Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms are defined as abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the respiratory system, including the nose, sinuses, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, and lungs, which can be benign or malignant, with the potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality.
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
The BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
Any surgical procedure performed on the biliary tract.
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.
Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the COMMON BILE DUCT and the common hepatic duct (HEPATIC DUCT, COMMON).
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).
Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.
A storage reservoir for BILE secretion. Gallbladder allows the delivery of bile acids at a high concentration and in a controlled manner, via the CYSTIC DUCT to the DUODENUM, for degradation of dietary lipid.
Surgical removal of the GALLBLADDER.
A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the COMMON BILE DUCT and the MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
The channels that collect and transport the bile secretion from the BILE CANALICULI, the smallest branch of the BILIARY TRACT in the LIVER, through the bile ductules, the bile ducts out the liver, and to the GALLBLADDER for storage.
Surgical formation of an opening (stoma) into the COMMON BILE DUCT for drainage or for direct communication with a site in the small intestine, primarily the DUODENUM or JEJUNUM.
The largest bile duct. It is formed by the junction of the CYSTIC DUCT and the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT.
An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).
Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.
Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.
An imaging test of the BILIARY TRACT in which a contrast dye (RADIOPAQUE MEDIA) is injected into the BILE DUCT and x-ray pictures are taken.
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.
Impairment of bile flow in the large BILE DUCTS by mechanical obstruction or stricture due to benign or malignant processes.
Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct.
A congenital anatomic malformation of a bile duct, including cystic dilatation of the extrahepatic bile duct or the large intrahepatic bile duct. Classification is based on the site and type of dilatation. Type I is most common.
Deoxycytidine is a nucleoside consisting of the pentose sugar deoxyribose linked to the nitrogenous base cytosine, which plays a crucial role in DNA replication and repair processes within cells.
Diseases of the GALLBLADDER. They generally involve the impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, neoplasms, or other diseases.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.
Sialylated Lewis blood group carbohydrate antigen found in many adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract, especially pancreatic tumors.
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.
Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A MAMMAGLOBIN A-related secretoglobin that is expressed in several HUMAN tissues including the UTERUS; BREAST; SALIVARY GLAND; and LACRIMAL GLAND.
Surgical formation of an opening through the ABDOMINAL WALL into the JEJUNUM, usually for enteral hyperalimentation.
Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.
The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.
Generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the MOUTH to ANUS, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
The duct that is connected to the GALLBLADDER and allows the emptying of bile into the COMMON BILE DUCT.
The duct which coveys URINE from the pelvis of the KIDNEY through the URETERS, BLADDER, and URETHRA.

Gallstones, cholecystectomy and risk of cancers of the liver, biliary tract and pancreas. (1/338)

To examine the association between gallstones and cholecystectomy, we conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study in Denmark. Patients with a discharge diagnosis of gallstones from 1977 to 1989 were identified from the Danish National Registry of Patients and followed up for cancer occurrence until death or the end of 1993 by record linkage to the Danish Cancer Registry. Included in the cohort were 60 176 patients, with 471 450 person-years of follow-up. Cancer risks were estimated by standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) stratified by years of follow-up and by cholecystectomy status. Among patients without cholecystectomy, the risks at 5 or more years of follow-up were significantly elevated for cancers of liver (SIR = 2.0, CI = 1.2-3.1) and gallbladder (SIR = 2.7, CI = 1.5-4.4) and near unity for cancers of extrahepatic bile duct (SIR = 1.1), ampulla of Vater (SIR = 1.0) and pancreas (SIR = 1.1). The excess risk of liver cancer was seen only among patients with a history of hepatic disease. Among cholecystectomy patients, the risks at 5 or more years of follow-up declined for cancers of liver (SIR = 1.1) and extrahepatic bile duct (SIR = 0.7), but were elevated for cancers of ampulla of Vater (SIR = 2.0, CI = 1.0-3.7) and pancreas (SIR = 1.3, CI = 1.1-1.6). These findings confirm that gallstone disease increases the risk of gallbladder cancer, whereas cholecystectomy appears to increase the risk of cancers of ampulla of Vater and pancreas. Further research is needed to clarify the carcinogenic risks associated with gallstones and cholecystectomy and to define the mechanisms involved.  (+info)

Cancer risks in BRCA2 mutation carriers. (2/338)

BACKGROUND: Carriers of germline mutations in the BRCA2 gene are known to be at high risk of breast and ovarian cancers, but the risks of other cancers in mutation carriers are uncertain. We investigated these risks in 173 breast-ovarian cancer families with BRCA2 mutations identified at 20 centers in Europe and North America. METHODS: Other cancer occurrence was determined in a final cohort of 3728 individuals, among whom 681 persons had breast or ovarian cancer and 3047 persons either were known mutation carriers, were first-degree relatives of known mutation carriers, or were first-degree relatives of breast or ovarian cancer patients. Incidence rates were compared with population-specific incidence rates, and relative risks (RRs) to carriers, together with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were estimated by use of a maximum likelihood approach. Three hundred thirty-three other cancers occurred in this cohort. RESULTS: Statistically significant increases in risks were observed for prostate cancer (estimated RR = 4.65; 95% CI = 3.48-6.22), pancreatic cancer (RR = 3.51; 95% CI = 1. 87-6.58), gallbladder and bile duct cancer (RR = 4.97; 95% CI = 1. 50-16.52), stomach cancer (RR = 2.59; 95%CI = 1.46-4.61), and malignant melanoma (RR = 2.58; 95% CI = 1.28-5.17). The RR for prostate cancer for men below the age of 65 years was 7.33 (95% CI = 4.66-11.52). Among women who had already developed breast cancer, the cumulative risks of a second, contralateral breast cancer and of ovarian cancer by the age of 70 years were estimated to be 52.3% (95% CI = 41.7%-61.0%) and 15.9% (95% CI = 8.8%-22.5%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the large risks of breast and ovarian cancers, BRCA2 mutations may be associated with increased risks of several other cancers.  (+info)

Time-resolved immunofluorometric assay of trypsin-1 complexed with alpha(1)-antitrypsin in serum: increased immunoreactivity in patients with biliary tract cancer. (3/338)

BACKGROUND: Increased serum concentrations of trypsin immunoreactivity occur in patients with biliary tract cancer. To characterize this trypsin, we developed a sensitive time-resolved immunofluorometric assay for trypsin-1 complexed with alpha(1)-antitrypsin (AAT) and studied the concentrations of this complex in sera from healthy individuals (n = 130) and patients with benign biliary disease (n = 32), biliary tract cancer (n = 17), pancreatic cancer (n = 27), and hepatocellular cancer (n = 12). METHODS: We used a trypsin-1-specific monoclonal antibody on the solid phase and a europium-labeled polyclonal antibody to AAT as tracer. The detection limit was 0.42 microgram/L. The validity of the trypsin-1-AAT test for detection of biliary tract cancer was compared with trypsin-2-AAT and CA19-9. RESULTS: Increased concentrations of trypsin-1-AAT (>33 microgram/L) were found in 76% of patients with biliary tract cancer, and the concentrations were significantly higher than in those with benign biliary disease (P <0. 0001). The median concentration of trypsin-1-AAT in serum from patients with biliary tract cancer was 3.7-fold higher than in healthy controls, 2.6-fold higher than in patients with benign biliary tract disease, 1.7-fold higher than in patients with pancreatic cancer, and 2.0-fold higher than in patients with hepatocellular cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Of the markers studied, trypsin-1-AAT had the largest area (0.83) under the receiver operating curve in differentiating biliary tract cancer from benign biliary tract disease. Our results suggest that trypsin-1-AAT is a new potential marker for biliary tract cancer.  (+info)

Genetic detection for micrometastasis in lymph node of biliary tract carcinoma. (4/338)

The presence of regional lymph node metastasis is one of the most significant poor-prognosis factors in patients with biliary tract carcinoma. To establish a sensitive reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay to detect micrometastases in lymph nodes of biliary tract carcinoma, we first investigated the optimal markers in biliary tract carcinoma. The expressions of the six candidates for a suitable RT-PCR marker [mammaglobin B, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin (CK) 20, prostate-specific antigen, and melanoma antigens (MAGE-1 and MAGE-3)] were evaluated in two bile duct cancer cell lines and human biliary tract carcinoma tissues. Of 32 carcinoma tissues, mammaglobin B, CEA, prostate-specific antigen, MAGE-1, MAGE-3, and CK 20 were expressed in 28 (88%), 26 (81%), 4 (13%), 5 (16%), 7 (22%), and 9 (28%), respectively. Mammaglobin B and CEA were considered to be good markers of the six candidates. We then examined 209 lymph nodes obtained from 15 patients with biliary tract carcinoma by RT-PCR assay using both mammaglobin B and CEA and compared the results with those of histological examination. All of 20 histologically positive lymph nodes for metastasis displayed the PCR product(s) of marker genes. Of 189 histologically negative nodes, 24 (13%) nodes expressed mammaglobin B and/or CEA mRNA, suggesting the presence of micrometastasis. Our findings suggest that mammaglobin B and CEA could be useful RT-PCR markers for the detection of lymph node micrometastases in biliary tract carcinomas. Our RT-PCR assay allows accurate clinical staging necessary for patient stratification with respect to adjuvant therapy after surgery.  (+info)

Chemoprevention of biliary carcinogenesis in syrian hamsters by the novel carboxamide derivative IS-741 after initiation with N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP). (5/338)

To elucidate the possible inhibitory effect of a novel carboxamide derivative (IS-741) on biliary carcinogenesis, Syrian hamsters were subjected to cholecystoduodenostomy and ligation of the distal end of the common duct, and then given a regular diet (group I) or a diet containing 200 p.p.m. of IS-741 (group II). All hamsters were subcutaneously injected with N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine until 10 weeks after surgery, and continued to feed on their respective dietary regimen until termination of the experiment at 16 weeks after surgery. Biliary adenocarcinomas were evaluated histologically. Non-cancerous and cancerous hepatobiliary tract tissues were analyzed for phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and the concentrations of prostaglandin (PG), i.e., prostaglandin E(2), 6-ketoprostaglandin F(1)alpha and thromboxane B(2). IS-741 significantly inhibited the development and multiplicity of hepatobiliary adenocarcinomas and reduced the proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling indices in non-cancerous hepatobiliary tissues, compared with group I. The anti-cancerous effect of IS-741 was associated with a significant inhibition of PLA(2) and MPO levels in non-cancerous tissues of the extrahepatic biliary tract and the liver, and in cancerous tissue of the liver. Furthermore, IS-741 reduced the production of PGs in non-cancerous hepatobiliary tissues, compared with group I. Although the precise mechanism of action of IS-741 in preventing biliary tumorigenesis remains to be elucidated, it is likely to be related to modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism and/or suppression of neutrophil accumulation.  (+info)

Morphine plus bupivacaine vs. morphine peridural analgesia in abdominal surgery: the effects on postoperative course in major hepatobiliary surgery. (6/338)

Anaesthesia and surgical procedures lead to a reduction of intestinal motility, and opioids may produce a postoperative ileus, that might delay postoperative feeding. The aim of this prospective randomised study is to test whether or not different kinds of epidural analgesia (Group A: morphine 0.0017 mg/kg/h and bupivacaine 0.125%-0.058 mg/kg/h; Group B: morphine alone 0.035 mg/kg/12h in the postoperative period) allow earlier postoperative enteral feeding, enhance intestinal motility a passage of flatus and help avoid complications, such as nausea, vomiting, ileus, diarrhoea, pneumonia or other infective diseases. We included in the study 60 patients (28 males and 32 females) with a mean age of 61.2 years (range 50-70) and with an ASA score of 2 or 3. All patients had hepato-biliary-pancreatic neoplasm and were candidates for major surgery. We compared two different pharmacological approaches, i.e., morphine plus bupivacaine (30 patients, Group A) versus morphine alone (30 patients, Group B). Each medication was administered by means of a thoracic epidural catheter for the control of postoperative pain. In the postoperative course we recorded every 6 hours peristaltic activity. We also noted morbidity (pneumonia, wound sepsis) and mortality. Effective peristalsis was present in all patients in Group A within the first six postoperative hours; in Group B, after 30 hours. Six patients in Group A had bowel motions in the first postoperative day, 11 in the second day, 10 in the third day and 3 in fourth day, while in Group B none in the first day, two in the second, 7 in the third, 15 in the fourth, and 6 in the fifth: the difference between the two groups was significant (p<0.05 in 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th days). Pneumonia occurred in 2 patients of Group A, and in 10 of Group B (p < 0.05). We conclude that epidural analgesia with morphine plus bupivacaine allowed a move rapid return to normal gut activity and early enteral nutrition compared with epidural analgesia with morphine alone.  (+info)

Historical cohort study of 10 109 men in the North American vinyl chloride industry, 1942-72: update of cancer mortality to 31 December 1995. (7/338)

OBJECTIVES: To update and assess mortality from neoplasms to 31 December 1995 among 10 109 men employed in a job exposed to vinyl chloride for at least 1 year between 1942 and 1972 at any of 37 North American factories. Previous analyses indicated associations between employment in vinyl production and increased mortality risk from cancers of the liver and biliary tract, due to increased mortality from angiosarcoma of the liver, and brain cancer. METHODS: Standardised mortality ratio (SMR) analyses, overall and stratified by several work related variables, were conducted with United States and state reference rates. Cox's proportional hazards models and stratified log rank tests were used to further assess occupational factors. RESULTS: 895 of 3191 deaths (28%) were from malignant neoplasms, 505 since the previous update to the end of 1982. Mortality from all causes showed a deficit (SMR 83, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 80 to 86), whereas mortality from all cancers combined was similar to state referent rates. Mortality from cancers of the liver and biliary tract was clearly increased (SMR 359, 95% CI 284 to 446). Modest excesses of brain cancer (SMR 142, 95% CI 100 to 197) and cancer of connective and soft tissue (SMR 270, 95% CI 139 to 472) were found. Stratified SMR and Cox's proportional hazard analyses supported associations with age at first exposure, duration of exposure, and year of first exposure for cancers of the liver and soft tissues, but not the brain. CONCLUSIONS: Excess mortality risk from cancer of the liver and biliary tract, largely due to angiosarcoma, continues. Risk of mortality from brain cancer has attenuated, but its relation with exposure to vinyl chloride remains unclear. A potentially work related excess of deaths from cancer of connective and soft tissue was found for the first time, but was based on few cancers of assorted histology.  (+info)

A necessary and sufficient condition of comparability for using standardized mortality ratio (SMR). (8/338)

A necessary and sufficient condition of comparability for using SMR was studied mathematically by considering the equivalence between SMR and CMF, as CMF was a perfectly comparable index. This condition was expressed by either proportionality of mortality vectors or proportionality of projected person-years to the plane spanned by mortality vectors of reference and index groups. We could obtain another expression of the condition, in which affect of distortions were easily understood, which consist of three factors: distortion of proportionality of mortality, distortion of person-years and similarity of distortions. Our results were applied to study the mortality of biliary tract cancer in Ibaraki Prefecture. Places where absolute difference between CMF and SMR exceeds some criterion (say, 0.15) were Satomi, Ushiboiri, Nihari in males and Gozenyama, Suifu and Asahi in females. All three distortion indices exceeded their upper 95% percentiles in Satomi in males.  (+info)

Biliary tract neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the biliary system, which includes the gallbladder, bile ducts inside and outside the liver, and the ducts that connect the liver to the small intestine. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Malignant biliary tract neoplasms are often referred to as cholangiocarcinoma if they originate in the bile ducts, or gallbladder cancer if they arise in the gallbladder. These cancers are relatively rare but can be aggressive and difficult to treat. They can cause symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, weight loss, and dark urine.

Risk factors for biliary tract neoplasms include chronic inflammation of the biliary system, primary sclerosing cholangitis, liver cirrhosis, hepatitis B or C infection, parasitic infections, and certain genetic conditions. Early detection and treatment can improve outcomes for patients with these neoplasms.

Respiratory tract neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, and lungs. These growths can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Malignant neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade nearby tissues, spread to other parts of the body, and interfere with normal respiratory function, leading to serious health consequences.

Respiratory tract neoplasms can have various causes, including genetic factors, exposure to environmental carcinogens such as tobacco smoke, asbestos, and radon, and certain viral infections. Symptoms of respiratory tract neoplasms may include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pain, hoarseness, or blood in the sputum. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or PET scans, as well as biopsies to determine the type and extent of the tumor. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Biliary tract diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the biliary system, which includes the gallbladder, bile ducts, and liver. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine through the bile ducts to help digest fats.

Biliary tract diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, fever, nausea, vomiting, and changes in stool color. Some of the common biliary tract diseases include:

1. Gallstones: Small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts made up of cholesterol or bilirubin.
2. Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by gallstones.
3. Cholangitis: Infection or inflammation of the bile ducts.
4. Biliary dyskinesia: A motility disorder that affects the contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the biliary system.
5. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: A chronic autoimmune disease that causes scarring and narrowing of the bile ducts.
6. Biliary tract cancer: Rare cancers that affect the gallbladder, bile ducts, or liver.

Treatment for biliary tract diseases varies depending on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, surgery, or a combination of both.

The biliary tract is a system of ducts that transport bile from the liver to the gallbladder and then to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the breakdown and absorption of fats in the small intestine. The main components of the biliary tract are:

1. Intrahepatic bile ducts: These are the smaller branches of bile ducts located within the liver that collect bile from the liver cells or hepatocytes.
2. Gallbladder: A small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver, which stores and concentrates bile received from the intrahepatic bile ducts. The gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine when food is ingested, particularly fats, to aid digestion.
3. Common hepatic duct: This is a duct that forms by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts, which carry bile from the right and left lobes of the liver, respectively.
4. Cystic duct: A short duct that connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct, forming the beginning of the common bile duct.
5. Common bile duct: This is a larger duct formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct. It carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine.
6. Pancreatic duct: A separate duct that originates from the pancreas, a gland located near the liver and stomach. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just before they both enter the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine.
7. Ampulla of Vater: This is the dilated portion where the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct join together and empty their contents into the duodenum through a shared opening called the papilla of Vater.

Disorders related to the biliary tract include gallstones, cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), bile duct stones, bile duct strictures or obstructions, and primary sclerosing cholangitis, among others.

Biliary tract surgical procedures refer to a range of operations that involve the biliary system, which includes the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts. These procedures can be performed for various reasons, including the treatment of gallstones, bile duct injuries, tumors, or other conditions affecting the biliary tract. Here are some examples of biliary tract surgical procedures:

1. Cholecystectomy: This is the surgical removal of the gallbladder, which is often performed to treat symptomatic gallstones or chronic cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder). It can be done as an open procedure or laparoscopically.
2. Bile duct exploration: This procedure involves opening the common bile duct to remove stones, strictures, or tumors. It is often performed during a cholecystectomy if there is suspicion of common bile duct involvement.
3. Hepaticojejunostomy: This operation connects the liver's bile ducts directly to a portion of the small intestine called the jejunum, bypassing a damaged or obstructed segment of the biliary tract. It is often performed for benign or malignant conditions affecting the bile ducts.
4. Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy: This procedure involves creating a Y-shaped limb of jejunum and connecting it to the liver's bile ducts, bypassing the common bile duct and duodenum. It is often performed for complex biliary tract injuries or malignancies.
5. Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy): This extensive operation involves removing the head of the pancreas, the duodenum, a portion of the jejunum, the gallbladder, and the common bile duct. It is performed for malignancies involving the pancreas, bile duct, or duodenum.
6. Liver resection: This procedure involves removing a portion of the liver to treat primary liver tumors (hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma) or metastatic cancer from other organs.
7. Biliary stenting or bypass: These minimally invasive procedures involve placing a stent or creating a bypass to relieve bile duct obstructions caused by tumors, strictures, or stones. They can be performed endoscopically (ERCP) or percutaneously (PTC).
8. Cholecystectomy: This procedure involves removing the gallbladder, often for symptomatic cholelithiasis (gallstones) or cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder). It can be performed laparoscopically or open.
9. Biliary drainage: This procedure involves placing a catheter to drain bile from the liver or bile ducts, often for acute or chronic obstructions caused by tumors, strictures, or stones. It can be performed endoscopically (ERCP) or percutaneously (PTC).
10. Bilioenteric anastomosis: This procedure involves connecting the biliary tract to a portion of the small intestine, often for benign or malignant conditions affecting the bile ducts or pancreas. It can be performed open or laparoscopically.

Gallbladder neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the tissue of the gallbladder, which can be benign or malignant. Benign neoplasms are non-cancerous and typically do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant neoplasms, also known as gallbladder cancer, can invade nearby tissues and organs and may metastasize (spread) to distant parts of the body. Gallbladder neoplasms can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, and nausea, but they are often asymptomatic until they have advanced to an advanced stage. The exact causes of gallbladder neoplasms are not fully understood, but risk factors include gallstones, chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, and certain inherited genetic conditions.

Cholangiocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from the cells that line the bile ducts, which are small tubes that carry digestive enzymes from the liver to the small intestine. It can occur in different parts of the bile duct system, including the bile ducts inside the liver (intrahepatic), the bile ducts outside the liver (extrahepatic), and the area where the bile ducts join the pancreas and small intestine (ampulla of Vater).

Cholangiocarcinoma is a relatively rare cancer, but its incidence has been increasing in recent years. It can be difficult to diagnose because its symptoms are often nonspecific and similar to those of other conditions, such as gallstones or pancreatitis. Treatment options depend on the location and stage of the cancer, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Bile duct neoplasms, also known as cholangiocarcinomas, refer to a group of malignancies that arise from the bile ducts. These are the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. Bile duct neoplasms can be further classified based on their location as intrahepatic (within the liver), perihilar (at the junction of the left and right hepatic ducts), or distal (in the common bile duct).

These tumors are relatively rare, but their incidence has been increasing in recent years. They can cause a variety of symptoms, including jaundice, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fever. The diagnosis of bile duct neoplasms typically involves imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, as well as blood tests to assess liver function. In some cases, a biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment options for bile duct neoplasms depend on several factors, including the location and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment for early-stage tumors, while chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be used in more advanced cases. For patients who are not candidates for surgery, palliative treatments such as stenting or bypass procedures may be recommended to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.

Extrahepatic bile ducts refer to the portion of the biliary system that lies outside the liver. The biliary system is responsible for producing, storing, and transporting bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver.

The extrahepatic bile ducts include:

1. The common hepatic duct: This duct is formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts, which drain bile from the corresponding lobes of the liver.
2. The cystic duct: This short duct connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct, allowing bile to flow into the gallbladder for storage and concentration.
3. The common bile duct: This is the result of the fusion of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct. It transports bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, where it aids in fat digestion.
4. The ampulla of Vater (or hepatopancreatic ampulla): This is a dilated area where the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct join and empty their contents into the duodenum through a shared opening called the major duodenal papilla.

Extrahepatic bile ducts can be affected by various conditions, such as gallstones, inflammation (cholangitis), strictures, or tumors, which may require medical or surgical intervention.

Gallstones are small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder, a small organ located under the liver. They can range in size from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. Gallstones can be made of cholesterol, bile pigments, or calcium salts, or a combination of these substances.

There are two main types of gallstones: cholesterol stones and pigment stones. Cholesterol stones are the most common type and are usually yellow-green in color. They form when there is too much cholesterol in the bile, which causes it to become saturated and form crystals that eventually grow into stones. Pigment stones are smaller and darker in color, ranging from brown to black. They form when there is an excess of bilirubin, a waste product produced by the breakdown of red blood cells, in the bile.

Gallstones can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating, especially after eating fatty foods. In some cases, gallstones can lead to serious complications, such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), infection, or blockage of the bile ducts, which can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes.

The exact cause of gallstones is not fully understood, but risk factors include being female, older age, obesity, a family history of gallstones, rapid weight loss, diabetes, and certain medical conditions such as cirrhosis or sickle cell anemia. Treatment for gallstones may involve medication to dissolve the stones, shock wave therapy to break them up, or surgery to remove the gallbladder.

Cholelithiasis is a medical term that refers to the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver that stores bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. Gallstones are hardened deposits that can form in the gallbladder when substances in the bile, such as cholesterol or bilirubin, crystallize.

Gallstones can vary in size and may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball. Some people with gallstones may not experience any symptoms, while others may have severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) if the gallstones block the bile ducts.

Cholelithiasis is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly women over the age of 40 and those with certain medical conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and rapid weight loss. If left untreated, gallstones can lead to serious complications such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), infection, or pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). Treatment options for cholelithiasis include medication, shock wave lithotripsy (breaking up the gallstones with sound waves), and surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy).

Intrahepatic bile ducts are the small tubular structures inside the liver that collect bile from the liver cells (hepatocytes). Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from food. The intrahepatic bile ducts merge to form larger ducts, which eventually exit the liver and join with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct. The common bile duct then empties into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, where bile aids in digestion. Intrahepatic bile ducts can become obstructed or damaged due to various conditions such as gallstones, tumors, or inflammation, leading to complications like jaundice, liver damage, and infection.

Cholangitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the bile ducts, which are the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver that helps break down fats in food.

There are two types of cholangitis: acute and chronic. Acute cholangitis is a sudden and severe infection that can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and dark urine. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection that enters the bile ducts through a blockage or obstruction.

Chronic cholangitis, on the other hand, is a long-term inflammation of the bile ducts that can lead to scarring and narrowing of the ducts. This can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, itching, and jaundice. Chronic cholangitis can be caused by various factors, including primary sclerosing cholangitis (an autoimmune disease), bile duct stones, or tumors in the bile ducts.

Treatment for cholangitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition. Antibiotics may be used to treat bacterial infections, and surgery may be necessary to remove blockages or obstructions in the bile ducts. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms and prevent further complications.

The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located just under the liver in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Its primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a digestive enzyme produced by the liver, which helps in the breakdown of fats during the digestion process. When food, particularly fatty foods, enter the stomach and small intestine, the gallbladder contracts and releases bile through the common bile duct into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, to aid in fat digestion.

The gallbladder is made up of three main parts: the fundus, body, and neck. It has a muscular wall that allows it to contract and release bile. Gallstones, an inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), or other gallbladder diseases can cause pain, discomfort, and potentially serious health complications if left untreated.

Cholecystectomy is a medical procedure to remove the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located on the right side of the abdomen, just beneath the liver. The primary function of the gallbladder is to store and concentrate bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. During a cholecystectomy, the surgeon removes the gallbladder, usually due to the presence of gallstones or inflammation that can cause pain, infection, or other complications.

There are two primary methods for performing a cholecystectomy:

1. Open Cholecystectomy: In this traditional surgical approach, the surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen to access and remove the gallbladder. This method is typically used when there are complications or unique circumstances that make laparoscopic surgery difficult or risky.
2. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: This is a minimally invasive surgical procedure where the surgeon makes several small incisions in the abdomen, through which a thin tube with a camera (laparoscope) and specialized surgical instruments are inserted. The surgeon then guides these tools to remove the gallbladder while viewing the internal structures on a video monitor.

After the gallbladder is removed, bile flows directly from the liver into the small intestine through the common bile duct, and the body continues to function normally without any significant issues.

The ampulla of Vater, also known as hepatopancreatic ampulla, is a dilated portion of the common bile duct where it joins the main pancreatic duct and empties into the second part of the duodenum. It serves as a conduit for both bile from the liver and digestive enzymes from the pancreas to reach the small intestine, facilitating the digestion and absorption of nutrients. The ampulla of Vater is surrounded by a muscular sphincter, the sphincter of Oddi, which controls the flow of these secretions into the duodenum.

Bile ducts are tubular structures that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage or directly to the small intestine to aid in digestion. There are two types of bile ducts: intrahepatic and extrahepatic. Intrahepatic bile ducts are located within the liver and drain bile from liver cells, while extrahepatic bile ducts are outside the liver and include the common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and common bile duct. These ducts can become obstructed or inflamed, leading to various medical conditions such as cholestasis, cholecystitis, and gallstones.

Choledochostomy is a surgical procedure that involves creating an opening (stoma) into the common bile duct, which carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. This procedure is typically performed to relieve obstructions or blockages in the bile duct, such as those caused by gallstones, tumors, or scar tissue.

During the choledochostomy procedure, a surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen and exposes the common bile duct. The duct is then cut open, and a small tube (catheter) is inserted into the duct to allow bile to drain out of the body. The catheter may be left in place temporarily or permanently, depending on the underlying condition causing the obstruction.

Choledochostomy is typically performed as an open surgical procedure, but it can also be done using minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopy or robotic-assisted surgery. As with any surgical procedure, choledochostomy carries risks such as bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding tissues. However, these risks are generally low in the hands of an experienced surgeon.

The common bile duct is a duct that results from the union of the cystic duct (which drains bile from the gallbladder) and the common hepatic duct (which drains bile from the liver). The common bile duct transports bile, a digestive enzyme, from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine.

The common bile duct runs through the head of the pancreas before emptying into the second part of the duodenum, either alone or in conjunction with the pancreatic duct, via a small opening called the ampulla of Vater. The common bile duct plays a crucial role in the digestion of fats by helping to break them down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

Bile is a digestive fluid that is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It plays an essential role in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Bile consists of bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, phospholipids, electrolytes, and water.

Bile salts are amphipathic molecules that help to emulsify fats into smaller droplets, increasing their surface area and allowing for more efficient digestion by enzymes such as lipase. Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin from red blood cells and gives bile its characteristic greenish-brown color.

Bile is released into the small intestine in response to food, particularly fats, entering the digestive tract. It helps to break down large fat molecules into smaller ones that can be absorbed through the walls of the intestines and transported to other parts of the body for energy or storage.

Pancreatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the pancreas that can be benign or malignant. The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach that produces hormones and digestive enzymes. Pancreatic neoplasms can interfere with the normal functioning of the pancreas, leading to various health complications.

Benign pancreatic neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body. They are usually removed through surgery to prevent any potential complications, such as blocking the bile duct or causing pain.

Malignant pancreatic neoplasms, also known as pancreatic cancer, are cancerous growths that can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and organs. They can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs, or bones. Pancreatic cancer is often aggressive and difficult to treat, with a poor prognosis.

There are several types of pancreatic neoplasms, including adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, and cystic neoplasms. The specific type of neoplasm is determined through various diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies, biopsies, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

Cholecystitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located under the liver that stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. Bile is a digestive fluid that helps break down fats in the small intestine during digestion.

Acute cholecystitis is a sudden inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by the presence of gallstones that block the cystic duct, the tube that carries bile from the gallbladder to the common bile duct. This blockage can cause bile to build up in the gallbladder, leading to inflammation, swelling, and pain.

Chronic cholecystitis is a long-term inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by repeated attacks of acute cholecystitis or the presence of gallstones that cause ongoing irritation and damage to the gallbladder wall. Over time, chronic cholecystitis can lead to thickening and scarring of the gallbladder wall, which can reduce its ability to function properly.

Symptoms of cholecystitis may include sudden and severe abdominal pain, often in the upper right or center of the abdomen, that may worsen after eating fatty foods; fever; nausea and vomiting; bloating and gas; and clay-colored stools. Treatment for cholecystitis typically involves antibiotics to treat any infection present, pain relief, and surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy). In some cases, a nonsurgical procedure called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may be used to remove gallstones from the bile duct.

Cholestasis is a medical condition characterized by the interruption or reduction of bile flow from the liver to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the breakdown and absorption of fats. When the flow of bile is blocked or reduced, it can lead to an accumulation of bile components, such as bilirubin, in the blood, which can cause jaundice, itching, and other symptoms.

Cholestasis can be caused by various factors, including liver diseases (such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or cancer), gallstones, alcohol abuse, certain medications, pregnancy, and genetic disorders. Depending on the underlying cause, cholestasis may be acute or chronic, and it can range from mild to severe in its symptoms and consequences. Treatment for cholestasis typically involves addressing the underlying cause and managing the symptoms with supportive care.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a medical procedure that combines upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems of the bile ducts and pancreas.

During ERCP, a flexible endoscope (a long, thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end) is passed through the patient's mouth and throat, then through the stomach and into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A narrow plastic tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope and into the bile ducts and/or pancreatic duct. Contrast dye is injected through the catheter, and X-rays are taken to visualize the ducts.

ERCP can be used to diagnose a variety of conditions affecting the bile ducts and pancreas, including gallstones, tumors, strictures (narrowing of the ducts), and chronic pancreatitis. It can also be used to treat certain conditions, such as removing gallstones from the bile duct or placing stents to keep the ducts open in cases of stricture.

ERCP is an invasive procedure that carries a risk of complications, including pancreatitis, infection, bleeding, and perforation (a tear in the lining of the GI tract). It should only be performed by experienced medical professionals in a hospital setting.

A biliary fistula is an abnormal connection or passage between the biliary system (which includes the gallbladder, bile ducts, and liver) and another organ or structure, usually in the abdominal cavity. This connection allows bile, which is a digestive fluid produced by the liver, to leak out of its normal pathway and into other areas of the body.

Biliary fistulas can occur as a result of trauma, surgery, infection, or inflammation in the biliary system. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, fever, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), nausea, vomiting, and clay-colored stools. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the fistula, such as draining an infection or repairing damaged tissue, and diverting bile flow away from the site of the leak. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the fistula.

Cholangiography is a medical procedure that involves taking X-ray images of the bile ducts (the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine). This is typically done by injecting a contrast dye into the bile ducts through an endoscope or a catheter that has been inserted into the body.

There are several types of cholangiography, including:

* Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): This procedure involves inserting an endoscope through the mouth and down the throat into the small intestine. A dye is then injected into the bile ducts through a small tube that is passed through the endoscope.
* Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC): This procedure involves inserting a needle through the skin and into the liver to inject the contrast dye directly into the bile ducts.
* Operative cholangiography: This procedure is performed during surgery to examine the bile ducts for any abnormalities or blockages.

Cholangiography can help diagnose a variety of conditions that affect the bile ducts, such as gallstones, tumors, or inflammation. It can also be used to guide treatment decisions, such as whether surgery is necessary to remove a blockage.

Bile duct diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the bile ducts, which are tiny tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver that helps break down fats in food.

There are several types of bile duct diseases, including:

1. Choledocholithiasis: This occurs when stones form in the common bile duct, causing blockage and leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, and fever.
2. Cholangitis: This is an infection of the bile ducts that can cause inflammation, pain, and fever. It can occur due to obstruction of the bile ducts or as a complication of other medical procedures.
3. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC): This is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the bile ducts in the liver, causing inflammation and scarring that can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure.
4. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC): This is another autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts, leading to liver damage and potential liver failure.
5. Bile Duct Cancer: Also known as cholangiocarcinoma, this is a rare form of cancer that affects the bile ducts and can cause jaundice, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
6. Benign Strictures: These are narrowing of the bile ducts that can occur due to injury, inflammation, or surgery, leading to blockage and potential infection.

Symptoms of bile duct diseases may include jaundice, abdominal pain, fever, itching, dark urine, and light-colored stools. Treatment depends on the specific condition and may involve medication, surgery, or other medical interventions.

Extrahepatic cholestasis is a medical condition characterized by the impaired flow of bile outside of the liver. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the absorption and digestion of fats. When the flow of bile is obstructed or blocked, it can lead to an accumulation of bile components, such as bilirubin, in the bloodstream, resulting in jaundice, dark urine, light-colored stools, and itching.

Extrahepatic cholestasis can be caused by various factors, including gallstones, tumors, strictures, or inflammation of the bile ducts. It is essential to diagnose and treat extrahepatic cholestasis promptly to prevent further complications, such as liver damage or infection. Treatment options may include medications, endoscopic procedures, or surgery, depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

The common hepatic duct is a medical term that refers to the duct in the liver responsible for carrying bile from the liver. More specifically, it is the duct that results from the convergence of the right and left hepatic ducts, which themselves carry bile from the right and left lobes of the liver, respectively. The common hepatic duct then joins with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct, which ultimately drains into the duodenum, a part of the small intestine.

The primary function of the common hepatic duct is to transport bile, a digestive juice produced by the liver, to the small intestine. Bile helps break down fats during the digestion process, making it possible for the body to absorb them properly. Any issues or abnormalities in the common hepatic duct can lead to problems with bile flow and potentially cause health complications such as jaundice, gallstones, or liver damage.

A Choledochal cyst is a congenital dilatation or abnormal enlargement of the bile ducts, which are the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver that helps in the digestion of fats.

Choledochal cysts can be classified into several types based on their location and the anatomy of the biliary tree. The most common type, called Type I, involves dilatation of the common bile duct. Other types include dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (Type II), dilatation of both the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts (Type III), and multiple cystic dilatations of the bile ducts (Type IV).

Choledochal cysts are more common in females than males, and they can present at any age. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, jaundice, vomiting, and fever. Complications of choledochal cysts can include bile duct stones, infection, and cancer. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the cyst, followed by reconstruction of the biliary tree.

Deoxycytidine is a chemical compound that is a component of DNA, one of the nucleic acids in living organisms. It is a nucleoside, consisting of the sugar deoxyribose and the base cytosine. Deoxycytidine pairs with guanine via hydrogen bonds to form base pairs in the double helix structure of DNA.

In biochemistry, deoxycytidine can also exist as a free nucleoside, not bound to other molecules. It is involved in various cellular processes related to DNA metabolism and replication. Deoxycytidine can be phosphorylated to form deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), which is an important intermediate in the synthesis of DNA.

It's worth noting that while deoxycytidine is a component of DNA, its counterpart in RNA is cytidine, which contains ribose instead of deoxyribose as the sugar component.

Gallbladder diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the function and structure of the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver. The primary role of the gallbladder is to store, concentrate, and release bile into the small intestine to aid in digesting fats. Gallbladder diseases can be chronic or acute and may cause various symptoms, discomfort, or complications if left untreated. Here are some common gallbladder diseases with brief definitions:

1. Cholelithiasis: The presence of gallstones within the gallbladder. Gallstones are small, hard deposits made of cholesterol, bilirubin, or a combination of both, which can vary in size from tiny grains to several centimeters.
2. Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by obstruction of the cystic duct (the tube connecting the gallbladder and the common bile duct) due to a gallstone. This condition can be acute or chronic and may cause abdominal pain, fever, and tenderness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.
3. Choledocholithiasis: The presence of gallstones within the common bile duct, which can lead to obstruction, jaundice, and potential infection of the biliary system (cholangitis).
4. Acalculous gallbladder disease: Gallbladder dysfunction or inflammation without the presence of gallstones. This condition is often seen in critically ill patients and can lead to similar symptoms as cholecystitis.
5. Gallbladder polyps: Small growths attached to the inner wall of the gallbladder. While most polyps are benign, some may have malignant potential, especially if they are larger than 1 cm in size or associated with certain risk factors.
6. Gallbladder cancer: A rare form of cancer that originates in the gallbladder tissue. It is often asymptomatic in its early stages and can be challenging to diagnose. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, jaundice, or a palpable mass in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.

It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional if experiencing symptoms related to gallbladder disease for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells or tissues in the body that serve no physiological function. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slow growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms are aggressive, invasive, and can metastasize to distant sites.

Neoplasms occur when there is a dysregulation in the normal process of cell division and differentiation, leading to uncontrolled growth and accumulation of cells. This can result from genetic mutations or other factors such as viral infections, environmental exposures, or hormonal imbalances.

Neoplasms can develop in any organ or tissue of the body and can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and type. Treatment options for neoplasms include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, among others.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are defined as the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, typically bacteria, in any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, resulting in infection and inflammation. The majority of UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, but other organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Enterococcus can also cause UTIs.

UTIs can be classified into two types based on the location of the infection:

1. Lower UTI or bladder infection (cystitis): This type of UTI affects the bladder and urethra. Symptoms may include a frequent and urgent need to urinate, pain or burning during urination, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and discomfort in the lower abdomen or back.

2. Upper UTI or kidney infection (pyelonephritis): This type of UTI affects the kidneys and can be more severe than a bladder infection. Symptoms may include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and pain in the flanks or back.

UTIs are more common in women than men due to their shorter urethra, which makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder. Other risk factors for UTIs include sexual activity, use of diaphragms or spermicides, urinary catheterization, diabetes, and weakened immune systems.

UTIs are typically diagnosed through a urinalysis and urine culture to identify the causative organism and determine the appropriate antibiotic treatment. In some cases, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan may be necessary to evaluate for any underlying abnormalities in the urinary tract.

CA 19-9 antigen, also known as carbohydrate antigen 19-9, is a tumor marker that is commonly found in the blood. It is a type of sialylated Lewis blood group antigen, which is a complex carbohydrate molecule found on the surface of many cells in the body.

CA 19-9 antigen is often elevated in people with certain types of cancer, particularly pancreatic cancer, bile duct cancer, and colon cancer. However, it can also be elevated in noncancerous conditions such as pancreatitis, liver cirrhosis, and cholestasis. Therefore, CA 19-9 antigen is not a specific or sensitive marker for cancer, and its use as a screening test for cancer is not recommended.

Instead, CA 19-9 antigen is often used as a tumor marker to monitor the response to treatment in people with known cancers, particularly pancreatic cancer. A decrease in CA 19-9 antigen levels may indicate that the cancer is responding to treatment, while an increase may suggest that the cancer is growing or has recurred. However, it is important to note that CA 19-9 antigen levels can also be affected by other factors, such as the size and location of the tumor, the presence of obstructive jaundice, and the patient's overall health status. Therefore, CA 19-9 antigen should always be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical and diagnostic findings.

Jaundice is a medical condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, sclera (whites of the eyes), and mucous membranes due to an excess of bilirubin in the bloodstream. Bilirubin is a yellow-orange pigment produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. Normally, bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through bile into the digestive system. However, if there's an issue with bilirubin metabolism or elimination, it can accumulate in the body, leading to jaundice.

Jaundice can be a symptom of various underlying conditions, such as liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis), gallbladder issues (gallstones, tumors), or blood disorders (hemolysis). It is essential to consult a healthcare professional if jaundice is observed, as it may indicate a severe health problem requiring prompt medical attention.

Liver neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the liver that can be benign or malignant. Benign liver neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors that do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant liver neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissue and spread to other organs.

Liver neoplasms can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or secondary, meaning they have metastasized (spread) to the liver from another part of the body. Primary liver neoplasms can be further classified into different types based on their cell of origin and behavior, including hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatic hemangioma.

The diagnosis of liver neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and biopsy to confirm the type and stage of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type and extent of the neoplasm and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or liver transplantation.

Pancreatic diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the structure and function of the pancreas, a vital organ located in the abdomen. The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function, which involves the production of digestive enzymes that help break down food in the small intestine, and an endocrine function, which involves the production of hormones such as insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels.

Pancreatic diseases can be broadly classified into two categories: inflammatory and non-inflammatory. Inflammatory pancreatic diseases include conditions such as acute pancreatitis, which is characterized by sudden inflammation of the pancreas, and chronic pancreatitis, which is a long-term inflammation that can lead to scarring and loss of function.

Non-inflammatory pancreatic diseases include conditions such as pancreatic cancer, which is a malignant tumor that can arise from the cells of the pancreas, and benign tumors such as cysts or adenomas. Other non-inflammatory conditions include pancreatic insufficiency, which can occur when the pancreas does not produce enough digestive enzymes, and diabetes mellitus, which can result from impaired insulin production or action.

Overall, pancreatic diseases can have serious consequences on a person's health and quality of life, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for optimal outcomes.

Neoplasms: Neoplasms refer to abnormal growths of tissue that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They occur when the normal control mechanisms that regulate cell growth and division are disrupted, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

Cystic Neoplasms: Cystic neoplasms are tumors that contain fluid-filled sacs or cysts. These tumors can be benign or malignant and can occur in various organs of the body, including the pancreas, ovary, and liver.

Mucinous Neoplasms: Mucinous neoplasms are a type of cystic neoplasm that is characterized by the production of mucin, a gel-like substance produced by certain types of cells. These tumors can occur in various organs, including the ovary, pancreas, and colon. Mucinous neoplasms can be benign or malignant, and malignant forms are often aggressive and have a poor prognosis.

Serous Neoplasms: Serous neoplasms are another type of cystic neoplasm that is characterized by the production of serous fluid, which is a thin, watery fluid. These tumors commonly occur in the ovary and can be benign or malignant. Malignant serous neoplasms are often aggressive and have a poor prognosis.

In summary, neoplasms refer to abnormal tissue growths that can be benign or malignant. Cystic neoplasms contain fluid-filled sacs and can occur in various organs of the body. Mucinous neoplasms produce a gel-like substance called mucin and can also occur in various organs, while serous neoplasms produce thin, watery fluid and commonly occur in the ovary. Both mucinous and serous neoplasms can be benign or malignant, with malignant forms often being aggressive and having a poor prognosis.

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. These cells cover organs, glands, and other structures within the body. Carcinomas can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, lungs, breasts, prostate, colon, and pancreas. They are often characterized by the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. Carcinomas can be further classified based on their appearance under a microscope, such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma.

Mammaglobin B is not a widely recognized or established medical term. However, "mammaglobin" refers to a protein that is primarily expressed in the mammary glands and has been studied as a potential biomarker for breast cancer. There are different isoforms of mammaglobin, including mammaglobin A and mammaglobin B.

Mammaglobin B is a splice variant of the mammaglobin gene, which means it arises from alternative splicing of the same genetic material that encodes mammaglobin A. Mammaglobin B has been detected in normal mammary gland tissue and breast cancer cells, but its clinical significance and role in breast cancer biology are not well understood.

It is important to note that while some studies have investigated the potential use of mammaglobin B as a diagnostic or prognostic marker for breast cancer, its utility in this context remains uncertain and further research is needed to establish its clinical value.

A jejunostomy is a surgical procedure where an opening (stoma) is created in the lower part of the small intestine, called the jejunum. This stoma allows for the passage of nutrients and digestive enzymes from the small intestine into a tube or external pouch, bypassing the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine (duodenum).

Jejunostomy is typically performed to provide enteral nutrition support in patients who are unable to consume food or liquids by mouth due to various medical conditions such as dysphagia, gastroparesis, bowel obstruction, or after certain surgical procedures. The jejunostomy tube can be used for short-term or long-term nutritional support, depending on the patient's needs and underlying medical condition.

Common bile duct diseases refer to conditions that affect the common bile duct, a tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine. Some common examples of common bile duct diseases include:

1. Choledocholithiasis: This is the presence of stones (calculi) in the common bile duct, which can cause blockage, inflammation, and infection.
2. Cholangitis: This is an infection or inflammation of the common bile duct, often caused by obstruction due to stones, tumors, or strictures.
3. Common bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma): This is a rare but aggressive cancer that arises from the cells lining the common bile duct.
4. Biliary strictures: These are narrowing or scarring of the common bile duct, which can be caused by injury, inflammation, or surgery.
5. Benign tumors: Non-cancerous growths in the common bile duct can also cause blockage and other symptoms.

Symptoms of common bile duct diseases may include abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and dark urine or light-colored stools. Treatment depends on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, endoscopic procedures, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Drainage, in medical terms, refers to the removal of excess fluid or accumulated collections of fluids from various body parts or spaces. This is typically accomplished through the use of medical devices such as catheters, tubes, or drains. The purpose of drainage can be to prevent the buildup of fluids that may cause discomfort, infection, or other complications, or to treat existing collections of fluid such as abscesses, hematomas, or pleural effusions. Drainage may also be used as a diagnostic tool to analyze the type and composition of the fluid being removed.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also known as the digestive tract, is a continuous tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is responsible for ingesting, digesting, absorbing, and excreting food and waste materials. The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anus), and accessory organs such as the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The primary function of this system is to process and extract nutrients from food while also protecting the body from harmful substances, pathogens, and toxins.

'Digestive System Neoplasms' refer to new and abnormal growths of tissue in the digestive system that can be benign or malignant. These growths are also known as tumors, and they can occur in any part of the digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon and rectum), liver, bile ducts, pancreas, and gallbladder. Neoplasms in the digestive system can interfere with normal digestion and absorption of nutrients, cause bleeding, obstruct the digestive tract, and spread to other parts of the body (metastasis) if they are malignant.

Benign neoplasms are not cancerous and do not usually spread to other parts of the body. They can often be removed surgically and may not require further treatment. Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and can invade nearby tissues and organs and spread to other parts of the body. Treatment for malignant neoplasms in the digestive system typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

The causes of digestive system neoplasms are varied and include genetic factors, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors (such as diet and smoking), and infectious agents. Prevention strategies may include maintaining a healthy diet, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, practicing safe sex, getting vaccinated against certain viral infections, and undergoing regular screenings for certain types of neoplasms (such as colonoscopies for colorectal cancer).

The cystic duct is a short tube that connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct, which carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine. The cystic duct allows bile to flow from the gallbladder into the common bile duct when it is needed for digestion. It is a part of the biliary system and plays an important role in the digestive process.

The urinary tract is a system in the body responsible for producing, storing, and eliminating urine. It includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. The kidneys filter waste and excess fluids from the blood to produce urine, which then travels down the ureters into the bladder. When the bladder is full, urine is released through the urethra during urination. Any part of this system can become infected or inflamed, leading to conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) or kidney stones.

Gore, Richard M. (2007). "Biliary tract neoplasms: diagnosis and staging". Cancer Imaging. 7 (Special Issue A): S15-S23. doi: ... Abdominal pain could indicate biliary tract obstruction and cirrhosis. Urinalysis serves as a first-line diagnostic tool. ... "Jaundice - Hepatic and Biliary Disorders". MSD Manual Professional Edition. Retrieved 2022-03-29. Sullivan, Jeremy I.; Rockey, ... Once obstruction from the biliary tree is removed, normal bilirubin elimination should resume. Currently, vaccination is most ...
Gore RM, Shelhamer RP (October 2007). "Biliary tract neoplasms: diagnosis and staging". Cancer Imaging. 7 Spec No A (Special ... An ultrasound is conducted to establish the location of biliary tract obstruction as well as the diameter of the CBD. ... Pre-surgical biliary stenting (a tube used to keep the biliary duct open) should be avoided, as it increases the likelihood of ... Sung JY, Costerton JW, Shaffer EA (May 1992). "Defense system in the biliary tract against bacterial infection". Digestive ...
The pancreas and biliary tract: pancreatic cancer, cholangitis, cholangiocarcinoma, etc. The laparoscopy: liver disease, ... Small intestine: small intestine neoplasms, smooth muscle tumors, sarcomas, polyps, lymphomas, inflammation, etc. Large ... The respiratory tract: lung cancer, transbronchoscopy lung biopsy, selective bronchography, etc. The urinary tract: cystitis, ... Whilst there are regions of the body that will always require flexible endoscopes (principally the gastrointestinal tract), the ...
Surgery of the Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc, 2007 Tseng JF, Pisters PW, Lee JE, et al. (April ... Simons JP, Ng SC, Shah SA, McDade TP, Whalen GF, Tseng JF (2009). "Malignant Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm: Are We ... "In-hospital mortality after resection of biliary tract cancer in the United States". HPB (Oxford). 12 (1): 62-67. doi:10.1111/j ... April 2007). "National outcomes after gastric resection for neoplasm". Arch Surg. 142 (4): 387-93. doi:10.1001/archsurg.142.4. ...
malignant neoplasm of the gallbladder malignant neoplasm of other parts of biliary tract extrahepatic bile duct ampulla of ... fistula of biliary tract spasm of sphincter of Oddi biliary cyst biliary atresia GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, ... Biliary diseases include gallbladder disease and biliary tract diseases. In 2013 they resulted in 106,000 deaths up from 81,000 ... fistula cholesterolosis biliary dyskinesia K83: other diseases of the biliary tract: cholangitis (including ascending ...
... disease Amyloid degeneration of liver malignant neoplasm of the gallbladder malignant neoplasm of other parts of biliary tract ... fistula of biliary tract (bile duct) spasm of sphincter of Oddi biliary cyst biliary atresia ICD-10 codes K70-K77: Liver ... fistula cholesterolosis biliary dyskinesia ICD-10 code K83: other diseases of the biliary tract: cholangitis (including ... Hepato-biliary diseases include liver diseases and biliary diseases. Their study is known as hepatology. Acute hepatitis A ...
... biliary tract neoplasms MeSH C04.588.274.120.250 - bile duct neoplasms MeSH C04.588.274.120.250.250 - common bile duct ... heart neoplasms MeSH C04.588.894.479 - mediastinal neoplasms MeSH C04.588.894.797 - respiratory tract neoplasms MeSH C04.588. ... skull base neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.828 - spinal neoplasms MeSH C04.588.180.260 - breast neoplasms, male MeSH C04.588.180.390 ... femoral neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.721 - skull neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.721.450 - jaw neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.721.450.583 ...
... biliary tract, pancreas, ampulla of Vater or uterine cervix. Immunohistochemistry may help in diagnosing Krukenberg tumors from ... primary ovarian neoplasms but needs to be applied with discretion. For example, tumors that are immunoreactive to CEA or ... Kim WY, Kim TJ, Kim SE, Lee JW, Lee JH, Kim BG, Bae DS (March 2010). "The role of cytoreductive surgery for non-genital tract ... classically the gastrointestinal tract, although it can arise in other tissues such as the breast. Gastric adenocarcinoma, ...
... biliary tract cancer, brain cancer, and sebaceous neoplasms. Increased risk of prostate cancer and breast cancer has also been ... biliary tract, ureter, renal pelvis, brain, sebaceous glands, keratoacanthomas) 3. Colorectal cancer with MSI-high pathology in ... hepatobiliary tract, upper urinary tract, brain, and skin. The increased risk for these cancers is due to inherited genetic ... HNPCC associated with other cancers of the gastrointestinal tract or reproductive system). Genetic counseling and genetic ...
... biliary tract stenosis) Bowel obstruction Phimosis Non-communicating hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis Stenosing ... alcohol atherosclerosis birth defects calcification diabetes headbanging iatrogenic infection inflammation ischemia neoplasm ...
D'Antona diagnosed an occlusion of the biliary tract due to stones or a neoplasm and had to perform a laparotomy, necessary to ... So Iammarino turned first to an expert which diagnosed an obstruction of the biliary tract and suggested him to go to senator ...
... for pemigatinib for the treatment of biliary tract cancer. On 17 October 2019, orphan designation EU/3/19/2216 was granted by ... In the United States it is also indicated for the treatment of relapsed or refractory myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms (MLNs) with ... "FDA approves pemigatinib for relapsed or refractory myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with FGFR1 rearrangement". U.S. Food and Drug ... for pemigatinib for the treatment of myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and rearrangement of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1 ...
For obstruction, it can cause compression in the GI tract from the stomach to colon, compression in urinary system, biliary ... pancreatic neoplasm and/or pancreatic trauma. Pancreatic pseudocysts are sometimes called false cysts because they do not have ... Hughes, Steven (2015-03-26). Operative Techniques in Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN ...
... syndrome Neurofibrosarcoma Neurogenic hypertension Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Neuroma biliary tract Neuronal ceroid ... steroid-resistant Nerve sheath neoplasm Nesidioblastosis of pancreas Netherton syndrome ichthyosis Neu Laxova syndrome ... familial with gout Nephrosclerosis Nephrosis deafness urinary tract digital malformation Nephrosis neuronal dysmigration ...
... and hypertrophic cirrhosis ichthyic result of chronic inflammation of the biliary tract. He described unusual anatomical ... Maffucci worked on the full development on the infectious etiology of neoplasms, he conducted numerous observations aimed at ...
... form Biliary atresia Biliary cirrhosis Biliary hypoplasia Biliary malformation renal tubular insufficiency Biliary tract cancer ... syndrome Braddock-Jones-Superneau syndrome Bradykinesia Brain cavernous angioma Brain neoplasms Brain stem neoplasms Branchial ... extrahepatic Biliary atresia, intrahepatic, non syndromic form Biliary atresia, intrahepatic, syndromic ... Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome Bixler-Christian-Gorlin syndrome Björnstad syndrome BK virus nephritis Black piedra Bladder neoplasm ...
Neoplasms occurring in epithelial tissue such as the liver, gastrointestinal tract, and the pancreas have been linked to ... Carcinogens preferentially target the liver in fish and develop hepatocellular and biliary lesions. Genotoxic carcinogens ...
Liver and Biliary Tract Disease Chapter 329: Approach to the Patient with Liver Disease Chapter 330: Evaluation of Liver ... Neoplasms of the Lung Chapter 75: Breast Cancer Chapter 76: Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers Chapter 77: Lower ... Urinary Tract Obstruction Part 10: Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System Section 1: Disorders of the Alimentary Tract ... Disorders of the Kidney and Urinary Tract Chapter 303: Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Kidney Chapter 304: Acute Kidney ...
"NTRK gene fusions in biliary tract cancers". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 38 (4_suppl): 574. doi:10.1200/JCO.2020.38.4_suppl. ... "Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Thyroid Neoplasms". Endocrine Pathology. 33 (1): 27-63. doi:10.1007/s12022-022-09707 ...
... and biliary tract tumors; and various skin lesions including Gardner fibromas and desmoid tumors. Individuals with FAP should ... Baranov E, Hornick JL (March 2020). "Soft Tissue Special Issue: Fibroblastic and Myofibroblastic Neoplasms of the Head and Neck ... Connective and soft tissue neoplasms, Benign neoplasms). ...
... mechanical obstruction of the biliary tract is the major factor leading to bacterial degradation and precipitation of biliary ... Gallbladder cancer (Malignant neoplasm of the gallbladder) is rare, and most of the time is adenocarcinoma. As most early-stage ... Behar, Jose (24 February 2013). "Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Biliary Tract: The Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi-A ... Biliary dyskinesia is a disease with the abnormal release of bile from the gallbladder leading to chronic biliary colic. ...
... either from lower in the digestive tract, or from a more active source in the upper digestive tract. Alcoholism can also ... A tarnished-silver or aluminum paint-like feces color characteristically results when biliary obstruction of any type (white ... ulcerative colitis and neoplasms (cancer). Also, feces may be analyzed for any fecal occult blood, which is indicative of a ... This is known as melena, and is typically due to bleeding in the upper digestive tract, such as from a bleeding peptic ulcer. ...
These early findings may be followed by signs and symptoms of shock.[citation needed] Biliary tract infection is usually caused ... malignant neoplasms intestinal obstruction; decubitus ulcers; dental extraction; sickle cell disease; diabetes mellitus; ... Female genital tract infections caused by anaerobic bacteria are polymicrobial and include: soft-tissue perineal, vulvar and ... Anaerobes can be isolated from most types of upper respiratory tract and head and neck infection, and are especially common in ...
Ellis, C. T.; Barbour, J. R.; Shary, T. M.; Adams, D. B. (2010). "Pancreatic cyst: Pseudocyst or neoplasm? Pitfalls in ... and Endoscopic Surgeons Southeastern Surgical Congress Pancreas Club Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract International ... Surgical Biology Club III Societe Internationale de Chirurgie Southern Surgical Association American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary ... Theruvath, T. P.; Morgan, K. A.; Adams, D. B. (2010). "Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: How much preoperative ...
GI tract) and accessory organs of digestion, including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, small intestine, large ... from patients who had never had a gastric malignant neoplasm), non-tumor tissue adjacent to a gastric cancer, and gastric ... Overall, the GI tract and the accessory organs of digestion (pancreas, liver, gall bladder) are responsible for more cancers ... Cancers of the biliary tree, including cholangiocarcinoma. Colorectal cancer is a disease of old age: It typically originates ...
... neoplasm seeding MeSH C23.550.727.650.895 - neoplasms, unknown primary MeSH C23.550.727.655 - neoplasm recurrence, local MeSH ... respiratory tract MeSH C23.550.382.968.500 - granuloma, laryngeal MeSH C23.550.393.225 - failure to thrive MeSH C23.550.393.450 ... biliary fistula MeSH C23.300.575.185.250 - esophageal fistula MeSH C23.300.575.185.250.725 - tracheoesophageal fistula MeSH ... neoplasm metastasis MeSH C23.550.727.650.560 - lymphatic metastasis MeSH C23.550.727.650.645 - neoplasm circulating cells MeSH ...
"Expertscape: Pancreatic Neoplasms, November 2018". expertscape.com. November 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-26. Scholia has an author ... in 2020 the Living Legend Status of the International Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association (IHPBA)[1], and in 2021 the Award of ... Büchler is a surgical expert for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and especially the hepatobiliary system. His surgical ... Neoplasms of the Pancreas. Karger 2004, ISBN 3-8055-7613-7 Chronic Pancreatitis. Wiley-Blackwell 2002, ISBN 0-632-06399-8 ...
Their ulcers are typically isolated, occur in the oral mucosa and less commonly in skin or gastrointestinal tract mucosa. ... Dalia S, Shao H, Sagatys E, Cualing H, Sokol L (October 2014). "Dendritic cell and histiocytic neoplasms: biology, diagnosis, ... or primary biliary cholangitis. EBV+ LG may progress to or become complicated by the non-malignant skin disease, lymphomatoid ... Tang VK, Vijhani P, Cherian SV, Ambelil M, Estrada-Y-Martin RM (2018). "Primary pulmonary lymphoproliferative neoplasms". Lung ...
Melena is four-times more likely to come from an upper gastrointestinal bleed than from the lower GI tract; however, it can ... Vitamin K should be taken orally unless the patient has cirrhosis or biliary obstruction, in which case it should be ... H7 Shigella Salmonella Campylobacter jejuni Hemorrhoids Neoplasm - such as colorectal cancer Angiodysplasia Bleeding from a ... Black tarry appearing stools medically referred to as melena usually indicates blood that has been in the GI tract for at least ...
... aerodigestive tract - aerosolize - aflatoxin - AFP - AG013736 - AG2037 - AG3340 - AG337 - agent study - agglutinin - aggressive ... biliary - bilirubin - binding agent - bioavailable - biochanin A - biochemical reactions - biological response modifier - ... neoplasm - nephrotomogram - nephrotoxic - nephroureterectomy - nerve block - nerve grafting - nerve-sparing radical ... gastrointestinal tract - gastroscope - gastroscopy - gefitinib - geldanamycin analog - GEM 231 - gemcitabine - gemtuzumab ...
A diverse spectrum of diseases affects the biliary system, often presenting with similar clinical signs and symptoms. See the ... Neoplasms of the biliary tract. Carcinoma of the biliary system manifests with clinical symptoms of weight loss (77%), nausea ( ... primary biliary, autoimmune), biliary tract malignancies, biliary tract cysts, and others. ... Biliary tract cysts. Cystic dilatation of the biliary tree is an uncommon abnormality. About half of the patients present with ...
Bile Duct Neoplasms* / drug therapy * Biliary Tract Neoplasms* / drug therapy * Biliary Tract Neoplasms* / etiology ... We investigated the effect of devimistat in vitro and in a phase Ib clinical trial in patients with advanced biliary tract ... Devimistat in Combination with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Biliary Tract Cancer: Preclinical Evaluation and Phase Ib ...
Gore, Richard M. (2007). "Biliary tract neoplasms: diagnosis and staging". Cancer Imaging. 7 (Special Issue A): S15-S23. doi: ... Abdominal pain could indicate biliary tract obstruction and cirrhosis. Urinalysis serves as a first-line diagnostic tool. ... "Jaundice - Hepatic and Biliary Disorders". MSD Manual Professional Edition. Retrieved 2022-03-29. Sullivan, Jeremy I.; Rockey, ... Once obstruction from the biliary tree is removed, normal bilirubin elimination should resume. Currently, vaccination is most ...
View other providers who treat Benign Lung Neoplasms Biliary Tract Cancer ...
Benign Neoplasm Of Colon * Biliary Tract Disease * Blood In Stool * Bright Red Blood Per Rectum ...
... and biliary tract, and carcinoma ... liver neoplasms, ...
Blumgarts Surgery of the Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 62. ... Modi B, Shires T. Pancreatic cancer, cystic pancreatic neoplasms, and other nonendocrine pancreatic tumors. In: Feldman M, ...
Biliary Tract Neoplasms. Disclaimer: We update this information regularly. However, what you read today may not be completely ... This study will enroll 7 tumor-specific cohorts: urothelial bladder cancer, biliary tract cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial ... Lymphedema Melanoma Merkel Cell Carcinoma Mesothelioma Multiple Myeloma Myelodysplastic Syndrome Myeloproliferative Neoplasms ...
156.9 Biliary tract, part unspecified. Malignant neoplasm involving both intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts ... Malignant neoplasm of contiguous or overlapping sites of gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts whose point of origin cannot ...
... and benign neoplasms throughout the gastrointestinal and biliary tract. We work closely with specialists in many areas of ... We treat the entire spectrum of gastrointestinal and liver diseases including gastrointestinal bleeding, biliary tract disease ...
Pancreatic Neoplasms. *Biliary Tract Diseases. *Biliary Tract. *Pancreatitis. *Colorectal Cancer. *Pancreaticobiliary Diseases ... A multi-institution consensus on how to perform EUS-guided biliary drainage for malignant biliary obstruction.. Guo J, ...
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of biliary ducts Literature review and a case report with emphasis on radiological ... Biliary Tract Microbiota and Its Clinical Significance in the Development of Biliary Diseases ... Minimally Invasive Management of Biliary Tract Injury Following Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Ata A. Rahnemai, Azar, Amir A. ... Comparative Analysis the Point of View of Traditional Medicine about Liver Anatomy and Biliary Tract with Modern Medicine ...
p,Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPN-B) is a rare preinvasive intraductal pathology of the biliary tract. It ... p,Meckels diverticulum is a true diverticulum of the alimentary tract occurring resulting from the persistence of remnants of ... should be differentiated from other more common benign or malignant causes of biliary obstruction and dilatation such as ...
exp *skin neoplasms/ or exp *prostatic neoplasms/ or exp *bone neoplasms/ or exp *biliary tract neoplasms/ or exp *esophageal ... exp *prostatic neoplasms/ or exp *biliary tract neoplasms/ or exp *esophageal neoplasms/ or exp *cecal neoplasms/ or exp * ... exp skin neoplasms/ or exp bone neoplasms/ or exp nervous system neoplasms/ or exp biliary tract neoplasms/ ... exp *endocrine neoplasms/ or exp *leukemias/ or exp *nervous system neoplasms/ or ((skin or prostate* or bone or biliary tract ...
Hemorrhage in or through the BILIARY TRACT due to trauma, inflammation, CHOLELITHIASIS, vascular disease, or neoplasms. ... Percutaneous biliary drainage: technical and catheter-related problems in 200 procedures. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982 Jan; 138(1 ...
Biliary Tract Neoplasms 1 0 Bone Diseases, Developmental 1 0 Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic 1 0 ...
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography drainage for palliation of malignant hilar biliary obstruction - stent-in-stent ... Duct Cancer OR Bile Duct Cancers OR Biliary Tract Neoplasm OR Biliary Tract Neoplasms OR Biliary Tract Cancer OR Biliary Tract ... Biliary Tract OR Biliary Tree OR Biliary System OR Bile Duct OR Bile Ducts)] OR [(Bile Duct Neoplasms OR Bile Duct Neoplasm OR ... Biliary tract neoplasms, Biliary, Hilar, Stenting, Drainage Core Tip: Biliary drainage is often required when treating a ...
A diverse spectrum of diseases affects the biliary system, often presenting with similar clinical signs and symptoms. See the ... Neoplasms of the biliary tract. Carcinoma of the biliary system manifests with clinical symptoms of weight loss (77%), nausea ( ... Biliary tract cysts. Cystic dilatation of the biliary tree is an uncommon abnormality. About half of the patients present with ... Cholangitis is an infection of the biliary system, complicating benign and malignant obstruction of the biliary tract. The ...
The most important result was the statistically significant increase in liver/biliary tract cancer among workers at the ... Mortality for all causes and all malignant neoplasms was lower that expected at each of the factories. Cerebrovascular disease ...
Cell of origin in biliary tract cancers and clinical implications. Moeini, A., Haber, P. K. & Sia, D., Apr 2021, In: JHEP ... Splanchnic vein thrombosis associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Tremblay, D., Winters, A., Beckman, J. D., Naymagon, L ...
Pathology of Pancreas and Biliary Tract, Biliary Secretion, Cholestasis and Gallstone Formation, Imaging of the GI Tract, ... Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, Physiological Chemistry of GI Lipids, Physiology and Biochemistry of the Pancreas, Acute and ... The Motility of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Currently this section contains no detailed description for the page, will update ... Pancreas and Biliary Disease, Clinic: Chronic Liver Disease and Liver Transplantation, Minicases: Liver Disease, ...
Colorectal Neoplasms 19% * Biliary Tract Neoplasms 18% * Collagen Type V 17% * Drug Therapy 17% ...
In Japan, Pemazyre is approved for the treatment of patients with unresectable biliary tract cancer (BTC) with a fibroblast ... Pemazyre® (pemigatinib) continues to expand in ex-U.S. markets in cholangiocarcinoma and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MLNs): ... treatment approved for use in the United States for treatment of adults with relapsed or refractory myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms ...
Extrahepatic biliary diseases. Pathology and pathogenesis of extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction; classification, pathology ... Diseases of the urinary tract. Urothelial neoplasms: papilloma, papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential ( ... Neoplasms of the gastro-intestinal tract.. Polyps: hamartomatous polyps, polyps in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, hyperplastic and ... Intrahepatic biliary diseases: biliary cirrhosis (primary and secondary), primary sclerosing cholangitis.. Tumors and tumorlike ...
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Medicine & Life Sciences 68% * Oxidation-Reduction Medicine & Life Sciences 46% ... with concurrent radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced pancreatic or biliary cancers. In: Cancer Chemotherapy and ... in phase II studies for locally advanced pancreatic and biliary cancers. Patient tolerance might be improved by modification of ... with concurrent radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced pancreatic or biliary cancers. Cancer Chemotherapy and ...
Breast cancer genetics; Breast cancer; Kidney cancer; Biliary cancer; Pediatric Neoplasms ...read more ... Ultrasensitive detection of KRAS2 mutations in bile and serum from patients with biliary tract carcinoma using LigAmp ... Telomere length variation in biliary tract metaplasia, dysplasia, and carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2006 Jun;19(6):772-779. ... Metanephric Stromal Tumor: Report of 31 cases of adistinctive pediatric renal neoplasm. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24: 917-926. ...
Neoplasms of the Biliary Tract: Radiologic and Pathologic Correlations 2nd ed. $5.00. ... Imaging of the Liver and Intra-hepatic Biliary Tract: Volume 2. $5.00. ... Imaging of the Liver and Intra-hepatic Biliary Tract: Volume 1. $6.00. ...
... which provides a computer graphics model of the biliary tract, with mixed reality techniques. ... Two patients with intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct were enrolled in the study. Intraoperative 3D cholangiography ... Near-infrared fluorescent cholangiography facilitates identification of biliary anatomy during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ...
  • We investigated the effect of devimistat in vitro and in a phase Ib clinical trial in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC). (nih.gov)
  • Randomized phase II study of gemcitabine and S-1 combination therapy versus S-1 in advanced biliary tract cancer. (go.jp)
  • The most important result was the statistically significant increase in liver/biliary tract cancer among workers at the facility where aldrin and dieldrin were the primary organochlorine pesticides produced and the nonsignificant increase at the facility where DDT was manufactured. (cdc.gov)
  • Gallbladder Cancer: A Single-Institution 10-Year Experience-Analysis of Adenocarcinoma Subtypes and Tumors Arising from Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasms. (ouhsc.edu)
  • In-hospital mortality after resection of biliary tract cancer in the United States. (umassmed.edu)
  • 3. The following BTC histologic subtypes are excluded: small cell cancer, neuroendocrine tumors, lymphoma, sarcoma, mixed tumor histology, and mucinous cystic neoplasms detected in the biliary tract region. (who.int)
  • Advanced-stage unresectable biliary-tract cancer (BTC). (medscape.com)
  • Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and biliary tract cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Top News From ASCO 2017: Slideshow Highlights include practice-changing research in colon, prostate, breast, and biliary tract cancer, as well as a push to make psychological cancer care routine. (medscape.com)
  • ptic ulcer disease, GI motility disorders, pancreatic disease, cancers, and benign neoplasms throughout the gastrointestinal and biliary tract. (salary.com)
  • Conclusion: Dose level 1 (2.9 mg/kg of MGd) is the recommended dose for combination with (RT) in phase II studies for locally advanced pancreatic and biliary cancers. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Cancers associés aux virus en Afrique. (who.int)
  • Lewis commented: "Few GI malignancies have seen their therapeutic paradigm shift more in recent years than biliary tract cancers, but immunotherapy and MEK inhibition have yet to yield the same dividends in BTC as they have in melanoma. (medscape.com)
  • Argani, P. Intraductal spread by metastatic islet cell tumor (well-differentiated pancreatic endocrine neoplasm) involving the breast of a child, mimicking a primary mammary carcinoma. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Hepatic resection in 485 R0 pT2 and pT3 cases of advanced carcinoma of the gallbladder: results of a Japanese Society of Biliary Surgery survey--a multicenter study. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Gemcitabine combined with oxaliplatin (GEMOX) in advanced biliary tract adenocarcinoma: a GERCOR study. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Two patients with intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct were enrolled in the study. (springer.com)
  • A diverse spectrum of diseases affects the biliary system, often presenting with similar clinical signs and symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • For patient education resources, see Digestive Disorders Center and Cholesterol Center , as well as Gallstones , Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) , Cirrhosis (Liver, Symptoms, Stages, and Diet) , and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis . (medscape.com)
  • Right-upper quadrant ultrasound is adopted primarily for its high sensitivity and specificity in detecting gallstones and biliary damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biliary-type pain, the typical clinical presentation, is due to the obstruction of the bile duct lumen. (medscape.com)
  • Abdominal pain could indicate biliary tract obstruction and cirrhosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Upon preliminary diagnosis, imaging is ordered to investigate suspected biliary obstruction or liver damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • A multi-institution consensus on how to perform EUS-guided biliary drainage for malignant biliary obstruction. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography drainage for palliation of malignant hilar biliary obstruction - stent-in-stent or side-by-side? (wjgnet.com)
  • Cirrhosis may also occur in primary biliary cirrhosis . (wikidoc.org)
  • Mortality for all causes and all malignant neoplasms was lower that expected at each of the factories. (cdc.gov)
  • Benign neoplasm of liver include hepatic hemangiomas, hepatic adenomas , and focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). (wikidoc.org)
  • Surgical specialization and operative mortality in hepato-pancreatico-biliary (HPB) surgery. (umassmed.edu)
  • Perioperative mortality for management of hepatic neoplasm: a simple risk score. (umassmed.edu)
  • In a patient with persistent elevation of liver-associated enzymes, the contrast medium entering the biliary ductal system preferentially enters the cystic duct. (medscape.com)
  • Bile is produced by the liver and is channeled by the biliary ductal system into the intestinal tract for the emulsification and absorption of fats. (medscape.com)
  • Biliary disease is caused by abnormalities in bile composition, biliary anatomy, or function. (medscape.com)
  • The liver determines the chemical composition of bile, and this may be modified later by the gallbladder and the biliary epithelium. (medscape.com)
  • Arachidonyl lecithin, which is absorbed from the alimentary tract and secreted into the bile, stimulates prostanoid synthesis by gallbladder mucosa and promotes mucus hypersecretion, while inhibitors of prostaglandin inhibit mucus secretion. (medscape.com)
  • Common Bile Duct Neoplasms. (annalskemu.org)
  • Malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. (wikidoc.org)
  • Osayi SN, Wendling MR, Drosdeck JM et al (2015) Near-infrared fluorescent cholangiography facilitates identification of biliary anatomy during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. (springer.com)
  • Purpose: To determine the maximum tolerated dose and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of the novel anticancer agent, motexafin gadolinium (MGd), administered concurrently with radiation therapy (RT) in patients with locally advanced pancreatic or biliary tumors. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Percutaneous biliary drainage: technical and catheter-related problems in 200 procedures. (umassmed.edu)
  • 1. Patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed biliary tract cancer (BTC) (cholangiocarcinoma or gallbladder cancer). (nih.gov)
  • Tobacco and alcohol are well-established risk factors for numerous cancers, yet their relationship to biliary tract cancers remains unclear. (nih.gov)
  • Unresectable biliary tract cancers have a very poor prognosis. (psu.edu)
  • A new challenge to biliary tract tumor pathology. (nih.gov)
  • A high molecular and genetic concordance between primary tumor (PR) and PDX was confirmed by the evaluation of biliary epithelial markers, tissue architecture, genetic aberrations (including K-RAS G12D mutation), and transcriptomic and microRNA profiles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While response rates are excessive with this method, even following tumor development on systemic therapies, the biliary toxicity and technical aspects of implanting and maintaining an hepatic arterial pump have limited its applicability in current practice beyond few centers with expertise in this strategy. (dnahelix.com)
  • 1. Characterization of intraductal papillary neoplasm of bile duct with respect to histopathologic similarities to pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. (nih.gov)
  • 11. Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct, gastric type, arising in the intrapancreatic common bile duct could progress to colloid carcinoma: report of a case. (nih.gov)
  • A phase II study of capecitabine and oxaliplatin combination chemotherapy in patients with inoperable adenocarcinoma of the gall bladder or biliary tract. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Eligible patients with inoperable locally advanced or metastatic adenocarcinoma of the gall bladder or biliary tract and with adequate performance status, haematologic, renal, and hepatic function were treated with capecitabine (1000 mg/m(2) po, twice daily, days 1-14) and oxaliplatin (130 mg/m(2) i.v., day 1) every 3 weeks for up to six cycles. (ox.ac.uk)
  • For patient education resources, see Digestive Disorders Center and Cholesterol Center , as well as Gallstones , Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) , Cirrhosis (Liver, Symptoms, Stages, and Diet) , and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis . (medscape.com)
  • A primary malignant neoplasm that overlaps two or more contiguous (next to each other) sites should be classified to the subcategory/code .8 ('overlapping lesion'), unless the combination is specifically indexed elsewhere. (icd10data.com)
  • A primary malignant neoplasm of the pancreatic islet cells. (icd10data.com)
  • 9. [Intraductal papillary neoplasms of intrahepatic bile duct: a clinicopathologic study of 25 cases]. (nih.gov)
  • 12. A statement by the Japan-Korea expert pathologists for future clinicopathological and molecular analyses toward consensus building of intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct through several opinions at the present stage. (nih.gov)
  • 14. Gastric subtype of intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct: The pathologic spectrum. (nih.gov)
  • 15. Clinicopathological Study of Resections of Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Bile Duct. (nih.gov)
  • 17. Intraductal neoplasms of the bile duct. (nih.gov)
  • 4. Intraductal papillary mucininous neoplasm of the bile ducts: multimodality assessment with pathologic correlation. (nih.gov)
  • 10. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. (nih.gov)
  • 13. Cyst-forming intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile ducts: description of imaging and pathologic aspects. (nih.gov)
  • 16. Cholangiographic spectrum of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile ducts. (nih.gov)
  • 18. Cytopathologic diagnosis of oncocytic type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm: Criteria and clinical implications of accurate diagnosis. (nih.gov)
  • Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining the biliary tree, represent only a small portion of the total liver cell population (3-5%), but they are responsible for the secretion of up to 40% of total daily bile volume. (medscape.com)
  • Biliary disease is caused by abnormalities in bile composition, biliary anatomy, or function. (medscape.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Advanced biliary tract carcinomas are associated with a poor prognosis, and palliative chemotherapy has only modest benefit. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Classify works on surgery of the digestive system or gastrointestinal tract in WI 980 . (nih.gov)
  • This sharing rate ranges between 0% (biliary tract neoplasms) to 72.2% (meningitis, meningococcal) when analyzed by disease that is focus of a study. (nih.gov)