The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.
The body fluid that circulates in the vascular system (BLOOD VESSELS). Whole blood includes PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS.
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.
Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.
Catheters designed to be left within an organ or passage for an extended period of time.
Placement of an intravenous CATHETER in the subclavian, jugular, or other central vein.
Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.
A strain of Staphylococcus aureus that is non-susceptible to the action of METHICILLIN. The mechanism of resistance usually involves modification of normal or the presence of acquired PENICILLIN BINDING PROTEINS.
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.
Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
Infections resulting from the use of catheters. Proper aseptic technique, site of catheter placement, material composition, and virulence of the organism are all factors that can influence possible infection.
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.
Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method.
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.
Any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (CROSS INFECTION). An infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility.
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.
Non-susceptibility of a microbe to the action of METHICILLIN, a semi-synthetic penicillin derivative.
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.
Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of VANCOMYCIN, an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis.
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.
A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Previously thought to be a member of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS, it is now recognized as a separate genus.
The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
Techniques used in studying bacteria.
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.
Infections with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.
Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.
Infections by the genus BARTONELLA. Bartonella bacilliformis can cause acute febrile anemia, designated Oroya fever, and a benign skin eruption, called verruga peruana. BARTONELLA QUINTANA causes TRENCH FEVER, while BARTONELLA HENSELAE is the etiologic agent of bacillary angiomatosis (ANGIOMATOSIS, BACILLARY) and is also one of the causes of CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE in immunocompetent patients.
A species of gram-negative bacteria in which man is the primary host and the human body louse, Pediculus humanus, the principal vector. It is the etiological agent of TRENCH FEVER.
A large heterogeneous group of mostly alpha-hemolytic streptococci. They colonize the respiratory tract at birth and generally have a low degree of pathogenicity. This group of species includes STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS; STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS; STREPTOCOCCUS ORALIS; STREPTOCOCCUS SANGUIS; STREPTOCOCCUS SOBRINUS; and the STREPTOCOCCUS MILLERI GROUP. The latter are often beta-hemolytic and commonly produce invasive pyogenic infections including brain and abdominal abscesses.
Gram-negative, non-motile, capsulated, gas-producing rods found widely in nature and associated with urinary and respiratory infections in humans.
A cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that inhibits GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA.
A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and, rarely, domestic animals.
Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
An intermittent fever characterized by intervals of chills, fever, and splenomegaly each of which may last as long as 40 hours. It is caused by BARTONELLA QUINTANA and transmitted by the human louse.
The presence of an infectious agent on instruments, prostheses, or other inanimate articles.
A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals.
Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.
A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation.
Enzymes that cause coagulation in plasma by forming a complex with human PROTHROMBIN. Coagulases are produced by certain STAPHYLOCOCCUS and YERSINIA PESTIS. Staphylococci produce two types of coagulase: Staphylocoagulase, a free coagulase that produces true clotting of plasma, and Staphylococcal clumping factor, a bound coagulase in the cell wall that induces clumping of cells in the presence of fibrinogen.
Hospitals maintained by a university for the teaching of medical students, postgraduate training programs, and clinical research.
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
A genus of anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria in the family Fusobacteriaceae. Some species cause BACTEREMIA and some intra-amniotic infections.
An infant during the first month after birth.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that is found in domestic and wild animals including birds, and fish. In humans it causes GASTROENTERITIS in young children and some adults.
The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.
The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include, but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.
'Anaerobic Bacteria' are types of bacteria that do not require oxygen for growth and can often cause diseases in humans, including dental caries, gas gangrene, and tetanus, among others.
The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A genus of gram-positive BACTERIA in the family Gordoniaceae, isolated from soil and from sputa of patients with chest disorders. It is also used for biotransformation of natural products.
The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.
A genus of gram-negative bacteria characteristically appearing in chains of several segmenting organisms. It occurs in man and arthropod vectors and is found only in the Andes region of South America. This genus is the etiologic agent of human bartonellosis. The genus Rochalimaea, once considered a separate genus, has recently been combined with the genus Bartonella as a result of high levels of relatedness in 16S rRNA sequence data and DNA hybridization data.
Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients.
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)
A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Unlike ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS, this species may produce an alpha-hemolytic reaction on blood agar and is unable to utilize pyruvic acid as an energy source.
Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.
A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
A group of beta-lactam antibiotics in which the sulfur atom in the thiazolidine ring of the penicillin molecule is replaced by a carbon atom. THIENAMYCINS are a subgroup of carbapenems which have a sulfur atom as the first constituent of the side chain.
Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.
A species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS that is a spherical, non-motile, gram-positive, chemoorganotrophic, facultative anaerobe. Mainly found on the skin and mucous membrane of warm-blooded animals, it can be primary pathogen or secondary invader.
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
A genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family MORAXELLACEAE, found in soil and water and of uncertain pathogenicity.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Taiwan" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is a country located in East Asia. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medical terms, I would be happy to help with those!
A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.
A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly found in the alimentary tract of cows, sheep, and other ruminants. It occasionally is encountered in cases of human endocarditis. This species is nonhemolytic.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria, commonly found in the clinical laboratory, and frequently resistant to common antibiotics.

Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Glycopeptide-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Working Group. (1/3917)

BACKGROUND: Since the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, the glycopeptide vancomycin has been the only uniformly effective treatment for staphylococcal infections. In 1997, two infections due to S. aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin were identified in the United States. METHODS: We investigated the two patients with infections due to S. aureus with intermediate resistance to glycopeptides, as defined by a minimal inhibitory concentration of vancomycin of 8 to 16 microg per milliliter. To assess the carriage and transmission of these strains of S. aureus, we cultured samples from the patients and their contacts and evaluated the isolates. RESULTS: The first patient was a 59-year-old man in Michigan with diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure. Peritonitis due to S. aureus with intermediate resistance to glycopeptides developed after 18 weeks of vancomycin treatment for recurrent methicillin-resistant S. aureus peritonitis associated with dialysis. The removal of the peritoneal catheter plus treatment with rifampin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole eradicated the infection. The second patient was a 66-year-old man with diabetes in New Jersey. A bloodstream infection due to S. aureus with intermediate resistance to glycopeptides developed after 18 weeks of vancomycin treatment for recurrent methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia. This infection was eradicated with vancomycin, gentamicin, and rifampin. Both patients died. The glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus isolates differed by two bands on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. On electron microscopy, the isolates from the infected patients had thicker extracellular matrixes than control methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates. No carriage was documented among 177 contacts of the two patients. CONCLUSIONS: The emergence of S. aureus with intermediate resistance to glycopeptides emphasizes the importance of the prudent use of antibiotics, the laboratory capacity to identify resistant strains, and the use of infection-control precautions to prevent transmission.  (+info)

Acinetobacter bacteremia in Hong Kong: prospective study and review. (2/3917)

The epidemiological characteristics of 18 patients with acinetobacter bacteremia were analyzed. Patients (mean age, 55.5 years) developed bacteremia after an average of 14.1 days of hospitalization. Fifteen of 16 patients survived bacteremia caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. Cultures of blood from the remaining two patients yielded Acinetobacter lwoffii. Most patients (78%) resided in the general ward, while four patients (22%) were under intensive care. Genotyping by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction analysis and the temporal sequence of isolation were more useful than phenotyping by antimicrobial susceptibility in the determination of the source of bacteremia, and the intravascular catheter was the leading infection source (39% of cases). The possibility of an association of glucose with the pathogenesis of acinetobacter infection was raised.  (+info)

Risk factors for nosocomial bloodstream infections due to Acinetobacter baumannii: a case-control study of adult burn patients. (3/3917)

Risk factors for Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection (BSI) were studied in patients with severe thermal injury in a burn intensive care unit where A. baumannii was endemic. Of 367 patients hospitalized for severe thermal injury during the study period, 29 patients with nosocomial A. baumannii BSI were identified (attack rate, 7.9%). Cases were compared with 58 matched controls without A. baumannii BSI. The overall mortality rate was 31% among cases and 14% among controls; only two deaths (7%) were considered directly related to A. baumannii BSI. Molecular typing of A. baumannii blood isolates by means of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of three different strain types. Multivariate analysis showed that female gender (P = .027), total body surface area burn of > 50% (P = .016), prior nosocomial colonization with A. baumannii at a distant site (P = .0002), and use of hydrotherapy (P = .037) were independently associated with the acquisition of A. baumannii BSI in burn patients. These data underscore the need for effective infection control measures for this emerging nosocomial problem.  (+info)

Infective endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus: 59 prospectively identified cases with follow-up. (4/3917)

Fifty-nine consecutive patients with definite Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis (IE) by the Duke criteria were prospectively identified at our hospital over a 3-year period. Twenty-seven (45.8%) of the 59 patients had hospital-acquired S. aureus bacteremia. The presumed source of infection was an intravascular device in 50.8% of patients. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed evidence of IE in 20 patients (33.9%), whereas transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) revealed evidence of IE in 48 patients (81.4%). The outcome for patients was strongly associated with echocardiographic findings: 13 (68.4%) of 19 patients with vegetations visualized by TTE had an embolic event or died of their infection vs. five (16.7%) of 30 patients whose vegetations were visualized only by TEE (P < .01). Most patients with S. aureus IE developed their infection as a consequence of a nosocomial or intravascular device-related infection. TEE established the diagnosis of S. aureus IE in many instances when TTE was nondiagnostic. Visualization of vegetations by TTE may provide prognostic information for patients with S. aureus IE.  (+info)

Successful short-term suppression of clarithromycin-resistant Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia in AIDS. California Collaborative Treatment Group. (5/3917)

During a randomized study of clarithromycin plus clofazimine with or without ethambutol in patients with AIDS and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) bacteremia, eight participants received additional antimycobacterial drugs following the detection of a clarithromycin-resistant isolate (MIC, > 8 micrograms/mL). A macrolide (seven received clarithromycin, one azithromycin) and clofazimine were continued; additional treatment included various combinations of ethambutol, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, and rifabutin. After the detection of a resistant isolate and before receipt of additional antimycobacterials, the median peak MAC colony count in blood was 105 cfu/mL (range, 8-81,500 cfu/mL). After additional antimycobacterials, the median nadir MAC colony count was 5 cfu/mL (range, 0-110 cfu/mL). Five (63%) of eight patients had a > or = 1 log10 decrease, including two who achieved negative blood cultures; all of these responses occurred in patients originally assigned to clarithromycin plus clofazimine. Treatment of clarithromycin-resistant MAC bacteremia that emerges during clarithromycin-based treatment can decrease levels of bacteremia and transiently sterilize blood cultures.  (+info)

Bartonella alsatica sp. nov., a new Bartonella species isolated from the blood of wild rabbits. (6/3917)

Bartonella species are considered as emerging human pathogens, with at least six different species pathogenic or possibly pathogenic for humans. However, little is known about Bartonella distribution, species polymorphism and pathogenicity in mammalian species. The objective of this work was to determine the presence, the frequency and the distribution of Bartonella species in wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) caught in warrens in Alsace, France. Humans may come into contact with wild rabbits when hunting, especially when they are picked up with bare hands and at time of evisceration. Of 30 blood samples collected and cultured from wild rabbits, nine (30%) were positive for organisms morphologically similar to Bartonella spp. The bacteria appeared as small, fastidious, aerobic, oxidase-negative, Gram-negative rods which could be localized within erythrocytes. Their biochemical properties were similar to those of the genus Bartonella. The sequence of the 16S rRNA gene obtained from the rabbit isolates was highly related to the sequences of the different Bartonella species (97.8-99.3% similarity). The high DNA hybridization rate (81-90% similarity) between the three strains isolated from rabbit blood confirmed that they belong to the same bacterial species. Hybridization values, obtained with the nuclease-TCA method, when testing type strains of recognized Bartonella species (9-14% similarity), support the creation of a new species for the rabbit isolates. The name Bartonella alsatica is proposed for these strains isolated from the blood of wild rabbits. The type strain is IBS 382T (= CIP 105477T).  (+info)

Central venous catheter exchange by guidewire for treatment of catheter-related bacteraemia in patients undergoing BMT or intensive chemotherapy. (7/3917)

Current guidelines for the treatment of catheter-related bacteraemia (CRB) advise against central venous catheter (CVC) exchange because of the potential risk of prolonging infection. However, there are no consistent data proving this recommendation. We evaluated prospectively the usefulness of CVC exchange by guidewire for the treatment of CRB in patients undergoing BMT or intensive chemotherapy. CVC exchange was considered when fever and positive blood cultures persisted after 2 days of adequate antimicrobial therapy and no potential source of bacteraemia other than CVC could be identified. The guidewire exchange was preceded and followed by a slow infusion of adequate antimicrobial therapy. Bacteraemia was confirmed as catheter-related by demonstrating concordance between isolates from the tip and blood cultures by pulsed-field electrophoresis of genomic DNA. This procedure was performed in 19 episodes of bacteraemia during a 1-year period. Fourteen episodes (74%) were catheter-related and 71% of these were due to coagulase-negative staphylococci. Guidewire replacement was accomplished uneventfully 4 days after development of sepsis (range 3-6). In all cases, clinical signs of sepsis disappeared in less than 24 h after replacement. Definitive catheter withdrawal was carried out a median of 16 days (range 3-42) after guidewire exchange; in all cases, the tip culture was negative. We conclude that CVC replacement by guidewire under adequate antimicrobial therapy may be a reasonable option for the treatment of CRB when antimicrobial therapy alone has been unsuccessful.  (+info)

Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli septicemia and meningoencephalitis in a 7-day-old llama. (8/3917)

Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli were isolated from blood collected on presentation and tissues samples taken postmortem. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid collected antemortem. The importance of passive transfer of immunity, the subtlety of neurologic signs in early meningitis, and considering blood-CSF penetration in antimicrobial selection are discussed.  (+info)

Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. It is a medical condition that occurs when bacteria from another source, such as an infection in another part of the body, enter the bloodstream. Bacteremia can cause symptoms such as fever, chills, and rapid heart rate, and it can lead to serious complications such as sepsis if not treated promptly with antibiotics.

Bacteremia is often a result of an infection elsewhere in the body that allows bacteria to enter the bloodstream. This can happen through various routes, such as during medical procedures, intravenous (IV) drug use, or from infected wounds or devices that come into contact with the bloodstream. In some cases, bacteremia may also occur without any obvious source of infection.

It is important to note that not all bacteria in the bloodstream cause harm, and some people may have bacteria in their blood without showing any symptoms. However, if bacteria in the bloodstream multiply and cause an immune response, it can lead to bacteremia and potentially serious complications.

Gram-negative bacterial infections refer to illnesses or diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria, which are a group of bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye during the Gram staining procedure used in microbiology. This characteristic is due to the structure of their cell walls, which contain a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), proteins, and phospholipids.

The LPS component of the outer membrane is responsible for the endotoxic properties of Gram-negative bacteria, which can lead to severe inflammatory responses in the host. Common Gram-negative bacterial pathogens include Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Proteus mirabilis, among others.

Gram-negative bacterial infections can cause a wide range of clinical syndromes, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, meningitis, and soft tissue infections. The severity of these infections can vary from mild to life-threatening, depending on the patient's immune status, the site of infection, and the virulence of the bacterial strain.

Effective antibiotic therapy is crucial for treating Gram-negative bacterial infections, but the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains has become a significant global health concern. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial stewardship are essential to ensure optimal patient outcomes and prevent further spread of resistance.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to an infection injures its own tissues and organs. It is characterized by a whole-body inflammatory state (systemic inflammation) that can lead to blood clotting issues, tissue damage, and multiple organ failure.

Sepsis happens when an infection you already have triggers a chain reaction throughout your body. Infections that lead to sepsis most often start in the lungs, urinary tract, skin, or gastrointestinal tract.

Sepsis is a medical emergency. If you suspect sepsis, seek immediate medical attention. Early recognition and treatment of sepsis are crucial to improve outcomes. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and may require oxygen, medication to raise blood pressure, and corticosteroids. In severe cases, surgery may be required to clear the infection.

Staphylococcal infections are a type of infection caused by Staphylococcus bacteria, which are commonly found on the skin and nose of healthy people. However, if they enter the body through a cut, scratch, or other wound, they can cause an infection.

There are several types of Staphylococcus bacteria, but the most common one that causes infections is Staphylococcus aureus. These infections can range from minor skin infections such as pimples, boils, and impetigo to serious conditions such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and toxic shock syndrome.

Symptoms of staphylococcal infections depend on the type and severity of the infection. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, either topical or oral, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary for more severe infections. It is important to note that some strains of Staphylococcus aureus have developed resistance to certain antibiotics, making them more difficult to treat.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.

Gram-positive bacterial infections refer to illnesses or diseases caused by Gram-positive bacteria, which are a group of bacteria that turn purple when stained using the Gram stain method. This staining technique is used in microbiology to differentiate between two main types of bacteria based on their cell wall composition.

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining process. Some common examples of Gram-positive bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis.

Gram-positive bacterial infections can range from mild skin infections to severe and life-threatening conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. The symptoms of these infections depend on the type of bacteria involved and the location of the infection in the body. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are effective against Gram-positive bacteria, such as penicillin, vancomycin, or clindamycin. However, the emergence of antibiotic resistance among Gram-positive bacteria is a growing concern and can complicate treatment in some cases.

Blood is the fluid that circulates in the body of living organisms, carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removing carbon dioxide and other waste products. It is composed of red and white blood cells suspended in a liquid called plasma. The main function of blood is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. It also transports nutrients, hormones, and other substances to the cells and removes waste products from them. Additionally, blood plays a crucial role in the body's immune system by helping to fight infection and disease.

Cross infection, also known as cross-contamination, is the transmission of infectious agents or diseases between patients in a healthcare setting. This can occur through various means such as contaminated equipment, surfaces, hands of healthcare workers, or the air. It is an important concern in medical settings and measures are taken to prevent its occurrence, including proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), environmental cleaning and disinfection, and safe injection practices.

Staphylococcus aureus is a type of gram-positive, round (coccal) bacterium that is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals and humans. It is a facultative anaerobe, which means it can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.

Staphylococcus aureus is known to cause a wide range of infections, from mild skin infections such as pimples, impetigo, and furuncles (boils) to more severe and potentially life-threatening infections such as pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and sepsis. It can also cause food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome.

The bacterium is often resistant to multiple antibiotics, including methicillin, which has led to the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains that are difficult to treat. Proper hand hygiene and infection control practices are critical in preventing the spread of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA.

Indwelling catheters, also known as Foley catheters, are medical devices that are inserted into the bladder to drain urine. They have a small balloon at the tip that is inflated with water once the catheter is in the correct position in the bladder, allowing it to remain in place and continuously drain urine. Indwelling catheters are typically used for patients who are unable to empty their bladders on their own, such as those who are bedridden or have nerve damage that affects bladder function. They are also used during and after certain surgical procedures. Prolonged use of indwelling catheters can increase the risk of urinary tract infections and other complications.

Central venous catheterization is a medical procedure in which a flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into a large vein in the body, usually in the neck (internal jugular vein), chest (subclavian vein), or groin (femoral vein). The catheter is threaded through the vein until it reaches a central location, such as the superior vena cava or the right atrium of the heart.

Central venous catheterization may be performed for several reasons, including:

1. To administer medications, fluids, or nutritional support directly into the bloodstream.
2. To monitor central venous pressure (CVP), which can help assess a patient's volume status and cardiac function.
3. To draw blood samples for laboratory tests.
4. To deliver chemotherapy drugs or other medications that may be harmful to peripheral veins.
5. To provide access for hemodialysis or other long-term therapies.

The procedure requires careful attention to sterile technique to minimize the risk of infection, and it is usually performed under local anesthesia with sedation or general anesthesia. Complications of central venous catheterization may include bleeding, infection, pneumothorax (collapsed lung), arterial puncture, and catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI).

Vancomycin is an antibiotic that belongs to the glycopeptide class. It is primarily used to treat severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). Vancomycin works by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It is usually administered intravenously in a hospital setting due to its potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. The medical definition of 'Vancomycin' can be summarized as:

"A glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, particularly those that are resistant to other antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and is administered intravenously due to its potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity."

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a type of bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics, including methicillin and other related antibiotics such as oxacillin, penicillin, and amoxicillin. This bacterium can cause a range of infections, from skin infections to more severe and potentially life-threatening conditions such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and surgical site infections.

MRSA is often associated with healthcare settings, where it can spread through contaminated surfaces, equipment, and direct contact with an infected person or carrier. However, community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) has also emerged as a significant public health concern, causing infections outside of healthcare facilities, such as in schools, gyms, and other community settings.

It's important to note that while MRSA is resistant to certain antibiotics, there are still some treatment options available for MRSA infections, including vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, and others. However, the emergence of MRSA strains with reduced susceptibility to these antibiotics has become a growing concern, highlighting the importance of infection control measures and the development of new antimicrobial agents.

Streptococcal infections are a type of infection caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes). These bacteria can cause a variety of illnesses, ranging from mild skin infections to serious and potentially life-threatening conditions such as sepsis, pneumonia, and necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease).

Some common types of streptococcal infections include:

* Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) - an infection of the throat and tonsils that can cause sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
* Impetigo - a highly contagious skin infection that causes sores or blisters on the skin.
* Cellulitis - a bacterial infection of the deeper layers of the skin and underlying tissue that can cause redness, swelling, pain, and warmth in the affected area.
* Scarlet fever - a streptococcal infection that causes a bright red rash on the body, high fever, and sore throat.
* Necrotizing fasciitis - a rare but serious bacterial infection that can cause tissue death and destruction of the muscles and fascia (the tissue that covers the muscles).

Treatment for streptococcal infections typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect a streptococcal infection, as prompt treatment can help prevent serious complications.

Bacterial endocarditis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation and infection of the inner layer of the heart, known as the endocardium. This infection typically occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and attach themselves to damaged or abnormal heart valves or other parts of the endocardium. The bacteria can then multiply and cause the formation of vegetations, which are clusters of infected tissue that can further damage the heart valves and lead to serious complications such as heart failure, stroke, or even death if left untreated.

Bacterial endocarditis is a relatively uncommon but potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention. Risk factors for developing bacterial endocarditis include pre-existing heart conditions such as congenital heart defects, artificial heart valves, previous history of endocarditis, or other conditions that damage the heart valves. Intravenous drug use is also a significant risk factor for this condition.

Symptoms of bacterial endocarditis may include fever, chills, fatigue, muscle and joint pain, shortness of breath, chest pain, and a new or changing heart murmur. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood cultures, and imaging tests such as echocardiography. Treatment usually involves several weeks of intravenous antibiotics to eradicate the infection, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart valves.

Microbial sensitivity tests, also known as antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) or bacterial susceptibility tests, are laboratory procedures used to determine the effectiveness of various antimicrobial agents against specific microorganisms isolated from a patient's infection. These tests help healthcare providers identify which antibiotics will be most effective in treating an infection and which ones should be avoided due to resistance. The results of these tests can guide appropriate antibiotic therapy, minimize the potential for antibiotic resistance, improve clinical outcomes, and reduce unnecessary side effects or toxicity from ineffective antimicrobials.

There are several methods for performing microbial sensitivity tests, including:

1. Disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test): A standardized paper disk containing a predetermined amount of an antibiotic is placed on an agar plate that has been inoculated with the isolated microorganism. After incubation, the zone of inhibition around the disk is measured to determine the susceptibility or resistance of the organism to that particular antibiotic.
2. Broth dilution method: A series of tubes or wells containing decreasing concentrations of an antimicrobial agent are inoculated with a standardized microbial suspension. After incubation, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined by observing the lowest concentration of the antibiotic that prevents visible growth of the organism.
3. Automated systems: These use sophisticated technology to perform both disk diffusion and broth dilution methods automatically, providing rapid and accurate results for a wide range of microorganisms and antimicrobial agents.

The interpretation of microbial sensitivity test results should be done cautiously, considering factors such as the site of infection, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antibiotic, potential toxicity, and local resistance patterns. Regular monitoring of susceptibility patterns and ongoing antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential to ensure optimal use of these tests and to minimize the development of antibiotic resistance.

Catheter-related infections are infections that occur due to the presence of a catheter, a flexible tube that is inserted into the body to perform various medical functions such as draining urine or administering medication. These infections can affect any part of the body where a catheter is inserted, including the bladder, bloodstream, heart, and lungs.

The most common type of catheter-related infection is a catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), which occurs when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the catheter and cause an infection. Symptoms of CAUTI may include fever, chills, pain or burning during urination, and cloudy or foul-smelling urine.

Other types of catheter-related infections include catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI), which can occur when bacteria enter the bloodstream through the catheter, and catheter-related pulmonary infections, which can occur when secretions from the respiratory tract enter the lungs through a catheter.

Catheter-related infections are a significant concern in healthcare settings, as they can lead to serious complications such as sepsis, organ failure, and even death. Proper catheter insertion and maintenance techniques, as well as regular monitoring for signs of infection, can help prevent these types of infections.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections refer to illnesses caused by the bacterium E. coli, which can cause a range of symptoms depending on the specific strain and site of infection. The majority of E. coli strains are harmless and live in the intestines of healthy humans and animals. However, some strains, particularly those that produce Shiga toxins, can cause severe illness.

E. coli infections can occur through various routes, including contaminated food or water, person-to-person contact, or direct contact with animals or their environments. Common symptoms of E. coli infections include diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) can occur, which may lead to kidney failure and other long-term health problems.

Preventing E. coli infections involves practicing good hygiene, cooking meats thoroughly, avoiding cross-contamination of food during preparation, washing fruits and vegetables before eating, and avoiding unpasteurized dairy products and juices. Prompt medical attention is necessary if symptoms of an E. coli infection are suspected to prevent potential complications.

Gram-negative bacteria are a type of bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method, a standard technique used in microbiology to classify and identify different types of bacteria based on their structural differences. This method was developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884.

The primary characteristic distinguishing Gram-negative bacteria from Gram-positive bacteria is the composition and structure of their cell walls:

1. Cell wall: Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer, making it more susceptible to damage and less rigid compared to Gram-positive bacteria.
2. Outer membrane: They possess an additional outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are endotoxins that can trigger strong immune responses in humans and animals. The outer membrane also contains proteins, known as porins, which form channels for the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.
3. Periplasm: Between the inner and outer membranes lies a compartment called the periplasm, where various enzymes and other molecules are located.

Some examples of Gram-negative bacteria include Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, Shigella spp., and Neisseria meningitidis. These bacteria are often associated with various infections, such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. Due to their complex cell wall structure, Gram-negative bacteria can be more resistant to certain antibiotics, making them a significant concern in healthcare settings.

Pneumococcal infections are illnesses caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococcus. This bacterium can infect different parts of the body, including the lungs (pneumonia), blood (bacteremia or sepsis), and the covering of the brain and spinal cord (meningitis). Pneumococcal infections can also cause ear infections and sinus infections. The bacteria spread through close contact with an infected person, who may spread the bacteria by coughing or sneezing. People with weakened immune systems, children under 2 years of age, adults over 65, and those with certain medical conditions are at increased risk for developing pneumococcal infections.

Community-acquired infections are those that are acquired outside of a healthcare setting, such as in one's own home or community. These infections are typically contracted through close contact with an infected person, contaminated food or water, or animals. Examples of community-acquired infections include the common cold, flu, strep throat, and many types of viral and bacterial gastrointestinal infections.

These infections are different from healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), which are infections that patients acquire while they are receiving treatment for another condition in a healthcare setting, such as a hospital or long-term care facility. HAIs can be caused by a variety of factors, including contact with contaminated surfaces or equipment, invasive medical procedures, and the use of certain medications.

It is important to note that community-acquired infections can also occur in healthcare settings if proper infection control measures are not in place. Healthcare providers must take steps to prevent the spread of these infections, such as washing their hands regularly, using personal protective equipment (PPE), and implementing isolation precautions for patients with known or suspected infectious diseases.

Klebsiella infections are caused by bacteria called Klebsiella spp., with the most common species being Klebsiella pneumoniae. These gram-negative, encapsulated bacilli are normal inhabitants of the human gastrointestinal tract and upper respiratory tract but can cause various types of infections when they spread to other body sites.

Commonly, Klebsiella infections include:

1. Pneumonia: This is a lung infection that can lead to symptoms like cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, and fever. It often affects people with weakened immune systems, chronic lung diseases, or those who are hospitalized.

2. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): Klebsiella can cause UTIs, particularly in individuals with compromised urinary tracts, such as catheterized patients or those with structural abnormalities. Symptoms may include pain, burning during urination, frequent urges to urinate, and lower abdominal or back pain.

3. Bloodstream infections (bacteremia/septicemia): When Klebsiella enters the bloodstream, it can cause bacteremia or septicemia, which can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition characterized by an overwhelming immune response to infection. Symptoms may include fever, chills, rapid heart rate, and rapid breathing.

4. Wound infections: Klebsiella can infect wounds, particularly in patients with open surgical wounds or traumatic injuries. Infected wounds may display redness, swelling, pain, pus discharge, and warmth.

5. Soft tissue infections: These include infections of the skin and underlying soft tissues, such as cellulitis and abscesses. Symptoms can range from localized redness, swelling, and pain to systemic symptoms like fever and malaise.

Klebsiella infections are increasingly becoming difficult to treat due to their resistance to multiple antibiotics, including carbapenems, which has led to the term "carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae" (CRE) or "carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae" (CRKP). These infections often require the use of last-resort antibiotics like colistin and tigecycline. Infection prevention measures, such as contact precautions, hand hygiene, and environmental cleaning, are crucial to controlling the spread of Klebsiella in healthcare settings.

"Methicillin resistance" is a term used in medicine to describe the resistance of certain bacteria to the antibiotic methicillin and other related antibiotics, such as oxacillin and nafcillin. This type of resistance is most commonly associated with Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) bacteria.

Bacteria that are methicillin-resistant have acquired the ability to produce an additional penicillin-binding protein, known as PBP2a or PBP2'', which has a low affinity for beta-lactam antibiotics, including methicillin. This results in the bacteria being able to continue growing and dividing despite the presence of these antibiotics, making infections caused by these bacteria more difficult to treat.

Methicillin resistance is a significant concern in healthcare settings, as it can lead to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs associated with treating infections caused by these bacteria. In recent years, there has been an increase in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant bacteria, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance, infection control measures, and the development of new antibiotics to treat these infections.

Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of gram-negative bacteria that are commonly found in the human gut and surrounding environment. Infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae can occur when these bacteria enter parts of the body where they are not normally present, such as the bloodstream, urinary tract, or abdominal cavity.

Enterobacteriaceae infections can cause a range of symptoms depending on the site of infection. For example:

* Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Enterobacteriaceae may cause symptoms such as frequent urination, pain or burning during urination, and lower abdominal pain.
* Bloodstream infections (bacteremia) caused by Enterobacteriaceae can cause fever, chills, and sepsis, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by a whole-body inflammatory response to infection.
* Pneumonia caused by Enterobacteriaceae may cause cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Intra-abdominal infections (such as appendicitis or diverticulitis) caused by Enterobacteriaceae can cause abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel habits.

Enterobacteriaceae infections are typically treated with antibiotics, but the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains of these bacteria has made treatment more challenging in recent years. Preventing the spread of Enterobacteriaceae in healthcare settings and promoting good hygiene practices can help reduce the risk of infection.

Actinomycetales are a group of gram-positive bacteria that can cause various types of infections in humans. The term "Actinomycetales infections" is used to describe a range of diseases caused by these organisms, which are characterized by the formation of characteristic granules or "actinomycetes" composed of bacterial cells and inflammatory tissue.

Some common examples of Actinomycetales infections include:

1. Actinomycosis: A chronic infection that typically affects the face, neck, and mouth, but can also occur in other parts of the body such as the lungs or abdomen. It is caused by various species of Actinomyces, which are normal inhabitants of the mouth and gastrointestinal tract.
2. Nocardiosis: A rare but serious infection that can affect the lungs, brain, or skin. It is caused by the bacterium Nocardia, which is found in soil and water.
3. Mycetoma: A chronic infection that affects the skin and underlying tissues, causing the formation of nodules and sinuses that discharge pus containing grains composed of fungal or bacterial elements. It is caused by various species of Actinomyces, Nocardia, and other related bacteria.
4. Streptomyces infections: While Streptomyces species are best known for their role in producing antibiotics, they can also cause infections in humans, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. These infections can affect various organs, including the lungs, skin, and soft tissues.

Treatment of Actinomycetales infections typically involves the use of antibiotics, often for prolonged periods of time. The specific antibiotic regimen will depend on the type of infection and the susceptibility of the causative organism to various antimicrobial agents. Surgical intervention may also be necessary in some cases to drain abscesses or remove infected tissue.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Vancomycin resistance refers to the ability of certain bacteria to resist the antibiotic effects of vancomycin, which is a glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat severe infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. This resistance develops due to genetic changes that result in the alteration of the bacterial cell wall, making it difficult for vancomycin to bind and inhibit bacterial growth.

There are several types of vancomycin resistance mechanisms, with the most common ones being VanA, VanB, VanC, VanD, VanE, and VanG. Among these, VanA and VanB are clinically significant as they confer high-level resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin, another glycopeptide antibiotic.

Vancomycin-resistant bacteria can cause various difficult-to-treat infections, such as urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, and wound infections. These infections often occur in healthcare settings, including hospitals and long-term care facilities, where the use of antibiotics is more frequent. The spread of vancomycin resistance is a significant public health concern, as it limits treatment options for severe bacterial infections and can lead to worse patient outcomes.

Pseudomonas infections are infections caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa or other species of the Pseudomonas genus. These bacteria are gram-negative, opportunistic pathogens that can cause various types of infections, including respiratory, urinary tract, gastrointestinal, dermatological, and bloodstream infections.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of healthcare-associated infections, particularly in patients with weakened immune systems, chronic lung diseases, or those who are hospitalized for extended periods. The bacteria can also infect wounds, burns, and medical devices such as catheters and ventilators.

Pseudomonas infections can be difficult to treat due to the bacteria's resistance to many antibiotics. Treatment typically involves the use of multiple antibiotics that are effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In severe cases, intravenous antibiotics or even hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention measures include good hand hygiene, contact precautions for patients with known Pseudomonas infections, and proper cleaning and maintenance of medical equipment.

Enterococcus is a genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. They are part of the normal gut microbiota but can also cause a variety of infections, particularly in hospital settings. Enterococci are known for their ability to survive in harsh environments and can be resistant to many antibiotics, making them difficult to treat. Some species, such as Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, are more commonly associated with human infections.

In medical terms, an "Enterococcus infection" refers to an infection caused by any species of the Enterococcus genus. These infections can occur in various parts of the body, including the urinary tract, bloodstream, and abdominal cavity. They can cause symptoms such as fever, chills, and pain, depending on the location of the infection. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are effective against Enterococcus species, although resistance to multiple antibiotics is a growing concern.

Bacterial drug resistance is a type of antimicrobial resistance that occurs when bacteria evolve the ability to survive and reproduce in the presence of drugs (such as antibiotics) that would normally kill them or inhibit their growth. This can happen due to various mechanisms, including genetic mutations or the acquisition of resistance genes from other bacteria.

As a result, bacterial infections may become more difficult to treat, requiring higher doses of medication, alternative drugs, or longer treatment courses. In some cases, drug-resistant infections can lead to serious health complications, increased healthcare costs, and higher mortality rates.

Examples of bacterial drug resistance include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Preventing the spread of bacterial drug resistance is crucial for maintaining effective treatments for infectious diseases.

Bacteriological techniques refer to the various methods and procedures used in the laboratory for the cultivation, identification, and study of bacteria. These techniques are essential in fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and research. Here are some common bacteriological techniques:

1. **Sterilization**: This is a process that eliminates or kills all forms of life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. Common sterilization methods include autoclaving (using steam under pressure), dry heat (in an oven), chemical sterilants, and radiation.

2. **Aseptic Technique**: This refers to practices used to prevent contamination of sterile materials or environments with microorganisms. It includes the use of sterile equipment, gloves, and lab coats, as well as techniques such as flaming, alcohol swabbing, and using aseptic transfer devices.

3. **Media Preparation**: This involves the preparation of nutrient-rich substances that support bacterial growth. There are various types of media, including solid (agar), liquid (broth), and semi-solid (e.g., stab agar). The choice of medium depends on the type of bacteria being cultured and the purpose of the investigation.

4. **Inoculation**: This is the process of introducing a bacterial culture into a medium. It can be done using a loop, swab, or needle. The inoculum should be taken from a pure culture to avoid contamination.

5. **Incubation**: After inoculation, the bacteria are allowed to grow under controlled conditions of temperature, humidity, and atmospheric composition. This process is called incubation.

6. **Staining and Microscopy**: Bacteria are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Therefore, they need to be stained and observed under a microscope. Gram staining is a common method used to differentiate between two major groups of bacteria based on their cell wall composition.

7. **Biochemical Tests**: These are tests used to identify specific bacterial species based on their biochemical characteristics, such as their ability to ferment certain sugars, produce particular enzymes, or resist certain antibiotics.

8. **Molecular Techniques**: Advanced techniques like PCR and DNA sequencing can provide more precise identification of bacteria. They can also be used for genetic analysis and epidemiological studies.

Remember, handling microorganisms requires careful attention to biosafety procedures to prevent accidental infection or environmental contamination.

Cellulitis is a medical condition characterized by an infection and inflammation of the deeper layers of the skin (dermis and subcutaneous tissue) and surrounding soft tissues. It's typically caused by bacteria, most commonly group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus.

The affected area often becomes red, swollen, warm, and painful, and may be accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, and fatigue. Cellulitis can spread rapidly and potentially become life-threatening if left untreated, so it's important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect you have this condition. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, rest, elevation of the affected limb (if applicable), and pain management.

Fever, also known as pyrexia or febrile response, is a common medical sign characterized by an elevation in core body temperature above the normal range of 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) due to a dysregulation of the body's thermoregulatory system. It is often a response to an infection, inflammation, or other underlying medical conditions, and it serves as a part of the immune system's effort to combat the invading pathogens or to repair damaged tissues.

Fevers can be classified based on their magnitude:

* Low-grade fever: 37.5-38°C (99.5-100.4°F)
* Moderate fever: 38-39°C (100.4-102.2°F)
* High-grade or severe fever: above 39°C (102.2°F)

It is important to note that a single elevated temperature reading does not necessarily indicate the presence of a fever, as body temperature can fluctuate throughout the day and can be influenced by various factors such as physical activity, environmental conditions, and the menstrual cycle in females. The diagnosis of fever typically requires the confirmation of an elevated core body temperature on at least two occasions or a consistently high temperature over a period of time.

While fevers are generally considered beneficial in fighting off infections and promoting recovery, extremely high temperatures or prolonged febrile states may necessitate medical intervention to prevent potential complications such as dehydration, seizures, or damage to vital organs.

Salmonella infections, also known as salmonellosis, are a type of foodborne illness caused by the Salmonella bacterium. These bacteria can be found in the intestinal tracts of humans, animals, and birds, especially poultry. People typically get salmonella infections from consuming contaminated foods or water, or through contact with infected animals or their feces. Common sources of Salmonella include raw or undercooked meat, poultry, eggs, and milk products; contaminated fruits and vegetables; and improperly prepared or stored food.

Symptoms of salmonella infections usually begin within 12 to 72 hours after exposure and can include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, and headache. Most people recover from salmonella infections without treatment within four to seven days, although some cases may be severe or even life-threatening, especially in young children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems. In rare cases, Salmonella can spread from the intestines to the bloodstream and cause serious complications such as meningitis, endocarditis, and arthritis.

Prevention measures include proper food handling, cooking, and storage practices; washing hands thoroughly after using the bathroom, changing diapers, or touching animals; avoiding cross-contamination of foods during preparation; and using pasteurized dairy products and eggs. If you suspect that you have a Salmonella infection, it is important to seek medical attention promptly to prevent complications and reduce the risk of spreading the infection to others.

Gram-positive bacteria are a type of bacteria that stain dark purple or blue when subjected to the Gram staining method, which is a common technique used in microbiology to classify and identify different types of bacteria based on their structural differences. This staining method was developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884.

The key characteristic that distinguishes Gram-positive bacteria from other types, such as Gram-negative bacteria, is the presence of a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining process. Additionally, Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane found in Gram-negative bacteria.

Examples of Gram-positive bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Bacillus subtilis. Some Gram-positive bacteria can cause various human diseases, while others are beneficial or harmless.

Acinetobacter infections are caused by bacteria that can be found in various environments, such as soil, water, and healthcare facilities. These bacteria can cause a range of illnesses, from mild skin infections to serious respiratory and bloodstream infections. They are often resistant to multiple antibiotics, making them difficult to treat.

Acinetobacter baumannii is the species most commonly associated with human infection. It is known for its ability to survive on dry surfaces for extended periods of time, which can contribute to its spread in healthcare settings. Infections caused by Acinetobacter are a particular concern in critically ill patients, such as those in intensive care units, and in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Symptoms of an Acinetobacter infection depend on the site of infection but may include fever, cough, shortness of breath, wound drainage, or skin redness or swelling. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are still effective against the bacteria, which can be determined through laboratory testing. In some cases, infection control measures, such as contact precautions and environmental cleaning, may also be necessary to prevent the spread of Acinetobacter in healthcare settings.

Bartonella infections are a group of diseases caused by bacteria belonging to the Bartonella genus. These gram-negative bacteria can infect humans and animals, causing various symptoms depending on the specific Bartonella species involved. Some common Bartonella infections include:

1. Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae): This is the most common Bartonella infection, usually transmitted through contact with a cat's scratch or saliva. The primary symptom is a tender, swollen lymph node near the site of the scratch. Other symptoms may include fever, fatigue, and headache.
2. Trench fever (Bartonella quintana): This infection was first identified during World War I among soldiers living in trenches, hence its name. It is primarily transmitted through the feces of body lice. Symptoms include fever, severe headaches, muscle pain, and a rash.
3. Carrion's disease (Bartonella bacilliformis): This infection is endemic to South America, particularly in the Andean regions of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. It is transmitted through the bite of sandflies. The acute phase of the disease, known as Oroya fever, is characterized by high fever, severe anemia, and potentially life-threatening complications. The chronic phase, known as verruga peruana, presents with skin lesions resembling warts or boils.

Diagnosis of Bartonella infections typically involves blood tests to detect antibodies against the bacteria or direct detection of the bacterial DNA using PCR techniques. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics such as azithromycin, doxycycline, or rifampin, depending on the specific infection and severity of symptoms.

Bartonella quintana is a gram-negative, aerobic bacillus that is the causative agent of trench fever, a disease first described during World War I. The bacterium is primarily transmitted to humans through the feces of body lice, and it can also cause endocarditis and other systemic infections.

The name "quintana" refers to the characteristic fever pattern of the disease, which features recurring episodes every fifth day. Other symptoms of trench fever include headache, muscle pain, and a rash. The disease is typically treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or azithromycin.

Bartonella quintana is also known to cause cat scratch disease in immunocompromised individuals. It can be transmitted through the scratches or bites of cats infected with the bacterium. The symptoms of cat scratch disease include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue.

Overall, Bartonella quintana is a significant public health concern, particularly in populations with poor hygiene and crowded living conditions, such as homeless individuals and refugees.

Viridans Streptococci are a group of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are part of the normal flora in the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. They are called "viridans" because they tend to decolorize slowly and appear greenish in Gram stains. This group includes several species, such as Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus mutans.

Viridans Streptococci are often associated with dental caries and periodontal disease. However, they can also cause invasive infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or those with underlying medical conditions. These infections may include bacteremia, endocarditis, abscesses, and meningitis.

It is important to note that the identification of Viridans Streptococci can be challenging due to their similarities in biochemical characteristics. Therefore, molecular methods such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing are often used for accurate species-level identification.

"Klebsiella pneumoniae" is a medical term that refers to a type of bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It's a gram-negative, encapsulated, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium that can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals.

"Klebsiella pneumoniae" is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause a range of infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions. It's a common cause of healthcare-associated infections, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, and wound infections.

The bacterium is known for its ability to produce a polysaccharide capsule that makes it resistant to phagocytosis by white blood cells, allowing it to evade the host's immune system. Additionally, "Klebsiella pneumoniae" has developed resistance to many antibiotics, making infections caused by this bacterium difficult to treat and a growing public health concern.

Daptomycin is a antibiotic medication used to treat serious skin infections and bloodstream infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other gram-positive bacteria. It works by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane, leading to bacterial death. Daptomycin is administered intravenously and its use should be reserved for serious infections that cannot be treated with other antibiotics due to the risk of developing resistance.

Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as the pneumococcus, is a gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic bacterium frequently found in the upper respiratory tract of healthy individuals. It is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia and can also cause other infectious diseases such as otitis media (ear infection), sinusitis, meningitis, and bacteremia (bloodstream infection). The bacteria are encapsulated, and there are over 90 serotypes based on variations in the capsular polysaccharide. Some serotypes are more virulent or invasive than others, and the polysaccharide composition is crucial for vaccine development. S. pneumoniae infection can be treated with antibiotics, but the emergence of drug-resistant strains has become a significant global health concern.

Bacterial typing techniques are methods used to identify and differentiate bacterial strains or isolates based on their unique characteristics. These techniques are essential in epidemiological studies, infection control, and research to understand the transmission dynamics, virulence, and antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens.

There are various bacterial typing techniques available, including:

1. **Bacteriophage Typing:** This method involves using bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to identify specific bacterial strains based on their susceptibility or resistance to particular phages.
2. **Serotyping:** It is a technique that differentiates bacterial strains based on the antigenic properties of their cell surface components, such as capsules, flagella, and somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens.
3. **Biochemical Testing:** This method uses biochemical reactions to identify specific metabolic pathways or enzymes present in bacterial strains, which can be used for differentiation. Commonly used tests include the catalase test, oxidase test, and various sugar fermentation tests.
4. **Molecular Typing Techniques:** These methods use genetic markers to identify and differentiate bacterial strains at the DNA level. Examples of molecular typing techniques include:
* **Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE):** This method uses restriction enzymes to digest bacterial DNA, followed by electrophoresis in an agarose gel under pulsed electrical fields. The resulting banding patterns are analyzed and compared to identify related strains.
* **Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST):** It involves sequencing specific housekeeping genes to generate unique sequence types that can be used for strain identification and phylogenetic analysis.
* **Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS):** This method sequences the entire genome of a bacterial strain, providing the most detailed information on genetic variation and relatedness between strains. WGS data can be analyzed using various bioinformatics tools to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), gene deletions or insertions, and other genetic changes that can be used for strain differentiation.

These molecular typing techniques provide higher resolution than traditional methods, allowing for more accurate identification and comparison of bacterial strains. They are particularly useful in epidemiological investigations to track the spread of pathogens and identify outbreaks.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Trench fever is a historical medical condition that primarily affected soldiers during World War I. It is caused by Bartonella quintana, a type of bacterium that is transmitted through the feces of body lice. The name "trench fever" comes from the fact that it was common among soldiers living in trenches, where poor hygiene and crowded conditions facilitated the spread of the disease.

Symptoms of trench fever include sudden onset of fever, severe headache, muscle pain, and a rash. The fever typically lasts for about five days and then recurs every four to six days, which is why it was also known as "five-day fever" or "recrudescence fever." Other symptoms can include fatigue, anemia, and swelling of the spleen and liver.

Trench fever is treated with antibiotics such as doxycycline or azithromycin. Prevention measures include good personal hygiene, such as regular bathing and changing clothes, as well as environmental controls to reduce louse populations, such as delousing stations and insecticides.

While trench fever is no longer a major public health concern, it remains an important historical medical condition that highlights the importance of hygiene and infection control in military settings.

Equipment contamination in a medical context refers to the presence of harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, on the surfaces of medical equipment or devices. This can occur during use, storage, or transportation of the equipment and can lead to the transmission of infections to patients, healthcare workers, or other individuals who come into contact with the contaminated equipment.

Equipment contamination can occur through various routes, including contact with contaminated body fluids, airborne particles, or environmental surfaces. To prevent equipment contamination and the resulting infection transmission, it is essential to follow strict infection control practices, such as regular cleaning and disinfection of equipment, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and proper handling and storage of medical devices.

Staphylococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other animals. Many species of Staphylococcus can cause infections in humans, but the most notable is Staphylococcus aureus, which is responsible for a wide range of illnesses, from minor skin infections to life-threatening conditions such as pneumonia, endocarditis, and sepsis.

Staphylococcus species are non-motile, non-spore forming, and typically occur in grape-like clusters when viewed under a microscope. They can be coagulase-positive or coagulase-negative, with S. aureus being the most well-known coagulase-positive species. Coagulase is an enzyme that causes the clotting of plasma, and its presence is often used to differentiate S. aureus from other Staphylococcus species.

These bacteria are resistant to many commonly used antibiotics, including penicillin, due to the production of beta-lactamases. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a particularly problematic strain that has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics and can cause severe, difficult-to-treat infections.

Proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, and environmental cleaning are crucial measures for preventing the spread of Staphylococcus in healthcare settings and the community.

Antibiotic prophylaxis refers to the use of antibiotics to prevent infection from occurring in the first place, rather than treating an existing infection. This practice is commonly used before certain medical procedures or surgeries that have a high risk of infection, such as joint replacements, heart valve surgery, or organ transplants. The goal of antibiotic prophylaxis is to reduce the risk of infection by introducing antibiotics into the body before bacteria have a chance to multiply and cause an infection.

The choice of antibiotic for prophylaxis depends on several factors, including the type of procedure being performed, the patient's medical history and allergies, and the most common types of bacteria that can cause infection in that particular situation. The antibiotic is typically given within one hour before the start of the procedure, and may be continued for up to 24 hours afterward, depending on the specific guidelines for that procedure.

It's important to note that antibiotic prophylaxis should only be used when it is truly necessary, as overuse of antibiotics can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, the decision to use antibiotic prophylaxis should be made carefully and in consultation with a healthcare provider.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart chambers and heart valves, called the endocardium. This inflammation typically results from a bacterial or, less commonly, fungal infection that travels through the bloodstream and attaches to damaged areas of the heart.

There are two main types of endocarditis:

1. Acute Endocarditis: Develops quickly and can be severe, causing fever, chills, shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart murmurs. It may lead to serious complications like heart failure, embolism (blood clots that travel to other parts of the body), and damage to heart valves.

2. Subacute Endocarditis: Develops more slowly, often causing milder symptoms that can be mistaken for a cold or flu. Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, fever, night sweats, weight loss, joint pain, and heart murmurs. Subacute endocarditis is more likely to affect people with previously damaged heart valves or congenital heart conditions.

Treatment usually involves several weeks of intravenous antibiotics or antifungal medications, depending on the cause of the infection. In some cases, surgery may be required to repair or replace damaged heart valves. Preventive measures include good oral hygiene and prompt treatment of infections, especially in individuals at a higher risk for endocarditis, such as those with congenital heart defects, artificial heart valves, or previous history of endocarditis.

Neutropenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low concentration (less than 1500 cells/mm3) of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in fighting off bacterial and fungal infections. Neutrophils are essential components of the innate immune system, and their main function is to engulf and destroy microorganisms that can cause harm to the body.

Neutropenia can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the severity of the neutrophil count reduction:

* Mild neutropenia: Neutrophil count between 1000-1500 cells/mm3
* Moderate neutropenia: Neutrophil count between 500-1000 cells/mm3
* Severe neutropenia: Neutrophil count below 500 cells/mm3

Severe neutropenia significantly increases the risk of developing infections, as the body's ability to fight off microorganisms is severely compromised. Common causes of neutropenia include viral infections, certain medications (such as chemotherapy or antibiotics), autoimmune disorders, and congenital conditions affecting bone marrow function. Treatment for neutropenia typically involves addressing the underlying cause, administering granulocyte-colony stimulating factors to boost neutrophil production, and providing appropriate antimicrobial therapy to prevent or treat infections.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.

Streptococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, spherical bacteria that typically form pairs or chains when clustered together. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. They are non-motile and do not produce spores.

Streptococcus species are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some strains are part of the normal flora of the body, while others can cause a variety of infections, ranging from mild skin infections to severe and life-threatening diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, and toxic shock syndrome.

The pathogenicity of Streptococcus species depends on various virulence factors, including the production of enzymes and toxins that damage tissues and evade the host's immune response. One of the most well-known Streptococcus species is Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus (GAS), which is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and rheumatic fever.

It's important to note that the classification of Streptococcus species has evolved over time, with many former members now classified as different genera within the family Streptococcaceae. The current classification system is based on a combination of phenotypic characteristics (such as hemolysis patterns and sugar fermentation) and genotypic methods (such as 16S rRNA sequencing and multilocus sequence typing).

An immunocompromised host refers to an individual who has a weakened or impaired immune system, making them more susceptible to infections and decreased ability to fight off pathogens. This condition can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developed during one's lifetime).

Acquired immunocompromised states may result from various factors such as medical treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunosuppressive drugs), infections (e.g., HIV/AIDS), chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, malnutrition, liver disease), or aging.

Immunocompromised hosts are at a higher risk for developing severe and life-threatening infections due to their reduced immune response. Therefore, they require special consideration when it comes to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases.

Coagulase is a type of enzyme produced by some bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus. This enzyme helps the bacteria to clot blood plasma by converting an inactive precursor (prothrombin) into thrombin, which then converts fibrinogen into fibrin to form a clot. The ability of S. aureus to produce coagulase is often used as a diagnostic criterion for this bacterium, and it also plays a role in the virulence of the organism by helping it to evade the host's immune system.

A "University Hospital" is a type of hospital that is often affiliated with a medical school or university. These hospitals serve as major teaching institutions where medical students, residents, and fellows receive their training and education. They are equipped with advanced medical technology and resources to provide specialized and tertiary care services. University hospitals also conduct research and clinical trials to advance medical knowledge and practices. Additionally, they often treat complex and rare cases and provide a wide range of medical services to the community.

Bacterial infections are caused by the invasion and multiplication of bacteria in or on tissues of the body. These infections can range from mild, like a common cold, to severe, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis. The symptoms of a bacterial infection depend on the type of bacteria invading the body and the area of the body that is affected.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can live in many different environments, including in the human body. While some bacteria are beneficial to humans and help with digestion or protect against harmful pathogens, others can cause illness and disease. When bacteria invade the body, they can release toxins and other harmful substances that damage tissues and trigger an immune response.

Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics, which work by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. However, it is important to note that misuse or overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, making treatment more difficult. It is also essential to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed, even if symptoms improve, to ensure that all bacteria are eliminated and reduce the risk of recurrence or development of antibiotic resistance.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.

Haemophilus infections are caused by bacteria named Haemophilus influenzae. Despite its name, this bacterium does not cause the flu, which is caused by a virus. There are several different strains of Haemophilus influenzae, and some are more likely to cause severe illness than others.

Haemophilus infections can affect people of any age, but they are most common in children under 5 years old. The bacteria can cause a range of infections, from mild ear infections to serious conditions such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) and pneumonia (infection of the lungs).

The bacterium is spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be spread by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth, nose, or eyes.

Prevention measures include good hygiene practices such as handwashing, covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick. Vaccination is also available to protect against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infections, which are the most severe and common form of Haemophilus infection.

Bacterial pneumonia is a type of lung infection that's caused by bacteria. It can affect people of any age, but it's more common in older adults, young children, and people with certain health conditions or weakened immune systems. The symptoms of bacterial pneumonia can vary, but they often include cough, chest pain, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.

The most common type of bacteria that causes pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Other types of bacteria that can cause pneumonia include Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Bacterial pneumonia is usually treated with antibiotics, which are medications that kill bacteria. The specific type of antibiotic used will depend on the type of bacteria causing the infection. It's important to take all of the prescribed medication as directed, even if you start feeling better, to ensure that the infection is completely cleared and to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance.

In severe cases of bacterial pneumonia, hospitalization may be necessary for close monitoring and treatment with intravenous antibiotics and other supportive care.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

Leptotrichia is a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found as part of the normal flora in the oral cavity and urogenital tract of humans and animals. Some species of Leptotrichia have been associated with various infections, including endocarditis, periodontal disease, and bloodstream infections, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems. However, they are generally considered to be commensals and are not typically pathogenic in healthy individuals.

It's important to note that medical definitions can vary depending on the context and source, and this definition may not be all-encompassing or universally accepted.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

"Pseudomonas aeruginosa" is a medically important, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is widely found in the environment, such as in soil, water, and on plants. It's an opportunistic pathogen, meaning it usually doesn't cause infection in healthy individuals but can cause severe and sometimes life-threatening infections in people with weakened immune systems, burns, or chronic lung diseases like cystic fibrosis.

P. aeruginosa is known for its remarkable ability to resist many antibiotics and disinfectants due to its intrinsic resistance mechanisms and the acquisition of additional resistance determinants. It can cause various types of infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, dermatitis, and severe bloodstream infections known as sepsis.

The bacterium produces a variety of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenicity, such as exotoxins, proteases, and pigments like pyocyanin and pyoverdine, which aid in iron acquisition and help the organism evade host immune responses. Effective infection control measures, appropriate use of antibiotics, and close monitoring of high-risk patients are crucial for managing P. aeruginosa infections.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are defined as the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, typically bacteria, in any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, resulting in infection and inflammation. The majority of UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, but other organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Enterococcus can also cause UTIs.

UTIs can be classified into two types based on the location of the infection:

1. Lower UTI or bladder infection (cystitis): This type of UTI affects the bladder and urethra. Symptoms may include a frequent and urgent need to urinate, pain or burning during urination, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and discomfort in the lower abdomen or back.

2. Upper UTI or kidney infection (pyelonephritis): This type of UTI affects the kidneys and can be more severe than a bladder infection. Symptoms may include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and pain in the flanks or back.

UTIs are more common in women than men due to their shorter urethra, which makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder. Other risk factors for UTIs include sexual activity, use of diaphragms or spermicides, urinary catheterization, diabetes, and weakened immune systems.

UTIs are typically diagnosed through a urinalysis and urine culture to identify the causative organism and determine the appropriate antibiotic treatment. In some cases, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan may be necessary to evaluate for any underlying abnormalities in the urinary tract.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

'Aeromonas caviae' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in aquatic environments such as freshwater and soil. It is a facultative anaerobe, meaning it can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. 'Aeromonas caviae' is an opportunistic pathogen, which can cause various types of infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Infections caused by 'Aeromonas caviae' may include gastrointestinal illnesses such as diarrhea, wound infections, and septicemia (bloodstream infections). The bacterium can enter the body through contaminated water or food, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.

It is important to note that while 'Aeromonas caviae' can cause infections in humans, it is not typically considered a highly virulent pathogen, and most infections caused by this bacterium are mild and resolve on their own without the need for medical treatment. However, in severe cases or in individuals with weakened immune systems, antibiotic therapy may be necessary to treat 'Aeromonas caviae' infections.

Fungemia is the presence of fungi (fungal organisms) in the blood. It's a type of bloodstream infection, which can be serious and life-threatening, particularly for people with weakened immune systems. The fungi that cause fungemia often enter the bloodstream through medical devices like catheters or from a fungal infection somewhere else in the body.

Fungemia is often associated with conditions like candidemia (caused by Candida species) and aspergillemia (caused by Aspergillus species). Symptoms can vary widely but often include fever, chills, and other signs of infection. It's important to diagnose and treat fungemia promptly to prevent serious complications like sepsis.

Multiple bacterial drug resistance (MDR) is a medical term that refers to the resistance of multiple strains of bacteria to several antibiotics or antimicrobial agents. This means that these bacteria have developed mechanisms that enable them to survive and multiply despite being exposed to drugs that were previously effective in treating infections caused by them.

MDR is a significant public health concern because it limits the treatment options available for bacterial infections, making them more difficult and expensive to treat. In some cases, MDR bacteria may cause severe or life-threatening infections that are resistant to all available antibiotics, leaving doctors with few or no effective therapeutic options.

MDR can arise due to various mechanisms, including the production of enzymes that inactivate antibiotics, changes in bacterial cell membrane permeability that prevent antibiotics from entering the bacteria, and the development of efflux pumps that expel antibiotics out of the bacteria. The misuse or overuse of antibiotics is a significant contributor to the emergence and spread of MDR bacteria.

Preventing and controlling the spread of MDR bacteria requires a multifaceted approach, including the judicious use of antibiotics, infection control measures, surveillance, and research into new antimicrobial agents.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a type of electrophoresis technique used in molecular biology to separate DNA molecules based on their size and conformation. In this method, the electric field is applied in varying directions, which allows for the separation of large DNA fragments that are difficult to separate using traditional gel electrophoresis methods.

The DNA sample is prepared by embedding it in a semi-solid matrix, such as agarose or polyacrylamide, and then subjected to an electric field that periodically changes direction. This causes the DNA molecules to reorient themselves in response to the changing electric field, which results in the separation of the DNA fragments based on their size and shape.

PFGE is a powerful tool for molecular biology research and has many applications, including the identification and characterization of bacterial pathogens, the analysis of genomic DNA, and the study of gene organization and regulation. It is also used in forensic science to analyze DNA evidence in criminal investigations.

Septic shock is a serious condition that occurs as a complication of an infection that has spread throughout the body. It's characterized by a severe drop in blood pressure and abnormalities in cellular metabolism, which can lead to organ failure and death if not promptly treated.

In septic shock, the immune system overreacts to an infection, releasing an overwhelming amount of inflammatory chemicals into the bloodstream. This leads to widespread inflammation, blood vessel dilation, and leaky blood vessels, which can cause fluid to leak out of the blood vessels and into surrounding tissues. As a result, the heart may not be able to pump enough blood to vital organs, leading to organ failure.

Septic shock is often caused by bacterial infections, but it can also be caused by fungal or viral infections. It's most commonly seen in people with weakened immune systems, such as those who have recently undergone surgery, have chronic medical conditions, or are taking medications that suppress the immune system.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of septic shock is critical to prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes. Treatment typically involves aggressive antibiotic therapy, intravenous fluids, vasopressors to maintain blood pressure, and supportive care in an intensive care unit (ICU).

Anaerobic bacteria are a type of bacteria that do not require oxygen to grow and survive. Instead, they can grow in environments that have little or no oxygen. Some anaerobic bacteria can even be harmed or killed by exposure to oxygen. These bacteria play important roles in many natural processes, such as decomposition and the breakdown of organic matter in the digestive system. However, some anaerobic bacteria can also cause disease in humans and animals, particularly when they infect areas of the body that are normally oxygen-rich. Examples of anaerobic bacterial infections include tetanus, gas gangrene, and dental abscesses.

Tooth extraction is a dental procedure in which a tooth that is damaged or poses a threat to oral health is removed from its socket in the jawbone. This may be necessary due to various reasons such as severe tooth decay, gum disease, fractured teeth, crowded teeth, or for orthodontic treatment purposes. The procedure is performed by a dentist or an oral surgeon, under local anesthesia to numb the area around the tooth, ensuring minimal discomfort during the extraction process.

Gordonia bacterium is a type of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that belongs to the family Gordoniaceae. These bacteria are typically found in soil, water, and clinical specimens such as respiratory secretions, wounds, and blood. They are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative, and many species can produce colonies with a distinctive orange or pink color due to the production of pigments such as gordoniabactin.

Gordonia species are generally considered to be low-virulence organisms, but they have been associated with various types of infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. These infections can include respiratory tract infections, catheter-related bloodstream infections, and skin and soft tissue infections.

Gordonia species are often resistant to many antibiotics, including beta-lactams, macrolides, and aminoglycosides. Therefore, identification of the specific Gordonia species and susceptibility testing are important for guiding appropriate antimicrobial therapy.

Microbial drug resistance is a significant medical issue that refers to the ability of microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) to withstand or survive exposure to drugs or medications designed to kill them or limit their growth. This phenomenon has become a major global health concern, particularly in the context of bacterial infections, where it is also known as antibiotic resistance.

Drug resistance arises due to genetic changes in microorganisms that enable them to modify or bypass the effects of antimicrobial agents. These genetic alterations can be caused by mutations or the acquisition of resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer. The resistant microbes then replicate and multiply, forming populations that are increasingly difficult to eradicate with conventional treatments.

The consequences of drug-resistant infections include increased morbidity, mortality, healthcare costs, and the potential for widespread outbreaks. Factors contributing to the emergence and spread of microbial drug resistance include the overuse or misuse of antimicrobials, poor infection control practices, and inadequate surveillance systems.

To address this challenge, it is crucial to promote prudent antibiotic use, strengthen infection prevention and control measures, develop new antimicrobial agents, and invest in research to better understand the mechanisms underlying drug resistance.

Pneumonia, pneumococcal is a type of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (also known as pneumococcus). This bacteria can colonize the upper respiratory tract and occasionally invade the lower respiratory tract, causing infection.

Pneumococcal pneumonia can affect people of any age but is most common in young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems. The symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia include fever, chills, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and rapid breathing. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as bacteremia (bacterial infection in the blood), meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), and respiratory failure.

Pneumococcal pneumonia can be prevented through vaccination with the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) or the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV). These vaccines protect against the most common strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae that cause invasive disease. It is also important to practice good hygiene, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and washing hands frequently, to prevent the spread of pneumococcal bacteria.

An abscess is a localized collection of pus caused by an infection. It is typically characterized by inflammation, redness, warmth, pain, and swelling in the affected area. Abscesses can form in various parts of the body, including the skin, teeth, lungs, brain, and abdominal organs. They are usually treated with antibiotics to eliminate the infection and may require drainage if they are large or located in a critical area. If left untreated, an abscess can lead to serious complications such as sepsis or organ failure.

"Bartonella" is a genus of gram-negative bacteria that are facultative intracellular pathogens, meaning they can live and multiply inside host cells. They are the cause of several emerging infectious diseases in humans and animals. Some species of Bartonella are associated with clinical syndromes such as cat scratch disease, trench fever, and Carrion's disease. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bites or feces of insect vectors (such as fleas, lice, and sandflies) or through contact with infected animals. Once inside the host, Bartonella can evade the immune system and cause chronic infection, which can lead to a variety of clinical manifestations, including fever, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, endocarditis, and neurological symptoms.

The medical definition of 'Bartonella' is: A genus of fastidious, gram-negative bacteria that are facultative intracellular pathogens. Bartonella species are the cause of several emerging infectious diseases in humans and animals. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bites or feces of insect vectors (such as fleas, lice, and sandflies) or through contact with infected animals. Bartonella species can evade the immune system and cause chronic infection, leading to a variety of clinical manifestations, including fever, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, endocarditis, and neurological symptoms.

An Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is a specialized hospital department that provides continuous monitoring and advanced life support for critically ill patients. The ICU is equipped with sophisticated technology and staffed by highly trained healthcare professionals, including intensivists, nurses, respiratory therapists, and other specialists.

Patients in the ICU may require mechanical ventilation, invasive monitoring, vasoactive medications, and other advanced interventions due to conditions such as severe infections, trauma, cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, or post-surgical complications. The goal of the ICU is to stabilize patients' condition, prevent further complications, and support organ function while the underlying illness is treated.

ICUs may be organized into different units based on the type of care provided, such as medical, surgical, cardiac, neurological, or pediatric ICUs. The length of stay in the ICU can vary widely depending on the patient's condition and response to treatment.

Meningitis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation of the meninges, which are the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. This inflammation can be caused by various infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or by non-infectious causes like autoimmune diseases, cancer, or certain medications.

The symptoms of meningitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and sensitivity to light. In severe cases, it can lead to seizures, coma, or even death if not treated promptly and effectively. Bacterial meningitis is usually more severe and requires immediate medical attention, while viral meningitis is often less severe and may resolve on its own without specific treatment.

It's important to note that meningitis can be a serious and life-threatening condition, so if you suspect that you or someone else has symptoms of meningitis, you should seek medical attention immediately.

Enterococcus faecium is a species of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. It is a member of the family Enterococcaceae and is known for its ability to survive in a wide range of environments, including those with high salt concentrations, low pH levels, and the presence of antibiotics.

E. faecium is a leading cause of nosocomial infections, particularly in healthcare settings such as hospitals and long-term care facilities. It can cause a variety of infections, including urinary tract infections, bacteremia, endocarditis, and intra-abdominal infections. E. faecium is resistant to many antibiotics, making it difficult to treat infections caused by this organism.

E. faecium is also a potential threat as a bioterrorism agent due to its ability to survive outside the host and cause disease. However, it is not considered a high-risk agent because it is not easily transmitted from person to person and is not highly virulent. Nonetheless, appropriate infection control measures are important to prevent the spread of E. faecium in healthcare settings.

Bacteroides infections refer to illnesses caused by the bacterial genus Bacteroides, which are a group of anaerobic, gram-negative bacilli that are normal inhabitants of the human gastrointestinal tract. However, they can cause intra-abdominal infections, such as appendicitis, peritonitis, and liver abscesses, as well as wound infections, bacteremia, and gynecological infections when they spread to other parts of the body, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems.

Bacteroides species are often resistant to many antibiotics, making infections challenging to treat. Therefore, appropriate antimicrobial therapy, often requiring combination therapy, is essential for successful treatment. Surgical intervention may also be necessary in certain cases of Bacteroides infections, such as abscess drainage or debridement of necrotic tissue.

Enterobacteriaceae is a family of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. Many species within this family are capable of causing various types of infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Some common examples of Enterobacteriaceae include Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella enterica.

These bacteria are typically characterized by their ability to ferment various sugars and produce acid and gas as byproducts. They can also be distinguished by their biochemical reactions, such as their ability to produce certain enzymes or resist specific antibiotics. Infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae can range from mild to severe, depending on the species involved and the overall health of the infected individual.

Some infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae include urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and foodborne illnesses. Proper hygiene, such as handwashing and safe food handling practices, can help prevent the spread of these bacteria and reduce the risk of infection.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

'Escherichia coli' (E. coli) is a type of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that commonly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and one of the most well-studied prokaryotic model organisms in molecular biology.

While most E. coli strains are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some serotypes can cause various forms of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans and animals. These pathogenic strains possess virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage host tissues, leading to diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.

E. coli is a versatile organism with remarkable genetic diversity, which allows it to adapt to various environmental niches. It can be found in water, soil, food, and various man-made environments, making it an essential indicator of fecal contamination and a common cause of foodborne illnesses. The study of E. coli has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes, including DNA replication, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.

Carbapenems are a class of broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics, which are used to treat severe infections caused by bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics. They have a similar chemical structure to penicillins and cephalosporins but are more resistant to the enzymes produced by bacteria that can inactivate these other antibiotics. Carbapenems are often reserved for use in serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms, and they are typically given intravenously in a hospital setting. Examples of carbapenems include imipenem, meropenem, doripenem, and ertapenem.

Anti-infective agents are a class of medications that are used to treat infections caused by various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These agents work by either killing the microorganism or inhibiting its growth, thereby helping to control the infection and alleviate symptoms.

There are several types of anti-infective agents, including:

1. Antibiotics: These are medications that are used to treat bacterial infections. They work by either killing bacteria (bactericidal) or inhibiting their growth (bacteriostatic).
2. Antivirals: These are medications that are used to treat viral infections. They work by interfering with the replication of the virus, preventing it from spreading and causing further damage.
3. Antifungals: These are medications that are used to treat fungal infections. They work by disrupting the cell membrane of the fungus, killing it or inhibiting its growth.
4. Antiparasitics: These are medications that are used to treat parasitic infections. They work by either killing the parasite or inhibiting its growth and reproduction.

It is important to note that anti-infective agents are not effective against all types of infections, and it is essential to use them appropriately to avoid the development of drug-resistant strains of microorganisms.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a type of coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacterium that is commonly found on the human skin and mucous membranes. It is a part of the normal flora and usually does not cause infection in healthy individuals. However, it can cause serious infections in people with weakened immune systems or when it enters the body through medical devices such as catheters or artificial joints. Infections caused by S. epidermidis are often difficult to treat due to its ability to form biofilms.

Medical Definition: Staphylococcus epidermidis is a gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative coccus that commonly inhabits the skin and mucous membranes. It is a leading cause of nosocomial infections associated with indwelling medical devices and is known for its ability to form biofilms. S. epidermidis infections can cause a range of clinical manifestations, including bacteremia, endocarditis, urinary tract infections, and device-related infections.

Culture media is a substance that is used to support the growth of microorganisms or cells in an artificial environment, such as a petri dish or test tube. It typically contains nutrients and other factors that are necessary for the growth and survival of the organisms being cultured. There are many different types of culture media, each with its own specific formulation and intended use. Some common examples include blood agar, which is used to culture bacteria; Sabouraud dextrose agar, which is used to culture fungi; and Eagle's minimum essential medium, which is used to culture animal cells.

'Acinetobacter' is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the environment, including water, soil, and healthcare settings. They are known for their ability to survive in a wide range of temperatures and pH levels, as well as their resistance to many antibiotics.

Some species of Acinetobacter can cause healthcare-associated infections, particularly in patients who are hospitalized, have weakened immune systems, or have been exposed to medical devices such as ventilators or catheters. These infections can include pneumonia, bloodstream infections, wound infections, and meningitis.

Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most common species associated with human infection and is often resistant to multiple antibiotics, making it a significant public health concern. Infections caused by Acinetobacter can be difficult to treat and may require the use of last-resort antibiotics.

Preventing the spread of Acinetobacter in healthcare settings is important and includes practices such as hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, and contact precautions for patients with known or suspected infection.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Taiwan" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of an island nation located in East Asia. The official name of the country is the Republic of China (ROC). If you have any medical questions or inquiries, I would be happy to help answer those for you!

Gentamicin is an antibiotic that belongs to the class of aminoglycosides. It is used to treat various types of bacterial infections, including:

* Gram-negative bacterial infections, such as those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis
* Certain Gram-positive bacterial infections, such as those caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes

Gentamicin works by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, which inhibits protein synthesis and ultimately leads to bacterial cell death. It is typically given via injection (intramuscularly or intravenously) and is often used in combination with other antibiotics to treat serious infections.

Like all aminoglycosides, gentamicin can cause kidney damage and hearing loss, especially when used for long periods of time or at high doses. Therefore, monitoring of drug levels and renal function is recommended during treatment.

Streptococcus bovis is a type of bacteria that is part of the Streptococcus genus. It is a gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic coccus (spherical) bacterium that is commonly found in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals, including cattle, and can also be found in the human gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the colon.

There are several subspecies of Streptococcus bovis, including S. bovis biotype I (also known as Streptococcus gallolyticus), S. bovis biotype II/2, and S. bovis biotype II/1. Some strains of these bacteria have been associated with human diseases, such as endocarditis, bacteremia, and abscesses in various organs. Additionally, there is evidence to suggest that S. bovis biotype I may be associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer.

It's important to note that Streptococcus bovis is not a common cause of infection in healthy individuals, but it can cause serious infections in people with underlying medical conditions, such as valvular heart disease or a weakened immune system.

'Acinetobacter baumannii' is a gram-negative, aerobic, coccobacillus-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the environment, including water, soil, and healthcare settings. It is known to cause various types of infections in humans, particularly in hospitalized patients or those with weakened immune systems.

This bacterium can cause a range of infections, such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, meningitis, and wound infections. 'Acinetobacter baumannii' is often resistant to multiple antibiotics, making it difficult to treat the resulting infections. This has led to its classification as a "superbug" or a multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO).

The medical community continues to research and develop new strategies to prevent and treat infections caused by 'Acinetobacter baumannii' and other antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

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Bacteremia and sepsis caused by Clostridium cadaveris have been implicated following orthopedic procedures, in patients ... Infections due to C. cadaveris are rare and present predominantly as bacteremia of gastro-intestinal origin and may occur ... Associated risk factors for bacteremia due to C. cadaveris include a compromised immune system, trauma, recent surgical ... Due to the rare clinical manifestation of bacteremia attributed to C. cadaveris, the organism's susceptibility to antibiotic ...
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Bacteremia Candidiasis Fungicide Mycosis "Statistics". Invasive Candidiasis. United States: Centers for Disease Control and ...
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doi:10.1099/ijs.0.059527-0. Elsayed, S.; Zhang, K. (6 July 2005). "Bacteremia Caused by Janibacter melonis". Journal of ...
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Elsayed, S.; Zhang, K. (6 July 2005). "Bacteremia Caused by Janibacter melonis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (7): 3537 ... "First report of bacteremia by Janibacter terrae in humans". Infection. 43 (1): 103-106. doi:10.1007/s15010-014-0672-7. PMID ... "First case of bacteremia caused by Janibacter hoylei". APMIS. 125 (7): 665-668. doi:10.1111/apm.12693. PMC 7159562. PMID ... "Bacteremia Caused by an Undescribed Species of Janibacter". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (7): 3564-3566. doi:10.1128/ ...
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S. hyicus is generally considered to not be zoonotic, however it has been shown to be able to cause bacteremia and sepsis in ... It can also cause bacteremia and sepsis in piglets which if they recover can result in poor growth that can affect them for ... Casanova C, Iselin L, von Steiger N, Droz S, Sendi P (December 2011). "Staphylococcus hyicus bacteremia in a farmer". Journal ... Foissac M, Lekaditi M, Loutfi B, Ehrhart A, Dauchy FA (September 2016). "Spondylodiscitis and bacteremia due to Staphylococcus ...
LaVergne, Stephanie; Gaufin, Thaidra; Richman, Douglas (1 July 2019). "Myroides injenensis Bacteremia and Severe Cellulitis". ...
1983). Bacteremia: laboratory and clinical aspects. Charles C. Thomas. ISBN 039804807X. Balows, Albert (October 2000). "The ... Mitchell, C. J. (March 1984). "Review of Bacteremia: laboratory and clinical aspects by Albert Balows and Alex C. Sonnenwirth ...
2012). "Association between Bacteremia Due to Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (Streptococcus bovis I) and ... White BA, Labhsetwar SA, Mian AN (November 2002). "Streptococcus bovis bacteremia and fetal death". Obstetrics and Gynecology. ... bovis bacteremia is the gastrointestinal tract, but in some cases, entry is through the urinary tract, the hepatobiliary tree, ...
Liu JW, Wu JJ, Wang LR, Teng LJ, Huang TC (January 1998). "Two fatal cases of Veillonella bacteremia". European Journal of ... Cobo F, Pérez-Carrasco V, García-Salcedo JA, Navarro-Marí JM (December 2020). "Bacteremia caused by Veillonella dispar in an ...
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Chen, CH; Lin, LC; Liu, CE; Young, TG (2003). "Chromobacterium violaceum bacteremia: a case report". J Microbiol Immunol Infect ...
... and symptoms of bacteremia may develop. For this reason, bacteremia is most common in people who are already affected by or ... Bacteremia may cause no symptoms and resolve without treatment, or it may produce fever and other symptoms of infection. In ... Bacteremia may cause no symptoms, but may be discovered through a blood testfor another condition. In this situation, it may ... Bacteremia is diagnosed by culturing the blood for bacteria. Samples may needto be tested several times over several hours. ...
... is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. ... bacteremia. Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the ... Bacteremia occurs for a few hours after many surgical procedures and may also occur with infections such as tonsillitis. ... If bacteremia affects a person whose immune system has been compromised by illness or a major surgical operation, sepsis and ...
Bacteremia definition: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. ... Bacteremia Sentence Examples *. Antifungal prophylaxis with absorbable agents might have an impact on the rate of documented ... Examples are bacteremia and meningitis, especially severe in children with health conditions that increase their susceptibility ... Enterobacter and Serratia can cause bacterial infection of the blood (bacteremia), particularly in patients with weakened ...
... is an encapsulated Gram-positive bacterium that is the major cause of bacteremia and upper respiratory infections (eg, otitis ... The most likely cause of bacteremia remains S pneumoniae; when there is no evidence of toxicity, such bacteremia is generally a ... The most likely cause of bacteremia remains S pneumoniae. In the absence of apparent toxicity, pneumococcal bacteremia is a ... Neisseria meningitidis bacteremia in children: quantitation of bacteremia and spontaneous clinical recovery without antibiotic ...
Download No name specified , Format: XLS, Dataset: NHS Monthly Escherichia coli bacteraemia dataset XLS 10 November 2011 Not ... Surveillance of MRSA, MSSA and Escherichia coli bacteraemia and Clostridium difficile infection among Independent Sector ... Total monthly counts of E. coli bacteraemias by acute Trust and Primary Care Organisation ... Mandatory Surveillance of MRSA, MSSA, and Escherichia coli bacteraemia and Clostridium difficile infection ...
The incidence rate of bacteremia cases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Italy increased overall between 2014 and 2021 ... Incidence rate of bacteremia caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Italy from 2014 to 2021 (per 100,000 inhabitants) ... Bacteremia caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Italy 2018, by region. *Number of buruli ulcer infections in Victoria, ... Rate of bacteremia caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Italy 2014-2021 Published by Juliette Gagliardi, ...
Viral replication leads to the host entering an immune-compromised state, evolving towards subsequent bacteraemia by ... Viral infection and bacteraemia are needed to kill oysters. To disentangle the respective roles of OsHV-1 and bacteria in ... Dysbiosis and bacteraemia occur in susceptible oysters. To investigate the dynamics of oyster microbiota in the two families ... de Lorgeril, J., Lucasson, A., Petton, B. et al. Immune-suppression by OsHV-1 viral infection causes fatal bacteraemia in ...
Asymptomatic bacteremia is commonly caused by transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and occurs despite prophylaxis, ... No symptomatic bacteremia developed in any patient during the procedure, but asymptomatic bacteremia developed in 17 patients ( ... Bacteremia was 5.38 and 6.46 times more likely to be detected at 10 and 20 minutes after the start of the procedure compared ... The finding that bacteremia most often developed from 10 to 20 minutes after the start of TURP and less frequently after the ...
Hemorrhagic bacteremias - Any of several diseases usually caused by PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA, marked by the presence of areas in ... HEMORRHAGIC BACTEREMIAS \hˌɛməɹˈad͡ʒɪk bˌaktəɹˈiːmi͡əz], \hˌɛməɹˈad‍ʒɪk bˌaktəɹˈiːmi‍əz], \h_ˌɛ_m_ə_ɹ_ˈa_dʒ_ɪ_k b_ˌa_k_t_ə_ɹ_ ...
Importance: Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) is a common and potentially severe infectious disease (ID). Retrospective ... Disease Consultations to Nonacademic Hospitals on 30-Day Mortality Among Patients With Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: The ...
An outbreak of Burkholderia cenocepacia bacteremia occurred in 4 hospitals across Australia in 2017. The source of the ... Burkholderia cenocepacia bacteremia attributed to sterile gel in ultrasound guided central line insertions. ... Burkholderia cenocepacia bacteremia attributed to sterile gel in ultrasound guided central line insertions ... The authors describe an outbreak of Burkholderia cenocepacia bacteremia in 4 hospitals across Australia between the dates of ...
... aureus bacteremia and some exciting upcoming research in this area! Questions? Comments? Feedback? Wed love to ... aureus bacteremia and some exciting upcoming research in this area! ... aureus bacteremia and some exciting upcoming research in this area! ... https://healthydebate.ca/podcast-player/36006/episode-60-staphylococcus-aureus-bacteremia-with-dr-tony-bai.mp3. ...
Whether or not S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) is associated with clonality, implicating potential nosocomial transmission, has not ... Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bacteremia in hospitalized patients. ... Bacteremia Is the Subject Area "Bacteremia" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ...
A mother with Salmonella mastitis and a baby with Salmonella bacteremia. Hana Mitchell, Regan Ebbeson, Meaghan Maclean, Jan ... A mother with Salmonella mastitis and a baby with Salmonella bacteremia. Hana Mitchell, Regan Ebbeson, Meaghan Maclean, Jan ... A mother with Salmonella mastitis and a baby with Salmonella bacteremia. Hana Mitchell, Regan Ebbeson, Meaghan Maclean and Jan ... A mother with Salmonella mastitis and a baby with Salmonella bacteremia Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from ...
Oxacilin-resistant Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) bacteremia in a general hospital at São Paulo city, Brasil ... Bacteremias por Staphylococcus coagulase negativos oxacilina resistentes em um hospital na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil ... Bacteremias por Staphylococcus coagulase negativos oxacilina resistentes em um hospital na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. ... Oxacilin-resistant Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) bacteremia in a general hospital at São Paulo city, Brasil ...
Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, cardiac implantable electronic device, extraction, and the risk of recurrence. *Mark ... Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, cardiac implantable electronic device, extraction, and the risk of recurrence}}, url = {{http ...
... Ziegler ... Bloodstream infection, bacteremia, sepsis, DNA load, quantitative PCR, droplet digital PCR, 16S rDNA National Category General ... In Paper III, we aimed to study the bacterial DNA load during Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, in relation to different ...
Reduction in Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia rates in patients receiving haemodialysis following alteration of skin ...
"Bordetella holmesii Bacteremia Cases in the United States, April 2010-January 2011" 58, no. 2 (2014). Tartof, Sara Y. et al. " ... Adolescent Adult Aged Article Asplenia Bacteremia Bordetella Bordetella Holmesii Bordetella Infections Child Child, Preschool ... 2014). Bordetella holmesii Bacteremia Cases in the United States, April 2010-January 2011. 58(2). Tartof, Sara Y. et al. " ... "Bordetella holmesii Bacteremia Cases in the United States, April 2010-January 2011" vol. 58, no. 2, 2014. Export RIS Citation ...
Tags: MRSA, MRSA bacteremia, Unanswerable Questions in Infectious Diseases. You can follow any responses to this entry through ... For these patients with persistent MRSA bacteremia, you may need to contact the lab. If the blood culture time to positivity ... The MRSA bacteremia wont go away despite "therapeutic" vancomycin -- what to do with the antibiotics? ... Unanswerable Questions in Infectious Diseases: Persistent MRSA Bacteremia. Ok, heres a favorite of adult ID specialists ...
We conducted a GWAS to identify common variants associated with acquisition of S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) resulting from ... Data for cases were obtained from the S. aureus Bacteremia Group (SABG) repository [2, 5], which has prospectively cataloged ... Second, given that the clinical spectrum of S. aureus bacteremia is quite broad, it is possible that phenotypic heterogeneity ... We conducted a GWAS to identify common variants associated with acquisition of S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) resulting from ...
We performed a genetic case-control study of pneumococcal bacteremia in Kenyan children stratified across a period of falling ... We found that G6PD deficiency increased the risk of pneumococcal bacteremia, but only during a period of high malaria ... Our data demonstrate that G6PD deficiency increases risk of pneumococcal bacteremia in a manner dependent on malaria. At the ... Four hundred twenty-nine Kenyan children with pneumococcal bacteremia and 2677 control children were included in the study. ...
Bacteremia is a leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa where childhood mortality rates are the highest in the world. The ... Direct detection of bacteremia by exploiting host-pathogen interactions of lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide Kubicek- ... However, diagnosing bacteremia is challenging for clinicians, especially in children presenting with co-infections such as ... There is an urgent need for a rapid method for detecting bacteremia in pediatric patients with co-morbidities to inform ...
Xanthomonas maltophilia bacteremia: An analysis of factors influencing outcome. Gary A. Noskin*, Stephen M. Grohmann. * ... Xanthomonas maltophilia bacteremia: An analysis of factors influencing outcome. / Noskin, Gary A.; Grohmann, Stephen M. In: ... X. maltophilia bacteremia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, and antibiotic therapy should be based on in vitro ... X. maltophilia bacteremia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, and antibiotic therapy should be based on in vitro ...
Meningitis with attenuated bacteremia by treatment with serotype-specific anti-pneumococcal antibodies (n = 14). T2 and ... Meningitis with early onset bacteremia by additional i.v. injection of live pneumococci (n = 10); IV. ... increased in meningitis rats with an early onset bacteremia as compared to meningitis rats with attenuated bacteremia (p < ... to explore the influence of accompanying bacteremia on hippocampal water distribution and volume, 3) and to correlate these ...
Animals Bacteremia Bartonella Henselae Cat Cat-Scratch Disease Cats Dispatch Genotype Recurrence Reinfection Relapse ... "Prolonged Bartonella henselae Bacteremia Caused by Reinfection in Cats" vol. 14, no. 1, 2008. Export RIS Citation Information. ... 2008). Prolonged Bartonella henselae Bacteremia Caused by Reinfection in Cats. 14(1). Arvand, Mardjan and Viezens, Juliane and ... Title : Prolonged Bartonella henselae Bacteremia Caused by Reinfection in Cats Personal Author(s) : Arvand, Mardjan;Viezens, ...
Brucella bacteraemia: clinical and laboratory observations in 160 patients.. Z Memish, M W Mah, S Al Mahmoud, M Al Shaalan, M Y ... RESULTS: Bacteraemia was documented in 38% of 545 cases of brucellosis admitted to our institution during the study period. The ... CONCLUSIONS: Brucella bacteraemia is an acute febrile disease often associated with rheumatologic complaints. Most patients ... Three of these had infective endocarditis with repeated bacteraemia. These patients required aortic valve replacement and ...
... with bacteremia due to Gram-negative rods (GNRs), and 8% with polymicrobial bacteremia. Persistent bacteremia (defined as ... was more common in GPC bacteremia (21%) than in polymicrobial (10%) or GNR bacteremia (6%). Duration of bacteremia was similar ... GNR bacteremia, fever, presence of a central catheter, DM, and ESRD on hemodialysis were present for GPC bacteremia, but only ... Of the 500 episodes of bacteremia, 383 (77%) had at least one FUBC drawn. This included 54% of patients with initial bacteremia ...
  • Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) is a common and potentially severe infectious disease (ID). (nih.gov)
  • In Paper III, we aimed to study the bacterial DNA load during Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia , in relation to different clinical factors. (diva-portal.org)
  • Would You Try Ceftriaxone for Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia? (contagionlive.com)
  • Clinical characteristics and outcomes of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia from a biliary source. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. (cvs.com)
  • Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/staphylococcus-aureus-bacteremia. (cvs.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Infection of orthopedic prostheses after Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. (duke.edu)
  • We prospectively evaluated 53 patients with prosthetic joints and 27 patients with other orthopedic prosthetic devices who developed Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB). (duke.edu)
  • Bacteremia occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream. (faqs.org)
  • Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. (daviddarling.info)
  • Complications occur when the salmonella bacteria make their way into the bloodstream ( bacteremia ). (yourdictionary.com)
  • Introduction to Bacteremia, Sepsis, and Septic Shock Bacteremia, sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock are related: Bacteremia: Bacteria are present in the bloodstream. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Occult Bacteremia Occult (hidden) bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream of a child who has a fever but who looks well and has no obvious source of infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Usually, bacteremia, particularly if it occurs during ordinary activities, does not cause infections because bacteria typically are present only in small numbers and are rapidly removed from the bloodstream by the immune system. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In a strict sense, bacteremia simply means that bacteria are present in a person's bloodstream. (aminoacidstoday.com)
  • But various bacteria can give you bacteremia and establish a bloodstream infection. (aminoacidstoday.com)
  • But when bacteremia causes bloodstream infection, you are likely to experience symptoms, such as fever, shivering, or chill. (aminoacidstoday.com)
  • Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream and it can be either asymptomatic or result in a life-threatening infection that includes sepsis. (losalamosreporter.com)
  • Dr. Justin Boyle sits down with Dr. Tony Bai, an Infectious Disease physician at Queen's University, to chat about high-yield tips in treating S. aureus bacteremia and some exciting upcoming research in this area! (healthydebate.ca)
  • We conducted a GWAS to identify common variants associated with acquisition of S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) resulting from healthcare contact. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the data on the use of ceftriaxone as an outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) agent for S aureus bacteremia have been limited. (contagionlive.com)
  • Therefore, this matched case-control study was conducted to assess the clinical characteristics and outcomes of S aureus bacteremia from a biliary source. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • of these patients, 2% were cases of biliary S aureus bacteremia. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • From 2008 to 2018, all adult patients with S aureus bacteremia were observed for 12 weeks. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • Biliary S aureus bacteremia was defined as the case of S aureus isolated from blood culture with appropriate clinical indications of biliary infection (ie, fever, abdominal pain, or jaundice, abdominal tenderness or liver enzyme elevation with obstructive pattern). (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • Based on age, gender, hospital ward, and case year, biliary S aureus bacteremia cases were matched in a 1:3 ratio to control patients with catheter-related S aureus bacteremia. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • Results suggested that biliary S aureus bacteremia was rare and developed mainly in patients with pancreaticobilary cancer and in patients who recently received broad-spectrum. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • Among the 42 patients with biliary S aureus bacteremia, 76.2% patients had a solid tumor involving pancreaticobiliary tract or liver, 71.4% patients had a biliary drainage stent, 57.1% patients had a recent broad-spectrum antibiotics exposure, and 33.3% patients had a biliary procedure-related infection. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • Compared with 126 patients who had catheter-related S aureus bacteremia, patients with biliary S aureus bacteremia were more likely to have a solid tumor, a lower APACHE II score, and community-onset S aureus bacteremia, and were less likely to have a metastatic infection ( P =.03). (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • Results suggested that a high Charlson comorbidity index, biliary S aureus bacteremia, and a solid tumor were associated with 12-week mortality and a multivariate analysis confirmed that a high Charlson comorbidity index (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.32) and biliary S aureus bacteremia (aOR, 5.5) were independent risk factors for 12-week mortality. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • Overall, the study authors concluded that, "When biliary tract infection caused by S. aureus is clinically suspected, early aggressive treatment for [ S aureus bacteremia] should be considered. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • In one ICU out of ten, the molecular characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and biofilm production of the strains responsible for S. aureus bacteremia were studied. (hal.science)
  • If bacteremia affects a person whose immune system has been compromised by illness or a major surgical operation, sepsis and septic shock may follow. (daviddarling.info)
  • The findings challenge a common held view that urine is the primary source of bacteremia in TURP-associated sepsis and raise the possibility of occult prostatic infection as a cause of bacteraemia, according to Amar Raj Mohee, MBChB, of The Christie NHS Foundation Trust in Manchester, UK, and colleagues. (renalandurologynews.com)
  • Sepsis and Septic Shock Sepsis is a serious bodywide response to bacteremia or another infection plus malfunction or failure of an essential system in the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The presence of certain clinical findings can help predict bacteremia or fungemia in critical care patients with the Sepsis Syndrome. (medicalalgorithms.com)
  • You might have heard people associate bacteremia with other conditions, such as sepsis and septicemia. (aminoacidstoday.com)
  • That's why you should treat bacteremia before it even causes septicemia or sepsis. (aminoacidstoday.com)
  • Consider administering antibiotics with antienterococcal activity to immunocompromised patients at high risk for bacteremia, patients with peritonitis and valvular heart disease, patients with severe sepsis of abdominal origin who have recently received broad-spectrum antibiotics, and patients with persistent intra-abdominal fluid collections without clinical improvement. (medscape.com)
  • Bacteremia may cause no symptoms and resolve without treatment, or it may produce fever and other symptoms of infection. (faqs.org)
  • Since bacteremia is usually associated with an existing infection elsewhere in the body, finding and treating this infection isan important part of treatment. (faqs.org)
  • Examples are bacteremia and meningitis, especially severe in children with health conditions that increase their susceptibility to infection. (yourdictionary.com)
  • Enterobacter and Serratia can cause bacterial infection of the blood ( bacteremia ), particularly in patients with weakened immune systems. (yourdictionary.com)
  • Because of the extremely low yield, blood cultures are no longer routinely warranted in children aged 3-36 months who have no obvious source of infection, and empiric treatment of occult bacteremia is no longer appropriate. (medscape.com)
  • For patients with focal infection and pneumococcal bacteremia, treatment of the focal infection and monitoring for improvement are standard. (medscape.com)
  • For outpatients with proven pneumococcal bacteremia, reevaluation of their clinical status and identification of any new focus of infection is essential. (medscape.com)
  • Bacteremia can result from a serious infection or from something as harmless. (msdmanuals.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) bacteremia is an increasingly common and often fatal nosocomial infection. (hku.hk)
  • METHODS: The records for 51 patients with AB bacteremia and 51 patients without AB infection were collected and matched in a retrospective case-control study between 2013 and 2015 in a single-center ED. Risk factors were analyzed by Chi-square and multivariate logistic regression statistical models. (hku.hk)
  • To use an index score to identify an adult with acute, unexplained fever who has bacteremia or an occult bacterial infection. (medicalalgorithms.com)
  • Typically, bacteremia begins with one small infection, often localized. (aminoacidstoday.com)
  • However, diagnosing bacteremia is challenging, especially when there is co-infection with diseases such as malaria and HIV. (losalamosreporter.com)
  • The work presented by the Los Alamos authors is the first step towards developing such a capability and is inspired by the ability of the human immune system to sensitively detect bacteremia in blood very early in the course of infection by its reaction to pathogen biomarkers. (losalamosreporter.com)
  • SBI was defined as the presence of bacterial meningitis , bacteremia , urinary tract infection (UTI), or any combination of these three infections. (medscape.com)
  • Severe infections, predominantly meningitis, occur in fewer than 6% of pneumococcal occult bacteremia cases-a figure that is much lower than the 50% reported with meningococcal bacteremia and the 20% reported with H influenza . (medscape.com)
  • The identification of patients at risk for bacteremia and the formulation of strategies to prevent secondary complications (eg, meningitis, pneumonia, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis , and cellulitis) remain important aspects of general pediatric practice. (medscape.com)
  • The aim of the present study was 1) to investigate hippocampal apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and volume with MRI during the course of experimental pneumococcal meningitis, 2) to explore the influence of accompanying bacteremia on hippocampal water distribution and volume, 3) and to correlate these findings to the extent of apoptosis in the hippocampus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Meningitis with attenuated bacteremia by treatment with serotype-specific anti-pneumococcal antibodies (n = 14). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In experimental meningitis increase in volume and water diffusion of the hippocampus are significantly associated with accompanying bacteremia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bacteremia is an important complication in meningitis, and is present in 2/3 of all patients with pneumococcal meningitis [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The authors concluded that febrile infants aged 0-60 days with viral infections have lower rates of SBI, but the risk for bacteremia or meningitis may be in the 1% range. (medscape.com)
  • Also, knowing that the risk for bacteremia or meningitis is in the 1% range may also be important if the child has been difficult to obtain specimens from or there are other factors precluding obtaining samples. (medscape.com)
  • Bacteremia can be prevented by preventing the infections which often precedeit. (faqs.org)
  • Bacteremia occurs for a few hours after many surgical procedures and may also occur with infections such as tonsillitis . (daviddarling.info)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae , or pneumococcus, is an encapsulated Gram-positive bacterium that is the major cause of bacteremia and upper respiratory infections (eg, otitis media and sinusitis) in children and a common cause of serious invasive infections. (medscape.com)
  • However, diagnosing bacteremia is challenging for clinicians, especially in children presenting with co-infections such as malaria and HIV. (listlabs.com)
  • Available at: https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/miscellaneous-bacterial-infections-in-infants-and-children/occult-bacteremia-and-fever-without-apparent-source-in-infants-and-young-children. (cvs.com)
  • Bacteremia usually causes no symptoms, but sometimes bacteria accumulate in certain tissues or organs and cause serious infections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Mixed pneumococcal bacteremia with gram-negative bacilli was more frequent in nosocomial infections. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Pneumococcal bacteremia was termed "pneumococcal fever" during the 1970s and 1980s, when S pneumoniae was recovered in approximately 5% of blood cultures from young febrile children with mild upper respiratory tract changes (see the table below). (medscape.com)
  • Occult pneumococcal bacteremia is most common in children aged 3-36 months, an age at which children no longer have maternal IgG but have not yet developed their own protective antibodies. (medscape.com)
  • In five years we studied 56 episodes of pneumococcal bacteremia. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The mortality directly related to the pneumococcal bacteremia was also higher (52% vs 39%), but not significantly. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In this retrospective analysis, the clinical and epidemiologic factors as well as the response to therapy in patients with xanthomonas bacteremia are examined. (northwestern.edu)
  • Noskin, GA & Grohmann, SM 1992, ' Xanthomonas maltophilia bacteremia: An analysis of factors influencing outcome ', Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice , vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 230-236. (northwestern.edu)
  • Brucella bacteraemia: clinical and laboratory observations in 160 patients. (qxmd.com)
  • Identification of morbidity and mortality risk factors for AB bacteremia in emergency department (ED) patients may provide ways to improve the clinical outcomes of these patients. (hku.hk)
  • The team also demonstrated the application of these methods for the detection of Salmonella Typhimurium bacteremia and Staphylococcal bacteremia in clinical samples from children in rural Africa, in collaboration with the University of New Mexico. (losalamosreporter.com)
  • This study aimed to describe clinical characteristics and outcome in patients with Eubacterium bacteremia. (lu.se)
  • Episodes of Eubacterium bacteremia were identified through the clinical microbiology laboratory in Lund, Sweden. (lu.se)
  • This study aimed to describe clinical characteristics and outcome in patients with Eubacterium bacteremia.MethodsEpisodes of Eubacterium bacteremia were identified through the clinical microbiology laboratory in Lund, Sweden. (lu.se)
  • In the paper, the scientists report on a method for the rapid and accurate detection of bacteremia using a technique that works by mimicking the way the human immune system recognizes pathogens. (losalamosreporter.com)
  • Available at: https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/biology-of-infectious-disease/bacteremia. (cvs.com)
  • Bacteremia is a leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa where childhood mortality rates are the highest in the world. (listlabs.com)
  • X. maltophilia bacteremia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, and antibiotic therapy should be based on in vitro susceptibility. (northwestern.edu)
  • The presence of a CVC was associated with higher morbidity and mortality in patients with AB bacteremia. (hku.hk)
  • S. sonnei bacteraemia is an unusual entity that should be kept in mind because of the severity of its presentation and high mortality. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Diabetes mellitus and lower serum albumin were significant risk factors for bacteremia-associated mortality. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Bacteremia is a leading cause of death for children in sub-Saharan Africa where childhood mortality rates are the highest in the world, and its early diagnosis and treatment can save many lives. (losalamosreporter.com)
  • The bacteria most likely to cause bacteremia include members of the Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Haemophilus, and Esherichia coli ( E. coli ) genera. (faqs.org)
  • Different bacteria might cause bacteremia. (aminoacidstoday.com)
  • Occult bacteremia now occurs in only 1 of 200 children who present with acute fever (temperature of 39 o C [102.2 o F] or higher) and white blood cell counts of 15,000/µL or higher. (medscape.com)
  • Occult bacteremia and fever without apparent source in infants and young children. (cvs.com)
  • Most commonly, occult bacteremia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Lee and colleagues conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult liver transplant recipients with a history of resistant enterococcal bacteremia at nine acute care academic hospitals in the US According to the study, the primary outcome was death within 1 year of transplantation. (dailyzhealthpress.com)
  • This study highlights the need for guidance on treatment of enterococcal bacteremia with increasing minimum inhibitory concentrations to daptomycin, improved antimicrobial stewardship efforts in transplant patients, and the need for antibiotic development. (dailyzhealthpress.com)
  • Sources of enterococcal bacteremia include the urinary tract, intra-abdominal foci, wounds, and intravascular catheters, especially catheters in femoral locations. (medscape.com)
  • There was no difference in outcome on the basis of sex, age, underlying disease, polymicrobial bacteremia, total leukocyte count, or absolute neutrophil count. (northwestern.edu)
  • This included 54% of patients with initial bacteremia due to Gram-positive cocci (GPCs), 37% with bacteremia due to Gram-negative rods (GNRs), and 8% with polymicrobial bacteremia. (reliasmedia.com)
  • Polymicrobial bacteremias including enterococci and other bowel flora should increase the index of suspicion for an intra-abdominal source. (medscape.com)
  • TURP, however, did not explain bacteremia in all patients because 3 patients were bacteremic prior to the start of the procedure. (renalandurologynews.com)
  • Patients with malignant histology had a 4.9 times increased likelihood of bacteremia than those without malignant histology. (renalandurologynews.com)
  • The current study is the largest series to date to assess bacteremia in TURP patients, but the results may not be applicable to the general population undergoing TURP because the sample size is small, the researchers acknowledged. (renalandurologynews.com)
  • Reduction in Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia rates in patients receiving haemodialysis following alteration of skin antisepsis procedures. (anzdata.org.au)
  • From my very personal experience, patients with persistent MRSA bacteremia who had experienced vancomycin treatment failure would not respond to daptomycin either. (jwatch.org)
  • For these patients with persistent MRSA bacteremia, you may need to contact the lab. (jwatch.org)
  • There is an urgent need for a rapid method for detecting bacteremia in pediatric patients with co-morbidities to inform treatment. (listlabs.com)
  • In this manuscript, we also demonstrate the application of these methods for the detection of LPS in serum from pediatric patients with invasive Salmonella Typhimurium bacteremia (n=7) and those with Staphylococcal bacteremia (n=7) with 100% correlation with confirmatory culture. (listlabs.com)
  • During a 6-year period, 24 patients had bacteremia with this organism. (northwestern.edu)
  • Not only does ordering routine follow-up blood cultures in patients with GNR bacteremia seldom produce helpful information, but common false-positive results can lead to longer length of stay, additional inappropriate antibiotic therapy, and increased healthcare costs. (reliasmedia.com)
  • When broken down by persistent GPC vs. GNR bacteremia, fever, presence of a central catheter, DM, and ESRD on hemodialysis were present for GPC bacteremia, but only the presence of fever at the time the FUBC was drawn was predictive of persistent GNR bacteremia (six of eight patients). (reliasmedia.com)
  • The source of bacteremia was known in 273 (71%) patients who had FUBCs drawn. (reliasmedia.com)
  • This relatively small study goes a long way toward illuminating that this is not a very helpful practice, especially in patients with GNR bacteremia who are doing well on appropriate antibiotics. (reliasmedia.com)
  • Overall, of the 140 patients with initial GNR bacteremia, it should be emphasized that only eight had positive FUBCs. (reliasmedia.com)
  • 2 Subsequently, a larger study (N = 243) comparing ceftriaxone with cefazolin/ oxacillin as OPAT agents in patients with MSSA bacteremia showed no difference in rates of treatment failure. (contagionlive.com)
  • The involvement of the biliary tract in bacteremia caused by Staphylococcus aureus may be more likely to develop in certain patients and aggressive treatment should be considered, according to a study results presented at IDWeek, held from October 2 to October 6 in Washington, DC. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • Avoiding CVC insertions may improve outcomes in ED patients with AB bacteremia. (hku.hk)
  • Objective To analyze the incidence rates and risk factors for bacteremia in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Results The overall incidence rate of bacteremia was 7.63 per 100 patient-years in HD patients and 3.56 per 100 patient-years in PD patients and it was higher in HD patients each year from 2003 to 2008. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Conclusion Placement of a permanent access (fistula, graft, or PD catheter) prior to initiation of dialysis, smoking cessation, and better nutritional status (i.e. higher serum albumin) were associated with a reduced risk of bacteremia in dialysis patients. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • 95% CI , 1.025-6.84) compared with patients with VRE bacteremia. (dailyzhealthpress.com)
  • Seventeen patients with Eubacterium bacteremia were identified of whom six had monomicrobial bacteremia. (lu.se)
  • Blood isolates of Eubacterium were collected and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed with agar dilution.ResultsSeventeen patients with Eubacterium bacteremia were identified of whom six had monomicrobial bacteremia. (lu.se)
  • This study presents three cases of Ralstonia bacteraemia among chronic kidney disease patients in a haemodialysis unit in Baguio City, the Philippines. (who.int)
  • Subsequently, Salmonella bacteremia has been shown to occur in children with Salmonella gastroenteritis much more commonly than was previously thought. (medscape.com)
  • We describe a case of systemic illness and bacteremia in a 5-month-old exclusively breastfed term infant associated with acute nontyphoidal Salmonella mastitis in his mother. (cfp.ca)
  • Antifungal prophylaxis with absorbable agents might have an impact on the rate of documented bacteremia in febrile neutropenia. (yourdictionary.com)
  • Brucella bacteraemia is an acute febrile disease often associated with rheumatologic complaints. (qxmd.com)
  • People at high risk of complications from bacteremia are given antibiotics before certain dental and medical procedures. (msdmanuals.com)
  • But sometimes, bacteremia symptoms can grow to become serious complications. (aminoacidstoday.com)
  • The worst symptoms and signs of bacteremia come from major complications, rather than from bacteremia itself. (aminoacidstoday.com)
  • It should be noted that the administration of probiotics in severe postoperative complications can lead to probiotic -related bacteremia . (bvsalud.org)
  • The incidence rate of bacteremia cases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Italy increased overall between 2014 and 2021. (statista.com)
  • This statistic displays the incidence rate of bacteremia caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Italy from 2014 to 2021. (statista.com)
  • During the same period, 41 bacteremias were recorded, making an overall incidence rate of 2.8/1,000 live births. (qxmd.com)
  • Bacteremia means that bacteria has spread to the blood. (cvs.com)
  • In a retrospective study conducted at a large hospital in Houston, researchers studied 500 episodes of bacteremia to determine the frequency of follow-up blood cultures (FUBC) and assess risk factors for persistent bacteremia. (reliasmedia.com)
  • Of the 500 episodes of bacteremia, 383 (77%) had at least one FUBC drawn. (reliasmedia.com)
  • Episodes of bacteremia were recorded. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • With persistent MRSA bacteremia despite "appropriate" vancomycin therapy, should the antibiotics be changed? (jwatch.org)
  • We give the first detailed description of a clinically significant Corynebacterium falsenii bacteremia occurring in an infant while on vancomycin therapy. (umn.edu)
  • This organism is now the second most common pathogen in children with identified bacteremia. (medscape.com)
  • In this manuscript, we have developed and clinically validated a novel method for the direct detection of amphiphilic pathogen biomarkers indicative of bacteremia, directly in aqueous blood, by mimicking innate immune recognition. (listlabs.com)
  • Taken together, these results demonstrate the significance of biochemistry in both our understanding of host-pathogen biology, and development of assay methodology, as well as demonstrate a potential new approach for the rapid, sensitive and accurate diagnosis of bacteremia at the point of need. (listlabs.com)
  • The researchers developed and clinically validated a novel method for the direct detection of the same pathogen biomarkers that the immune system uses to recognize bacteremia associated with both Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria. (losalamosreporter.com)
  • Asymptomatic bacteremia is commonly caused by transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and occurs despite prophylaxis, researchers concluded. (renalandurologynews.com)
  • Some bacteremia cases are asymptomatic. (aminoacidstoday.com)
  • We describe the first reported case of Shigella sonnei bacteraemia and intestinal coinfection with Clostridioides difficile in a cystic fibrosis patient. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • However, when bacteriaare introduced directly into the circulatory system, especially in a personwho is ill or undergoing aggressive medical treatment, the immune system maynot be able to cope with the invasion, and symptoms of bacteremia may develop. (faqs.org)
  • The incidence of bacteremia was lower than they expected, reducing the power to investigate risk factors, they noted. (renalandurologynews.com)
  • Having an artificial joint or heart valve or having heart valve abnormalities increases the risk that bacteremia will persist or cause problems. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Older age, shorter dialysis vintage, use of HD rather than PD, current smoker, use of a venous dialysis catheter, presence of diabetes mellitus, higher comorbidity score, and lower serum albumin were significant risk factors for bacteremia. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • In some cases, bacteremia leads to septicshock, a potentially life-threatening condition. (faqs.org)
  • The objective of this study was to evaluate eleven consecutives clinically relevant cases of oxacillin-resistant CoNS bacteremia in a general hospital localized in São Paulo city, Brazil. (scielo.br)
  • Title : Bordetella holmesii Bacteremia Cases in the United States, April 2010-January 2011 Personal Author(s) : Tartof, Sara Y.;Gounder, Prabhu;Weiss, Don;Lee, Lillian;Cassiday, Pamela K.;Clark, Thomas A.;Briere, Elizabeth C. (cdc.gov)
  • We describe the first report of temporally related cases of Bordetella holmesii bacteremia. (cdc.gov)
  • Bacteraemia was documented in 38% of 545 cases of brucellosis admitted to our institution during the study period. (qxmd.com)
  • They identified 139 cases of Enterococcus bacteremia - 78% VRE and 22% DRE. (dailyzhealthpress.com)
  • The incidence was 1.7 cases of Eubacterium bacteremia per million inhabitants and year. (lu.se)
  • Probiotic-related bacteremia after major hepatectomy for biliary cancer: a report of two cases. (bvsalud.org)
  • The early diagnosis of bacteremia and initiation of treatment saves lives, especially in high-disease burden areas. (listlabs.com)
  • Bacteremia may lead to septic shock, whose symptoms include decreased consciousness, rapid heart and breathing rates and multiple organ failures. (faqs.org)
  • According to the data, in 2014 around 2.1 people out of 100,000 inhabitants were affected by this kind of bacteremia, while by 2021 this figure rose to 3.2 per 100 thousand population. (statista.com)
  • Viral replication leads to the host entering an immune-compromised state, evolving towards subsequent bacteraemia by opportunistic bacteria. (nature.com)
  • Because pneumococcus commonly and asymptomatically colonizes the upper respiratory tract of children, a breakdown of the normal mucosal barrier is believed to play a major role in the development of bacteremia. (medscape.com)
  • The MRSA bacteremia won't go away despite "therapeutic" vancomycin -- what to do with the antibiotics? (jwatch.org)
  • Three of these had infective endocarditis with repeated bacteraemia. (qxmd.com)
  • Bacteremia may cause no symptoms, but may be discovered through a blood testfor another condition. (faqs.org)
  • In this article, we will teach you about bacteremia and its symptoms. (aminoacidstoday.com)
  • The authors describe an outbreak of Burkholderia cenocepacia bacteremia in 4 hospitals across Australia between the dates of March 2017 and May 2017. (civco.com)
  • Shigellosis has a gastrointestinal presentation of variable severity in which bacteraemia is uncommon. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Liver transplant recipients with daptomycin-resistant Enterococcus bacteremia were more than twice as likely to die within a year compared with those who had vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus bacteremia, a study found. (dailyzhealthpress.com)