Blackwater Fever
Quinine
Resurgence of blackwater fever in long-term European expatriates in Africa: report of 21 cases and review. (1/10)
Blackwater fever (BWF) is a severe clinical syndrome, characterized by intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, and acute renal failure that is classically seen in European expatriates chronically exposed to Plasmodium falciparum and irregularly taking quinine. BWF virtually disappeared after 1950, when chloroquine superseded quinine. We report 21 cases of BWF seen in France from 1990 through 1999 in European expatriates who lived in sub-Saharan Africa. All patients had macroscopic hemoglobinuria, jaundice, and anemia. Acute renal failure occurred in 15 patients (71%), 7 of whom required dialysis. The presumed triggers of BWF were halofantrine (38%), quinine (24%), mefloquine (24%), and halofantrine or quinine (14%). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity was normal in the 14 patients who underwent this test. Low-level P. falciparum parasitemia was found in 8 patients. All 21 patients survived. Our data and 13 cases reported in the literature suggest a resurgence of classic BWF among Europeans living in Africa and a need to discuss attendant therapeutic implications. (+info)Relationship between plasma Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 levels and severe malarial anemia in an area of holoendemicity in western Kenya. (2/10)
In this study, we investigated whether levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 in plasma are associated with severe malarial anemia outcomes in an area of holoendemicity in western Kenya. We compared plasma IL-12 and IL-18 levels in six groups of children grouped into the categories aparasitemic, asymptomatic, mild malaria, high-density uncomplicated malaria (UC), moderate malarial anemia (MMA), or severe malarial anemia (SMA). IL-12 levels were significantly reduced in children with SMA (P < 0.05) but not in other groups compared to children in the aparasitemic control group. IL-18, a cytokine known to be critical for the induction of gamma interferon along with IL-12, was produced more frequently (70%) in children with UC (P = 0.06) than in children in the aparasitemic control group (32%). However, in the SMA group the IL-18 response rate declined to 30%, which was similar to that in the aparasitemic control group, which showed a 32% response rate. This finding suggests that the IL-18 response may be impaired in children with SMA. In summary, the results from this study support the hypothesis that impairment of IL-12 and/or IL-18 response may contribute to the development of severe malarial anemia in areas of holoendemicity for malaria. (+info)Age-related changes in red blood cell complement regulatory proteins and susceptibility to severe malaria. (3/10)
Severe malaria-associated anemia and cerebral malaria are life-threatening complications of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Red blood cell (RBC) complement regulatory proteins (CRPs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of both. We sought to determine whether there are age-related changes in the expression of CRPs that could explain the susceptibility to severe malaria-associated anemia in young children and the susceptibility to cerebral malaria in older children and adults. In cross-sectional surveys in malaria-endemic and -nonendemic areas of Kenya and in Reims, France, the level of RBC CRPs was lowest in young children and increased into adulthood. In case-control studies, patients with cerebral malaria and matched control subjects had higher levels of RBC CRPs than did patients with severe anemia and matched control subjects, especially during convalescence. We conclude that RBC CRP levels vary with age and that the lower levels of these proteins in young children in areas of high transmission, such as western Kenya, may place these children at greater risk of severe malaria-associated anemia than cerebral malaria. (+info)Blackwater fever in children, Burundi. (4/10)
Blackwater fever is characterized by acute intravascular hemolysis with hemoglobinuria in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Its pathogenesis and management are still debated. Nine cases of this syndrome occurred in 2003 at Kiremba Hospital in Burundi in children receiving multiple quinine treatments. (+info)Distinct clinical and immunologic profiles in severe malarial anemia and cerebral malaria in Zambia. (5/10)
(+info)Blackwater fever in Congolese children: a report of clinical, laboratory features and risk factors. (6/10)
(+info)CYP450 phenotyping and metabolite identification of quinine by accurate mass UPLC-MS analysis: a possible metabolic link to blackwater fever. (7/10)
(+info)The treatment of malaria. (8/10)
At least four doses of quinine followed by a single dose of mefloquine or by a single dose of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine are two highly effective regimens for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. Mefloquine alone is valuable in ambulant patients. Chloroquine-sensitive falciparum malaria can be treated with a course of chloroquine. Vivax and all other types of malaria should be treated with sequential chloroquine and primaquine. Quinine, by intravenous infusion, is the most effective drug for severe falciparum malaria. The optimum intravenous dose varies between 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg administered over four hours. Intravenous or oral quinine should be administered about every 12 hours and the total daily dose of quinine should rarely exceed 20 mg/kg. Intravenous fluid input should be controlled in falciparum malaria to prevent pulmonary oedema. Established renal failure is best treated by dialysis. The value of adrenocortical steroids for falciparum coma has not been established. Fresh blood transfusion may be helpful in small doses for severe anaemia and to replace clotting factors. Anticoagulants, such as heparin, should not be used in falciparum malaria. (+info)Blackwater fever is a severe and potentially life-threatening complication of malaria, typically caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. The term "blackwater" refers to the dark colored urine that can occur in this condition due to the presence of hemoglobin, which is released into the bloodstream when red blood cells are destroyed (hemolysis) in large numbers.
In blackwater fever, the malarial parasites infect and multiply within red blood cells, causing them to become fragile and rupture. This leads to the release of hemoglobin into the bloodstream, which is then filtered by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. The excessive breakdown of red blood cells can also cause anemia, jaundice, and kidney failure.
Symptoms of blackwater fever may include high fever, chills, severe muscle and joint pain, nausea and vomiting, dark colored urine, and signs of kidney failure such as decreased urine output and swelling in the legs and feet. Treatment typically involves the use of antimalarial medications to eliminate the parasites from the bloodstream, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for close monitoring and treatment of complications such as kidney failure or respiratory distress.
Quinine is defined as a bitter crystalline alkaloid derived from the bark of the Cinchona tree, primarily used in the treatment of malaria and other parasitic diseases. It works by interfering with the reproduction of the malaria parasite within red blood cells. Quinine has also been used historically as a muscle relaxant and analgesic, but its use for these purposes is now limited due to potential serious side effects. In addition, quinine can be found in some beverages like tonic water, where it is present in very small amounts for flavoring purposes.
Blackwater fever
The Blackwater Fever
Otto Baumbach
Frederick Percival Mackie
William Fletcher (physician)
Evadne Price
Andara
John Samuel Budgett
Church of the Province of Central Africa
Africa Inland Mission
Charles Wilberforce Daniels
William Kendall Gale
James Templer (canal builder)
Peter Cameron Scott
Jessie Daniel Ames
Boyd Alexander
Cedric Carr
Sylvia Leith-Ross
Neil Hamilton Fairley
Henri Cartier-Bresson
Edward Innes Pocock
Paul Brand (physician)
Alexandre Yersin
Gaskoin Richard Morden Wright
Charles William Mason
Joseph Arthur Arkwright
John Farrell Easmon
Sjoerd Hofstra
Bight of Benin
George Whipple
Blackwater fever - Wikipedia
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Blackwater Fever in Children, Burundi - Volume 11, Number 7-July 2005 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
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"Severe Malaria with a Rare Tetrad of Blackwater Fever, Acute Renal Fai" by Hira Hanif, Biraj Shrestha et al.
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Malaria16
- Blackwater fever is a complication of malaria infection in which red blood cells burst in the bloodstream (hemolysis), releasing hemoglobin directly into the blood vessels and into the urine, frequently leading to kidney failure. (wikipedia.org)
- The disease was first linked to malaria by the Sierra Leone Creole physician John Farrell Easmon in his 1884 pamphlet entitled The Nature and Treatment of Blackwater Fever. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] The most probable explanation for blackwater fever is an autoimmune reaction apparently caused by the interaction of the malaria parasite and the use of quinine. (wikipedia.org)
- Blackwater fever is a serious complication of malaria, but cerebral malaria has a higher mortality rate. (wikipedia.org)
- Blackwater fever should be suspected in a malaria patient who is intermittently passing dark-red to black urine, and is diagnosed using a urine dipstick test, which will be positive for hemoglobin. (wikipedia.org)
- Humanitarian and MMA fighter Justin Wren contracted malaria, which devolved into blackwater fever, while drilling water-wells for Congo Pygmies in 2013. (wikipedia.org)
- Blackwater fever is characterized by acute intravascular hemolysis with hemoglobinuria in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. (cdc.gov)
- Intermittent chills and fever (as in malaria or sepsis). (collectmedicalantiques.com)
- A fever that prevails largely in autumn such as typhoid and malaria. (collectmedicalantiques.com)
- Severe Malaria with a Rare Tetrad of Blackwater Fever, Acute Renal Fai" by Hira Hanif, Biraj Shrestha et al. (towerhealth.org)
- Severe Malaria with a Rare Tetrad of Blackwater Fever, Acute Renal Failure, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy, and Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis. (towerhealth.org)
- The emergency physician practicing in what are typically considered nonendemic countries, such as the United States, should have a high index of suspicion for malaria and other infectious zoonotic diseases, including other hemorrhagic fevers (eg, dengue or, less commonly, Ebola virus infection ), in patients who present with a history of fever and travel or immigration from an endemic region. (medscape.com)
- During his trip, Adam contracted black water fever, a complication of malaria. (hastingsmuseum.org)
- Settlers, who were generally in search of wealth and adventure in the lands further to the north of the Zambezi struggled with malaria and fever and the mortality rate was extremely high. (victoriafalls-guide.net)
- In one rainy season 11 of the 31 settlers died of malaria or blackwater fever. (victoriafalls-guide.net)
- The species of wormwood known as Artemisia annua has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of fevers and malaria for many centuries. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
Plasmodium2
- Blackwater fever is caused by heavy parasitization of red blood cells with Plasmodium falciparum. (wikipedia.org)
- Blackwater fever (BWF) is a clinical entity well known only in long-term residents in Plasmodium falciparum -endemic areas who take quinine irregularly. (cdc.gov)
Serious complication1
- Blackwater fever (haemoglobinuria) is a serious complication. (southsudanmedicaljournal.com)
Dengue1
- Dengue fever (breakbone fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever). (medscape.com)
Chills1
- VALUE RFVF 10050 ='Chills' 10100 ='Fever' 10120 ='Other symptoms of body temperature' 10121 ='Feeling cold' 10122 ='Feeling hot' 10123 ='Feeling hot and cold' 10150 ='Tiredness, exhaustion' 10200 ='General weakness' 10250 ='General ill feeling' 10300 ='Fainting (syncope)' 10350 ='Symptoms of fluid abnormalities' 10351 ='Edema' 10352 ='Excessive sweating, perspiration' 10353 ='Excessive thirst' 10400 ='Weight gain' 10450 ='Weight loss' 10451 ='Recent weight loss' 10452 ='Underweight' 10460 ='Symptoms of face, not elsewhere class. (cdc.gov)
19282
- citation needed] Jesse Brand, a missionary to the Chat Mountains in India, died of blackwater fever in 1928. (wikipedia.org)
- In the spring of 1928, Adam was on his way to join a party of Missouri editors when he was struck down with the effects of black water fever. (hastingsmuseum.org)
Malarial3
- Aeneas, Jeannie Gunn's husband, is described as having died from Blackwater Fever or Malarial Dysentry at Elsey Station in the Northern Territory in 1903. (wikipedia.org)
- Blackwater: A True Epic of the Sea, a 1958 memoir of a ship's crew stricken with blackwater fever, by H.L. Tredree The Mottled Lizard, a 1962 memoir of Kenya by Elspeth Huxley Wolfenstein: The Old Blood, referenced by Wesley (Agent One) near the beginning of the game Malarial nephropathy Katongole-Mbidde E, Banura C, Kizito A (1988-03-19). (wikipedia.org)
- Blackwater fever refers malarial hemoglobinuria, which is characterized by dark urine. (medscape.com)
Quinine1
- Blackwater fever and pounds of quinine! (wikipedia.org)
Nausea1
- People have a shaking chill, followed by a fever, and may have a headache, body aches, and nausea and may feel tired. (msdmanuals.com)
Symptoms1
- Some of the symptoms of an allergic reaction may include skin rash, itching, flushing of the skin, swelling of the face, fever, shortness of breath, ringing in the ears and changes in vision. (mydr.com.au)
Cases1
- Easmon coined the name "blackwater fever" and was the first to successfully treat such cases following the publication of his pamphlet. (wikipedia.org)
Hemoglobinuria3
- Blackwater fever is characterized by acute intravascular hemolysis with hemoglobinuria in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. (cdc.gov)
- All patients had fever and hemoglobinuria, 40 (80%) were jaundiced, 25 (50%) had hepatomegaly, 15 (34%) had splenomegaly, and 9 (18%) had hepatosplenomegaly. (ox.ac.uk)
- Blackwater fever refers malarial hemoglobinuria, which is characterized by dark urine. (medscape.com)
Characterized by acute intravascular hemolysis1
- Blackwater fever is a clinical entity characterized by acute intravascular hemolysis classically occuring after the re-introduction of quinine in long-term residents in Plasmodium falciparum endemic areas and repeatedly using the product. (nih.gov)
Urine5
- Blackwater fever is a complication of malaria infection in which red blood cells burst in the bloodstream (hemolysis), releasing hemoglobin directly into the blood vessels and into the urine, frequently leading to kidney failure. (wikipedia.org)
- Blackwater fever should be suspected in a malaria patient who is intermittently passing dark-red to black urine, and is diagnosed using a urine dipstick test, which will be positive for hemoglobin. (wikipedia.org)
- The symptomatology appears brutally with emission of porto-colored urine, icterus, pallor, nausea, fever and acute renal failure. (nih.gov)
- If you notice dark urine, it could be a sign of Black-water fever. (reviewsfellas.com)
- The urine is highly concentrated and dark in color (dark urine) in case of severe fluid loss (for example, by sweating heavily during intense exercise or fever) or with limited fluid absorption. (recipeguide.info)
Severe5
- Blackwater fever, a severe complication of malaria, carries potential risks and complications that can significantly impact a person's health. (reviewsfellas.com)
- Blackwater fever can cause a serious condition where red blood cells are destroyed rapidly, leading to severe anemia. (reviewsfellas.com)
- Blackwater fever (BWF) is a severe syndrome occurring in patients with malaria upon antimalarial treatment , characterized by massive intravascular haemolysis and haemoglobinuria. (bvsalud.org)
- High frequency of blackwater fever among children presenting to hospital with severe febrile illnesses in eastern Uganda. (edctp.org)
- Black water often causes severe diseases such as Thyroid Fever, Norovirus, Hepatitis A, and Encephalitis. (killerrepair.com)
Anemia1
- It can also be transmitted through contaminated needle or transfusion of blood, the classic symptom of malaria is fever with spikes on alternating days, headaches, malaise, fatigue, nausea, and anemia are also common. (scitechnol.com)
Complication1
- Blackwater fever is a serious complication of malaria, but cerebral malaria has a higher mortality rate. (wikipedia.org)
Dengue1
- The emergency physician practicing in what are typically considered nonendemic countries, such as the United States, should have a high index of suspicion for malaria and other infectious zoonotic diseases, including other hemorrhagic fevers (eg, dengue or, less commonly, Ebola virus infection ), in patients who present with a history of fever and travel or immigration from an endemic region. (medscape.com)
Recurrence2
- Recurrence of blackwater fever: triggering of relapses by different antimalarials. (nih.gov)
- Relapsing fever intervals correspond with circulating parasitic stages, and, although much may be made of the typical intervals for fever recurrence (quartan, tertiary, quotidian), in reality, variability makes this an unreliable indicator for species case identification. (medscape.com)
Diseases4
- Nothing at all was known about the tropical diseases he was to encounter such as malaria and blackwater fever. (chalcedon.edu)
- Pathogens may cause diseases, such as typhoid fever, cholera and diarrhea. (pick-kart.com)
- The first risk is that black water may contain pathogens, which can cause diseases such as typhoid fever, cholera and diarrhea. (pick-kart.com)
- E. coli, campylobacteriosis, gastroenteritis, salmonella, and typhoid fever are just a few examples of diseases spread by sewage water. (bigbearrestoration.com)
Malaria infection1
- Blackwater fever is a potentially fatal consequence of malaria infection. (reviewsfellas.com)
Headache1
- Contact your health care provider if you develop fever and headache after visiting any foreign country. (nih.gov)
Hepatitis1
- Beyond their impressive work with COVID-19 and on the Sudan ebolavirus response, we have seen today how this cohort worked on the important problems of blackwater fever among children, on the implementation of the hepatitis B vaccine, management of hypertension in island communities, improving mortality surveillance among adults and neonates, and many other important issues pertinent to public health in Uganda," said Ms. Natalie Brown, US Ambassador to Uganda. (who.int)
Fatal1
- This fever can lead to many fatal conditions. (reviewsfellas.com)
Kidneys1
- The release of hemoglobin into the bloodstream during black water fever can cause damage to the kidneys. (reviewsfellas.com)
Black8
- Black water fever is like that unexpected plot twist in a movie - just when you thought malaria was challenging enough, it takes an ominous turn. (reviewsfellas.com)
- Still confused about blackwater fever, but no worries, I will tell you how black water fever is caused by and other all the facts related to it. (reviewsfellas.com)
- What is Black Water Fever? (reviewsfellas.com)
- Can you solve this interactive and fun quiz about Black Water Fever? (reviewsfellas.com)
- What is the most common cause of black water fever? (reviewsfellas.com)
- Which of the following is the most distinctive symptom of black water fever? (reviewsfellas.com)
- She had also seen more than her fair share of death caused not by a bullet or shell wound but by dysentery, malaria and black water fever during freezing winters and mosquito-ridden summers in the makeshift field hospitals of Salonika in Greece where she had been posted in 1917. (commbank.com.au)
- It is believed Bob contracts Black Water Fever while serving at one such site. (rotorheadsrus.us)
Children1
- Exploring association between MBL2 gene polymorphisms and the occurrence of clinical blackwater fever through a case-control study in Congolese children. (cdc.gov)
Patients1
- We prospectively studied 50 Vietnamese patients with blackwater fever (BWF). (ox.ac.uk)
Nature1
- The disease was first linked to malaria by the Sierra Leone Creole physician John Farrell Easmon in his 1884 pamphlet entitled The Nature and Treatment of Blackwater Fever. (wikipedia.org)
Years1
- Then, at only twenty-seven years of age, his wife contracted blackwater fever. (given2hospitality.com)
Band1
- The Blackwater Fever are an Australian blues guitar-drums band, formed in Brisbane, Queensland in 2005. (bandnext.com)
Study1
- Blackwater fever in southern Vietnam: a prospective descriptive study of 50 cases. (ox.ac.uk)