Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Thromboangiitis Obliterans
Paediatric preputial pathology: are we circumcising enough? (1/4)
INTRODUCTION: Preputial problems are a common reason for referral to the paediatric surgical out-patient department. Many boys referred do not need surgical intervention. One indication for intervention is balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO), a potentially serious condition previously considered rare in childhood. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Consecutive boys referred to a paediatric general surgical out-patient department with problems relating to their prepuce during a period of 4 years were included. The out-patient diagnosis and management was recorded. All foreskins excised were sent for histological analysis. RESULTS: A total of 422 boys were referred, median age 6 years 2 months (range, 3 months to 16 years). Over half the boys referred simply required re-assurance that all was normal with their penis. However, 186 boys (44.1%) were listed for surgical procedures - 148 circumcision, 33 preputial adhesiolysis, and 5 frenuloplasty. There were histological abnormalities in 110 specimens (84.8%); chronic inflammation (n = 69; 46.6%), BXO (n = 51; 34.5%), and fibrosis (n = 4; 2.7%). Nineteen (12.8%) specimens were reported as histologically normal. The overall prevalence of BXO in the boys referred was 12.1%. CONCLUSIONS: In this series, the percentage of boys circumcised and the prevalence of BXO were both higher than in other published series. BXO may be more common and present at a younger age than previously thought. (+info)Management of boys with abnormal appearance of meatus at circumcision for balanitis xerotica obliterans. (2/4)
(+info)Diagnosis and treatment of lichen sclerosus: an update. (3/4)
(+info)Histopathological examination of the prepuce after circumcision: Is it a waste of resources? (4/4)
(+info)Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) is a chronic, inflammatory condition that affects the foreskin and glans penis in uncircumcised males. It is also known as lichen sclerosus et atrophicus when it occurs in these areas.
The medical definition of Balanitis xerotica obliterans is a progressive inflammatory dermatosis characterized by white, shiny patches on the foreskin and glans penis. These patches can become thickened, scarred, and adhere to the underlying tissue, causing the foreskin to become difficult or impossible to retract (phimosis). BXO can also cause narrowing of the urethral meatus (the opening where urine exits), which can lead to problems with urination.
The exact cause of BXO is not known, but it is thought to be related to an autoimmune response or a localized reaction to irritants or trauma. Treatment typically involves topical corticosteroids, circumcision, or both. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to correct urethral narrowing.
Balanitis is an inflammation of the glans penis, which is the rounded tip of the penis. It's a common condition in uncircumcised males and can affect men of all ages. The symptoms of balanitis include redness, swelling, pain, itching, and soreness on the glans penis. In some cases, there may be a discharge with an unpleasant odor.
Balanitis can have various causes, including poor hygiene, irritants (such as soaps or spermicides), infections (bacterial, fungal, or viral), and skin conditions (like psoriasis or eczema). In rare cases, balanitis can be a sign of an underlying medical condition, such as diabetes.
Treatment for balanitis depends on the cause. For mild cases, good hygiene and avoiding irritants may be enough. More severe cases might require medication, such as antibiotics, antifungals, or corticosteroids. If an underlying condition is causing the balanitis, that will need to be treated as well.
Bronchiolitis obliterans is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) of the bronchioles, which are the smallest airways in the lungs. This results in the narrowing or complete obstruction of the airways, leading to difficulty breathing and reduced lung function.
The condition is often caused by a respiratory infection, such as adenovirus or mycoplasma pneumonia, but it can also be associated with exposure to certain chemicals, drugs, or radiation therapy. In some cases, the cause may be unknown.
Symptoms of bronchiolitis obliterans include cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and crackles heard on lung examination. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical exam, imaging studies (such as chest X-ray or CT scan), and pulmonary function tests. In some cases, a biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment for bronchiolitis obliterans is focused on managing symptoms and preventing further lung damage. This may include bronchodilators to help open up the airways, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and oxygen therapy to help with breathing. In severe cases, a lung transplant may be necessary.
Arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) is a specific type of arteriosclerosis, which is a hardening and narrowing of the arteries. ASO is also known as peripheral artery disease (PAD). It mainly affects the arteries that supply blood to the legs, but it can also affect the arms, head, and stomach.
In ASO, fatty deposits called plaques build up in the inner lining of the arterial walls, causing them to become thickened and less flexible. This leads to a decrease in blood flow, which can cause symptoms such as leg pain or cramping when walking (claudication), numbness, weakness, and coldness in the legs or feet. In severe cases, ASO can lead to tissue damage, gangrene, and even amputation if left untreated.
ASO is typically caused by risk factors such as smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, and a family history of the disease. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery to improve blood flow.
Penile diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the penis, including infections, inflammatory conditions, and structural abnormalities. Some common penile diseases include:
1. Balanitis: an infection or inflammation of the foreskin and/or head of the penis.
2. Balanoposthitis: an infection or inflammation of both the foreskin and the head of the penis.
3. Phimosis: a condition in which the foreskin is too tight to be pulled back over the head of the penis.
4. Paraphimosis: a medical emergency in which the foreskin becomes trapped behind the head of the penis and cannot be returned to its normal position.
5. Peyronie's disease: a condition characterized by the development of scar tissue inside the penis, leading to curvature during erections.
6. Erectile dysfunction: the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse.
7. Penile cancer: a rare form of cancer that affects the skin and tissues of the penis.
These conditions can have various causes, including bacterial or fungal infections, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), skin conditions, trauma, or underlying medical conditions. Treatment for penile diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity, but may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.
Thromboangiitis obliterans, also known as Buerger's disease, is a rare inflammatory disease that affects the small and medium-sized arteries and veins, most commonly in the legs and feet but sometimes in the arms and hands. The condition is characterized by the formation of blood clots (thrombi) and inflammation in the affected blood vessels, leading to their obstruction and damage.
The exact cause of thromboangiitis obliterans is not known, but it is strongly associated with tobacco use, particularly smoking. The condition primarily affects young men, although women can also develop the disease. The symptoms include pain and cramping in the affected limbs, especially during exercise, skin discoloration, ulcers, and in severe cases, gangrene.
The diagnosis of thromboangiitis obliterans is based on a combination of clinical presentation, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. There is no cure for the disease, but quitting smoking and other tobacco products can help slow its progression and reduce the risk of complications. Treatment typically involves medications to manage symptoms, improve blood flow, and prevent further clotting. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or bypass blocked blood vessels.
Phimosis is a medical condition where the foreskin of the penis, which is the retractable sheath of skin that covers the head or glans of the penis, cannot be pulled back (retracted) over the glans. This condition is normal in uncircumcised infant boys and toddlers, but most boys can retract their foreskins by the time they reach puberty.
In some cases, phimosis may cause no symptoms or problems, while in others it may lead to issues such as discomfort, pain, especially during sexual activity, infection, inflammation, and difficulty urinating. Phimosis can be caused by various factors, including infections, skin conditions, scarring from previous injuries or surgeries, or forceful attempts to retract the foreskin.
Treatment for phimosis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, gentle manual stretching exercises may be recommended to gradually increase the foreskin's ability to retract. In other cases, topical creams or medications may be prescribed to reduce inflammation or fight infections. If these treatments are not effective, or if phimosis is causing significant discomfort or complications, circumcision (surgical removal of the foreskin) may be considered as a last resort.
Lichen sclerosus
Kraurosis vulvae
Circumcision
Phimosis
Urethroplasty
Asymptomatic
Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans
Skin Phototype and Local Trauma in the Onset of Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO) in Circumcised Patients | In Vivo
Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Balanitis xerotica obliterans
Lichen sclerosus - Wikipedia
Lichen Sclerosus - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | NORD
Balanitis: Practice Essentials
Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy
Vol. 22 No. 3 (2016)
| African Journal of Urology
WATCH: Jewish pop icon Pink confronts anti-circumcision protester - The Jerusalem Post
Acute Balanoposthitis
Penile Inflammation | Hygiene | BioRelief
Evidence and Ethics on: Circumcision - Evidence Based Birth®
2023 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code A54.23: Gonococcal infection of other male genital organs
Skin Abnormalities Affecting the Penis - Men's Health Issues - MSD Manual Consumer Version
Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
Circumcision - Parkside Hospital
Rash on Penis - Penile Rash: Reclaim Your Confidence
Testicular tumor of the adrenogenital syndrome - Clinical Tree
Herman & Wallace Pelvic Rehabilitation Continuing Education - Phimosis - The Pelvic Rehab Report
Do I need to be circumcised?
Bio2Vec
Balanitis,Posthitis and Balanoposthitis (Penile and scrotal disorder) - AFROMAILS
The most common glans diseases - Fastlyheal
Bio2Vec
General Surgery - Monash Children's Hospital
Runny/Discharging Nose - Pulse Reference
Circum draft
Phimosis15
- Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) is a chronic skin disease which mainly affects the genital area, namely the prepuce, gland and urethra, and results in severe phimosis, glanular lesions and meatal stenosis ( 1 ). (iiarjournals.org)
- [ 5 ] Though uncommon, a complication of balanitis (usually only in recurrent cases) is constricting phimosis , or inability to retract the foreskin from the glans penis. (medscape.com)
- Though uncommon, complications of balanitis include phimosis and cellulitis. (medscape.com)
- Incidence of Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans in Boys Younger than 10 Years Presenting with Phimosis. (medscape.com)
- Kiss A, Király L, Kutasy B, Merksz M. High incidence of balanitis xerotica obliterans in boys with phimosis: prospective 10-year study. (medscape.com)
- 1 An Australian study found phimosis, acute balanoposthitis, and balanitis xerotica obliterans to be the most common medical indications for circumcision at all ages. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
- It is often recommended in adults for medical reasons, such as phimosis (tightening of the foreskin), balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO), returning infections and pain during sexual intercourse. (parkside-hospital.co.uk)
- In "pathological phimosis" or balanitis xerotica obliterans, the prepuce, glans, and sometimes even the urethra experience a progressive inflammatory condition involving inflammation of the glans penis, an unusually dry lesion, and occasional endarteritis. (hermanwallace.com)
- Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO) : a lesion akin to lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, is the cause of true scarring of the foreskin- pathological phimosis - the shutter type foreskin with no pouting of the inner foreskin on gentle retraction8. (pharmapdf.com)
- Satisfied participants had higher levels of education, underwent circumcision for phimosis or balanitis, underwent circumcision during adulthood, reported a larger penile size, and had fewer long-term complaints. (bvsalud.org)
- Two-thirds of participants were satisfied with their circumcision outcome, especially those who underwent circumcision for phimosis or balanitis during adulthood. (bvsalud.org)
- The most common indications for adult circumcision were phimosis (52.5%), routine/ritual circumcision (28.7%), phimosis + balanitis/balanoposthitis (6.8%), balanitis (3.8%) and balanoposthitis (2.6%), and significantly varied by age groups. (bvsalud.org)
- Older patients were more likely to undergo circumcision for concurrent phimosis and balanitis or cancer, whereas younger patients sought circumcision for dyspareunia. (bvsalud.org)
- Medical indications for circumcision include pathological phimosis with a non-retractable scarred prepuce, recurrent balanoposthitis being infection of the glans and preputial sac, lichen sclerosus atrophicans (balanitis xerotica obliterans), paraphimosis, and recurrent urinary tract infections usually associated with urinary tract abnormalities such as vesicoureteric reflux. (mpconsulting.co.za)
- Patients with phimosis are at increased risk of developing balanitis. (sidriinternational.in)
Balanoposthitis6
- Balanitis xerotica obliterans is a rare cause of acute balanoposthitis in children. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
- 4. Vohra S, Badlani G. Balanitis and balanoposthitis. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
- 7. Edwards S. Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
- Balanoposthitis is an inflammation of the glans penis ( balanitis ) together with inflammation of the foreskin ( posthitis ). (lucianoschiazza.it)
- Causes include balanoposthitis, balanitis xerotica obliterans, and untreated diabetes. (finngen.fi)
- 6.Chronic inflammatory conditions/trauma of the penis: balanoposthitis, lichen sclerosus , and atrophicus (balanitis Xerotica obliterans) may result in cell changes of the penis and increases risk of cancerous change. (medthical.com)
Foreskin2
- Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO), or penile lichen sclerosus, is a progressive sclerosing inflammatory dermatosis of the glans penis and foreskin. (medscape.com)
- When balanitis or posthitis, inflammation of the glans or foreskin, are not treated, the painful itching, redness, swelling and irritation can result in eventual narrowing of the urethra. (biorelief.com)
Urethral1
- Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans is a variation of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus which appears as a white patch on the prepuce or glans and often involves the urethral meatus and can cause urethral obstruction. (medthical.com)
Circumcision1
- Circumcision reduces the risk of balanitis and appears to reduce the risk of HIV infection by about 50% to 60% in men who have sex with HIV - positive females. (afromails.com)
Posthitis1
- Balanitis usually leads to posthitis except in circumcised patients. (afromails.com)
Lichen Sclerosis1
- Lichen sclerosis may also be referred to as BXO or balanitis xerotica obliterans. (drshrid.com)
Penis3
- Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease of unknown cause which can affect any body part of any person but has a strong preference for the genitals (penis, vulva) and is also known as balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) when it affects the penis. (wikipedia.org)
- In very few cases, balanitis may contribute to the "buried penis syndrome. (medscape.com)
- When the glans, the cone shaped end of the penis, becomes inflamed, balanitis is the medical term which is used to describe the problem. (biorelief.com)
Genital6
- In men, this genital involvement has traditionally been known as balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO). (medscape.com)
- The etiology of male genital lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans [BXO]) is unknown but is thought to be multifactorial. (medscape.com)
- The prevalence of male genital lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans [BXO]) has traditionally been estimated at 1 case per 300-1000 males. (medscape.com)
- Male genital lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans [BXO]) has no known predilection for any racial or ethnic group. (medscape.com)
- Male genital lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans [BXO]) occurs most frequently in persons who are uncircumcised and who are of middle age. (medscape.com)
- Pre-malignant lesions are pre-cancerous lesions which include balanitis xerotica obliterans, leukoplakia and genital warts. (medthical.com)
Prepuce1
- It may represent the milder end of the spectrum of anaerobic infection.The symptoms of pure Gardnerella vaginalis balanitis are milder than those in anaerobic infection: diffuse, macular erythema and pruritus of the glans meatus and coronal sulcus, irritation of the prepuce, , and a fishy-smelling subpreputial discharge. (lucianoschiazza.it)
Diagnosis2
- [ 2 ] noted that of 153,432 male patients discharged from Brooke Army Medical Center, 108 (0.070%) had a diagnosis of balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO). (medscape.com)
- Balanitis xerotica obliterans: a review of diagnosis and management. (medscape.com)
Candidal balanitis1
- Candidal balanitis is considered to be the most common cause of balanitis and is due to infection with candidal species, usually Candida albicans . (lucianoschiazza.it)
Circumscripta Plasmacellularis1
- Related Medscape Drugs & Diseases articles include Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus , Balanitis Circumscripta Plasmacellularis , and Balanitis in Emergency Medicine . (medscape.com)
Bacterial1
- Bacterial and viral infections also lead to balanitis. (sidriinternational.in)
Psoriasis1
- Various skin conditions such as dermatitis, eczema, and psoriasis may cause balanitis, including Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO). (sidriinternational.in)
Queyrat1
- These include a condition called erythroplasia of Queyrat and balanitis xerotica obliterans. (surgeoninlucknow.com)
Zoon's1
- Zoon's balanitis is a disease of older men who are uncircumcised. (medscape.com)
Symptoms1
- Patients suffering from balanitis experience various symptoms. (sidriinternational.in)
Trauma1
- The association between balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) and skin disorders is long established, however, the role of skin phototype and local trauma in its onset has never been investigated in detail. (iiarjournals.org)
Meatal1
- Meatal stenosis with urinary retention may rarely accompany balanitis. (medscape.com)
Complications1
- Balanitis, if not treated, may lead to certain complications. (sidriinternational.in)
Discharge1
- The features of anaerobic balanitis are superficial erosions and a foul, smelling subpreputial discharge. (lucianoschiazza.it)
Diabetes1
- Diabetes is the most common underlying condition associated with adult balanitis. (medscape.com)
Disease4
- Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) has occurred in monozygotic twins, which suggests a genetic basis for the disease in some cases. (medscape.com)
- When found in males, the disease is known as balanitis xerotica obliterans. (rarediseases.org)
- The sexually transmitted disease also plays a role in balanitis development. (sidriinternational.in)
- For instance, if balanitis is because of infection or due to any sexually transmitted disease or any other skin disease, it may require treatment. (sidriinternational.in)
Occur2
- Balanitis can occur in males at any age. (medscape.com)
- Balanitis may occur. (patient.info)
Cases1
- In cases when balanitis is caused due to drug allergy or irritant chemicals, stopping their use may help cure balanitis. (sidriinternational.in)
Hygiene1
- Uncircumcised men with poor personal hygiene are most affected by balanitis. (medscape.com)
Common1
- Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal balanitis: it may be more common than you think. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
Treatment1
- When done by experts, Ayurvedic treatment provides an effective cure for balanitis with no side effects. (sidriinternational.in)
Experience2
- Paediatric balanitis xerotica obliterans: an 8-year experience. (medscape.com)
- Pradhan A, Patel R, Said AJ, Upadhyaya M. 10 Years' Experience in Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans: A Single-Institution Study. (medscape.com)
Medical1
- This is called balanitis xerotica obliterans, in medical terms. (biorelief.com)
Type1
- The pathologic type is associated with balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO). (pristyncare.com)
