disorders). ... The prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was found to be 3.4% overall in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, among primary ...
... attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); autism spectrum disorder (ASD); bipolar disorder; blindness and visual ... obsessive-compulsive disorder; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); reactive attachment disorder (RAD); schizophrenia; spina ... dissociative identity disorder (DID); Down syndrome; dwarfism; dyslexia; epilepsy; fetal alcohol syndrome disorders (FASD); ... generalized anxiety disorder; hearing impairment; hydrocephalus; limb deformity, loss, or reduction; major depression; ...
Excessive and chronic inability to manage time effectively may result from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ... Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". www.nimh.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-12-29. Retrieved 2018-01-05. ... Hallowell, Edward M.; Ratey, John J. (1994). Driven To Distraction: Recognizing and Coping with Attention Deficit Disorder from ... Psychology/Neuroscience/Psychiatry Habit Self-control Impulsivity Inhibitory control Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ...
I. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders". Magnes. Res. 19 (1): 46-52. PMID 16846100. Mousain-Bosc M, Roche M, Polge A, ... A Mg2+ deficit can be caused by the lack of the ion in the media (soil), but more commonly comes from inhibition of its uptake ... Pervasive developmental disorder-autism". Magnes. Res. 19 (1): 53-62. PMID 16846101. Magnesium Deficiency List of foods rich in ... Mousain-Bosc M, Roche M, Polge A, Pradal-Prat D, Rapin J, Bali JP (Mar 2006). "Improvement of neurobehavioral disorders in ...
... attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette syndrome, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and addiction. Aside from ... However some can also be useful, at lower doses, for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. ... López FA, Leroux JR (September 2013). "Long-acting stimulants for treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a ... Restless legs syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with decreased dopamine activity. ...
... although it has also been used off-label for panic disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is approved ... Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders. 2 (3): 107-13. doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0027-x. PMID 21432596. S2CID 41617072. El- ... "A comparison of the effects of reboxetine and placebo on reaction time in adults with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder ... "An open-label trial of reboxetine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Journal of Child ...
... adults with OCD have exhibited more symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder ( ... Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders. 6 (3): 175-202. doi:10.1007/s12402-014-0146-x. PMC 4148591. PMID 25017045. Radua ... Other disorders with similar symptoms include generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, eating disorders, tic ... major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, anorexia nervosa, social anxiety disorder, bulimia ...
"Attention deficit and attention training in early twentieth-century Japan". ADHD: Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders ... the first descriptions in the Japanese literature of a condition consistent with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. ... He was known for conducting research on the attention spans of school-aged children, and he set up the first psychological ... Motora resigned from the school, devoting his attention to lecturing full-time at Tokyo Imperial University. By 1890, Motora ...
"The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders. 2 (4): 241-255. ... Some examples of the disorders that he wrote about are Rickets, Tuberculosis, Stills disease, disorder of speech, ADHD, and ... Still, George Frederick (1909). Common Disorders and Diseases of Childhood. London: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. 434-435. ASIN ... "Common Disorders and Diseases of Childhood." This book includes topics on breast-feeding, Rickets, intestinal worms, Jaundice ...
"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - Treatment". nhs.uk. 2018-06-01. Retrieved 2021-09-20. "Adderall Oral: Uses, ... Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine is used to treat Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is usually under the trade ...
In: P. Larimer (ed.) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Research Developments. pp 173-184. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science ... Attention Deficit / Hyperactive Disorder as Impulsivity Disorder according to PASS Neurocognitive Function. ... Pérez-Álvarez F, Timoneda Gallart C. (2004). Learning Both in Attention Deficit Disorder and Dyslexia in the light of PASS ... diagnosing learning disabilities and Attention Deficit Disorder, Autism, Intellectual disabilities, cognitive changes in aging ...
"Shared heritability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder". European Child & Adolescent ... "Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: Worldwide - Expertscape.com". expertscape.com. "Autism Spectrum Disorder: ... efficacy and mechanisms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder". European Child & Adolescent ... 2015). Cognitive training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of clinical and neuropsychological ...
Rowley has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In January 2021, she had a son. Carr, Tim; Dale, Iain; Waller, Robert (7 ... People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). ...
... is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (a sleep disorder), and is ... "Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders". ... "Stimulants for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". WebMD. Healthwise. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2013. ... Krause J (April 2008). "SPECT and PET of the dopamine transporter in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Expert Rev. ...
... episodes in the prehistory of the attention deficit/hyperactivity syndrome". ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders ... Haltlose personality disorder was a type of personality disorder diagnosis largely used in German-, Russian- and French- ... "other specific personality disorders", and in DSM-III under "other personality disorders", but the term was not described or ... higher than any other personality disorder. Haltlose and Histrionic were the most common personality disorders found in female ...
... is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy (a sleep disorder), and obesity, and ... "Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders". ... "Stimulants for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". WebMD. Healthwise. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2013. ... Krause J (April 2008). "SPECT and PET of the dopamine transporter in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Expert Review ...
The term "attention deficit disorder (ADD)" is used rather than "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)" in some data ... Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence of Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disabilities Among U.S ... QuickStats: Percentage of Children Aged 3-17 Years Who Ever Received a Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, ... Number of visits to physician offices with attention deficit disorder as the primary diagnosis: 8.7 million ...
... is a behavioral disorder that typically begins in childhood and is characterized by a short attention span (inattention), an ... inability to be calm and stay still (hyperactivity), and poor impulse control (impulsivity). Explore symptoms, inheritance, ... Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder *Genetic Testing Registry: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, susceptibility to ... medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/ Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. ...
... the current predominating theories suggest that persons with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), attention deficit ... disorder (ADD), actually have difficulty regulating their attention; inhibiting their attention to nonrelevant stimuli, and/or ... The term attention deficit is misleading. In general, ... attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit/ ... Pediatric Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)) and Pediatric Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) What ...
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and restless legs syndrome in children]" [Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and ... "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in ... "Family therapy for attention-deficit disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents". The ... "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Historical Development and Overview". Journal of Attention Disorders: 173-191. ...
The prevalence rate of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the adult general population is 4%-5%. Can you properly ... Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental condition of inattention and distractibility, with or ... Fast Five Quiz: Test Yourself on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults - Medscape - Aug 23, 2018. ... Fast Five Quiz: Test Yourself on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults ...
"Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Controversy - mental disorder or state of mind?". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived ... "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder" ... "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (update)". NICE.. *^ Ford-Jones, Polly Christine (May 2015). "Misdiagnosis of ... "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 5 March 2016.. ...
A collection of RAND research on the topic of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ... Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Patterns of Evolving Care During the First Treatment Episode. This study ... Explores the treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by managed behavioral health organizations. ... and Functional Outcomes for Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. For children with ADHD, receiving care in a ...
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is thought to have a biologic basis, but the precise cause is unknown. It is ... Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and thyroid function J Pediatr. 1993 Oct;123(4):539-45. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(05) ... Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is thought to have a biologic basis, but the precise cause is unknown. It is ... Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / epidemiology* * Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / etiology ...
Influence on Adolescent Development Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Influence on Adolescent... ... Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be described as a disorder that ... Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ). ADHD, also known as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, is one of the ... Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD which is often referred to ...
... with or without accompanying hyperactivity. There are 3 basic forms of ADHD described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ... Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental condition of inattention and distractibility, ... encoded search term (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) What ... Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Updated: Mar 31, 2022 * Author: Stephen Soreff, MD; Chief Editor: Glen L Xiong ...
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management Clinical guideline [CG72]. Published: 24 September 2008. ...
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most common behavioral ... Assessment of Bipolar Disorder. Bipolar disorder also co-occurs with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which has ... Parents of children with behavior problems - particularly children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - ... Hyperactivity. Although parents may suspect that their child is "hyper," the disorder may not come to the attention of ...
Bella H. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Is it a health problem among male primary school children. Bahrain ... Hassan AM, Al-Haidar F, Al-Alim F, Al-Hag O. A screening tool for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children in Saudi ... Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among elementary schools children in Assiut City -Egypt. Egypt J Neurol ... Teacher knowledge of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among middle school students in South Texas. RMLE Online. 2012;36 ...
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Children, Experiences, Intervention, Parents, Qualitative content analysis, ... Parents experiences of weighted blankets impact on children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sleep ... Sleep disturbances are common among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). While pharmacological ... Sleep disturbances are common among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). While pharmacological ...
Listings in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD - Pediatric). Adderall (mixed salts of a single-entity amphetamine) ... Home » Directories » FDA Approved Drugs » Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD - Pediatric). FDA Approved Drugs. The ...
... () Akira Yasumura1,2*, Yoshiyuki Takimoto3, Eisuke ... Methods: Participants were 11 children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). The WISC-III was used for ... Decision Making in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Open Journal of Pediatrics, 6, 158-162. doi: 10.4236 ... some reported that children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) showed specific behavioral problems including ...
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a brain disorder characterized by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or ... or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).. Under the IDEA Part B regulations, a student with ADD or ADHD may be ... and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 provide protection for children with attention deficit disorder (ADD) ... In preschool, hyperactivity is the most common ADHD symptom. In elementary school, the symptom of inattention may become more ...
A neurodevelopmental disorder that affects attention systems and impulse control. While ADHD is primarily known as a pediatric ...
... dealing with the problem of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This disorder interferes to a great extent with ... Understanding Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). $230.00. Janna Glozman (Editor). Professor at ... Home / Shop / Imprints / Nova Medicine and Health / Understanding Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ... Chapter 8. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder as a Model of Developmental Trajectories of Inhibition Processes Needed for ...
... and the two sleep disorders (frequent off-label use). However, the common biological mechanism for these disorders has not been ... Narcolepsy PRS were significantly associated with ADHD traits both in the hyperactivity domain (e.g., P-value threshold < ... is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder, and excessive daytime sleepiness is frequently observed in ADHD patients. ... Gene-set enrichment analyses were used to identify common pathways underlying these disorders. ...
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects attention span and concentration and can also affect how impulsive and active ... Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ​Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects attention span and ... Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common disorders among young people. It affects attention ... often doesnt pay attention to details or makes what appear to be careless mistakes in schoolwork or other activities ...
Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD). CHADD does not endorse products, services, ... ADHD in Women - Bell Magazine on The Connection Between ADHD and Bipolar Disorder ...
Tips and ideas for leaders working with Scouts who struggle with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. ... Urion realizes in hindsight that this relentlessly impulsive boy likely had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - known as ... I admit, if given a lot of attention, my son will have a great day. But if he injures himself or another scout off-meds, it is ... You may not "see an issue" with attention but are likely not with each boy in the merit badge. What are they retaining or are ...
Sensory modulation dysfunction in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder - Volume 43 Issue 6 ... Somatosensory evoked potentials in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder. Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. ... Occupational Therapy for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Survey on the Level of Involvement and ... Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) part one: a review of the literature. British Journal of Therapy and ...
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - ... What is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a brain disorder that ... A learning disorder Learning Disorders Learning disorders are problems with the brains ability to get, remember, or use ... Many children with ADHD also have learning disorders Learning Disorders Learning disorders are problems with the brains ...
... is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by deficits in attention, concentration, activity level and impulse control. ... Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in attention, ... Symptoms of the disorder are usually present in early childhood, but may only significant impair the child after he or she ... What is Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? Tab 1 Content. ...
... who lack hyperactivity. Furthermore, not all children with ADHD-combined type benefit from stimulant medications, and even ... who have both inattention and hyperactivity. However, it is unclear whether stimulant medications have the same effects on ...
... is a common neurobehavioral disorder in children and ... THE PREVALENCE OF ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER IN S ... and practice of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Saudi Arabia. THE FUTURE NEEDED RESEARCH IN ATTENTION DEFICIT H ... The prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder articles in Saudi Arabia. THE RISK FACTORS AND COMORBIDITIES OF A ... Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder in children and adolescents, with ...
Ali Boysen0Tagged ADD, Adderall, ADHD, Attention deficit disorder, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Concerta, ...

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