Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
The BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.
Surgical removal of the GALLBLADDER.
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.
A storage reservoir for BILE secretion. Gallbladder allows the delivery of bile acids at a high concentration and in a controlled manner, via the CYSTIC DUCT to the DUODENUM, for degradation of dietary lipid.
An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.
Impairment of bile flow in the large BILE DUCTS by mechanical obstruction or stricture due to benign or malignant processes.
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).
Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.
Any surgical procedure performed on the biliary tract.
Respiratory tract diseases are a broad range of medical conditions that affect the nose, throat, windpipe, and lungs, impairing breathing and oxygen uptake, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, bronchitis, influenza, tuberculosis, and sleep apnea.
Pathological processes of the LIVER.
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Pathological processes of the URINARY TRACT in both males and females.
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.
Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the COMMON BILE DUCT and the common hepatic duct (HEPATIC DUCT, COMMON).
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.
The type species of PNEUMOVIRUS and an important cause of lower respiratory disease in infants and young children. It frequently presents with bronchitis and bronchopneumonia and is further characterized by fever, cough, dyspnea, wheezing, and pallor.
A group of viruses in the PNEUMOVIRUS genus causing respiratory infections in various mammals. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have also been reported.
A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the COMMON BILE DUCT and the MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
A genus in the subfamily PARVOVIRINAE comprising three species: Bovine parvovirus, Canine minute virus, and HUMAN BOCAVIRUS.
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.
The channels that collect and transport the bile secretion from the BILE CANALICULI, the smallest branch of the BILIARY TRACT in the LIVER, through the bile ductules, the bile ducts out the liver, and to the GALLBLADDER for storage.
A genus of the subfamily PNEUMOVIRINAE, containing two members: Turkey rhinotracheitis virus and a human Metapneumovirus. Virions lack HEMAGGLUTININ and NEURAMINIDASE.
The duct which coveys URINE from the pelvis of the KIDNEY through the URETERS, BLADDER, and URETHRA.
Surgical formation of an opening (stoma) into the COMMON BILE DUCT for drainage or for direct communication with a site in the small intestine, primarily the DUODENUM or JEJUNUM.
The largest bile duct. It is formed by the junction of the CYSTIC DUCT and the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT.
Diseases in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.

Rational sequence of tests for pancreatic function. (1/513)

Of 144 patients with suspected pancreatic disease in whom a 75Se-selenomethionine scan was performed, endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) was successful in 108 (75%). The final diagnosis is known in 100 patients and has been compared with scan and ERP findings. A normal scan reliably indicated a normal pancreas, but the scan was falsely abnormal in 30%. ERP distinguished between carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis in 84% of cases but was falsely normal in five patients with pancreatic disease. In extrahepatic biliary disease both tests tended to give falsely abnormal results. A sequence of tests to provide a rapid and reliable assessment of pancreatic function should be a radio-isotope scan, followed by ERP if the results of the scan are abnormal, and a Lundh test if the scan is abnormal but the findings on ERP are normal.  (+info)

Spontaneous perforation of common bile duct in infants. (2/513)

Two infants with spontaneous perforation of the common bile duct are described. One presented with mild jaundice, dark urine, acholic stools, and hydroceles, the other with bilateral inguinal hernia. In both the diagnosis was unsuspected until bile-stained ascites was discovered. Both eventually developed bile-staining of the scrotum. Neither was acutely ill. The 131I-Rose Bengal faecal excretion test showed reduced faecal excretion at 8% and 12% of the injected dose with 16-5 and 17%/dl of the dose being recovered in the ascitic fluid 48 hours after intravenous injection. The ascitic:plasma ratio of isotope at that time was 32:1 and 28:1. Operative cholangiography in both showed a perforation at the junction of the cystic duct and common bile duct with no contrast entering the duodenum. Cholecystenterostomy using a Roux-en-Y loop of jejunum produced a rapid sustained recovery and is suggested as the treatment of choice. This condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice in infancy since early surgical correction is necessary.  (+info)

Idiopathic bile acid catharsis. (3/513)

In the course of extensive routine screening for bile acid malabsorption a few patients were detected in whom chronic diarrhoea was apparently induced by excess bile acid loss which was neither associated with demonstrable conventional ileopathy nor with any other disorder allied to diarrhoea. In three patients subjected to scrutiny the results obtained were in harmony with a concept of idiopathic bile acid catharsis. Ingestion of cholestyramine was followed by immediate relief, but the diarrhoea recurred whenever this treatment was withdrawn. It it suggested that idiopathic bile acid catharsis should be suspected in patients with unexplained chronic diarrhoea and especially in those with a diagnosis of irritable colon with diarrhoea.  (+info)

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in an academic hospital: evaluation of changes in perioperative outcomes. (4/513)

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate changes in perioperative outcomes over an 82-month period in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy by a single attending surgeon in an academic hospital. METHODS: A retrospective review of 1025 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy from September 1992 to February 1997 was compared to the initial 600 patients from May 1990 to August 1992. Statistical analysis included Chi square with Yates correction and Fischer's exact test. RESULTS: Over the 82-month period there were no significant differences in the overall conversion rate to open cholecystectomy (p=0.26), intraoperative complications (p = 0.81), postoperative complications (p = 0.054) or mortality rates (p=0.66). There were 3 (0.5%) bile duct injuries in the initial 600 patients and only 1 (0.1%) in the group of 1025 patients (p=0.065). There was an increase (p<0.001) in laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed for acute cholecystitis and biliary dyskinesia and an increase (p<0.001) in the percentage of cases performed overall and for acute cholecystitis by the surgery residents over the last 54 months. Despite this, the conversion rates to open cholecystectomy in patients with acute cholecystitis decreased (p < 0.001) over the last 54 months. Additionally, more patients (p < 0.001) were discharged on the day of surgery in the most recent group. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed safely by surgery residents under the direct supervision of an experienced laparoscopist without significant changes in perioperative outcomes. Despite an increased percentage of cases being performed for acute cholecystitis over the last 54 months, conversion rates to open cholecystectomy and biliary tract injury rates have decreased, and the perioperative morbidity has remained the same.  (+info)

Implications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for surgical residency training. (5/513)

BACKGROUND: Widespread adoption of minimal access techniques forced a generation of abdominal surgeons to re-learn many standard abdominal procedures. This threatened to reduce the pool of suitable "training" operations for surgical residents. METHODS: Operator grade, duration of operation, acute/elective operation, conversion rate, complications, and postoperative stay were recorded prospectively on all laparoscopic cholecystectomies (LC) since 1992. This data was evaluated to determine how the introduction of LC affected residents' training. RESULTS: The percentage of LCs performed by residents increased progressively to reach 58%. Operating time was longer for trainee surgeons, particularly for acute cases (145+/-50 minutes vs 111+/-54 minutes, p<0.05); however, conversion rate, incidence of complications, and postoperative stay were no different. CONCLUSIONS: LC can be performed by surgical trainees with similar complication rates and outcomes as those of qualified surgeons. Once institutional experience has accumulated, this procedure can be integrated into residency training.  (+info)

A prospective study of the causes of notably raised aspartate aminotransferase of liver origin. (6/513)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To ascertain the causes of raised aspartate aminotransferase (AST) presumed to be of hepatic origin in two hospitals and the local community served by a centralised biochemistry laboratory. METHODS: From June 1996 to February 1997 all patients with AST greater than 400 U/l were identified by the biochemistry laboratory; the patients' clinical records were studied to determine the diagnosis, the clinical outcome, and whether the raised AST and its significance had been noted. RESULTS: A total of 137 patients with a hepatic cause for the raised AST were found. The cause of the raised AST was hepatic ischaemia/hypoxia in 68, pancreatobiliary disease in 33, primary hepatocellular disease in 23, hepatic malignancy in five, and hepatic haematoma in one. In seven patients the diagnosis was unclear. The overall mortality was high (22%) with the highest mortality in the hepatic ischaemia group (37%). The recording and interpretation of the causes of raised AST was poor with only 48% having the correct diagnosis. In 38% the raised AST was apparently not noticed by the attending clinicians. CONCLUSIONS: The commonest cause of a hepatitis like biochemical picture was hepatic hypoxia (50%) followed by pancreatobiliary disease (24%). Drug induced hepatic necrosis (8.8%) was uncommon and viral hepatitis was rare (3.6%). AST concentrations returned towards normal most rapidly in patients with hepatic hypoxia and calculous biliary obstruction. Hepatitis, viral or otherwise, is an uncommon cause of a typical hepatitic biochemical result in this community.  (+info)

Screening of newborn infants for cholestatic hepatobiliary disease with tandem mass spectrometry. (7/513)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of screening for cholestatic hepatobiliary disease and extrahepatic biliary atresia by using tandem mass spectrometry to measure conjugated bile acids in dried blood spots obtained from newborn infants at 7-10 days of age for the Guthrie test. SETTING: Three tertiary referral clinics and regional neonatal screening laboratories. DESIGN: Unused blood spots from the Guthrie test were retrieved for infants presenting with cholestatic hepatobiliary disease and from the two cards stored on either side of each card from an index child. Concentrations of conjugated bile acids measured by tandem mass spectrometry in the two groups were compared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Concentrations of glycodihydroxycholanoates, glycotrihydroxycholanoates, taurodihydroxycholanoates, and taurotrihydroxycholanoates. Receiver operator curves were plotted to determine which parameter (or combination of parameters) would best predict the cases of cholestatic hepatobiliary disease and extrahepatic biliary atresia. The sensitivity and specificity at a selection of cut off values for each bile acid species and for total bile acid concentrations for the detection of the two conditions were calculated. RESULTS: 218 children with cholestatic hepatobiliary disease were eligible for inclusion in the study. Two children without a final diagnosis and five who presented at <14 days of age were excluded. Usable blood spots were obtained from 177 index children and 708 comparison children. Mean concentrations of all four bile acid species were significantly raised in children with cholestatic hepatobiliary disease and extrahepatic biliary atresia compared with the unaffected children (P<0.0001). Of 177 children with cholestatic hepatobiliary disease, 104 (59%) had a total bile acid concentration >33 micromol/l (97.5th centile value for comparison group). Of the 61 with extrahepatic biliary atresia, 47 (77%) had total bile acid concentrations >33 micromol/l. Taurotrihydroxycholanoate and total bile acid concentrations were the best predictors of both conditions. For all cholestatic hepatobiliary disease, a cut off level of total bile acid concentration of 30 micromol/l gave a sensitivity of 62% and a specificity of 96%, while the corresponding values for extrahepatic biliary atresia were 79% and 96%. CONCLUSION: Most children who present with extrahepatic biliary atresia and other forms of cholestatic hepatobiliary disease have significantly raised concentrations of conjugated bile acids as measured by tandem mass spectrometry at the time when samples are taken for the Guthrie test. Unfortunately the separation between the concentrations in these infants and those in the general population is not sufficient to make mass screening for cholestatic hepatobiliary disease a feasible option with this method alone.  (+info)

Functional disorders of the biliary tract and pancreas. (8/513)

The term "dysfunction" defines the motor disorders of the gall bladder and the sphincter of Oddi (SO) without note of the potential etiologic factors for the difficulty to differentiate purely functional alterations from subtle structural changes. Dysfunction of the gall bladder and/or SO produces similar patterns of biliopancreatic pain and SO dysfunction may occur in the presence of the gall bladder. The symptom-based diagnostic criteria of gall bladder and SO dysfunction are episodes of severe steady pain located in the epigastrium and right upper abdominal quadrant which last at least 30 minutes. Gall bladder and SO dysfunctions can cause significant clinical symptoms but do not explain many instances of biliopancreatic type of pain. The syndrome of functional abdominal pain should be differentiated from gall bladder and SO dysfunction. In the diagnostic workup, invasive investigations should be performed only in the presence of compelling clinical evidence and after non-invasive testing has yielded negative findings. Gall bladder dysfunction is suspected when laboratory, ultrasonographic, and microscopic bile examination have excluded the presence of gallstones and other structural abnormalities. The finding of decreased gall bladder emptying at cholecystokinin-cholescintigraphy is the only objective characteristic of gall bladder dysfunction. Symptomatic manifestation of SO dysfunction may be accompanied by features of biliary obstruction (biliary-type SO dysfunction) or significant elevation of pancreatic enzymes and pancreatitis (pancreatic-type SO dysfunction). Biliary-type SO dysfunction occurs more frequently in postcholecystectomy patients who are categorized into three types. Types I and II, but not type III, have biochemical and cholangiographic features of biliary obstruction. Pancreatic-type SO dysfunction is less well classified into types. When non-invasive investigations and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopanreatography show no structural abnormality, manometry of both biliary and pancreatic sphincter may be considered.  (+info)

Biliary tract diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the biliary system, which includes the gallbladder, bile ducts, and liver. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine through the bile ducts to help digest fats.

Biliary tract diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, fever, nausea, vomiting, and changes in stool color. Some of the common biliary tract diseases include:

1. Gallstones: Small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts made up of cholesterol or bilirubin.
2. Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by gallstones.
3. Cholangitis: Infection or inflammation of the bile ducts.
4. Biliary dyskinesia: A motility disorder that affects the contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the biliary system.
5. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: A chronic autoimmune disease that causes scarring and narrowing of the bile ducts.
6. Biliary tract cancer: Rare cancers that affect the gallbladder, bile ducts, or liver.

Treatment for biliary tract diseases varies depending on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, surgery, or a combination of both.

Biliary tract neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the biliary system, which includes the gallbladder, bile ducts inside and outside the liver, and the ducts that connect the liver to the small intestine. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Malignant biliary tract neoplasms are often referred to as cholangiocarcinoma if they originate in the bile ducts, or gallbladder cancer if they arise in the gallbladder. These cancers are relatively rare but can be aggressive and difficult to treat. They can cause symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, weight loss, and dark urine.

Risk factors for biliary tract neoplasms include chronic inflammation of the biliary system, primary sclerosing cholangitis, liver cirrhosis, hepatitis B or C infection, parasitic infections, and certain genetic conditions. Early detection and treatment can improve outcomes for patients with these neoplasms.

The biliary tract is a system of ducts that transport bile from the liver to the gallbladder and then to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the breakdown and absorption of fats in the small intestine. The main components of the biliary tract are:

1. Intrahepatic bile ducts: These are the smaller branches of bile ducts located within the liver that collect bile from the liver cells or hepatocytes.
2. Gallbladder: A small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver, which stores and concentrates bile received from the intrahepatic bile ducts. The gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine when food is ingested, particularly fats, to aid digestion.
3. Common hepatic duct: This is a duct that forms by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts, which carry bile from the right and left lobes of the liver, respectively.
4. Cystic duct: A short duct that connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct, forming the beginning of the common bile duct.
5. Common bile duct: This is a larger duct formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct. It carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine.
6. Pancreatic duct: A separate duct that originates from the pancreas, a gland located near the liver and stomach. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just before they both enter the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine.
7. Ampulla of Vater: This is the dilated portion where the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct join together and empty their contents into the duodenum through a shared opening called the papilla of Vater.

Disorders related to the biliary tract include gallstones, cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), bile duct stones, bile duct strictures or obstructions, and primary sclerosing cholangitis, among others.

Cholelithiasis is a medical term that refers to the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver that stores bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. Gallstones are hardened deposits that can form in the gallbladder when substances in the bile, such as cholesterol or bilirubin, crystallize.

Gallstones can vary in size and may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball. Some people with gallstones may not experience any symptoms, while others may have severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) if the gallstones block the bile ducts.

Cholelithiasis is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly women over the age of 40 and those with certain medical conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and rapid weight loss. If left untreated, gallstones can lead to serious complications such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), infection, or pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). Treatment options for cholelithiasis include medication, shock wave lithotripsy (breaking up the gallstones with sound waves), and surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy).

Cholecystitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located under the liver that stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. Bile is a digestive fluid that helps break down fats in the small intestine during digestion.

Acute cholecystitis is a sudden inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by the presence of gallstones that block the cystic duct, the tube that carries bile from the gallbladder to the common bile duct. This blockage can cause bile to build up in the gallbladder, leading to inflammation, swelling, and pain.

Chronic cholecystitis is a long-term inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by repeated attacks of acute cholecystitis or the presence of gallstones that cause ongoing irritation and damage to the gallbladder wall. Over time, chronic cholecystitis can lead to thickening and scarring of the gallbladder wall, which can reduce its ability to function properly.

Symptoms of cholecystitis may include sudden and severe abdominal pain, often in the upper right or center of the abdomen, that may worsen after eating fatty foods; fever; nausea and vomiting; bloating and gas; and clay-colored stools. Treatment for cholecystitis typically involves antibiotics to treat any infection present, pain relief, and surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy). In some cases, a nonsurgical procedure called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may be used to remove gallstones from the bile duct.

Cholecystectomy is a medical procedure to remove the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located on the right side of the abdomen, just beneath the liver. The primary function of the gallbladder is to store and concentrate bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. During a cholecystectomy, the surgeon removes the gallbladder, usually due to the presence of gallstones or inflammation that can cause pain, infection, or other complications.

There are two primary methods for performing a cholecystectomy:

1. Open Cholecystectomy: In this traditional surgical approach, the surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen to access and remove the gallbladder. This method is typically used when there are complications or unique circumstances that make laparoscopic surgery difficult or risky.
2. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: This is a minimally invasive surgical procedure where the surgeon makes several small incisions in the abdomen, through which a thin tube with a camera (laparoscope) and specialized surgical instruments are inserted. The surgeon then guides these tools to remove the gallbladder while viewing the internal structures on a video monitor.

After the gallbladder is removed, bile flows directly from the liver into the small intestine through the common bile duct, and the body continues to function normally without any significant issues.

Gallstones are small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder, a small organ located under the liver. They can range in size from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. Gallstones can be made of cholesterol, bile pigments, or calcium salts, or a combination of these substances.

There are two main types of gallstones: cholesterol stones and pigment stones. Cholesterol stones are the most common type and are usually yellow-green in color. They form when there is too much cholesterol in the bile, which causes it to become saturated and form crystals that eventually grow into stones. Pigment stones are smaller and darker in color, ranging from brown to black. They form when there is an excess of bilirubin, a waste product produced by the breakdown of red blood cells, in the bile.

Gallstones can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating, especially after eating fatty foods. In some cases, gallstones can lead to serious complications, such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), infection, or blockage of the bile ducts, which can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes.

The exact cause of gallstones is not fully understood, but risk factors include being female, older age, obesity, a family history of gallstones, rapid weight loss, diabetes, and certain medical conditions such as cirrhosis or sickle cell anemia. Treatment for gallstones may involve medication to dissolve the stones, shock wave therapy to break them up, or surgery to remove the gallbladder.

The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located just under the liver in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Its primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a digestive enzyme produced by the liver, which helps in the breakdown of fats during the digestion process. When food, particularly fatty foods, enter the stomach and small intestine, the gallbladder contracts and releases bile through the common bile duct into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, to aid in fat digestion.

The gallbladder is made up of three main parts: the fundus, body, and neck. It has a muscular wall that allows it to contract and release bile. Gallstones, an inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), or other gallbladder diseases can cause pain, discomfort, and potentially serious health complications if left untreated.

Bile is a digestive fluid that is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It plays an essential role in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Bile consists of bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, phospholipids, electrolytes, and water.

Bile salts are amphipathic molecules that help to emulsify fats into smaller droplets, increasing their surface area and allowing for more efficient digestion by enzymes such as lipase. Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin from red blood cells and gives bile its characteristic greenish-brown color.

Bile is released into the small intestine in response to food, particularly fats, entering the digestive tract. It helps to break down large fat molecules into smaller ones that can be absorbed through the walls of the intestines and transported to other parts of the body for energy or storage.

Extrahepatic cholestasis is a medical condition characterized by the impaired flow of bile outside of the liver. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the absorption and digestion of fats. When the flow of bile is obstructed or blocked, it can lead to an accumulation of bile components, such as bilirubin, in the bloodstream, resulting in jaundice, dark urine, light-colored stools, and itching.

Extrahepatic cholestasis can be caused by various factors, including gallstones, tumors, strictures, or inflammation of the bile ducts. It is essential to diagnose and treat extrahepatic cholestasis promptly to prevent further complications, such as liver damage or infection. Treatment options may include medications, endoscopic procedures, or surgery, depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

Cholestasis is a medical condition characterized by the interruption or reduction of bile flow from the liver to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the breakdown and absorption of fats. When the flow of bile is blocked or reduced, it can lead to an accumulation of bile components, such as bilirubin, in the blood, which can cause jaundice, itching, and other symptoms.

Cholestasis can be caused by various factors, including liver diseases (such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or cancer), gallstones, alcohol abuse, certain medications, pregnancy, and genetic disorders. Depending on the underlying cause, cholestasis may be acute or chronic, and it can range from mild to severe in its symptoms and consequences. Treatment for cholestasis typically involves addressing the underlying cause and managing the symptoms with supportive care.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a medical procedure that combines upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems of the bile ducts and pancreas.

During ERCP, a flexible endoscope (a long, thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end) is passed through the patient's mouth and throat, then through the stomach and into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A narrow plastic tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope and into the bile ducts and/or pancreatic duct. Contrast dye is injected through the catheter, and X-rays are taken to visualize the ducts.

ERCP can be used to diagnose a variety of conditions affecting the bile ducts and pancreas, including gallstones, tumors, strictures (narrowing of the ducts), and chronic pancreatitis. It can also be used to treat certain conditions, such as removing gallstones from the bile duct or placing stents to keep the ducts open in cases of stricture.

ERCP is an invasive procedure that carries a risk of complications, including pancreatitis, infection, bleeding, and perforation (a tear in the lining of the GI tract). It should only be performed by experienced medical professionals in a hospital setting.

Pancreatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, a gland located in the abdomen that plays a crucial role in digestion and regulating blood sugar levels. The inflammation can be acute (sudden and severe) or chronic (persistent and recurring), and it can lead to various complications if left untreated.

Acute pancreatitis often results from gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption, while chronic pancreatitis may be caused by long-term alcohol abuse, genetic factors, autoimmune conditions, or metabolic disorders like high triglyceride levels. Symptoms of acute pancreatitis include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and increased heart rate, while chronic pancreatitis may present with ongoing abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and malabsorption issues due to impaired digestive enzyme production. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, pain management, and addressing the underlying cause. In severe cases, hospitalization and surgery may be necessary.

Biliary tract surgical procedures refer to a range of operations that involve the biliary system, which includes the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts. These procedures can be performed for various reasons, including the treatment of gallstones, bile duct injuries, tumors, or other conditions affecting the biliary tract. Here are some examples of biliary tract surgical procedures:

1. Cholecystectomy: This is the surgical removal of the gallbladder, which is often performed to treat symptomatic gallstones or chronic cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder). It can be done as an open procedure or laparoscopically.
2. Bile duct exploration: This procedure involves opening the common bile duct to remove stones, strictures, or tumors. It is often performed during a cholecystectomy if there is suspicion of common bile duct involvement.
3. Hepaticojejunostomy: This operation connects the liver's bile ducts directly to a portion of the small intestine called the jejunum, bypassing a damaged or obstructed segment of the biliary tract. It is often performed for benign or malignant conditions affecting the bile ducts.
4. Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy: This procedure involves creating a Y-shaped limb of jejunum and connecting it to the liver's bile ducts, bypassing the common bile duct and duodenum. It is often performed for complex biliary tract injuries or malignancies.
5. Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy): This extensive operation involves removing the head of the pancreas, the duodenum, a portion of the jejunum, the gallbladder, and the common bile duct. It is performed for malignancies involving the pancreas, bile duct, or duodenum.
6. Liver resection: This procedure involves removing a portion of the liver to treat primary liver tumors (hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma) or metastatic cancer from other organs.
7. Biliary stenting or bypass: These minimally invasive procedures involve placing a stent or creating a bypass to relieve bile duct obstructions caused by tumors, strictures, or stones. They can be performed endoscopically (ERCP) or percutaneously (PTC).
8. Cholecystectomy: This procedure involves removing the gallbladder, often for symptomatic cholelithiasis (gallstones) or cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder). It can be performed laparoscopically or open.
9. Biliary drainage: This procedure involves placing a catheter to drain bile from the liver or bile ducts, often for acute or chronic obstructions caused by tumors, strictures, or stones. It can be performed endoscopically (ERCP) or percutaneously (PTC).
10. Bilioenteric anastomosis: This procedure involves connecting the biliary tract to a portion of the small intestine, often for benign or malignant conditions affecting the bile ducts or pancreas. It can be performed open or laparoscopically.

Respiratory tract diseases refer to a broad range of medical conditions that affect the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat (pharynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. These diseases can be categorized into upper and lower respiratory tract infections based on the location of the infection.

Upper respiratory tract infections affect the nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx, and include conditions such as the common cold, flu, sinusitis, and laryngitis. Symptoms often include nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, and fever.

Lower respiratory tract infections affect the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs, and can be more severe. They include conditions such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. Symptoms may include cough, chest congestion, shortness of breath, and fever.

Respiratory tract diseases can also be caused by allergies, irritants, or genetic factors. Treatment varies depending on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, breathing treatments, or surgery in severe cases.

Liver diseases refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the normal functioning of the liver. The liver is a vital organ responsible for various critical functions such as detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion.

Liver diseases can be categorized into acute and chronic forms. Acute liver disease comes on rapidly and can be caused by factors like viral infections (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E), drug-induced liver injury, or exposure to toxic substances. Chronic liver disease develops slowly over time, often due to long-term exposure to harmful agents or inherent disorders of the liver.

Common examples of liver diseases include hepatitis, cirrhosis (scarring of the liver tissue), fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune liver diseases, genetic/hereditary liver disorders (like Wilson's disease and hemochromatosis), and liver cancers. Symptoms may vary widely depending on the type and stage of the disease but could include jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and weight loss.

Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent progression and potential complications associated with liver diseases.

Gallbladder neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the tissue of the gallbladder, which can be benign or malignant. Benign neoplasms are non-cancerous and typically do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant neoplasms, also known as gallbladder cancer, can invade nearby tissues and organs and may metastasize (spread) to distant parts of the body. Gallbladder neoplasms can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, and nausea, but they are often asymptomatic until they have advanced to an advanced stage. The exact causes of gallbladder neoplasms are not fully understood, but risk factors include gallstones, chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, and certain inherited genetic conditions.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Urologic diseases refer to a variety of conditions that affect the urinary tract, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra in both males and females, as well as the male reproductive system. These diseases can range from relatively common conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), to more complex diseases like kidney stones, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer.

Some of the common urologic diseases include:

1. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): These are infections that occur in any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. UTIs are more common in women than men.
2. Kidney Stones: These are small, hard mineral deposits that form inside the kidneys and can cause pain, nausea, and blood in the urine when passed.
3. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): This is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that can cause difficulty urinating, frequent urination, and a weak urine stream.
4. Bladder Cancer: This is a type of cancer that begins in the bladder, usually in the lining of the bladder.
5. Prostate Cancer: This is a type of cancer that occurs in the prostate gland, which is a small walnut-shaped gland in men that produces seminal fluid.
6. Erectile Dysfunction (ED): This is a condition where a man has trouble achieving or maintaining an erection.
7. Overactive Bladder (OAB): This is a condition characterized by the sudden and strong need to urinate frequently, as well as involuntary loss of urine (incontinence).

Urologic diseases can affect people of all ages and genders, although some conditions are more common in certain age groups or among men or women. Treatment for urologic diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity, but may include medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infections that affect the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, and lungs. These infections can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or, less commonly, fungi.

RTIs are classified into two categories based on their location: upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). URTIs include infections of the nose, sinuses, throat, and larynx, such as the common cold, flu, laryngitis, and sinusitis. LRTIs involve the lower airways, including the bronchi and lungs, and can be more severe. Examples of LRTIs are pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis.

Symptoms of RTIs depend on the location and cause of the infection but may include cough, congestion, runny nose, sore throat, difficulty breathing, wheezing, fever, fatigue, and chest pain. Treatment for RTIs varies depending on the severity and underlying cause of the infection. For viral infections, treatment typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms, while antibiotics may be prescribed for bacterial infections.

Cholangiocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from the cells that line the bile ducts, which are small tubes that carry digestive enzymes from the liver to the small intestine. It can occur in different parts of the bile duct system, including the bile ducts inside the liver (intrahepatic), the bile ducts outside the liver (extrahepatic), and the area where the bile ducts join the pancreas and small intestine (ampulla of Vater).

Cholangiocarcinoma is a relatively rare cancer, but its incidence has been increasing in recent years. It can be difficult to diagnose because its symptoms are often nonspecific and similar to those of other conditions, such as gallstones or pancreatitis. Treatment options depend on the location and stage of the cancer, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Extrahepatic bile ducts refer to the portion of the biliary system that lies outside the liver. The biliary system is responsible for producing, storing, and transporting bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver.

The extrahepatic bile ducts include:

1. The common hepatic duct: This duct is formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts, which drain bile from the corresponding lobes of the liver.
2. The cystic duct: This short duct connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct, allowing bile to flow into the gallbladder for storage and concentration.
3. The common bile duct: This is the result of the fusion of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct. It transports bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, where it aids in fat digestion.
4. The ampulla of Vater (or hepatopancreatic ampulla): This is a dilated area where the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct join and empty their contents into the duodenum through a shared opening called the major duodenal papilla.

Extrahepatic bile ducts can be affected by various conditions, such as gallstones, inflammation (cholangitis), strictures, or tumors, which may require medical or surgical intervention.

Bile duct neoplasms, also known as cholangiocarcinomas, refer to a group of malignancies that arise from the bile ducts. These are the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. Bile duct neoplasms can be further classified based on their location as intrahepatic (within the liver), perihilar (at the junction of the left and right hepatic ducts), or distal (in the common bile duct).

These tumors are relatively rare, but their incidence has been increasing in recent years. They can cause a variety of symptoms, including jaundice, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fever. The diagnosis of bile duct neoplasms typically involves imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, as well as blood tests to assess liver function. In some cases, a biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment options for bile duct neoplasms depend on several factors, including the location and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment for early-stage tumors, while chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be used in more advanced cases. For patients who are not candidates for surgery, palliative treatments such as stenting or bypass procedures may be recommended to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infections refer to the clinical illnesses caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. RSV is a highly contagious virus that spreads through respiratory droplets, contact with infected surfaces, or direct contact with infected people. It primarily infects the respiratory tract, causing inflammation and damage to the cells lining the airways.

RSV infections can lead to a range of respiratory illnesses, from mild, cold-like symptoms to more severe conditions such as bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways in the lungs) and pneumonia (infection of the lung tissue). The severity of the infection tends to depend on factors like age, overall health status, and presence of underlying medical conditions.

In infants and young children, RSV is a leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia, often resulting in hospitalization. In older adults, people with weakened immune systems, and those with chronic heart or lung conditions, RSV infections can also be severe and potentially life-threatening.

Symptoms of RSV infection may include runny nose, cough, sneezing, fever, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms and providing supportive care, although hospitalization and more aggressive interventions may be necessary in severe cases or for high-risk individuals. Preventive measures such as hand hygiene, wearing masks, and avoiding close contact with infected individuals can help reduce the spread of RSV.

The digestive system, also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is a series of organs that process food and liquids into nutrients and waste. Digestive system diseases refer to any conditions that affect the normal functioning of this system, leading to impaired digestion, absorption, or elimination of food and fluids.

Some common examples of digestive system diseases include:

1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.
2. Peptic Ulcer Disease: Sores or ulcers that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A group of chronic inflammatory conditions that affect the intestines, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.
5. Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine, impairing nutrient absorption.
6. Diverticular Disease: A condition that affects the colon, characterized by the formation of small pouches or sacs (diverticula) that can become inflamed or infected.
7. Constipation: A common digestive system issue where bowel movements occur less frequently than usual or are difficult to pass.
8. Diarrhea: Loose, watery stools that occur more frequently than normal, often accompanied by cramps and bloating.
9. Gallstones: Small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder, causing pain, inflammation, and potential blockages of the bile ducts.
10. Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections or toxins, leading to symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, and abdominal pain.

These are just a few examples of digestive system disorders that can affect overall health and quality of life. If you experience any persistent or severe digestive symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional.

Intrahepatic bile ducts are the small tubular structures inside the liver that collect bile from the liver cells (hepatocytes). Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from food. The intrahepatic bile ducts merge to form larger ducts, which eventually exit the liver and join with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct. The common bile duct then empties into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, where bile aids in digestion. Intrahepatic bile ducts can become obstructed or damaged due to various conditions such as gallstones, tumors, or inflammation, leading to complications like jaundice, liver damage, and infection.

Cholangitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the bile ducts, which are the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver that helps break down fats in food.

There are two types of cholangitis: acute and chronic. Acute cholangitis is a sudden and severe infection that can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and dark urine. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection that enters the bile ducts through a blockage or obstruction.

Chronic cholangitis, on the other hand, is a long-term inflammation of the bile ducts that can lead to scarring and narrowing of the ducts. This can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, itching, and jaundice. Chronic cholangitis can be caused by various factors, including primary sclerosing cholangitis (an autoimmune disease), bile duct stones, or tumors in the bile ducts.

Treatment for cholangitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition. Antibiotics may be used to treat bacterial infections, and surgery may be necessary to remove blockages or obstructions in the bile ducts. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms and prevent further complications.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a highly contagious virus that causes infections in the respiratory system. In humans, it primarily affects the nose, throat, lungs, and bronchioles (the airways leading to the lungs). It is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways in the lung) in young children, but can also infect older children and adults.

Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) belongs to the family Pneumoviridae and is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus. The viral envelope contains two glycoproteins: the G protein, which facilitates attachment to host cells, and the F protein, which mediates fusion of the viral and host cell membranes.

Infection with hRSV typically occurs through direct contact with respiratory droplets from an infected person or contaminated surfaces. The incubation period ranges from 2 to 8 days, after which symptoms such as runny nose, cough, sneezing, fever, and wheezing may appear. In severe cases, particularly in infants, young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems, hRSV can cause pneumonia or bronchiolitis, leading to hospitalization and, in rare cases, death.

Currently, there is no approved vaccine for hRSV; however, passive immunization with palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody, is available for high-risk infants to prevent severe lower respiratory tract disease caused by hRSV. Supportive care and prevention of complications are the mainstays of treatment for hRSV infections.

Respiratory Syncytial Viruses (RSV) are a common type of virus that cause respiratory infections, particularly in young children and older adults. They are responsible for inflammation and narrowing of the small airways in the lungs, leading to breathing difficulties and other symptoms associated with bronchiolitis and pneumonia.

The term "syncytial" refers to the ability of these viruses to cause infected cells to merge and form large multinucleated cells called syncytia, which is a characteristic feature of RSV infections. The virus spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, and it can also survive on surfaces for several hours, making transmission easy.

RSV infections are most common during the winter months and can cause mild to severe symptoms depending on factors such as age, overall health, and underlying medical conditions. While RSV is typically associated with respiratory illnesses in children, it can also cause significant disease in older adults and immunocompromised individuals. Currently, there is no vaccine available for RSV, but antiviral medications and supportive care are used to manage severe infections.

The ampulla of Vater, also known as hepatopancreatic ampulla, is a dilated portion of the common bile duct where it joins the main pancreatic duct and empties into the second part of the duodenum. It serves as a conduit for both bile from the liver and digestive enzymes from the pancreas to reach the small intestine, facilitating the digestion and absorption of nutrients. The ampulla of Vater is surrounded by a muscular sphincter, the sphincter of Oddi, which controls the flow of these secretions into the duodenum.

Bocavirus is a type of virus that belongs to the Parvoviridae family. It is specifically classified under the genus Bocaparvovirus. This virus is known to infect humans and animals, causing respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses. In humans, human bocavirus (HBoV) has been identified as a cause of acute respiratory tract infections, particularly in young children. There are four species of HBoV (HBoV1-4), but HBoV1 is the most common and best studied. It can be detected in nasopharyngeal swabs or washes, and it is often found as a co-infection with other respiratory viruses.

The medical definition of Bocavirus refers to this specific virus and its associated illnesses. The name "Bocavirus" comes from the initials of two diseases it causes in cattle: bovine parvovirus (BPV) and bovine rhinitis (BRSV) complex. In addition to humans, Bocaviruses have been identified in various animals, including dogs, cats, pigs, and non-human primates.

Pancreatic diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the structure and function of the pancreas, a vital organ located in the abdomen. The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function, which involves the production of digestive enzymes that help break down food in the small intestine, and an endocrine function, which involves the production of hormones such as insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels.

Pancreatic diseases can be broadly classified into two categories: inflammatory and non-inflammatory. Inflammatory pancreatic diseases include conditions such as acute pancreatitis, which is characterized by sudden inflammation of the pancreas, and chronic pancreatitis, which is a long-term inflammation that can lead to scarring and loss of function.

Non-inflammatory pancreatic diseases include conditions such as pancreatic cancer, which is a malignant tumor that can arise from the cells of the pancreas, and benign tumors such as cysts or adenomas. Other non-inflammatory conditions include pancreatic insufficiency, which can occur when the pancreas does not produce enough digestive enzymes, and diabetes mellitus, which can result from impaired insulin production or action.

Overall, pancreatic diseases can have serious consequences on a person's health and quality of life, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for optimal outcomes.

Bile ducts are tubular structures that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage or directly to the small intestine to aid in digestion. There are two types of bile ducts: intrahepatic and extrahepatic. Intrahepatic bile ducts are located within the liver and drain bile from liver cells, while extrahepatic bile ducts are outside the liver and include the common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and common bile duct. These ducts can become obstructed or inflamed, leading to various medical conditions such as cholestasis, cholecystitis, and gallstones.

Metapneumovirus is a type of virus that can cause respiratory infections in humans and animals. The human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infection (ARI), particularly in young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems. It is associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild upper respiratory symptoms to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia.

HMPV is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Pneumoviridae family, subfamily Pneumovirinae, and genus Metapneumovirus. It was first identified in 2001, although it is believed to have been circulating in humans for at least 50 years before its discovery. HMPV is transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces.

The incubation period of HMPV ranges from 3 to 6 days, after which symptoms such as cough, fever, nasal congestion, sore throat, and difficulty breathing may appear. In severe cases, HMPV can lead to bronchitis, bronchiolitis, or pneumonia, requiring hospitalization, especially in high-risk populations. Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for HMPV infections, and management typically involves supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, hydration, and respiratory support if necessary. Prevention measures include good hand hygiene, wearing masks, and avoiding close contact with infected individuals.

The urinary tract is a system in the body responsible for producing, storing, and eliminating urine. It includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. The kidneys filter waste and excess fluids from the blood to produce urine, which then travels down the ureters into the bladder. When the bladder is full, urine is released through the urethra during urination. Any part of this system can become infected or inflamed, leading to conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) or kidney stones.

Choledochostomy is a surgical procedure that involves creating an opening (stoma) into the common bile duct, which carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. This procedure is typically performed to relieve obstructions or blockages in the bile duct, such as those caused by gallstones, tumors, or scar tissue.

During the choledochostomy procedure, a surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen and exposes the common bile duct. The duct is then cut open, and a small tube (catheter) is inserted into the duct to allow bile to drain out of the body. The catheter may be left in place temporarily or permanently, depending on the underlying condition causing the obstruction.

Choledochostomy is typically performed as an open surgical procedure, but it can also be done using minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopy or robotic-assisted surgery. As with any surgical procedure, choledochostomy carries risks such as bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding tissues. However, these risks are generally low in the hands of an experienced surgeon.

The common bile duct is a duct that results from the union of the cystic duct (which drains bile from the gallbladder) and the common hepatic duct (which drains bile from the liver). The common bile duct transports bile, a digestive enzyme, from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine.

The common bile duct runs through the head of the pancreas before emptying into the second part of the duodenum, either alone or in conjunction with the pancreatic duct, via a small opening called the ampulla of Vater. The common bile duct plays a crucial role in the digestion of fats by helping to break them down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

Gastrointestinal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the organs from the mouth to the anus, responsible for food digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste. These diseases can affect any part of the GI tract, causing various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.

Common gastrointestinal diseases include:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
2. Peptic ulcers - sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
5. Celiac disease - an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.
6. Diverticular disease - a condition that affects the colon, causing diverticula (small pouches) to form and potentially become inflamed or infected.
7. Constipation - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, and difficulty passing stools.
8. Diarrhea - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by loose, watery stools and frequent bowel movements.
9. Food intolerances and allergies - adverse reactions to specific foods or food components that can cause various gastrointestinal symptoms.
10. Gastrointestinal infections - caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can lead to a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

The common hepatic duct is a medical term that refers to the duct in the liver responsible for carrying bile from the liver. More specifically, it is the duct that results from the convergence of the right and left hepatic ducts, which themselves carry bile from the right and left lobes of the liver, respectively. The common hepatic duct then joins with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct, which ultimately drains into the duodenum, a part of the small intestine.

The primary function of the common hepatic duct is to transport bile, a digestive juice produced by the liver, to the small intestine. Bile helps break down fats during the digestion process, making it possible for the body to absorb them properly. Any issues or abnormalities in the common hepatic duct can lead to problems with bile flow and potentially cause health complications such as jaundice, gallstones, or liver damage.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Bile acids and salts are naturally occurring steroidal compounds that play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of lipids (fats) in the body. They are produced in the liver from cholesterol and then conjugated with glycine or taurine to form bile acids, which are subsequently converted into bile salts by the addition of a sodium or potassium ion.

Bile acids and salts are stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion, where they help emulsify fats, allowing them to be broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. They also aid in the elimination of waste products from the liver and help regulate cholesterol metabolism.

Abnormalities in bile acid synthesis or transport can lead to various medical conditions, such as cholestatic liver diseases, gallstones, and diarrhea. Therefore, understanding the role of bile acids and salts in the body is essential for diagnosing and treating these disorders.

Gallstones can form within the gallbladder and get stuck within the biliary tract, leading to various diseases depending on the ... The biliary tract can also serve as a reservoir for intestinal tract infections. Since the biliary tract is an internal organ, ... The biliary tract (also biliary tree or biliary system) refers to the liver, gallbladder and bile ducts, and how they work ... Franco, J.; Saeian, K. (April 1999). "Biliary tract inflammatory disorders: primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary ...
"Revised estimates of diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity in suspected biliary tract disease". Arch. Intern. Med. 154 ( ... Of all people with stones, 1-4% have biliary colic each year. If untreated, about 20% of people with biliary colic develop ... However, when a gallstone temporarily lodges in the cystic duct, they experience biliary colic. Biliary colic is abdominal pain ... Biliary Tract, & Pancreas Disorders. In Papadakis M.A., McPhee S.J., Rabow M.W. (Eds), Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment ...
Biliary Tract Disease Pediatric Surgery. 61 (5): 1137-1145. doi:10.1016/S0039-6109(16)42537-5. PMID 7313928. Yeap E, Pacilli M ... Peyronie's disease is caused by an injury or an autoimmune disease that results in plaque build up under the skin of the penis ... "Penile Curvature (Peyronie's Disease)". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Retrieved ... sexually transmitted disease, urinary tract infection, and many others. The assessment may include social history, family ...
ISBN 978-0-691-02873-6. Crawford JM, Liver and Biliary Tract. Pathologic Basis of Disease, ed. Kumar V, et al. 2005, ... Aspergillus flavus is found globally as a saprophyte in soils and causes disease on many important agriculture crops. Common ... Aspergillus flavus infections will not always reduce crop yields alone; however, postharvest disease can reduce the total crop ... postharvest disease results in the production of mycotoxins. The largest economic loss caused by this pathogen is a result of ...
Biliary diseases include gallbladder disease and biliary tract diseases. In 2013 they resulted in 106,000 deaths up from 81,000 ... fistula cholesterolosis biliary dyskinesia K83: other diseases of the biliary tract: cholangitis (including ascending ... fistula of biliary tract spasm of sphincter of Oddi biliary cyst biliary atresia GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, ... malignant neoplasm of the gallbladder malignant neoplasm of other parts of biliary tract extrahepatic bile duct ampulla of ...
Other biliary tract cancers include gallbladder cancer and cancer of the ampulla of Vater. Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma ... The disease is confirmed by examination of cells from the tumor under a microscope. It is typically an adenocarcinoma (a cancer ... West J, Wood H, Logan RF, Quinn M, Aithal GP (June 2006). "Trends in the incidence of primary liver and biliary tract cancers ... de Groen PC, Gores GJ, LaRusso NF, Gunderson LL, Nagorney DM (October 1999). "Biliary tract cancers". New England Journal of ...
"Biliary tract disease: a rare manifestation of eosinophilic gastroenteritis". Dig. Dis. Sci. 48 (3): 624-7. doi:10.1023/A: ... Any part of the GI tract can be affected, and isolated biliary tract involvement has also been reported. The stomach is the ... Occasionally, the disease may manifest itself as an acute abdomen or bowel obstruction. Mucosal EG (25-100%) is the most common ... In the allergic subtype of disease, it is thought that food allergens cross the intestinal mucosa and trigger an inflammatory ...
"Biliary tract disease: a rare manifestation of eosinophilic gastroenteritis". Dig. Dis. Sci. 48 (3): 624-7. doi:10.1023/A: ... In the allergic subtype of disease, it is thought that food allergens cross the intestinal mucosa and trigger an inflammatory ... It is possible that different pathogenetic mechanisms of disease is involved in several subgroups of patients. Food allergy and ... Blackshaw A, Levison D (1986). "Eosinophilic infiltrates of the gastrointestinal tract". J. Clin. Pathol. 39 (1): 1-7. doi: ...
"Defense system in the biliary tract against bacterial infection". Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 37 (5): 689-96. doi:10.1007/ ... An ultrasound is conducted to establish the location of biliary tract obstruction as well as the diameter of the CBD. ... Pre-surgical biliary stenting (a tube used to keep the biliary duct open) should be avoided, as it increases the likelihood of ... Gore RM, Shelhamer RP (October 2007). "Biliary tract neoplasms: diagnosis and staging". Cancer Imaging. 7 Spec No A (Special ...
Biliary tract disorders, Hepatology, Congenital disorders of digestive system, Rare diseases, Articles containing video clips) ... Patman, Gillian (2015). "Biliary tract: Newly identified biliatresone causes biliary atresia". Nature Reviews Gastroenterology ... The biliary atresia phenotype caused by congenital aflatoxicosis in GST M1 deficient neonates is named Kotb disease. Syndromic ... Biliary atresia, also known as extrahepatic ductopenia and progressive obliterative cholangiopathy, is a childhood disease of ...
The laparoscopy: liver disease, biliary disease, etc. The respiratory tract: lung cancer, transbronchoscopy lung biopsy, ... The pancreas and biliary tract: pancreatic cancer, cholangitis, cholangiocarcinoma, etc. ... Laparoscope was used in the diagnosis of liver and gallbladder disease by Heinz Kalk in the 1930s. Hope reported in 1937 on the ... The urinary tract: cystitis, bladder conjugation, bladder tumor, renal tuberculosis, renal stones, renal tumors, congenital ...
Symposium on Diseases of the Spleen, Biliary Tract, Liver and Pancreas. 28 (3): 729-732. doi:10.1016/S0039-6109(16)32448-3. ...
Egan, Schechter & Voynow 2020, "Biliary Tract". Moran A, Pyzdrowski KL, Weinreb J, Kahn BB, Smith SA, Adams KS, Seaquist ER ( ... Although technically a rare disease, CF is ranked as one of the most widespread life-shortening genetic diseases. It is most ... Other common autosomal recessive diseases such as sickle-cell anemia have been found to protect carriers from other diseases, ... Respiratory diseases, Steatorrhea-related diseases, Rare diseases). ...
Biliary tract disease; endometriosis; uterine fibroma; hypercalcemia associated with tumors or metabolic bone disease; ...
1994). "Revised estimates of diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity in suspected biliary tract disease". Arch Intern Med. ... Kim, Chun K; Joo, Junghyun; Lee, Seokmo (2015). "Digestive System 2: Liver and Biliary Tract". In Elgazzar, Abedlhamid H (ed ... In the absence of gallbladder disease, the gallbladder is visualized within 1 hour of the injection of the radioactive tracer.[ ... Cholescintigraphic scanning is a nuclear medicine procedure to evaluate the health and function of the gallbladder and biliary ...
Clinically, Pawlik's focus is on alimentary tract surgery, particularly hepatic, pancreatic and biliary diseases. He also has ... He later served as the John L. Cameron, M.D., Professor of Alimentary Tract Diseases. During these years, he was a frequent ... American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, and the Association for Academic Surgery. While at Johns Hopkins, Pawlik was ... Pawlik has been awarded honorary memberships in Mexican Association for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, and the Society of ...
He is credited with performing 2600 operations of the biliary tract during his career. His name is lent to Kehr's sign, which ... He is known for the development of operative procedures for the treatment of gall bladder and bile duct diseases. In the late ... Also, he popularized a device for biliary drainage that today is known as "Kehr's T-tube". Die chirurgische Behandlung der ...
Jarnagin, William R. (2012). Blumgart's Surgery of the Liver, Pancreas and Biliary Tract E-Book: Expert Consult - Online. ... Diseases of the gallbladder are known to have existed in humans since antiquity, with gallstones found in the mummy of Princess ... The risk of biliary injury is more during laparoscopic cholecystectomy than during open cholecystectomy. Biliary injury may ... Biliary injury (bile duct injury) is the traumatic damage of the bile ducts. It is most commonly an iatrogenic complication of ...
GGT is similar to alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in detecting disease of the biliary tract. Indeed, the two markers correlate well ... due to biliary disease; ALP can also be increased in certain bone diseases, but GGT is not. GGT is elevated by ingestion of ... In general, ALP is still the first test for biliary disease. The main value of GGT over ALP is in verifying that GGT elevations ... Elevated serum GGT activity can be found in diseases of the liver, biliary system, pancreas and kidneys. Latent elevations in ...
Surgical Management of Vascular Disease (1992) "Management of Biliary Atresia". In: Surgical Disease of the Biliary Tract and ... techniques of liver surgery that improved outcomes following liver transplantation and non transplant liver and biliary tract ... "Transplantation for Biliary Atresia". In: Transplantation of the Liver (1996) "Liver Transplantation". In: Maingot's Abdominal ... Shackelford's Seventh Edition Surgery of the Alimentary Tract (2012) "Endovascular Management of Solid Organ Transplant ...
ISBN 0-19-262922-0. Kumar & Clark's Clinical Medicine e.8 Chapter 7: Liver, biliary tract and pancreatic disease Pg. 335 Branco ... "Ascites - Hepatic and Biliary Disorders". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. May 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2017. Pedersen, ... JS; Bendtsen, F; Møller, S (May 2015). "Management of cirrhotic ascites". Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease. 6 (3): 124- ... Budd-Chiari syndrome or veno-occlusive disease Constrictive pericarditis Kwashiorkor (childhood protein-energy malnutrition) ...
"Diagnostic angiography in hepatobiliary and pancreatic disease: Indications". Blumgart's Surgery of the Liver, Biliary Tract ...
Diseases associated with this genus include mild upper respiratory tract disease, gastroenteritis, and biliary atresia. ... Avian Orthoreoviruses have been found to cause diseases in poultry including chronic respiratory disease, malabsorption ... the infection produced is either asymptomatic or causes a mild disease which is self-limiting in the gastrointestinal tract and ... It was discovered in the early 1950s when it was isolated from the respiratory as well as gastrointestinal tracts of both sick ...
July 2005). "ASGE guideline: The role of ERCP in diseases of the biliary tract and the pancreas". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. ... Coucke, E. M.; Akbar, H.; Kahloon, A.; Lopez, P. P. (2022). "Biliary Obstruction". StatPearls. StatPearls. PMID 30969520. ... Tabibian, James H (2015). "Advanced endoscopic imaging of indeterminate biliary strictures". World Journal of Gastrointestinal ... MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: ERCP National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse Endoscopy Campus, Archives and Videos (CS1 ...
C06.552 Liver Diseases C06.130 Biliary Tract Diseases C06.689 Pancreatic diseases 3. National Library of Medicine Catalogue WI ... "Biliary Tract Diseases". Nih.gov. Retrieved 24 December 2016. "Pancreatic Diseases". Nih.gov. Retrieved 24 December 2016. "NLM ... Diseases of the digestive system K70-K77 Diseases of liver K80-K87 Disorders of gallbladder, biliary tract and pancreas 2. MeSH ... 700-740 Liver and biliary tree Diseases WI 800-830 Pancrease Also see Hepato-biliary diseases Endoscopic retrograde ...
... pancreatic disease, alcohol-related disorders and genetic syndromes of the gastrointestinal tract, to name a few. Gasbarrini ... research on the pathogenesis of biliary tract stones; studies of drug-induced and viral hepatitis and studies on small ... inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease and malabsorption, liver diseases, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, ... He is an active clinical researcher with a broad interest in gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer, ...
"Effect of estrogen plus progestin on risk for biliary tract surgery in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. The ... Gallbladder diseases are diseases involving the gallbladder and is closely linked to biliary disease, with the most common ... Biliary dyskinesia is a disease with the abnormal release of bile from the gallbladder leading to chronic biliary colic. ... This pain is described as biliary colic pain. Other common symptoms with gallbladder disease and biliary colic are nausea and ...
Gallstones is a common disease in which one or more stones form in the gallbladder or biliary tract. Most people are ... "The Urinary Tract & How It Works , NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 7 August ... "Urinary System: Facts, Functions & Diseases". LiveScience. Retrieved 4 September 2016. Yaxley, Julian P. (2016). "Urinary tract ... CDC (9 December 2019). "Know Your Risk for Heart Disease , cdc.gov". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 7 ...
... and biliary tract infections. It is also used to prevent group B streptococcal disease around the time of delivery and before ... Respiratory tract infections Urinary tract infections Skin infections Biliary tract infections Bone and joint infections ... People with kidney disease and those on hemodialysis may need the dose adjusted. Cefazolin levels are not significantly ... Specifically it is used to treat cellulitis, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, joint infection, ...
... lower biliary tract, and surgical wound sites. The range of clinical diseases includes pneumonia, thrombophlebitis, urinary ... liver disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, glucocorticoid therapy, kidney failure, and certain occupational ... "Female Urinary Tract Infection" (PDF). Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, L.L.C. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-15. ... The mortality rate is also unknown, but has been observed to be as high as 44%. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ...
Physicians and patients should be aware of potential for gallbladder or biliary diseases with GLP-1 agonists, especially in ... Gallbladder, Biliary Tract Events Increased With Liraglutide * 2001. FDA Panel Endorses Liraglutide as Obesity Treatment ... biliary disease (RR, 1.55; P = .02), and cholecystectomy (RR, 1.70; P , .001), but a nonsignificant increased rate of biliary ... biliary disease (21 trials), cholecystectomy (surgical removal of the gallbladder, seven trials), and biliary cancer (12 trials ...
"Biliary Tract Diseases" by people in this website by year, and whether "Biliary Tract Diseases" was a major or minor topic of ... "Biliary Tract Diseases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER. ... Biliary Tract Diseases*Biliary Tract Diseases. *Biliary Tract Disease. *Disease, Biliary Tract ...
Biliary tract disease. Biliary tract disease includes symptomatic cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, calculus and acalculous ... In some studies, biliary tract disease is the most common diagnosis among elderly patients presenting with abdominal pain. ... Complications of biliary tract disease include gallbladder perforation, emphysematous cholecystitis, ascending cholangitis, and ... abdominal pain in elderly patients may vary by race due to the incidence of predisposing factors such as biliary tract disease ...
Renal disease is quite prevalent in patients presenting for surgery and is associated with increased likelihood of poor ... Renal Disease Normal renal function is important for the excretion of anesthetics and medications, maintaining fluid and acid- ... Renal, Liver, and Biliary Tract Disease. Renal Disease. Normal renal function is important for the excretion of anesthetics and ... Oct 21, 2019 , Posted by drzezo in ANESTHESIA , Comments Off on Renal, Liver, and Biliary Tract Disease ...
Use In Pancreatic/Biliary Tract Disease. Codeine sulfate should be used in caution in patients with biliary tract disease, ... Codeine can cause a marked increase in biliary tract pressure as a result of the spasm of the sphincter of Oddi. Codeine may ... Effects On The Gastrointestinal Tract And On Other Smooth Muscle. Gastric, biliary and pancreatic secretions may be decreased ... Parenteral drug abuse is commonly associated with transmission of infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV. ...
Gallstones can form within the gallbladder and get stuck within the biliary tract, leading to various diseases depending on the ... The biliary tract can also serve as a reservoir for intestinal tract infections. Since the biliary tract is an internal organ, ... The biliary tract (also biliary tree or biliary system) refers to the liver, gallbladder and bile ducts, and how they work ... Franco, J.; Saeian, K. (April 1999). "Biliary tract inflammatory disorders: primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary ...
Diseases of the liver and biliary system / Sheila Sherlock, James Dooley. by Sherlock, Sheila , Dooley, James. ... Liver and biliary disease : pathophysiology, diagnosis, management / Ralph Wright ... [et al.] by Wright, Ralph. ...
5 Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. ... We investigated the effect of devimistat in vitro and in a phase Ib clinical trial in patients with advanced biliary tract ... Devimistat in Combination with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Biliary Tract Cancer: Preclinical Evaluation and Phase Ib ...
616 Diseases (3)*616.3 Diseases of digestive system (3)*616.36 Diseases of biliary tract and liver (3)*616.362 Diseases of ... Items where Subject is "616.36 Diseases of biliary tract and liver" Up a level ...
Pancreas - Diseases - Imaging. Pancreas - Diseases - Diagnosis. Biliary tract - Diseases - Imaging. Biliary tract - Diseases - ... Biliary Tract Diseases - diagnostic imaging. Liver Diseases - diagnostic imaging. Pancreatic Diseases - diagnostic imaging. ... Biliary Tract -- 11. Anomalies and Anatomic Variants of the Biliary Tract -- 12. Cholangitis -- 13. Cholecystitis -- 14. ... practical guide to the diagnostic imaging of abdominal diseases. This volume, devoted to diseases of the liver, biliary tree, ...
... biliary tract disease; slowed heartbeat; low blood pressure; low blood levels of potassium; problems urinating; or pancreas, ... a group of diseases that affect the lungs and airways), or other lung disease. Your doctor may tell you not to use ... Tell your doctor if you have or have ever had breathing difficulties, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; ...
Use in Pancreatic/Biliary Tract Disease. Combunox (oxycodone hcl and ibuprofen) may cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi and ... should be used with caution in patients with biliary tract disease, including acute pancreatitis. Opioids like Combunox ( ... Patients with cardiovascular disease or risk factors for cardiovascular disease may be at greater risk (See WARNINGS). ... Advanced Renal Disease. In patients with advanced kidney disease, treatment with Combunox (oxycodone hcl and ibuprofen) is not ...
Biliary tract microbiota: A new kid on the block of liver diseases? European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. ... Biliary tract microbiota: A new kid on the block of liver diseases?. In: European Review for Medical and Pharmacological ... Biliary tract microbiota: A new kid on the block of liver diseases? / Nicoletti, Alberto; Ponziani, Francesca Romana; Nardella ... Primary biliary cholangitis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Biliary microbiota, Biliary tract cancer, Cholangiocarcinoma, ...
Fatty Liver Disease. *Follicular Thyroid Cancer. *Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Cancer. *Gallstones ...
Obstruction of the biliary tract can lead to severe complications. The common treatment of patients with biliary tract ... Acute Disease * Aged * Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures* / adverse effects * Blood Transfusion * Catheterization* ... Needle-knife or precut sphincterotomy has been described as technique to facilitate biliary access in patients with difficult ... Five patients (4.6%) required a percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. In 108 patients, there were 12 patients (11.1%) ...
... is an integral part of the diagnosis and management of gestational trophoblastic disease. Combined AFP and beta-hCG testing is ... Pancreatic cancer, biliary tract cancers. Colon, esophageal, and hepatic cancers. Pancreatitis, biliary disease, cirrhosis. , ... Cigarette smoking, peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, hypothyroidism, cirrhosis, biliary ... Pancreatic cancer, biliary tract cancer. No. Selected pancreatic masses. No. Helpful. AFP8,20,41 Hepatocellular carcinoma, ...
Elizabeth Onyeaso, MD is a infectious disease specialist in Fayetteville, NC. Dr. Onyeaso completed a residency at Jersey Shore ... Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Cancer ... View other providers who treat Gallbladder and Biliary Tract ... Alzheimers diseaseAnemiaArthritisAsthmaAutismBipolar disorderBreast cancerCancerConstipationCOPDCoronavirusCrohns disease ... Alzheimers diseaseMental healthAsthmaMigrainesBreast cancerMultiple sclerosisCancerParkinsons diseaseCoronavirusPsoriasis ...
Extrahepatic biliary diseases. Pathology and pathogenesis of extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction; classification, pathology ... alpha-1 antitrypsin liver disease, neonatal hepatitis.. Intrahepatic biliary diseases: biliary cirrhosis (primary and secondary ... Malabsorption syndromes: celiac disease and Whipples disease.. Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease: ulcerative colitis, ... Non-neoplastic smoke-related lung disease: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, small airways disease/respiratory ...
Disorders of gallbladder, biliary tract and pancreas in diseases classified elsewhere. K92.9. Disease of digestive system, ... When reported reason was a symptom due to an underline disease, a disease code was used (e.g., I51.9 for fluid retention due to ... When reported reason was for disease prevention, an appropriate ICD-10-CM code followed by a letter "P" was used. (e.g., A49.9P ... Each ICD-10-CM code is associated with a description (diseases, symptoms, health status, and so on). RXDRSD1 is missing for ...
The role of ERCP in benign diseases of the biliary tract Gastrointest Endosc 2015; Volume 81, Issue 4; P795-803 ... ASGE guideline on the role of endoscopy in the diagnosis of malignancy in biliary strictures of undetermined etiology: summary ... ASGE guideline on the role of endoscopy in the diagnosis of malignancy in biliary strictures of undetermined etiology: summary ... ASGE guideline on the role of endoscopy in the diagnosis of malignancy in biliary strictures of undetermined etiology: summary ...
Use in Pancreatic/Biliary Tract Disease KADIAN® may cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi and should be used with caution in ... patients with biliary tract disease, including acute pancreatitis. Opioids may cause increases in the serum amylase level. ... Morphine can cause a marked increase in biliary tract pressure as a result of spasm of the sphincter of Oddi. ... Effects on the Gastrointestinal Tract and Other Smooth Muscle Gastric, biliary and pancreatic secretions are decreased by ...
pancreatic or biliary tract disease. *intestinal problems. *Parkinsons disease. *liver disease. *kidney disease ...
Biliary Tract Microbiota and Its Clinical Significance in the Development of Biliary Diseases ... Minimally Invasive Management of Biliary Tract Injury Following Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Ata A. Rahnemai, Azar, Amir A. ... Comparative Analysis the Point of View of Traditional Medicine about Liver Anatomy and Biliary Tract with Modern Medicine ... Predicting Factors for the Communication between hydatid Cyst and Biliary Tract * Mojtaba Javaherzadeh, Ali Shekarchizadeh, ...
Other specified diseases of biliary tract K83.9 Disease of biliary tract, unspecified ... Crohns disease of both small and large intestine with fistula K50.814 Crohns disease of both small and large intestine with ... Crohns disease of both small and large intestine with rectal bleeding K50.812 Crohns disease of both small and large ... Crohns disease of both small and large intestine with other complication K50.819 Crohns disease of both small and large ...
Biliary Tract Disease * Blood In Stool * Bright Red Blood Per Rectum * Cholangitis ...
View other providers who treat Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Cancer Gastrointestinal Diseases ... Alzheimers diseaseAnemiaArthritisAsthmaAutismBipolar disorderBreast cancerCancerConstipationCOPDCoronavirusCrohns disease ... Alzheimers diseaseMental healthAsthmaMigrainesBreast cancerMultiple sclerosisCancerParkinsons diseaseCoronavirusPsoriasis ... Alzheimers diseaseMental healthAsthmaMigrainesBreast cancerMultiple sclerosisCancerParkinsons diseaseCoronavirusPsoriasis ...
  • Moreover, the intimate connection between the biliary tract, liver and pancreas, could reveal hidden influences on the development of diseases of these organs. (unicatt.it)
  • Chronic inflammatory conditions of the biliary tract, including Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC), can lead to hardening of the ducts in the biliary tree. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some of the concepts that emerged from the many outstanding presentations in liver transplantation, primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis , biliary atresia , and pediatric liver disease are highlighted here. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer like those enrolled in the trial would normally be expected to survive a few more months. (cancer.gov)
  • The regulatory agency has set a Prescription Drug User Fee Act date of February 7, 2024 for pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy as a treatment for patients with advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Supporting data for the sBLA came from the phase 3 KEYNOTE-966 trial (NCT04003636), in which investigators assessed the efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone in the treatment of patients with advanced unresectable or metastatic biliary tract cancer. (cancernetwork.com)
  • The FDA has accepted a supplemental biologics license application (sBLA) for pembrolizumab (Keytruda) plus gemcitabine and cisplatin for the treatment of those with locally advanced unresectable or metastatic biliary tract cancer, according to a press release from Merck. (cancernetwork.com)
  • We investigated the effect of devimistat in vitro and in a phase Ib clinical trial in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC). (nih.gov)
  • The combination, dabrafenib (Tafinlar) plus trametinib (Mekinist) , shrank tumors in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer and adenocarcinoma of the small intestine. (cancer.gov)
  • To investigate this, the researchers identified 76 randomized controlled trials of GLP-1 agonists in 103,371 patients that had data for the following safety outcomes: cholelithiasis (gallstones, 61 trials), cholecystitis (inflamed gallbladder, 53 trials), biliary disease (21 trials), cholecystectomy (surgical removal of the gallbladder, seven trials), and biliary cancer (12 trials). (medscape.com)
  • Gallstones can form within the gallbladder and get stuck within the biliary tract, leading to various diseases depending on the location of the stone. (wikipedia.org)
  • In particular, recent studies have suggested that microorganisms could play a significant role in the development of gallstones, pathogenesis of autoimmune cholangiopathies and biliary carcinogenesis. (unicatt.it)
  • Gallbladder disease, including cholelithiasis (gallstones), is common in the U.S. and often results in cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder). (health.mil)
  • These results do not rule out the possibility of Helicobacter infection as a contributing agent or cofactor in the development of biliary diseases. (who.int)
  • Other causes may include cholangitis and biliary sclerosis. (healthhype.com)
  • The mutation is found in about 15% of biliary tract cancers and adenocarcinomas of the small intestine, said one of the trial's lead investigators, Zev Wainberg, M.D., of the gastrointestinal oncology program at UCLA. (cancer.gov)
  • This study adds to our knowledge and reinforces that patients with biliary tract cancers should have their tumors sequenced or analyzed for molecular changes," Dr. Greten said. (cancer.gov)
  • Most biliary tract cancers go undetected until an advanced stage, at which point many patients are ineligible for surgery and have few treatment options," Scot Ebbinghaus, MD, vice president of Global Clinical Development at Merck Research Laboratories, said in the press release. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Significant elevations in mortality rates were seen for cancers of the liver, biliary tract, and gallbladder in the workers compared with expected rates. (cdc.gov)
  • Associations between specific microbiological patterns and inflammatory biliary diseases and cancer have been recently described. (unicatt.it)
  • In patients with biliary tract cancer, a combination of two targeted drugs can shrink tumors with a specific genetic mutation. (cancer.gov)
  • There are few effective treatments for either type of cancer, and long-term survival is poor, particularly for patients with biliary tract cancer. (cancer.gov)
  • Given that patients diagnosed with biliary tract cancer have "very poor prognoses" and limited therapeutic options, Dr. Wainberg said, "the results are very compelling. (cancer.gov)
  • Currently, the first-line therapy for biliary tract cancer is a combination of the chemotherapy drugs cisplatin and gemcitabine. (cancer.gov)
  • At the symposium, he reported that 13 of the 32 evaluable patients with biliary tract cancer and 2 of the 3 patients with adenocarcinoma of the small intestine had experienced enough reduction in the size of their tumors to be classified as a tumor response. (cancer.gov)
  • He noted that other genetic features found in some cases of biliary tract cancer-mutations in the IDH1 and IDH2 genes and FGFR fusion gene -are also under investigation as potential molecular targets for treatment, with ongoing clinical trials at various stages. (cancer.gov)
  • Working systematically through the viscera, the book first identifies the response to exercise and pathologies of the liver, gall bladder and biliary tract, then goes on to examine the function of the kidneys and bladder, and finally covers issues including the spleen, sickle cell disease and prostate cancer. (routledge.com)
  • Learn how to spot the warning signs of oral cancer before the disease can spread. (health.mil)
  • We look forward to working with the FDA to bring a new option to patients with advanced or unresectable biliary tract cancer that may help them live longer. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Biliary tract cancer is rising in incidence worldwide, and unfortunately most patients are diagnosed with this devastating type of cancer at an advanced stage, when the 5-year survival rate is less than 5%," Robin Kate Kelley, MD, professor of Clinical Medicine in the Division of Hematology/Oncology at the University of California, San Francisco, said at the time of the data readout. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Patients 18 years and older with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of advanced or unresectable biliary tract cancer and measurable disease based on RECIST v1.1 criteria were eligible to enroll on the trial. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Compared with rates for United States white males, deaths within the cohort from all causes were lower than expected as was overall cancer mortality and mortality due to lung and colon cancer, cardiovascular disease, and heart disease. (cdc.gov)
  • When compared with ethnic specific referents, the mortality from lung cancer within the cohort was increased as was mortality from ischemic heart disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Since the biliary tract is an internal organ, it has no somatic nerve supply, and biliary colic due to infection and inflammation of the biliary tract is not a somatic pain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antibiotic coverage should be for gram-negative enteric flora and anaerobes if biliary tract infection is suspected. (medscape.com)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that in areas of the United States where the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is 0.1% or greater __________ be screened for HCV. (mdedge.com)
  • The most common foci of infection were biliary tract infections (n=17) followed by gastrointestinal infections (n=7). (lu.se)
  • Factors associated with an increased risk for PSC recurrence include a high Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, first-degree relative donors, post-transplant cytomegalovirus infection , and early biliary anastomotic complications. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital hepatic fibrosis results from a malformation of the ductal plate (the embryological precursor of the biliary system), secondary biliary strictures, and periportal fibrosis. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital heart diseases: principal alterations. (unibo.it)
  • Congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF) is an autosomal recessive disease that primarily affects the hepatobiliary and renal systems. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital hepatic fibrosis is one of the fibropolycystic diseases, which also include Caroli disease , autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). (medscape.com)
  • Congenital hepatic fibrosis is associated with an impairment of renal functions, usually caused by an ARPKD, which is a severe form of polycystic kidney disease . (medscape.com)
  • Congenital hepatic fibrosis is a ductal plate malformation of the small interlobular bile ducts, whereas Caroli disease involves the large intrahepatic bile ducts. (medscape.com)
  • Gallstone disease, or cholelithiasis, is very common in the United States, impacting over 20 million people. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gastrointestinal investigated K. pneumoniae isolates from healthy carriers that were genetically similar to liver abscess isolates to Tract and Pyogenic assess whether colonization of virulent K. pneumoniae occurs in these persons, which could subsequently lead to Liver Abscess development of liver abscess. (cdc.gov)
  • Bacterial isolates from liver and fecal samples from 10 patients with this condition and 7 healthy carriers originated from the gastrointestinal tract of patients, we showed identical serotypes and genotypes with the same concomitantly tested all liver aspirate, saliva, nasal swab, virulence. (cdc.gov)
  • The results "indicate that physicians and patients should be concerned about the risks of gallbladder or biliary diseases with using GLP-1 agonists," study authors Liyun He and colleagues from Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China, summarize. (medscape.com)
  • Elderly patients often have underlying cardiovascular and pulmonary disease, which decreases physiologic reserve and predisposes them to conditions such as abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and mesenteric ischemia . (medscape.com)
  • Renal disease is quite prevalent in patients presenting for surgery and is associated with increased likelihood of poor postoperative outcomes. (aneskey.com)
  • Patients with cardiovascular disease or risk factors for cardiovascular disease may be at greater risk (See WARNINGS ). (globalrph.com)
  • The common treatment of patients with biliary tract obstruction is the decompression by endoscopic procedures. (nih.gov)
  • Needle-knife or precut sphincterotomy has been described as technique to facilitate biliary access in patients with difficult bile duct cannulation. (nih.gov)
  • Five patients (4.6%) required a percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. (nih.gov)
  • Nevertheless, tumor markers can play a crucial role in detecting disease and assessing response to therapy in selected groups of patients. (aafp.org)
  • In monitoring patients for disease recurrence, tumor marker levels should be determined only when there is a potential for meaningful treatment. (aafp.org)
  • ASGE evidence-based guidelines provide clinicians with recommendations for the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of patients undergoing endoscopic procedures of the digestive tract. (asge.org)
  • The trial enrolled patients whose disease had already progressed on standard treatments . (cancer.gov)
  • ABSTRACT Earlier reports on the detection of Helicobacter DNA in the gallbladder tissue of patients with biliary diseases have shown discordant results. (who.int)
  • Elevated plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were identified as predictors of mortality in patients with oncologic, hepatic and renal diseases, and in elderly and critically ill medical patients. (mdpi.com)
  • Patients admitted with acute or chronic biliary pathology. (who.int)
  • RESULTS: Of 3378 studies screened by title and abstract, 54 were included (34 randomized controlled trials, 5 prospective case-control studies, 13 retrospective case-control studies: in total 2308 patients BCAA supplementation, 2876 disease-controls). (bvsalud.org)
  • Significant advances in the diagnosis and management of patients with liver disease were presented at The Liver Meeting® 2014, which is the annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD). (medscape.com)
  • Key presentations addressed questions about donor shortages and the challenges facing patients who have undergone transplantation-specifically, recurrence of disease and complications of immune suppression. (medscape.com)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • Inclusion in the update does not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention nor does it imply endorsement of the article's methods or findings. (cdc.gov)
  • The biliary tract can also serve as a reservoir for intestinal tract infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the vast majority of such studies have analyzed the interactions taking place in the intestinal tract. (unicatt.it)
  • To each sample, new approaches to the management of creatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, 200 µL of AL buffer were added and various gastroduodenal disorders [1]. (who.int)
  • Liraglutide "has drawn the most attention" about this risk, and a post-hoc analysis of the LEADER trial found a significantly increased risk of acute biliary obstruction with liraglutide versus placebo. (medscape.com)
  • Obstruction of the biliary tract can lead to severe complications. (nih.gov)
  • However, cannulation of the common bile duct can be difficult under certain instances because of anatomical variations or obstruction at the biliary entrance level. (nih.gov)
  • METHODS: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for studies with BCAA supplementation with presence of a disease-control group (placebo or no intervention) using search terms "liver cirrhosis", "hepatocellular carcinoma", "branched chain amino acids" and relevant synonyms. (bvsalud.org)
  • Biliary tract microbiota: A new kid on the block of liver diseases? (unicatt.it)
  • Further studies are needed to deepen the comprehension of the influence of the biliary microbiota in human pathology. (unicatt.it)
  • This knowledge could lead to the formulation of strategies for modulating the biliary microbiota in order to treat and prevent these pathological conditions. (unicatt.it)
  • Testing for the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) is an integral part of the diagnosis and management of gestational trophoblastic disease. (aafp.org)
  • Granulomatous lung diseases: sarcoidosis and tuberculosis (and their differential diagnosis). (unibo.it)
  • Chronic cases of acid reflux, which is also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD ), and can lead to a number of complications if left untreated. (healthhype.com)
  • 0.001) and clubbing (p = 0.001) than the CF unlikely group, but less frequent respiratory tract infections with CF pathogens than the CF-PS group (p = 0.05). (bmj.com)
  • Urinary tract infections were not commonly caused by NFE (n=1), and no episodes of IE were caused by NFE. (lu.se)
  • Dr. Elizabeth Onyeaso, MD is an Infectious Disease Specialist in Fayetteville, NC. (sharecare.com)
  • Dr. Onyeaso is board certified in Infectious Disease and accepts multiple insurance plans. (sharecare.com)
  • Trauma and Post-treatment Complications of the Biliary Tract -- Part III. (nshealth.ca)
  • Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER. (wakehealth.edu)
  • The biliary tract (also biliary tree or biliary system) refers to the liver, gallbladder and bile ducts, and how they work together to make, store and secrete bile. (wikipedia.org)
  • The system is usually referred to as the biliary tract or system, and can include the use of the term "hepatobiliary" when used to refer just to the liver and bile ducts. (wikipedia.org)
  • The name biliary tract is used to refer to all of the ducts, structures and organs involved in the production, storage and secretion of bile. (wikipedia.org)
  • Avoid in peptic ulcer disease. (empr.com)
  • The supernatant was to peptic ulcer disease, gastritis and gastric excluded from the study. (who.int)
  • Biliary tract focus is common in NFE bacteraemia whereas IE and urinary tract focus are uncommon. (lu.se)
  • It is characterized by hepatic fibrosis, portal hypertension, and renal cystic disease. (medscape.com)
  • The hepatic disease progresses to develop portal hypertension associated with splenomegaly and esophageal varices. (medscape.com)
  • Biliary Tract Diseases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (wakehealth.edu)
  • Gallbladder disease and cholecystectomy are not rare, affecting approximately 1 out of every 1,000 service members per year. (health.mil)
  • Bringing together a previously disparate body of research, Professor Roy Shephard sets out the physiology, function during exercise, pathology of disease, and role of physical activity in preventing and managing disease in the visceral organs. (routledge.com)
  • Anomalies and Anatomic Variants of the Biliary Tract -- 12. (nshealth.ca)
  • Ischemic heart disease: pathogenesis and morphological features of angina pectoris, chronic ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction (timing of the progression of ischemic necrosis in myocardial infarction: evaluation methods). (unibo.it)
  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Tubo-ovarian Abscess. (stanford.edu)
  • In addition, their pain is likely to be much less severe than expected for a particular disease. (medscape.com)
  • Both the El Tor and classic biotypes of V. cholerae O1 can cause severe disease. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Physical Activity and the Abdominal Viscera is the first book to examine the response of the visceral organs to acute and chronic physical activity, in cases of both health and disease. (routledge.com)
  • Does Donor Type Influence Recurrence of Liver Disease? (medscape.com)
  • A structure common to most members of the mammal family, the biliary tract is often referred to as a tree because it begins with many small branches that end in the common bile duct, sometimes referred to as the trunk of the biliary tree. (wikipedia.org)
  • The family of fibropolycystic diseases are characterized by varying degrees of persistent bile duct structures, fibrosis, and duct dilatation. (medscape.com)
  • Diffuse Liver Disease -- 3. (nshealth.ca)
  • We wanted to explore evidence for BCAA supplementation in chronic liver disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • The biliary tract refers to the path by which bile is secreted by the liver then transported to the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. (wikipedia.org)
  • The term gallbladder disease refers to a variety of conditions of the gallbladder and the biliary tract. (health.mil)
  • Non-neoplastic smoke-related lung disease: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, small airways disease/respiratory bronchiolitis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the lung. (unibo.it)
  • a group of diseases that affect the lungs and airways), or other lung disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Chronic restrictive diseases: classification of various types of histological patterns in interstitial lung disease (usual interstitial pneumonia, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia). (unibo.it)
  • Hence, biliary dysbiosis may be a primary trigger in the pathogenesis of biliary diseases. (unicatt.it)
  • Valvular heart disease: morphology and pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease, aortic stenosis, mitral valve prolapse, infective endocarditis, non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis. (unibo.it)
  • Myocardial diseases: pathogenesis and morphological features of myocarditis and cardiomyopathies, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy (amyloidosis) and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. (unibo.it)
  • Pericardial disease: pathogenesis and morphological features of pericarditis and pericardial effusions. (unibo.it)