Bites and Stings
Snake Bites
Open Bite
Viperidae
Jaw Relation Record
Overbite
Ticks
Masticatory Muscles
Fingersucking
Russell's Viper
Elapidae
Tick-Borne Diseases
Malocclusion
Vertical Dimension
Dental Occlusion
Bungarus
Streptobacillus
Insect Vectors
Culicidae
Spiders
DEET
Dogs
Feeding Behavior
Bacteria, Aerobic
Mandible
Viper Venoms
Capnocytophaga
Bedbugs
Snake Venoms
Malocclusion, Angle Class II
Ixodes
Temporal Muscle
Pacifiers
Salivary Proteins and Peptides
Sucking Behavior
Stomatognathic System
Molar
Rat-Bite Fever
Lyme Disease
Rabies Vaccines
Bothrops
Maxilla
Dental Arch
Orthodontic Appliances, Functional
Spider Venoms
Crotalus
A look at forensic dentistry--Part 2: teeth as weapons of violence--identification of bitemark perpetrators. (1/52)
Teeth are often used as weapons when one person attacks another or when a victim tries to ward off an assailant. It is relatively simple to record the evidence from the injury and the teeth for comparison of the shapes, sizes and pattern that are present. However, this comparative analysis is often very difficult, especially since human skin is curved, elastic, distortable and undergoing oedema. In many cases, though, conclusions can be reached about any role a suspect may have played in a crime. Additionally, traces of saliva deposited during biting can be recovered to acquire DNA evidence and this can be analyzed to determine who contributed this biological evidence. If dentists are aware of the various methods to collect and preserve bitemark evidence from victims and suspects it may be possible for them to assist the justice system to identify and prosecute violent offenders. This paper reviews the recognition and recovery of this evidence and provides insight into modern methods used to investigate bitemark evidence from heinous crimes. (+info)Comparative in vitro activity of ertapenem and 11 other antimicrobial agents against aerobic and anaerobic pathogens isolated from skin and soft tissue animal and human bite wound infections. (2/52)
We studied the comparative in vitro activity of ertapenem, a new carbapenem, against 240 aerobic and 180 anaerobic recent clinical bite isolates using an agar dilution method and an inoculum of 10(4) cfu/spot for aerobes and 10(5) cfu/spot for anaerobes. Ertapenem inhibited 410/420 (98%) of the isolates tested at < or = 4 mg/L with only 4/5 Campylobacter gracilis and 1/3 Campylobacter rectus strains requiring . or = 16 mg/L for inhibition. Ertapenem was only moderately active (MIC 8 mg/L) against 4/6 Enterococcus faecalis and 1/11 Staphylococcus epidermidis strains. All Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella septica, Pasteurella canis, Pasteurella dagmatis, Moraxella spp. and EF-4 isolates were inhibited at < or = 0.015 mg/L. MIC(90)s for other aerobic genera and species were as follows: Corynebacterium spp., 4 mg/L; Staphylococcus aureus, 0.25 mg/L; Staphylococcus epidermidis, 4 mg/L; other coagulasenegative staphylococci, 0.25 mg/L; Streptococcus milleri group, 0.5 mg/L; Eikenella corrodens, 0.03 mg/L; and Bergeyella zoohelcum, 0.5 mg/L. For anaerobes the range of MICs and MIC(90)s were: Prevotella ssp., < or = 0.015-0.5, 0.125 mg/L; Porphyromonas spp., < or = 0.015-0.03, 0.015 mg/L; Fusobacterium spp., 0.015-0.125, 0.03 mg/L; Bacteroides tectum, 0.03-0.125, 0.125 mg/L; and Peptostreptococcus spp., 0.01-2, 1 mg/L. Ertapenem showed excellent potency against the full range of animal and human bite wound pathogens. (+info)Strangulation injuries. (3/52)
Strangulation accounts for 10% of all violent deaths in the United States. Many people who are strangled survive. These survivors may have minimal visible external findings. Because of the slowly compressive nature of the forces involved in strangulation, clinicians should be aware of the potential for significant complications including laryngeal fractures, upper airway edema, and vocal cord immobility. Survivors are most often assaulted during an incident of intimate partner violence or sexual assault, and need to be specifically asked if they were strangled. Many survivors of strangulation will not volunteer this information. Accurate documentation in the medical chart is essential to substantiate a survivor's account of the incident. Medical providers are a significant community resource with the responsibility to provide expert information to patients and other systems working with survivors of strangulation. This case study reviews a strangulation victim who exhibited some classic findings. (+info)Clinical presentation and bacteriologic analysis of infected human bites in patients presenting to emergency departments. (4/52)
Previous studies of infected human bites have been limited by small numbers of patients and suboptimal microbiologic methodology. We conducted a multicenter prospective study of 50 patients with infected human bites. Seventy percent of the patients and assailants were young adult men. Fifty-six percent of injuries were clenched-fist injuries and 44% were occlusional bites. Most injuries were to the hands. Fifty-four percent of patients were hospitalized. The median number of isolates per wound culture was 4 (3 aerobes and 1 anaerobe); aerobes and anaerobes were isolated from 54% of wounds, aerobes alone were isolated from 44%, and anaerobes alone were isolated from 2%. Isolates included Streptococcus anginosus (52%), Staphylococcus aureus (30%), Eikenella corrodens (30%), Fusobacterium nucleatum (32%), and Prevotella melaninogenica (22%). Candida species were found in 8%. Fusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, and Candida species were isolated more frequently from occlusional bites than from clenched-fist injuries. Many strains of Prevotella and S. aureus were beta-lactamase producers. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and moxifloxacin demonstrated excellent in vitro activity against common isolates. (+info)Common acute hand infections. (5/52)
Hand infections can result in significant morbidity if not appropriately diagnosed and treated. Host factors, location, and circumstances of the infection are important guides to initial treatment strategies. Many hand infections improve with early splinting, elevation, appropriate antibiotics and, if an abscess is present, incision and drainage. Tetanus prophylaxis is indicated in patients who have at-risk infections. Paronychia, an infection of the epidermis bordering the nail, commonly is precipitated by localized trauma. Treatment consists of incision and drainage, warm-water soaks and, sometimes, oral antibiotics. A felon is an abscess of the distal pulp of the fingertip. An early felon may be amenable to elevation, oral antibiotics, and warm water or saline soaks. A more advanced felon requires incision and drainage. Herpetic whitlow is a painful infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. Early treatment with oral antiviral agents may hasten healing. Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis and clenched-fist injuries are more serious infections that often require surgical intervention. Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis is an acute synovial space infection involving a flexor tendon sheath. Treatment consists of parenteral antibiotics and sheath irrigation. A clenched-fist injury usually is the result of an altercation and often involves injury to the extensor tendon, joint capsule, and bone. Wound exploration, copious irrigation, and appropriate antibiotics can prevent undesired outcomes. (+info)Hand and wrist injuries: Part II. Emergent evaluation. (6/52)
Primary care physicians must be able to recognize wrist and hand injuries that require immediate attention. A complete history and physical examination, including assessment of distal limb function, are essential. Hemorrhage control is necessary in patients with vessel lacerations and amputations. Amputations require an understanding of the indications and contraindications in the management of the amputated limb. High-pressure injection injuries and compartment syndromes require a high index of suspicion for early recognition. Infectious entities include "fight bite," open fractures, purulent tenosynovitis, animal bites, and retained foreign bodies. Tendon disruptions should be recognized early to optimize management. (+info)Forensic odontology: the roles and responsibilities of the dentist. (7/52)
Dentistry has much to offer law enforcement in the detection and solution of crime or in civil proceedings. Forensic dental fieldwork requires an interdisciplinary knowledge of dental science. Most often the role of the forensic odontologist is to establish a person's identity. Teeth, with their physiologic variations, pathoses and effects of therapy, record information that remains throughout life and beyond. The teeth may also be used as weapons and, under certain circumstances, may leave information about the identity of the biter. Forensic odontology has an important role in the recognition of abuse among persons of all ages. Dental professionals have a major role to play in keeping accurate dental records and providing all necessary information so that legal authorities may recognize malpractice, negligence, fraud or abuse, and identify unknown humans. (+info)Best evidence topic report. Are antibiotics indicated following human bites? (8/52)
A short cut review was carried out to establish whether antibiotics are indicated for human bites. Eighty nine papers were found using the reported search, of which two represent the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The author, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results, and study weaknesses of these best papers are tabulated. Prophylactic antibiotics should be given to all patients with human bites to the hands, feet, and skin overlying joints or cartilaginous structures, and to all patients with bites that penetrate deeper than the epidermal layer. (+info)"Bites and stings" is a general term used to describe injuries resulting from the teeth or venomous secretions of animals. These can include:
1. Insect bites: The bite marks are usually small, punctate, and may be accompanied by symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and pain. Examples include mosquito, flea, bedbug, and tick bites.
2. Spider bites: Some spiders possess venomous fangs that can cause localized pain, redness, and swelling. In severe cases, systemic symptoms like muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, and difficulty breathing may occur. The black widow and brown recluse spiders are notorious for their venomous bites.
3. Snake bites: Venomous snakes deliver toxic saliva through their fangs, which can lead to local tissue damage, swelling, pain, and potentially life-threatening systemic effects such as paralysis, bleeding disorders, and respiratory failure.
4. Mammal bites: Animal bites from mammals like dogs, cats, and wild animals can cause puncture wounds, lacerations, and crush injuries. They may also transmit infectious diseases, such as rabies.
5. Marine animal stings: Stings from jellyfish, sea urchins, stingrays, and other marine creatures can result in localized pain, redness, swelling, and systemic symptoms like difficulty breathing, muscle cramps, and altered heart rhythms. Some marine animals' venoms can cause severe allergic reactions or even death.
Treatment for bites and stings varies depending on the type and severity of the injury. It may include wound care, pain management, antibiotics to prevent infection, and in some cases, antivenom therapy to counteract the effects of venom. Seeking immediate medical attention is crucial in severe cases or when systemic symptoms are present.
A snake bite is a traumatic injury resulting from the puncture or laceration of skin by the fangs of a snake, often accompanied by envenomation. Envenomation occurs when the snake injects venom into the victim's body through its fangs. The severity and type of symptoms depend on various factors such as the species of snake, the amount of venom injected, the location of the bite, and the individual's sensitivity to the venom. Symptoms can range from localized pain, swelling, and redness to systemic effects like coagulopathy, neurotoxicity, or cardiotoxicity, which may lead to severe complications or even death if not treated promptly and appropriately.
'Human bites' refer to wounds or injuries resulting from the human mouth coming into contact with another person's body tissue. These bites can occur during fights, accidents, or intentional acts and can cause damage ranging from minor abrasions to serious tissue injury or infection. Human bite wounds may also pose a risk of transmission for various pathogens, including bacteria like Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species, hepatitis B and C viruses, and herpes simplex virus. Proper evaluation, wound care, and potential antibiotic treatment are crucial to prevent complications associated with human bites.
Insect bites and stings refer to the penetration of the skin by insects, such as mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, or bees, often resulting in localized symptoms including redness, swelling, itching, and pain. The reaction can vary depending on the individual's sensitivity and the type of insect. In some cases, systemic reactions like anaphylaxis may occur, which requires immediate medical attention. Treatment typically involves relieving symptoms with topical creams, antihistamines, or in severe cases, epinephrine. Prevention measures include using insect repellent and protective clothing.
Bite force refers to the amount of force or pressure that can be exerted by the teeth and jaw when biting down or clenching together. It is a measure of an individual's maximum biting strength, typically expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or newtons (N). Bite force is an important factor in various biological and medical contexts, including oral health, nutrition, and the study of animal behavior and evolution.
In humans, bite force can vary widely depending on factors such as age, sex, muscle strength, and dental health. On average, a healthy adult human male may have a maximum bite force of around 150-200 pounds (670-890 newtons), while an adult female may have a bite force of around 100-130 pounds (445-578 newtons). However, these values can vary significantly from person to person.
Abnormalities in bite force can be indicative of various medical conditions or injuries, such as temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD), muscle weakness, or neurological disorders affecting the facial muscles. Assessing and measuring bite force may also be useful in evaluating the effectiveness of dental treatments or appliances, such as dentures or orthodontic devices.
A spider bite is not a medical condition in and of itself, but rather an injury caused by the puncture of the skin by the fangs of a spider. Not all spiders are capable of penetrating human skin, and only a small number of species found in certain parts of the world have venom that can cause harmful reactions in humans.
The symptoms of a spider bite can vary widely depending on the species of spider, the amount of venom injected, the sensitivity of the person bitten, and the location of the bite. Some common symptoms include redness, swelling, pain, itching, and formation of a blister at the site of the bite. In more severe cases, symptoms such as muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing can occur.
It is important to note that many skin reactions that are attributed to spider bites may actually be caused by other factors such as bacterial infections or allergic reactions. Accurate identification of the spider responsible for a bite is often difficult, and in most cases, treatment is directed at relieving symptoms and preventing complications.
An open bite, in dental terminology, refers to a type of malocclusion (or misalignment) where the upper and lower teeth do not make contact with each other when the jaw is closed. More specifically, the front teeth of both the upper and lower jaws fail to meet or overlap normally, creating an opening in the bite. This condition can lead to various problems such as difficulty in biting, chewing, speaking clearly, and even cause temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). Open bite can be caused by several factors including thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, genetic factors, or abnormal jaw development. Treatment usually involves orthodontic intervention, possibly with the use of appliances or even surgery in severe cases.
Antivenins, also known as antivenoms, are medications created specifically to counteract venomous bites or stings from various creatures such as snakes, spiders, scorpions, and marine animals. They contain antibodies that bind to and neutralize the toxic proteins present in venom. Antivenins are usually made by immunizing large animals (like horses) with small amounts of venom over time, which prompts the animal's immune system to produce antibodies against the venom. The antibody-rich serum is then collected from the immunized animal and purified for use as an antivenin.
When administered to a victim who has been envenomated, antivenins work by binding to the venom molecules, preventing them from causing further damage to the body's tissues and organs. This helps minimize the severity of symptoms and can save lives in life-threatening situations. It is essential to seek immediate medical attention if bitten or stung by a venomous creature, as antivenins should be administered as soon as possible for optimal effectiveness.
A "tick bite" refers to the penetration of the skin by a tick, a small arachnid, for the purpose of feeding on the host's blood. This process often involves the tick's mouthparts piercing the skin and attaching themselves securely to the host. Tick bites can potentially transmit diseases, such as Lyme disease or Rocky Mountain spotted fever, depending on the type of tick and the length of time it remains attached. It is important to check for and promptly remove ticks from the body to reduce the risk of infection.
Viperidae is not a term that has a medical definition per se, but it is a term used in the field of biology and zoology. Viperidae is the family name for a group of venomous snakes commonly known as vipers. This family includes various types of pit vipers, adders, and rattlesnakes.
While Viperidae itself may not have direct medical relevance, understanding the biology and behavior of these creatures is important in the context of medical fields such as toxicology and emergency medicine. Knowledge about the venomous properties of viper snakes and their potential to cause harm to humans is crucial for appropriate treatment and management of snakebites.
A Jaw Relation Record (also known as a "mounted cast" or "articulated record") is a dental term used to describe the process of recording and replicating the precise spatial relationship between the upper and lower jaws. This information is crucial in various dental treatments, such as designing and creating dental restorations, dentures, or orthodontic appliances.
The Jaw Relation Record typically involves these steps:
1. Determining the optimal jaw position (occlusion) during a clinical procedure called "bite registration." This is done by using various materials like waxes, silicones, or impression compounds to record the relationship between the upper and lower teeth in a static position or at specific movements.
2. Transferring this bite registration to an articulator, which is a mechanical device that simulates jaw movement. The articulator holds dental casts (replicas of the patient's teeth) and allows for adjustments based on the recorded jaw relationship.
3. Mounting the dental casts onto the articulator according to the bite registration. This creates an accurate representation of the patient's oral structures, allowing dentists or technicians to evaluate, plan, and fabricate dental restorations that will fit harmoniously in the mouth and provide optimal function and aesthetics.
In summary, a Jaw Relation Record is a critical component in dental treatment planning and restoration design, as it captures and replicates the precise spatial relationship between the upper and lower jaws.
Mastication is the medical term for the process of chewing food. It's the first step in digestion, where food is broken down into smaller pieces by the teeth, making it easier to swallow and further digest. The act of mastication involves not only the physical grinding and tearing of food by the teeth but also the mixing of the food with saliva, which contains enzymes that begin to break down carbohydrates. This process helps to enhance the efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption in the subsequent stages of the digestive process.
A wound infection is defined as the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in a part of the body tissue, which has been damaged by a cut, blow, or other trauma, leading to inflammation, purulent discharge, and sometimes systemic toxicity. The symptoms may include redness, swelling, pain, warmth, and fever. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics and proper wound care. It's important to note that not all wounds will become infected, but those that are contaminated with bacteria, dirt, or other foreign substances, or those in which the skin's natural barrier has been significantly compromised, are at a higher risk for infection.
Insect repellents are substances that are applied to the skin, clothing, or other surfaces to deter insects from landing or crawling on that surface. They work by masking the scents that attract insects or by repelling them with unpleasant odors. Insect repellents can be chemical-based, such as those containing DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), picaridin, or IR3535, or they can be natural, such as those containing oil of lemon eucalyptus or citronella. These substances work by interfering with the insect's ability to detect human scent, making it less likely that they will come into contact with the person using the repellent. Insect repellents are an important tool in preventing insect-borne diseases such as Lyme disease, West Nile virus, and Zika virus.
An overbite, also known as "malocclusion of class II division 1" in dental terminology, is an orthodontic condition where the upper front teeth excessively overlap the lower front teeth when biting down. This means that the upper incisors are positioned too far forward or the lower incisors are too far back. A slight overbite is considered normal and healthy, as it allows the front teeth to perform their functions properly, such as biting and tearing food. However, a significant overbite can lead to various problems like difficulty in chewing, speaking, and maintaining good oral hygiene. It may also cause wear and tear on the teeth, jaw pain, or even contribute to temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). Orthodontic treatment, such as braces or aligners, is often recommended to correct a severe overbite and restore proper bite alignment.
A medical definition of "ticks" would be:
Ticks are small, blood-sucking parasites that belong to the arachnid family, which also includes spiders. They have eight legs and can vary in size from as small as a pinhead to about the size of a marble when fully engorged with blood. Ticks attach themselves to the skin of their hosts (which can include humans, dogs, cats, and wild animals) by inserting their mouthparts into the host's flesh.
Ticks can transmit a variety of diseases, including Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis. It is important to remove ticks promptly and properly to reduce the risk of infection. To remove a tick, use fine-tipped tweezers to grasp the tick as close to the skin's surface as possible and pull upward with steady, even pressure. Do not twist or jerk the tick, as this can cause the mouthparts to break off and remain in the skin. After removing the tick, clean the area with soap and water and disinfect the tweezers.
Preventing tick bites is an important part of protecting against tick-borne diseases. This can be done by wearing protective clothing (such as long sleeves and pants), using insect repellent containing DEET or permethrin, avoiding wooded and brushy areas with high grass, and checking for ticks after being outdoors.
Masticatory muscles are a group of skeletal muscles responsible for the mastication (chewing) process in humans and other animals. They include:
1. Masseter muscle: This is the primary muscle for chewing and is located on the sides of the face, running from the lower jawbone (mandible) to the cheekbone (zygomatic arch). It helps close the mouth and elevate the mandible during chewing.
2. Temporalis muscle: This muscle is situated in the temporal region of the skull, covering the temple area. It assists in closing the jaw, retracting the mandible, and moving it sideways during chewing.
3. Medial pterygoid muscle: Located deep within the cheek, near the angle of the lower jaw, this muscle helps move the mandible forward and grind food during chewing. It also contributes to closing the mouth.
4. Lateral pterygoid muscle: Found inside the ramus (the vertical part) of the mandible, this muscle has two heads - superior and inferior. The superior head helps open the mouth by pulling the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) downwards, while the inferior head assists in moving the mandible sideways during chewing.
These muscles work together to enable efficient chewing and food breakdown, preparing it for swallowing and digestion.
I could not find a specific medical definition for "fingersucking" as it is more of a behavior rather than a medical condition. However, fingersucking can sometimes be associated with certain medical or developmental issues in children. For example, persistent fingering sucking beyond the age of 5 years may indicate a developmental issue such as a sensory processing disorder or a behavioral problem like attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Prolonged fingersucking can also lead to dental problems such as malocclusion and dental caries.
Tongue habits refer to the specific and repetitive ways in which an individual's tongue moves or rests inside their mouth. These habits can include things like tongue thrusting, where the tongue presses against the front teeth during speech or swallowing; tongue sucking, where the tongue is placed against the roof of the mouth; or improper tongue positioning during rest, where the tongue may be positioned too far forward in the mouth or rest against the bottom teeth.
Tongue habits can have an impact on dental and oral health, as well as speech development and clarity. For example, persistent tongue thrusting can lead to an open bite, where the front teeth do not come together when the mouth is closed. Improper tongue positioning during rest can also contribute to the development of a deep overbite or an anterior open bite.
In some cases, tongue habits may be related to underlying conditions such as muscle weakness or sensory integration disorders. Speech-language pathologists and orthodontists may work together to assess and address tongue habits in order to improve oral function and overall health.
Russell's Viper is not a medical condition or term. It is a type of venomous snake, scientifically known as Daboia russelii, found in parts of Asia. The bite of this viper can cause severe symptoms such as pain, swelling, bleeding, tissue damage, and potentially life-threatening systemic effects like kidney failure, blood clotting problems, and cardiac arrest. Medical personnel should be notified immediately in case of a snakebite, and appropriate antivenom therapy should be initiated as soon as possible to reduce the risk of complications or mortality.
Elapidae is a family of venomous snakes, also known as elapids. This family includes many well-known species such as cobras, mambas, death adders, and sea snakes. Elapids are characterized by their fixed fangs, which are located at the front of the upper jaw and deliver venom through a hollow canal. The venom of these snakes is typically neurotoxic, causing paralysis and respiratory failure in prey or attackers.
Elapids are found throughout the world, with the greatest diversity occurring in tropical regions. They vary widely in size, from small species like the death adders that measure only a few inches long, to large species like the king cobra, which can reach lengths of up to 18 feet (5.5 meters).
Elapids are generally shy and avoid confrontations with humans whenever possible. However, they will defend themselves aggressively if threatened or cornered. Bites from elapid snakes can be medically significant and may require antivenom treatment.
Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are a group of illnesses that can be transmitted to humans and animals through the bite of infected ticks. These diseases are caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Some common TBDs include Lyme disease, Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis, Ehrlichiosis, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, and Tularemia. The symptoms of TBDs can vary widely depending on the specific disease but may include fever, rash, fatigue, muscle aches, and headaches. Early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are crucial to prevent potential long-term complications associated with some TBDs. Preventive measures such as using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and checking for ticks after being outdoors can help reduce the risk of TBDs.
Malocclusion is a term used in dentistry and orthodontics to describe a misalignment or misrelation between the upper and lower teeth when they come together, also known as the bite. It is derived from the Latin words "mal" meaning bad or wrong, and "occludere" meaning to close.
There are different types of malocclusions, including:
1. Class I malocclusion: The most common type, where the upper teeth slightly overlap the lower teeth, but the bite is otherwise aligned.
2. Class II malocclusion (overbite): The upper teeth significantly overlap the lower teeth, causing a horizontal or vertical discrepancy between the dental arches.
3. Class III malocclusion (underbite): The lower teeth protrude beyond the upper teeth, resulting in a crossbite or underbite.
Malocclusions can be caused by various factors such as genetics, thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, premature loss of primary or permanent teeth, and jaw injuries or disorders. They may lead to several oral health issues, including tooth decay, gum disease, difficulty chewing or speaking, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. Treatment for malocclusions typically involves orthodontic appliances like braces, aligners, or retainers to realign the teeth and correct the bite. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary.
The term "vertical dimension" is used in dentistry, specifically in the field of prosthodontics, to refer to the measurement of the distance between two specific points in the vertical direction when the jaw is closed. The most common measurement is the "vertical dimension of occlusion," which is the distance between the upper and lower teeth when the jaw is in a balanced and comfortable position during resting closure.
The vertical dimension is an important consideration in the design and fabrication of dental restorations, such as dentures or dental crowns, to ensure proper function, comfort, and aesthetics. Changes in the vertical dimension can occur due to various factors, including tooth loss, jaw joint disorders, or muscle imbalances, which may require correction through dental treatment.
Dental occlusion refers to the alignment and contact between the upper and lower teeth when the jaws are closed. It is the relationship between the maxillary (upper) and mandibular (lower) teeth when they approach each other, as occurs during chewing or biting.
A proper dental occlusion, also known as a balanced occlusion, ensures that the teeth and jaw joints function harmoniously, reducing the risk of tooth wear, damage, and temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Malocclusion, on the other hand, refers to improper alignment or contact between the upper and lower teeth, which may require orthodontic treatment or dental restorations to correct.
'Bungarus' is a genus of venomous elapid snakes commonly known as kraits, which are native to South and Southeast Asia. The term 'Bungarus' comes from the natural history classification system used in biology, specifically in the field of herpetology (the study of amphibians and reptiles).
Kraits are known for their highly potent neurotoxic venom, which can cause respiratory failure and death if left untreated. They are typically nocturnal and have a distinctive pattern of alternating black, white, and yellow bands. Some of the more well-known species in this genus include the banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus) and the Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus).
It's worth noting that 'Bungarus' is not a medical term per se, but rather a taxonomic designation used by biologists to classify a group of related organisms. However, understanding the properties and behaviors of venomous snakes like kraits can be important for medical professionals who may encounter patients who have been bitten or envenomated by these creatures.
Cephalometry is a medical term that refers to the measurement and analysis of the skull, particularly the head face relations. It is commonly used in orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery to assess and plan treatment for abnormalities related to the teeth, jaws, and facial structures. The process typically involves taking X-ray images called cephalograms, which provide a lateral view of the head, and then using various landmarks and reference lines to make measurements and evaluate skeletal and dental relationships. This information can help clinicians diagnose problems, plan treatment, and assess treatment outcomes.
'Anopheles' is a genus of mosquitoes that are known for their role in transmitting malaria parasites to humans. These mosquitoes have a distinctive resting posture, with their abdomens raised and heads down, and they typically feed on human hosts at night. Only female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit the malaria parasite, as they require blood meals to lay eggs.
There are over 400 species of Anopheles mosquitoes worldwide, but only about 30-40 of these are considered significant vectors of human malaria. The distribution and behavior of these mosquitoes can vary widely depending on the specific species and geographic location.
Preventing and controlling the spread of malaria involves a variety of strategies, including the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, antimalarial drugs, and vaccines. Public health efforts to reduce the burden of malaria have made significant progress in recent decades, but the disease remains a major global health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.
Streptobacillus is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic bacteria that are typically shaped like rods or coccobacilli. They are part of the family Streptobacillaceae and are known to be normal flora in the upper respiratory tract of some animals, including rodents.
One species of this genus, Streptobacillus moniliformis, is a significant human pathogen and is the causative agent of streptobacillary rat-bite fever, also known as Haverhill fever or epidemic arthritic erythema. This bacterium can be transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected rodent or by ingesting food or water contaminated with the urine or feces of infected animals.
The infection caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis is characterized by fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, and a rash that may appear on the hands and feet. In severe cases, it can lead to serious complications such as endocarditis, meningitis, and pneumonia.
It's important to note that Streptobacillus species are fastidious bacteria, which means they require specific growth conditions and may be difficult to culture in the laboratory. Therefore, diagnosis of streptobacillary rat-bite fever often relies on clinical presentation and serological tests.
Insect vectors are insects that transmit disease-causing pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites) from one host to another. They do this while feeding on the host's blood or tissues. The insects themselves are not infected by the pathogen but act as mechanical carriers that pass it on during their bite. Examples of diseases spread by insect vectors include malaria (transmitted by mosquitoes), Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks), and plague (transmitted by fleas). Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and reducing standing water where mosquitoes breed, can help reduce the risk of contracting these diseases.
'Culicidae' is the biological family that includes all species of mosquitoes. It consists of three subfamilies: Anophelinae, Culicinae, and Toxorhynchitinae. Mosquitoes are small, midge-like flies that are known for their ability to transmit various diseases to humans and other animals, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika virus. The medical importance of Culicidae comes from the fact that only female mosquitoes require blood meals to lay eggs, and during this process, they can transmit pathogens between hosts.
Facial injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the face, which may include the bones of the skull that form the face, teeth, salivary glands, muscles, nerves, and skin. Facial injuries can range from minor cuts and bruises to severe fractures and disfigurement. They can be caused by a variety of factors such as accidents, falls, sports-related injuries, physical assaults, or animal attacks.
Facial injuries can affect one or more areas of the face, including the forehead, eyes, nose, cheeks, ears, mouth, and jaw. Common types of facial injuries include lacerations (cuts), contusions (bruises), abrasions (scrapes), fractures (broken bones), and burns.
Facial injuries can have significant psychological and emotional impacts on individuals, in addition to physical effects. Treatment for facial injuries may involve simple first aid, suturing of wounds, splinting or wiring of broken bones, reconstructive surgery, or other medical interventions. It is essential to seek prompt medical attention for any facial injury to ensure proper healing and minimize the risk of complications.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "spiders" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a common name used to refer to arachnids of the order Araneae, characterized by having two main body parts (the cephalothorax and abdomen), eight legs, and fangs that inject venom.
However, in a medical context, "spider" or "spider bite" may be used to describe skin lesions or reactions resulting from the bite of certain spiders, particularly those with medically significant venoms. For example, necrotic arachnidism is a condition caused by the bite of some spider species, such as recluse spiders (Loxosceles spp.). The bites can cause skin necrosis and other systemic symptoms in severe cases.
If you are looking for information on a specific medical topic or condition, please provide more details so I can offer a more accurate response.
DEET is a common abbreviation for N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, which is a widely used active ingredient in insect repellents. It works by blocking the ability of insects to sense the presence of humans, making it difficult for them to land and bite. DEET can provide long-lasting protection against a variety of insects, including mosquitoes, ticks, and other arthropods.
DEET is available in various forms, such as lotions, sprays, and wipes, and its concentration can range from 5% to 100%. Higher concentrations provide longer protection but may also increase the risk of skin irritation and other adverse effects. It is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions when using DEET-containing products and avoid applying them to broken or damaged skin, eyes, mouth, and mucous membranes.
DEET has been extensively studied for its safety and efficacy, and it is considered safe for use by people of all ages, including pregnant and breastfeeding women. However, it should be used with caution in young children due to their higher surface area-to-mass ratio and the potential for accidental ingestion or eye contact. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends using DEET products with a concentration of no more than 30% on children over two months of age.
I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.
If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.
Feeding behavior refers to the various actions and mechanisms involved in the intake of food and nutrition for the purpose of sustaining life, growth, and health. This complex process encompasses a coordinated series of activities, including:
1. Food selection: The identification, pursuit, and acquisition of appropriate food sources based on sensory cues (smell, taste, appearance) and individual preferences.
2. Preparation: The manipulation and processing of food to make it suitable for consumption, such as chewing, grinding, or chopping.
3. Ingestion: The act of transferring food from the oral cavity into the digestive system through swallowing.
4. Digestion: The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food within the gastrointestinal tract to facilitate nutrient absorption and eliminate waste products.
5. Assimilation: The uptake and utilization of absorbed nutrients by cells and tissues for energy production, growth, repair, and maintenance.
6. Elimination: The removal of undigested material and waste products from the body through defecation.
Feeding behavior is regulated by a complex interplay between neural, hormonal, and psychological factors that help maintain energy balance and ensure adequate nutrient intake. Disruptions in feeding behavior can lead to various medical conditions, such as malnutrition, obesity, eating disorders, and gastrointestinal motility disorders.
Aerobic bacteria are a type of bacteria that require oxygen to live and grow. These bacteria use oxygen as the final electron acceptor in their respiratory chain to generate energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Aerobic bacteria can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the air, as well as on the surfaces of living things. Some examples of aerobic bacteria include species of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus.
It's worth noting that some bacteria can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on the availability of oxygen. These bacteria are called facultative anaerobes. In contrast, obligate anaerobes are bacteria that cannot tolerate oxygen and will die in its presence.
The mandible, also known as the lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone in the human face. It forms the lower portion of the oral cavity and plays a crucial role in various functions such as mastication (chewing), speaking, and swallowing. The mandible is a U-shaped bone that consists of a horizontal part called the body and two vertical parts called rami.
The mandible articulates with the skull at the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) located in front of each ear, allowing for movements like opening and closing the mouth, protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement. The mandible contains the lower teeth sockets called alveolar processes, which hold the lower teeth in place.
In medical terminology, the term "mandible" refers specifically to this bone and its associated structures.
"Viper venoms" refer to the toxic secretions produced by members of the Viperidae family of snakes, which include pit vipers (such as rattlesnakes, copperheads, and cottonmouths) and true vipers (like adders, vipers, and gaboon vipers). These venoms are complex mixtures of proteins, enzymes, and other bioactive molecules that can cause a wide range of symptoms in prey or predators, including local tissue damage, pain, swelling, bleeding, and potentially life-threatening systemic effects such as coagulopathy, cardiovascular shock, and respiratory failure.
The composition of viper venoms varies widely between different species and even among individuals within the same species. However, many viper venoms contain a variety of enzymes (such as phospholipases A2, metalloproteinases, and serine proteases) that can cause tissue damage and disrupt vital physiological processes in the victim. Additionally, some viper venoms contain neurotoxins that can affect the nervous system and cause paralysis or other neurological symptoms.
Understanding the composition and mechanisms of action of viper venoms is important for developing effective treatments for venomous snakebites, as well as for gaining insights into the evolution and ecology of these fascinating and diverse creatures.
Capnocytophaga is a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are part of the normal oral flora of humans and some animals. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen. They are known to cause various types of infections, including bloodstream infections, meningitis, and soft tissue infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. The infection can be acquired through animal bites or scratches, or through close contact with saliva from infected animals. In humans, Capnocytophaga can also be part of the normal oral flora, but it rarely causes disease.
It is important to note that while Capnocytophaga can cause serious infections, they are relatively rare and proper hygiene and handling of pets can help reduce the risk of infection. If you have a weakened immune system or if you develop symptoms such as fever, chills, or severe illness after being bitten or scratched by an animal, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.
Bedbugs are small, wingless insects that belong to the family Cimicidae. The scientific name for the most common species of bedbug is Cimex lectularius. Adult bedbugs are oval-shaped, flat, and reddish-brown in color, while nymphs (immature bedbugs) are smaller, lighter in color, and translucent.
Bedbugs feed on the blood of humans and other warm-blooded animals, usually at night when their hosts are asleep. They are attracted to body heat and carbon dioxide exhaled by their hosts. Bedbug bites can cause itchy red welts or bumps on the skin, but they are not known to transmit any diseases.
Bedbugs can be found in a variety of places where people sleep or rest for extended periods, including homes, hotels, hostels, and college dormitories. They can hide in cracks and crevices in furniture, walls, floors, and bedding, making them difficult to detect and eliminate.
To prevent bedbug infestations, it is recommended to inspect second-hand furniture carefully before bringing it into your home, use protective encasements on mattresses and box springs, and avoid storing items under beds or near walls. If you suspect a bedbug infestation, contact a pest management professional for assistance.
Snake venoms are complex mixtures of bioactive compounds produced by specialized glands in snakes. They primarily consist of proteins and peptides, including enzymes, neurotoxins, hemotoxins, cytotoxins, and cardiotoxins. These toxins can cause a variety of pharmacological effects on the victim's body, such as disruption of the nervous system, blood coagulation, muscle function, and cell membrane integrity, ultimately leading to tissue damage and potentially death. The composition of snake venoms varies widely among different species, making each species' venom unique in its toxicity profile.
Forensic dentistry, also known as forensic odontology, is a specialty in forensic science that involves the examination, identification, and evaluation of dental evidence for legal purposes. It encompasses various aspects such as:
1. Identification of deceased individuals through dental records comparison (e.g., during mass disasters or unidentified human remains).
2. Analysis of bite marks found on victims or objects related to criminal investigations.
3. Assessment of age, sex, ancestry, and other personal characteristics based on dental features.
4. Examination of cases of abuse, neglect, or malpractice in dentistry.
5. Evaluation of occupational dental injuries and diseases.
Forensic dentists often work closely with law enforcement agencies, medical examiners, and other legal professionals to provide expert testimony in court proceedings.
Malocclusion, Angle Class II is a type of dental malocclusion where the relationship between the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw) is such that the lower molar teeth are positioned posteriorly relative to the upper molar teeth. This results in an overbite, which means that the upper front teeth overlap the lower front teeth excessively. The classification was proposed by Edward Angle, an American orthodontist who is considered the father of modern orthodontics. In this classification system, Class II malocclusion is further divided into three subclasses (I, II, and III) based on the position of the lower incisors relative to the upper incisors.
"Ixodes" is a genus of tick that includes several species known to transmit various diseases to humans and animals. These ticks are often referred to as "hard ticks" because of their hard, shield-like plate on their backs. Ixodes ticks have a complex life cycle involving three stages: larva, nymph, and adult. They feed on the blood of hosts during each stage, and can transmit diseases such as Lyme disease, Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis, and Powassan virus disease.
The most common Ixodes species in North America is Ixodes scapularis, also known as the black-legged tick or deer tick, which is the primary vector of Lyme disease in this region. In Europe, Ixodes ricinus, or the castor bean tick, is a widespread and important vector of diseases such as Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis, and several other tick-borne pathogens.
Ixodes ticks are typically found in wooded or grassy areas with high humidity and moderate temperatures. They can be carried by various hosts, including mammals, birds, and reptiles, and can survive for long periods without feeding, making them efficient disease vectors.
The temporalis muscle is a fan-shaped muscle located in the lateral aspect of the head, in the temporal fossa region. It belongs to the group of muscles known as muscles of mastication, responsible for chewing movements. The temporalis muscle has its origin at the temporal fossa and inserts into the coronoid process and ramus of the mandible. Its main function is to retract the mandible and assist in closing the jaw.
A pacifier, also known as a soother or dummy, is a rubber, plastic, or silicone teething device that is designed to be sucked upon. It has a nipple-like part that the baby or infant sucks on to derive a sense of security, comfort, and relaxation. Pacifiers are often used to help soothe a crying or fussy baby, to help them fall asleep, or to calm them during stressful situations. They come in various shapes, sizes, and colors, and can be orthodontic or non-orthodontic. It is recommended that pacifier use should be stopped by the age of 2-3 years to prevent dental and speech development issues.
The masseter muscle is a strong chewing muscle in the jaw. It is a broad, thick, quadrilateral muscle that extends from the zygomatic arch (cheekbone) to the lower jaw (mandible). The masseter muscle has two distinct parts: the superficial part and the deep part.
The superficial part of the masseter muscle originates from the lower border of the zygomatic process of the maxilla and the anterior two-thirds of the inferior border of the zygomatic arch. The fibers of this part run almost vertically downward to insert on the lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible and the coronoid process.
The deep part of the masseter muscle originates from the deep surface of the zygomatic arch and inserts on the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible, blending with the temporalis tendon.
The primary function of the masseter muscle is to elevate the mandible, helping to close the mouth and clench the teeth together during mastication (chewing). It also plays a role in stabilizing the jaw during biting and speaking. The masseter muscle is one of the most powerful muscles in the human body relative to its size.
Salivary proteins and peptides refer to the diverse group of molecules that are present in saliva, which is the clear, slightly alkaline fluid produced by the salivary glands in the mouth. These proteins and peptides play a crucial role in maintaining oral health and contributing to various physiological functions.
Some common types of salivary proteins and peptides include:
1. **Mucins**: These are large, heavily glycosylated proteins that give saliva its viscous quality. They help to lubricate the oral cavity, protect the mucosal surfaces, and aid in food bolus formation.
2. **Amylases**: These enzymes break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars, initiating the digestive process even before food reaches the stomach.
3. **Proline-rich proteins (PRPs)**: PRPs contribute to the buffering capacity of saliva and help protect against tooth erosion by forming a protective layer on tooth enamel.
4. **Histatins**: These are small cationic peptides with antimicrobial properties, playing a significant role in maintaining oral microbial homeostasis and preventing dental caries.
5. **Lactoferrin**: An iron-binding protein that exhibits antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities, contributing to the overall oral health.
6. **Statherin and Cystatins**: These proteins regulate calcium phosphate precipitation, preventing dental calculus formation and maintaining tooth mineral homeostasis.
Salivary proteins and peptides have attracted significant interest in recent years due to their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Alterations in the composition of these molecules can provide valuable insights into various oral and systemic diseases, making them promising biomarkers for disease detection and monitoring.
"Sucking behavior" is not a term typically used in medical terminology. However, in the context of early childhood development and behavior, "non-nutritive sucking" is a term that may be used to describe an infant or young child's habitual sucking on their thumb, fingers, or pacifiers, beyond what is necessary for feeding. This type of sucking behavior can provide a sense of security, comfort, or help to self-soothe and manage stress or anxiety.
It's important to note that while non-nutritive sucking is generally considered a normal part of early childhood development, persistent sucking habits beyond the age of 2-4 years may lead to dental or orthodontic problems such as an overbite or open bite. Therefore, it's recommended to monitor and address these behaviors if they persist beyond this age range.
The stomatognathic system is a term used in medicine and dentistry to refer to the coordinated functions of the mouth, jaw, and related structures. It includes the teeth, gums, tongue, palate, lips, cheeks, salivary glands, as well as the muscles of mastication (chewing), swallowing, and speech. The stomatognathic system also involves the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and associated structures that allow for movement of the jaw. This complex system works together to enable functions such as eating, speaking, and breathing. Dysfunction in the stomatognathic system can lead to various oral health issues, including temporomandibular disorders, occlusal problems, and orofacial pain.
In the context of dentistry, a molar is a type of tooth found in the back of the mouth. They are larger and wider than other types of teeth, such as incisors or canines, and have a flat biting surface with multiple cusps. Molars are primarily used for grinding and chewing food into smaller pieces that are easier to swallow. Humans typically have twelve molars in total, including the four wisdom teeth.
In medical terminology outside of dentistry, "molar" can also refer to a unit of mass in the apothecaries' system of measurement, which is equivalent to 4.08 grams. However, this usage is less common and not related to dental or medical anatomy.
Rat-Bite Fever (RBF) is a bacterial infection that can be transmitted to humans through the bite or scratch of an infected rodent, such as a rat, mouse, or squirrel. It can also be contracted by consuming food or drink contaminated with the bacteria. The disease is caused by two different types of bacteria: Streptobacillus moniliformis (in North America) and Spirillum minus (in Asia).
The symptoms of Rat-Bite Fever typically appear within a week after exposure and can include fever, headache, muscle pain, vomiting, and joint pain. A rash may also develop, usually on the hands and feet. If left untreated, Rat-Bite Fever can lead to serious complications such as endocarditis (inflammation of the inner lining of the heart), meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), and pneumonia.
Rat-Bite Fever is treated with antibiotics, and prompt treatment can help prevent serious complications. It's important to seek medical attention if you have been bitten or scratched by a rodent, especially if you develop symptoms of Rat-Bite Fever. Additionally, it's recommended to avoid contact with wild rodents and to handle pet rodents with care, washing hands thoroughly after handling them.
Bruxism is the medical term for grinding or clenching your teeth. It's often an unconscious habit that can occur during the day or at night (nocturnal bruxism). Mild bruxism may not require treatment, but chronic, severe grinding can lead to jaw disorders, headaches, and damaged teeth.
There are several potential causes of bruxism, including stress, anxiety, certain medications, alcohol and drug use, and sleep disorders. Dentists often diagnose bruxism based on the visible signs of wear on your teeth, or they may ask you about symptoms you're experiencing. Treatment for bruxism can include stress management techniques, dental guards to protect your teeth during sleep, and in some cases, medication.
Lyme disease is not a "medical definition" itself, but it is a medical condition named after the town of Lyme, Connecticut, where it was first identified in 1975. Medical definitions for this disease are provided by authoritative bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). According to the CDC, Lyme disease is a "infection caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks."
The WHO defines Lyme borreliosis (LB), also known as Lyme disease, as "an infectious disease caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Ixodes spp. ticks."
Both definitions highlight that Lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread by tick bites, specifically from black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis in the United States and Ixodes pacificus on the Pacific Coast) or deer ticks (Ixodes ricinus in Europe). The primary cause of the disease is the spirochete bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi.
Rabies vaccines are medical products that contain antigens of the rabies virus, which stimulate an immune response in individuals who receive them. The purpose of rabies vaccines is to prevent the development of rabies, a viral disease that is almost always fatal once symptoms appear.
There are two primary types of rabies vaccines available:
1. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) vaccines: These vaccines are given to individuals who are at high risk of coming into contact with the rabies virus, such as veterinarians, animal handlers, and travelers visiting areas where rabies is common. The vaccine series typically consists of three doses given over a period of 28 days.
2. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) vaccines: These vaccines are administered to individuals who have already been exposed to the rabies virus, usually through a bite or scratch from an infected animal. The vaccine series typically consists of four doses given over a period of 14 days, along with a dose of rabies immune globulin (RIG) to provide immediate protection while the immune system responds to the vaccine.
Both types of rabies vaccines are highly effective at preventing the disease, but it is essential to receive them as soon as possible after exposure or before potential exposure, as the virus can be fatal if left untreated.
"Bothrops" is a genus of venomous snakes commonly known as lancehead vipers, found primarily in Central and South America. The name "Bothrops" comes from the Greek words "bothros," meaning pit, and "ops," meaning face, referring to the deep pits on the sides of their heads that help them detect heat and locate prey. These snakes are known for their aggressive behavior and potent venom, which can cause severe pain, swelling, tissue damage, and potentially life-threatening systemic effects if left untreated.
The genus "Bothrops" includes over 30 species of pit vipers, many of which are considered medically important due to their ability to inflict serious envenomations in humans. Some notable examples include Bothrops asper (the terciopelo or fer-de-lance), Bothrops atrox (the common lancehead), and Bothrops jararaca (the jararaca).
If you encounter a snake of this genus, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately if bitten, as the venom can cause significant harm if not treated promptly.
Dental models are replicas of a patient's teeth and surrounding oral structures, used in dental practice and education. They are typically created using plaster or other materials that harden to accurately reproduce the shape and position of each tooth, as well as the contours of the gums and palate. Dental models may be used for a variety of purposes, including treatment planning, creating custom-fitted dental appliances, and teaching dental students about oral anatomy and various dental procedures. They provide a tactile and visual representation that can aid in understanding and communication between dentists, patients, and other dental professionals.
The maxilla is a paired bone that forms the upper jaw in vertebrates. In humans, it is a major bone in the face and plays several important roles in the craniofacial complex. Each maxilla consists of a body and four processes: frontal process, zygomatic process, alveolar process, and palatine process.
The maxillae contribute to the formation of the eye sockets (orbits), nasal cavity, and the hard palate of the mouth. They also contain the upper teeth sockets (alveoli) and help form the lower part of the orbit and the cheekbones (zygomatic arches).
Here's a quick rundown of its key functions:
1. Supports the upper teeth and forms the upper jaw.
2. Contributes to the formation of the eye sockets, nasal cavity, and hard palate.
3. Helps shape the lower part of the orbit and cheekbones.
4. Partakes in the creation of important sinuses, such as the maxillary sinus, which is located within the body of the maxilla.
The dental arch refers to the curved shape formed by the upper or lower teeth when they come together. The dental arch follows the curve of the jaw and is important for proper bite alignment and overall oral health. The dental arches are typically described as having a U-shaped appearance, with the front teeth forming a narrower section and the back teeth forming a wider section. The shape and size of the dental arch can vary from person to person, and any significant deviations from the typical shape or size may indicate an underlying orthodontic issue that requires treatment.
Functional Orthodontic Appliances are removable or fixed devices used in orthodontics to correct the alignment and/or positioning of jaw bones and/or teeth. They work by harnessing the power of muscle function and growth to achieve desired changes in the dental arches and jaws. These appliances are typically used in growing children and adolescents, but can also be used in adults in certain cases. Examples of functional orthodontic appliances include activators, bionators, twin blocks, and Herbst appliances. The specific type of appliance used will depend on the individual patient's needs and treatment goals.
The skull is the bony structure that encloses and protects the brain, the eyes, and the ears. It is composed of two main parts: the cranium, which contains the brain, and the facial bones. The cranium is made up of several fused flat bones, while the facial bones include the upper jaw (maxilla), lower jaw (mandible), cheekbones, nose bones, and eye sockets (orbits).
The skull also provides attachment points for various muscles that control chewing, moving the head, and facial expressions. Additionally, it contains openings for blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord to pass through. The skull's primary function is to protect the delicate and vital structures within it from injury and trauma.
Spider venoms are complex mixtures of bioactive compounds produced by the specialized glands of spiders. These venoms are primarily used for prey immobilization and defense. They contain a variety of molecules such as neurotoxins, proteases, peptides, and other biologically active substances. Different spider species have unique venom compositions, which can cause different reactions when they bite or come into contact with humans or other animals. Some spider venoms can cause mild symptoms like pain and swelling, while others can lead to more severe reactions such as tissue necrosis or even death in extreme cases.
'Crotalus' is a genus of venomous snakes commonly known as rattlesnakes. These snakes are native to the Americas, ranging from southern Canada to Argentina. They are characterized by the distinctive rattle on the end of their tails, which they use to warn potential predators before striking. The venom of Crotalus species is hemotoxic, meaning that it causes damage to blood vessels and tissue.
Some examples of species in this genus include the Western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox), the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), and the sidewinder (Crotalus cerastes). It is important to note that all rattlesnakes are potentially dangerous and should be treated with caution. If you encounter a rattlesnake in the wild, it is best to leave it alone and avoid approaching it.
A tooth is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (upper and lower) of many vertebrates and used for biting and chewing food. In humans, a typical tooth has a crown, one or more roots, and three layers: the enamel (the outermost layer, hardest substance in the body), the dentin (the layer beneath the enamel), and the pulp (the innermost layer, containing nerves and blood vessels). Teeth are essential for proper nutrition, speech, and aesthetics. There are different types of teeth, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, each designed for specific functions in the mouth.
An incisor is a type of tooth that is primarily designed for biting off food pieces rather than chewing or grinding. They are typically chisel-shaped, flat, and have a sharp cutting edge. In humans, there are eight incisors - four on the upper jaw and four on the lower jaw, located at the front of the mouth. Other animals such as dogs, cats, and rodents also have incisors that they use for different purposes like tearing or gnawing.
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Human bites - self-care: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Human Bites: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
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Clenched-fist inj1
- Human bite wounds occur as 2 separate entities: clenched-fist injuries and occlusive bites. (medscape.com)
Infection24
- Bites that break the skin can be very serious because of the risk for infection. (medlineplus.gov)
- Most human bites will heal without causing an infection or lasting harm to the tissue. (medlineplus.gov)
- Such injuries to the hand have a higher infection rate than similar bites to other parts of the body because of the thinness of the skin in this area. (medscape.com)
- In addition to the acute risk of localized infection, human bites pose the potential for the transmission of systemic infections, which can be life threatening. (medscape.com)
- Cat bites usually cause deeper puncture wounds than dog bites and have a high risk of bacterial infection because they can be hard to clean adequately. (healthlinkbc.ca)
- The bites from some pets, such as iguanas, are at risk for infection but do not carry other serious risks. (healthlinkbc.ca)
- The study reviewed examples of a successful One Health collaborative strategy that focuses on elimination of canine rabies as the most expedient and cost effective way of preventing human exposure and infection. (elsevier.com)
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and AIDS The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a type of virus called a retrovirus. (msdmanuals.com)
- This schematic depicts the findings of McKimmie and colleagues, who show that inflammation at bite sites aids viral replication and dissemination in vivo , resulting in more severe infection. (genengnews.com)
- We now want to look at whether medications such as anti-inflammatory creams can stop the virus establishing an infection if used quickly enough after the bite inflammation appears. (genengnews.com)
- The results of this study were published recently in the journal Immunity in an article entitled "Host Inflammatory Response to Mosquito Bites Enhances the Severity of Arbovirus Infection. (genengnews.com)
- But the presence of mosquito bites at the infection site resulted in an order-of-magnitude higher levels of virus. (genengnews.com)
- We think the bite itself is affecting the systemic course and clinical outcome of the infection," Dr. McKimmie noted. (genengnews.com)
- And sure enough, when we stopped these immune cells from coming in, the bite did not enhance the infection anymore. (genengnews.com)
- The risk of infection after a bite is 10-20%, and about 30-60% of the infections are of mixed aerobic-anaerobic origin. (qxmd.com)
- Prophylactic antibiotics are recommended only for wounds that are considered at high risk of infection in view of their type and location, the species of the biting animal, and the characteristics of the patient. (qxmd.com)
- Structured surgical management of bite wounds is the most important factor in the prevention of infection. (qxmd.com)
- Deaths associated with infection secondary to dog bites were excluded. (cdc.gov)
- Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can result in immunosuppression, allowing opportunistic pathogens to cause disease. (medscape.com)
- Infection can cause severe disease in both animals and humans, with symptoms ranging from a mild flu-like illness to severe haemorrhagic fever that can be lethal. (who.int)
- Although no human-to-human transmission of RVF has been reported, as for managing any viral hemorrhagic fevers, proper infection control in health care setting is warranted. (who.int)
- Infection, which begins with the bite of an infected tsetse fly, evolves through two stages. (who.int)
- Improved control reduces both mortality and the size of the human reservoir of infection, thereby contributing to conditions favourable to disease elimination. (who.int)
- Early in infection when symptoms are few yet treatment has the greatest chance of success, patients are usually unaware of their infection, which remains undetected, especially as health services are usually poorly staffed and equipped or non-existent in the remote rural areas where human contact with the vector is greatest. (who.int)
Wounds13
- Approximately 10%-15% of human bite wounds become infected owing to multiple factors. (medscape.com)
- The bacterial inoculum of human bite wounds contains as many as 100 million organisms per milliliter and is made up of as many as 190 different species. (medscape.com)
- These are the most serious human bite wounds, and they require the most aggressive treatment. (medscape.com)
- Occlusive human bite wounds of the head and neck result in avulsion, laceration, and crushing of the tissues. (medscape.com)
- Cultures of human bite wounds are commonly polymicrobial in nature, and aerobes and anaerobes are represented almost equally. (medscape.com)
- Staphylococcus aureus is isolated in up to 30% of infected human bite wounds and is associated with some of the most severe infections. (medscape.com)
- This pathogen is isolated in 30% of human bite wounds. (medscape.com)
- Also I have seen bite wounds in cats, they look different than that. (thecatsite.com)
- I know that all the evidence suggest that it's not a bite wounds but I'm still very anxious about it, mostly because of their position so I'm kinda just looking for a reassurance to calm myself down. (thecatsite.com)
- Could it be bite wounds? (thecatsite.com)
- Animal and Human Bite Wounds. (qxmd.com)
- Bite wounds. (medscape.com)
- Treatment of mammalian bite wounds of the maxillofacial region. (medscape.com)
Occur9
- Pain, bleeding, numbness and tingling may occur with any human bite. (medlineplus.gov)
- Occlusive bites occur when there is sufficient force to break the skin. (medscape.com)
- Most animal bites occur in school-age children. (healthlinkbc.ca)
- Since most bites occur in children, be sure to teach children to be careful around animals and that an animal could hurt them. (healthlinkbc.ca)
- Dog bites occur more than any other animal bite and are most frequent in the summer months. (healthlinkbc.ca)
- Wild animal bites may occur while hunting, camping, or hiking. (healthlinkbc.ca)
- There have been no instances of termites spreading disease, so a hydrocortisone cream should do the trick for treating a bite should one occur. (cleggs.com)
- Dr. McKimmie added that "before we did this study, little was known about the events and processes that occur at mosquito bite sites. (genengnews.com)
- Mosquito bite allergies occur more often where insect bites are frequent. (wikipedia.org)
Mosquitoes2
- In addition to mosquitoes, the Diptera order includes numerous other types of biting insects such as midges (e.g. sand flies) and gnats. (wikipedia.org)
- Human infections have also resulted from the bites of infected mosquitoes. (who.int)
Immunodeficiency virus3
- Evidence suggests transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through human bites is possible but very unlikely. (medscape.com)
- Khajotia RR, Lee E. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus through saliva after a lip bite. (medscape.com)
- Assessing risks of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by human bite injuries. (medscape.com)
Symptoms5
- What are the symptoms of a human bite? (msdmanuals.com)
- This research could be the first step in repurposing commonly available anti-inflammatory drugs to treat bite inflammation before any symptoms set in," Dr. McKimmie remarked. (genengnews.com)
- Tongue biting, whether during sleep or while awake, can result in a range of uncomfortable and sometimes painful signs and symptoms. (redlasso.com)
- In humans, leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms. (cdc.gov)
- Colin Parrish] The symptoms, as I mentioned, are very similar to those seen for human influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
Mosquito bite10
- If you do get bitten by a termite, it will probably resemble a mosquito bite in size, itchiness, and redness. (cleggs.com)
- The inoculation of viruses into mosquito bite sites is an important and common stage of arbovirus infections. (genengnews.com)
- In the current study, the team injected mice with viruses into the skin with or without the presence of a mosquito bite at the injection site and compared the reaction. (genengnews.com)
- Mosquito bite allergies, also termed hypersensitivity to mosquito bites, are excessive reactions of varying severity to mosquito bites. (wikipedia.org)
- By general agreement, mosquito bite allergies do not include the ordinary wheal and flare responses to these bites although these reactions are also allergic in nature. (wikipedia.org)
- Ordinary mosquito bite allergies are nonetheless detailed here because they are the best understood reactions to mosquito bites and provide a basis for describing what is understood about them. (wikipedia.org)
- Here, papular urticaria is regarded as a symptom of mosquito bite allergy manifested in individuals with one of the other mosquito bite allergies but particularly in those associated with eosinophilic cellulitis. (wikipedia.org)
- It is assumed that any species of mosquito that causes an ordinary mosquito bite reaction in humans is capable of causing mosquito bite allergies. (wikipedia.org)
- That is, not only climate but also cultural and socioeconomic conditions play critical roles in facilitating the development and prevalence of diverse allergic disease including mosquito bite allergies. (wikipedia.org)
- Individuals therefore progress through 5 stages in which the type of reaction to a mosquito bite depends on the number of their previous bite exposures and levels of acquired sensitization and desensitization to these bites. (wikipedia.org)
Species6
- They used a static camera fixed to the bottom of each tank, looking up, and a camera mounted to an underwater scooter that mimicked the movement of a great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) , one of the three main shark species responsible for shark bites on humans. (newscientist.com)
- If you think about it, the human race is quite a weird species. (bitrebels.com)
- This review examines the major human-biting ixodid tick species and transmitted pathogens of North America. (mdpi.com)
- In the new research, the investigators used mouse models to study the bites of the Aedes aegypti mosquito-the species responsible for carrying many virulent viral strains. (genengnews.com)
- The female ladybug species are more likely to bite humans than the males because they also have the job of protecting their eggs. (whatsthatbug.com)
- Also, the bigger species of ladybugs, like the ALB (also called the harlequin ladybug), leave a prominent mark through their bites. (whatsthatbug.com)
Saliva3
- When a mosquito like Aedes bites, it injects saliva into the skin, triggering an immune response that causes neutrophils and myeloid cells rush to the site. (genengnews.com)
- The initial mosquito bites in previously unexposed individuals does not cause a skin reaction but does initiate the development of antibodies and/or lymphocytes that are directed against the allergens in mosquito's saliva. (wikipedia.org)
- A bite can transmit unusual pathogens from the saliva into the wound. (qxmd.com)
Insects6
- Bites by the latter insects or possibly some other insects may cause reactions that are mechanistically and clinically similar to those seen with mosquito bites. (wikipedia.org)
- They use their biting power to hunt and eat soft-bodied insects. (whatsthatbug.com)
- These insects can also pinch the exposed human skin with their legs. (whatsthatbug.com)
- Ladybugs usually consume small insects and aphids , so they don't really have a need to bite humans. (whatsthatbug.com)
- If these insects can go this far, they probably won't hesitate to attack the exposed human skin if it looks pink and healthy. (whatsthatbug.com)
- Thankfully, this disease only affects insects and other arthropods, not humans. (whatsthatbug.com)
Puncture1
- A human bite can break, puncture, or tear the skin. (medlineplus.gov)
Victims3
- Males between 10 and 34 years old are more likely to be victims of human bites. (medlineplus.gov)
- One 1959 study of dog bites in Pittsburgh grouped nearly 1,000 victims into illuminating occupational categories. (wfla.com)
- The latest round of scholarly interest seems to have commenced with anecdotal reports of dog-bite victims arriving in emergency rooms in greater numbers. (wfla.com)
Mammalian2
- Mammalian bites. (medlineplus.gov)
- Human and Other Mammalian Bite Injuries of the Hand: Evaluation and Management. (medscape.com)
Wound6
- Some bites will need surgery to clean the wound and repair the damage. (medlineplus.gov)
- Regardless of the mechanism and anatomic location of the bite wound, the composition of the bacterial inoculum is the same. (medscape.com)
- Most animal and human bites cause minor injuries, and home treatment is usually all that is needed to care for the wound. (healthlinkbc.ca)
- Adult bites that cause a wound to the hand can be serious. (healthlinkbc.ca)
- Does It Look Like A Bite Wound? (thecatsite.com)
- Yes, it could be a bite wound. (thecatsite.com)
Mosquitos1
- The raised red welts and searing itch that result from the bite of insidious mosquitos may, according to recently published data, help any viruses the insect is carrying pass on to a new host. (genengnews.com)
20203
- Editor's note: This report has been updated to correct the number of dog bite injuries as a share of pediatric ER visits over several months in 2020. (wfla.com)
- One study, published last summer in the Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, found that dog bite injuries nearly tripled as a share of pediatric ER visits over several months in 2020, to about 8 cases for every 1,000 patients. (wfla.com)
- A second paper, published in August 2022 in the Journal of Surgical Research, found a 25 percent increase in pediatric dog bites from 2019 to 2020. (wfla.com)
Rabies9
- If you are bitten or scratched by an animal that may have rabies, or seems sick and behaves strangely, it is crucial to begin preventative treatment for rabies as soon as possible. (healthlinkbc.ca)
- Exotic pet bites, such as from rats, mice, or gerbils, may carry illnesses, but rabies is not usually a concern. (healthlinkbc.ca)
- Mass canine vaccination programs in endemic, resource-poor regions are the mainstay of strategies to eliminate dog mediated human rabies. (elsevier.com)
- Our study builds upon research supporting dog vaccination for the reduction and elimination of rabies in humans, and furthermore, demonstrates that a widespread approach is now required, particularly in vulnerable regions such as Asia and Africa. (elsevier.com)
- Numerous public health organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO), World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Global Alliance for Rabies Control, jointly advocate for a global One Health framework with the goal of eliminating dog bite-transmitted human rabies in participating countries by 2030. (elsevier.com)
- Further, case studies in Tanzania and Bhutan illustrate how mass canine rabies vaccination has effectively reduced both canine and human rabies to minimal levels. (elsevier.com)
- The multiple benefits of mass canine rabies vaccination in these cases included eliminating rabies in the domestic dog reservoirs, eliminating human rabies cases and decreasing the rabies economic burden by reducing expenditures on post-exposure prophylaxis. (elsevier.com)
- In addition, statistical modeling indicates that vaccinating 70 percent of the canine population annually will induce sufficient herd immunity to successfully eliminate canine rabies and subsequently, human exposure. (elsevier.com)
- However, they were issued citations for the bite, as well as for keeping a monkey that was not vaccinated for rabies. (insideedition.com)
Anatomic location1
- Seven hundred seventy eight bite marks: analysis by anatomic location, victim and biter demographics, type of crime, and legal disposition. (medscape.com)
Diseases4
- You can also get certain diseases from a human bite, such as HIV/AIDS or hepatitis B or hepatitis C . (medlineplus.gov)
- Your answers may help the doctor decide whether you need medicine to prevent any diseases spread by biting. (msdmanuals.com)
- Even though bats can spread diseases to people, they also benefit people in many ways and are usually able to peacefully exist alongside humans. (cdc.gov)
- Human African trypanosomiasis is one of the few infectious diseases where proactive systematic population screening is essential for control, especially for the form due to T. b. gambiense with its long, almost asymptomatic initial stage. (who.int)
Animal8
- Human bites may be more dangerous than animal bites. (medlineplus.gov)
- Animal and human bites. (medlineplus.gov)
- The face, hands, arms, and legs are the most common sites for animal bites. (healthlinkbc.ca)
- Have you been bitten by an animal or a human? (healthlinkbc.ca)
- Thus, they are able to jump onto a passing animal or human and latch on their body hair and skin. (jcehrlich.com)
- He also pointed out that what happened in Oliva was not an attack but more of an interaction between the animal and the human, like a shock when disoriented. (euroweeklynews.com)
- Transmission has also rarely occurred through animal bites. (cdc.gov)
- The virus can be transmitted to humans through the handling of animal tissue during slaughtering or butchering, assisting with animal births, conducting veterinary procedures, or from the disposal of carcasses or fetuses. (who.int)
Trigger2
- What behaviors trigger facial dog bites to humans? (dogexpert.com)
- However, their bites can trigger an allergic reaction in the human body. (whatsthatbug.com)
Reaction11
- The term papular urticaria is commonly used for a reaction to mosquito bites that is dominated by widely spread hives. (wikipedia.org)
- The typical reaction to mosquito bites involves the development of an itchy wheal that may contain a central red dot and is surrounded by splotchy redness. (wikipedia.org)
- This "immediate reaction" occurs at some time during the first 20 minutes following the bite. (wikipedia.org)
- Within hours of the bite, a "delayed reaction", in which the wheal evolves into a papule develops and then dissipates over the next few days or weeks. (wikipedia.org)
- However, there is a wide variability in the type of reaction which individuals mount in response to these bites. (wikipedia.org)
- The 5 stages an individual may undergo in reacting to repetitive mosquito bites are: Stage I: Previously unexposed individuals have no immediate or delayed reaction. (wikipedia.org)
- In a study of 41 Canadian adults experimentally exposed to mosquito bites, 11 individuals exhibited no reaction, 23 individuals exhibited immediate followed by delayed reactions, 6 individuals exhibited only immediate reactions, and 1 individual exhibited only a delayed reaction. (wikipedia.org)
- Therefore if you get bitten by them, the chances of a bad reaction in the body are quite low. (whatsthatbug.com)
- For instance, a kitten can only know bites hurt because of the reaction they get from their sibling playmates. (catster.com)
- A cat biting you could also be a reaction to stress or pain. (catster.com)
- When a cat bites you, the instinctive reaction is to jerk your hand away. (catster.com)
Painful2
- While ladybugs are tiny and brightly colored, they can deliver painful bites to people. (whatsthatbug.com)
- Adult cat bites are painful and potentially dangerous. (catster.com)
Canine3
- Multiple studies point to a rise in U.S. emergency room visits for canine bites since the start of COVID-19. (wfla.com)
- Colin Parrish] So, the canine influenza is a different strain from the virus that infects humans. (cdc.gov)
- The canine virus was almost certainly derived from a virus of birds or an avian influenza virus and it didn't derive from the human influenza strain. (cdc.gov)
Result from the bite1
- More than 99 percent of all human cases worldwide result from the bite of a domestic dog. (elsevier.com)
Prey2
- A cat will instinctively bite harder if you do that, the same way it would if a prey under its grasp tried to escape. (catster.com)
- However, it rarely sees humans as prey because it is a meso predator and feeds on small fish and squid. (euroweeklynews.com)
Tetanus1
- Human bites have been shown to transmit hepatitis B , hepatitis C , herpes simplex virus (HSV), syphilis , tuberculosis , actinomycosis , and tetanus . (medscape.com)
Itchy1
- Flea bites are usually just red bumps and often quite itchy to those bitten. (jcehrlich.com)
Germs1
- Certain germs in some human mouths can cause hard-to-treat infections. (medlineplus.gov)
Epidemiology1
- This latter finding is consistent with nearly all of the evidence to date about the epidemiology of dog bites: namely, children are disproportionately involved. (dogexpert.com)
Inflammation2
- Conversely, in the absence of mosquito bites and their accompanying inflammation, the viruses failed to replicate well. (genengnews.com)
- We're quite keen to see if using topical creams to suppress bite inflammation will enable you to stop a virus from making someone as sick as it otherwise would do. (genengnews.com)
Search2
- However, they might bite us when they are in search of moisture or food. (whatsthatbug.com)
- Ladybug bites are more common during the winter season when they search for a warm place to hibernate. (whatsthatbug.com)
Common9
- Bites are very common among young children. (medlineplus.gov)
- One of the most common questions we get from customers is: do termites bite people? (cleggs.com)
- One such change, proposed by this document, is to halve the amount of address space assigned to point-to-point links (common throughout the Internet infrastructure) by allowing the use of 31-bit subnet masks in a very limited way. (faqs.org)
- And it is very common to up-sample in very high rate (such as up to 384khz) and then because some times music becomes a bit too warm they use cold digital gear to compensate. (macrumors.com)
- Dog and cat bites are common, human bites relatively rare. (qxmd.com)
- But first, let's look at some of the most common reasons cats bite. (catster.com)
- The phenomenon of biting one's tongue during sleep is a surprisingly common and discomforting experience that many individuals face. (redlasso.com)
- Blood on the tongue or inside the mouth is a common indicator of recent biting. (redlasso.com)
- Bat bites are a common way. (cdc.gov)
Teeth5
- Many of these are anaerobes that flourish in the low redox environment of tartar that lies between human teeth or in areas of gingivitis. (medscape.com)
- Their sharp baby teeth may hurt quite a bit. (yarrah.com)
- Another reason for biting may be that your pup is changing teeth. (yarrah.com)
- When the jaw muscles contract forcefully, the tongue may get caught between the teeth, resulting in tongue biting. (redlasso.com)
- After taking photographs of the teeth marks on the man's body, the medical staff proceeded to check what type of creature could leave that pattern of bites. (euroweeklynews.com)
Frequent1
- When Are Ladybug Bites More Frequent? (whatsthatbug.com)
Teach1
- In order to prevent your pup from ruining your possessions or biting down on you or others, it is important to break the biting habit and teach it how to interrupt a bite. (yarrah.com)
MCUs1
- RL78 8/16-bit microcontrollers (MCUs) greatly improve power efficiency with industry-leading low power consumption at 37.5μA/MHz consumption during normal operation and 0.355μA during clock operation. (renesas.com)
Stitches1
- Even minor bites may need to be closed with sutures (stitches). (medlineplus.gov)
People5
- By better understanding why sharks are biting people we can come up with better mitigation technologies that are less invasive for sharks and other marine life, whilst being effective for humans," says Laura Ryan at Macquarie University in Australia. (newscientist.com)
- How do fleas bite people? (jcehrlich.com)
- Do Termites Bite People? (cleggs.com)
- This study provides the most in-depth understanding to date of factors associated with facial dog bites inflicted to people. (dogexpert.com)
- No ODD = stupid, IMO, as mITX systems are popular as media boxes - it's a bit early to expect people to consign their BluRay drive to the spares cupboard. (bit-tech.net)
Attacks2
Tendons1
- When a finger is bitten, such as in a chomping-type injury, tendons and their overlying sheaths are in close proximity to the skin. (medscape.com)
Behavior2
- Human behavior preceding dog bites to the face. (dogexpert.com)
- Understanding the motivation behind the bites is the first step in learning how to stop this behavior. (catster.com)
Incidents1
- From the questionnaire, we determined that a number of work tasks (e.g., giving injections to NHPs) were associated with certain exposure incidents (being bitten, scratched, stuck with needles, etc. (cdc.gov)
Infections2
- Infections associated with human bites are often far advanced by the time they receive appropriate care. (medscape.com)
- The majority of human infections result from direct or indirect contact with the blood or organs of infected animals. (who.int)
Unpleasant2
- A team of researchers led by investigators at the University of Leeds suggests that the swelling and irritation that make mosquito bites so unpleasant may provide a mechanism by which viruses like Zika, dengue, and chikungunya are able to replicate and spread. (genengnews.com)
- For instance, biting you might have saved it from an unpleasant trip to the vet, nail clipping, or bath time. (catster.com)
Risks1
- On December 26, 2000, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a $25,000 grant from the Elizabeth R. Griffin Research Foundation to evaluate risks for acquiring zoonotic disease among those who work with non-human primates (NHPs) in research settings. (cdc.gov)
Prevent2
- It may take a while before your pup understands what it is you want, but it will sink in sooner or later and your pup will bite more carefully to prevent you from interrupting play from that moment onwards. (yarrah.com)
- But you can prevent your dog from biting things it isn't supposed to bite by making your home dog-friendly and making sure there are plenty of suitable toys around the house. (yarrah.com)
Livestock1
- In resolution WHA56.7, on the Pan African tsetse and trypanosomiasis eradication campaign, the Health Assembly called attention to the severe health problems caused by human African trypanosomiasis and the significant impairment of socioeconomic development that has followed the resurgence of the disease in both human beings and livestock. (who.int)
Commonly1
- This is commonly called a "fight bite. (healthlinkbc.ca)
Cats3
- Cats bite for different reasons. (catster.com)
- Some cats want to assert dominance in the household and demonstrate that through physically aggressive acts such as biting, scratching, and swatting. (catster.com)
- Cats usually assert dominance when they feel threatened, and sometimes they accompany the biting with a hiss or growl. (catster.com)
Prevention1
- The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
Discomfort2
- A cat will also bite you if biting has helped it ease other forms of discomfort before. (catster.com)
- Tongue biting typically leads to immediate pain and discomfort. (redlasso.com)
Exposure1
- Antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection-drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV in the United States: recommendations from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (medscape.com)
Differential1
- The differential diagnoses of a human bite to the breast are extensive and include inflammatory breast carcinoma, Paget disease, thrombophlebitis, and radiation fibrosis. (medscape.com)
Head and neck1
- The arms, head, and neck are the most likely areas to be bitten in children. (healthlinkbc.ca)
Withdraw2
- When you are playing with your pup and it bites you, withdraw your hand and stop playing. (yarrah.com)
- When he tried to withdraw his hand, the monkey bit his finger. (insideedition.com)
Adult1
- Not as forceful as adult bites. (healthlinkbc.ca)
Dangerous2
- Are flea bites dangerous? (jcehrlich.com)
- Why Are Snake Bite Piercings Dangerous? (redlasso.com)
Excessive1
- Should they get a bite, just make sure they don't aggravate the area with excessive itching. (cleggs.com)
Hand3
- The 16-year-old stumbled from bushland into the middle of a suburban cricket game at Whalan on Saturday and collapsed from a heart attack after he had been bitten on the hand by an eastern brown snake. (smh.com.au)
- On the other hand, ladybugs without spots are friendly ladybugs and do not bite at all. (whatsthatbug.com)
- Zubowicz VN, Gravier M. Management of early human bites of the hand: a prospective randomized study. (medscape.com)
Severe1
- For more severe human cases of RVF, the predominant treatment is general supportive therapy. (who.int)
Tissue1
- Bite injuries range from trivial ones needing no medical intervention to major soft-tissue defects with the loss of functionally important structures. (qxmd.com)
Teaching1
- Teaching young children not to bite others. (medlineplus.gov)