A reovirus infection, chiefly of sheep, characterized by a swollen blue tongue, catarrhal inflammation of upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and often by inflammation of sensitive laminae of the feet and coronet.
The type species of ORBIVIRUS causing a serious disease in sheep, especially lambs. It may also infect wild ruminants and other domestic animals.
A family of biting midges, in the order DIPTERA. It includes the genus Culicoides which transmits filarial parasites pathogenic to man and other primates.
A family of unenveloped RNA viruses with cubic symmetry. The twelve genera include ORTHOREOVIRUS; ORBIVIRUS; COLTIVIRUS; ROTAVIRUS; Aquareovirus, Cypovirus, Phytoreovirus, Fijivirus, Seadornavirus, Idnoreovirus, Mycoreovirus, and Oryzavirus.
Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.
Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.
A genus of REOVIRIDAE infecting a wide range of arthropods and vertebrates including humans. It comprises at least 21 serological subgroups. Transmission is by vectors such as midges, mosquitoes, sandflies, and ticks.
Infections produced by reoviruses, general or unspecified.
A species of ORBIVIRUS that causes disease in horses, mules, and donkeys. Via its principal vector CULICOIDES, it can also infect dogs, elephants, camels, cattle, sheep, goats, and, in special circumstances, humans.
A suborder of the order ARTIODACTYLA whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach, including the capacious RUMEN. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males.
Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.
A species of ORBIVIRUS causing a fatal disease in deer. It is transmitted by flies of the genus Culicoides.
Diseases of domestic and mountain sheep of the genus Ovis.
The motion of air relative to the earth's surface.
The use of techniques that produce a functional MUTATION or an effect on GENE EXPRESSION of a specific gene of interest in order to identify the role or activity of the gene product of that gene.
Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned RUMINANTS of the genus Capra, in the family Bovidae, closely related to the SHEEP.
The family Cervidae of 17 genera and 45 species occurring nearly throughout North America, South America, and Eurasia, on most associated continental islands, and in northern Africa. Wild populations of deer have been established through introduction by people in Cuba, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and other places where the family does not naturally occur. They are slim, long-legged and best characterized by the presence of antlers. Their habitat is forests, swamps, brush country, deserts, and arctic tundra. They are usually good swimmers; some migrate seasonally. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1362)
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.
An insect-borne reovirus infection of horses, mules and donkeys in Africa and the Middle East; characterized by pulmonary edema, cardiac involvement, and edema of the head and neck.
Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the NUCLEOCAPSID.
Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
A sultanate on the southeast coast of the Arabian peninsula. Its capital is Masqat. Before the 16th century it was ruled by independent emirs but was captured and controlled by the Portuguese 1508-1648. In 1741 it was recovered by a descendent of Yemen's imam. After its decline in the 19th century, it became virtually a political and economic dependency within the British Government of India, retaining close ties with Great Britain by treaty from 1939 to 1970 when it achieved autonomy. The name was recorded by Pliny in the 1st century A.D. as Omana, said to be derived from the founder of the state, Oman ben Ibrahim al-Khalil. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p890; Oman Embassy, Washington; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p391)
Diseases of the domestic or wild goat of the genus Capra.
Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.
RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.
An area showing altered staining behavior in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a virus-infected cell. Some inclusion bodies represent "virus factories" in which viral nucleic acid or protein is being synthesized; others are merely artifacts of fixation and staining. One example, Negri bodies, are found in the cytoplasm or processes of nerve cells in animals that have died from rabies.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Viruses whose taxonomic relationships have not been established.
A congenital condition where the greater portions of the cerebral hemispheres and CORPUS STRIATUM are replaced by CSF and glial tissue. The meninges and the skull are well formed, which is consistent with earlier normal embryogenesis of the telencephalon. Bilateral occlusions of the internal carotid arteries in utero is a potential mechanism. Clinical features include intact brainstem reflexes without evidence of higher cortical activity. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p307)
The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).
Vaccines used in conjunction with diagnostic tests to differentiate vaccinated animals from carrier animals. Marker vaccines can be either a subunit or a gene-deleted vaccine.
The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.

Incursion of bluetongue virus into the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia. (1/204)

Bluetongue virus was isolated from a sentinel herd in British Columbia. Virus isolation was by intravenous inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs and subculture in BHK-21 cells. The cytopathic agent was identified as bluetongue virus by electron microscopy and the immunoperoxidase test. The serotype was identified as serotype 11 by virus neutralization.  (+info)

Malignant catarrhal fever: polymerase chain reaction survey for ovine herpesvirus 2 and other persistent herpesvirus and retrovirus infections of dairy cattle and bison. (2/204)

Using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for sequences of ovine herpesvirus 2 (OHV2), this virus was shown to be significantly associated with sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF) in terminal cases of disease in 34 cattle and 53 bison. Ovine herpesvirus 2 was not detected in cattle (38) and bison (10) that succumbed to other diseases. Other persistent herpesviruses, retroviruses, and pestivirus, some of which have been previously isolated from cases of SA-MCF, were not associated with the disease. These included bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV4), bovine lymphotrophic herpesvirus (BLHV), bovine syncytial virus (BSV, also known as bovine spumavirus), bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). A PCR survey for OHV2 in DNA from individual cow's peripheral blood lymphocytes in 4 dairies showed that the 1 dairy that was in close contact to sheep had a prevalence of OHV2 of 21.3%, whereas the 3 other dairies had no OHV2. Prevalence of the other herpesviruses and retroviruses in the dairy cows was variable, ranging from 2% to 51% for BHV4, 52% to 78.7% for BLHV, and 10% to 34% for BSV. Bovine lymphotrophic herpesvirus and BSV were also found in a few (1-4 of 21 tested) cases of terminal SA-MCF, but BIV and BVDV were not found in either the dairy cows sampled, or in the cases of SA-MCE No significant correlation was found between the presence of any 2 viruses (OHV2, BHV4, BLHV, BSV) in the dairy cows or terminal cases of SA-MCE  (+info)

Maximal predicted duration of viremia in bluetongue virus-infected cattle. (3/204)

Central to the development of rational trade policies pertaining to bluetongue virus (BTV) infection is determination of the risk posed by ruminants previously exposed to the virus. Precise determination of the maximal duration of infectious viremia is essential to the development of an appropriate quarantine period prior to movement of animals from BTV-endemic to BTV-free regions. The objective of this study was to predict the duration of detectable viremia in BTV-infected cattle using a probabilistic modeling analysis of existing data. Data on the duration of detectable viremia in cattle were obtained from previously published studies. Data sets were created from a large field study of naturally infected cattle in Australia and from experimental infections of cattle with Australian and US serotypes of BTV. Probability distributions were fitted to the pooled empirical data, and the 3 probability distributions that provided the best fit to the data were the gamma, Weibull, and lognormal probability distributions. These asymmetric probability distributions are often well suited for decay processes, such as the time to termination of detectable viremia. The analyses indicated a > 99% probability of detectable BTV viremia ceasing after < or = 9 weeks of infection in adult cattle and after a slightly longer interval in BTV-infected, colostrum-deprived newborn calves.  (+info)

Occurrence of genetic drift and founder effect during quasispecies evolution of the VP2 and NS3/NS3A genes of bluetongue virus upon passage between sheep, cattle, and Culicoides sonorensis. (4/204)

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the cause of an insect-transmitted virus infection of ruminants that occurs throughout much of the world. Individual gene segments differ between field strains of BTV; thus, we hypothesized that key viral genes undergo genetic drift during alternating passage of BTV in its ruminant and insect hosts. To test this hypothesis, variation in the consensus sequence and quasispecies heterogeneity of the VP2 and NS3/NS3A genes of a plaque-purified strain of BTV serotype 10 was determined during alternating infection of vector Culicoides sonorensis and a sheep and calf. Consensus sequences were determined after reverse transcriptase-nested PCR amplification of viral RNA directly from ruminant blood and homogenized insects, and quasispecies heterogeneity was determined by the sequencing of clones derived from directly amplified viral RNA. Comparison of these sequences to those of the original BTV inoculum used to initiate the cycle of BTV infection demonstrated, for the first time, that individual BTV gene segments evolve independently of one another by genetic drift in a host-specific fashion, generating quasispecies populations in both ruminant and insect hosts. Furthermore, a unique viral variant was randomly ingested by C. sonorensis insects that fed on a sheep with low-titer viremia, thereby fixing a novel genotype by founder effect. Thus, we conclude that genetic drift and founder effect contribute to diversification of individual gene segments of field strains of BTV.  (+info)

Studies on the epidemiology of bluetongue virus in China. (5/204)

Sentinel herds of large ruminants were established at five centres in Yunnan Province, Peoples Republic of China, between 1995 and 1997. The application of a sensitive antigen capture ELISA to facilitate virus isolation procedures led to the isolation of 108 strains of bluetongue (BLU) virus. Serotypes isolated included types 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 21 and 23. Virus transmission occurred over a period of 1-3 months at each of the four positive sites, giving an overall BLU virus transmission period for the province of 5 months, from early June to early November. The greatest level of transmission took place in July and August. The duration of viraemia in individual animals varied from 1 to 7 weeks, with a mean calculated for each serotype between 6 and 20 days. The study represents the first detailed investigation of the epidemiology of BLU in China utilizing sentinel herds.  (+info)

The role of endothelial cell-derived inflammatory and vasoactive mediators in the pathogenesis of bluetongue. (6/204)

Bluetongue is an insect-transmitted disease of sheep and wild ruminants that is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV). Cattle are asymptomatic reservoir hosts of BTV. Infection of lung microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) is central to the pathogenesis of BTV infection of both sheep and cattle, but it is uncertain as to why sheep are highly susceptible to BTV-induced microvascular injury, whereas cattle are not. Thus, to better characterize the pathogenesis of bluetongue, the transcription of genes encoding a variety of vasoactive and inflammatory mediators was quantitated in primary ovine lung microvascular ECs (OLmVECs) exposed to BTV and/or inflammatory mediators. BTV infection of OLmVECs increased the transcription of genes encoding interleukin- (IL) 1 and IL-8, but less so IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. In contrast, we previously have shown that transcription of genes encoding all of these same mediators is markedly increased in BTV-infected bovine lung microvascular ECs and that BTV-infected bovine ECs produce substantially greater quantities of prostacyclin than do sheep ECs. Thus, sheep and cattle were experimentally infected with BTV to further investigate the role of EC-derived vasoactive mediators in the pathogenesis of bluetongue. The ratio of thromboxane to prostacyclin increased during BTV infection of both sheep and cattle, but was significantly greater in sheep (P = 0.001). Increases in the ratio of thromboxane to prostacyclin, indicative of enhanced coagulation, coincided with the occurrence of clinical manifestations of bluetongue in BTV-infected sheep. The data suggest that inherent species-specific differences in the production and activities of EC-derived mediators contribute to the sensitivity of sheep to BTV-induced microvascular injury.  (+info)

A possible overwintering mechanism for bluetongue virus in the absence of the insect vector. (7/204)

Bluetongue virus (BTV) and several other Orbivirus species are transmitted between mammalian hosts via bites from adults of certain species of Culicoides midges. However, BTV can survive for 9-12 months (typically during the winter), in the absence of adult vectors, with no detectable cases of viraemia, disease or seroconversion in the host. The survival of the virus from one 'vector season' to the next is called 'overwintering' but the mechanism involved is not fully understood. It is demonstrated that BTV can persistently infect ovine gammadelta T-cells in vitro, a process that may also occur during infection and viraemia in mammalian hosts, thus providing a mechanism for virus persistence. Interaction of persistently BTV-infected gammadelta T-cells with antibody to the gammadelta T-cell-specific surface molecule WC-1 resulted in conversion to a lytic infection and increased virus release. Skin fibroblasts induce a similar conversion, indicating that they express a counter ligand for WC-1. Feeding of Culicoides midges induces skin inflammation, which is accompanied by recruitment of large numbers of activated gammadelta T-cells. The interaction of persistently infected gammadelta T-cells with skin fibroblasts would result in increased virus production at 'biting sites', favouring transmission to the insect vector. This suggested mechanism might also involve up-regulation of the WC-1 ligand at inflamed sites. It has been shown previously that cleavage of virus surface proteins by protease enzymes (which may also be associated with inflammation) generates infectious subvirus particles that have enhanced infectivity (100 times) for the insect vector.  (+info)

Competitive ELISA for serodiagnosis of bluetongue: evaluation of group-specific monoclonal antibodies and expressed VP7 antigen. (8/204)

The performance of 2 competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (C-ELISA) was compared with the reference C-ELISA I for the detection of antibodies to bluetongue virus (BTV). One of the assays (C-ELISA II) used a group-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) to BTV, obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (8A3B-6) and tissue culture (TC)-derived BTV antigen (Ag), and the other assay (C-ELISA III) used BTV core protein VP7 (expressed in yeast) and the reference MAb (Pirbright Laboratory, 3-17-A3). Test sera were obtained by sequential blood samples from 22 calves, each inoculated with a different serotype (T) of BTV (South African [SA] T-1-T-16 and T-18-T-20 and USA T-11, T-13, and T-17). Sera were also obtained from 4 calves and 4 sheep inoculated with USA BTV T-10 and from several groups of calves exposed to single or multiple doses of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) T-1-T-4 grown in TC (BHK-21) or suckling mouse brain (SMB). A total of 618 bovine and ovine field sera collected from BT-free and BT-endemic areas were also tested. The C-ELISA III was more sensitive than the C-ELISA II in the detection of anti-BTV antibody in sera from cattle and sheep early after infection with BTV. Seroconversion was demonstrated by the 3 C-ELISAs in all animals inoculated with BTV by 20 days postinfection (DPI), except in calves that received SA T-3 or USA T-13, which became positive at 40 DPI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  (+info)

Bluetongue is a viral disease that primarily affects sheep and some species of cattle, goats, and wild ruminants. The disease is named for the bluish discoloration of the tongue that can occur in severe cases. It is transmitted by midges (Culicoides spp.) and occurs mainly in tropical and subtropical regions around the world.

The symptoms of Bluetongue include fever, salivation, difficulty breathing, swelling of the head and neck, and lameness. In severe cases, it can cause death. The disease is not contagious between animals and cannot be spread through contact or ingestion of contaminated feed or water.

There are several different serotypes of Bluetongue virus, and immunity to one serotype does not provide cross-protection against other serotypes. Vaccination is available for some serotypes in certain regions, but it may not be effective against all serotypes. Control measures typically focus on reducing exposure to midges through the use of insect repellents, screens, and other barriers.

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an infectious agent that causes Bluetongue disease, a non-contagious viral disease affecting sheep and other ruminants. It is a member of the Orbivirus genus within the Reoviridae family. The virus is transmitted by biting midges of the Culicoides species and can infect various animals such as sheep, cattle, goats, and wild ruminants.

The virus has a double-stranded RNA genome and consists of ten segments that encode seven structural and four non-structural proteins. The clinical signs of Bluetongue disease in sheep include fever, salivation, swelling of the head and neck, nasal discharge, and respiratory distress, which can be severe or fatal. In contrast, cattle usually show milder symptoms or are asymptomatic, although they can serve as reservoirs for the virus.

Bluetongue virus is an important veterinary pathogen that has a significant economic impact on the global sheep industry. The disease is prevalent in many parts of the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, but has also spread to temperate areas due to climate change and the movement of infected animals. Prevention and control measures include vaccination, insect control, and restricting the movement of infected animals.

Ceratopogonidae is a family of small flies, also known as biting midges or no-see-ums. They are characterized by their slender segmented bodies, feathery antennae, and wings with extensive venation. Some species in this family are known to be vectors of various diseases, such as human and animal forms of filariasis, blue tongue virus in sheep, and several viral diseases in horses. The larvae of these flies are aquatic or semi-aquatic and can be found in a variety of habitats including wet soil, decaying vegetation, and freshwater bodies.

Reoviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses that are non-enveloped and have a segmented genome. The name "Reoviridae" is derived from Respiratory Enteric Orphan virus, as these viruses were initially discovered in respiratory and enteric (gastrointestinal) samples but did not appear to cause any specific diseases.

The family Reoviridae includes several important human pathogens such as rotaviruses, which are a major cause of severe diarrhea in young children worldwide, and orthoreoviruses, which can cause respiratory and systemic infections in humans. Additionally, many Reoviridae viruses infect animals, including birds, mammals, fish, and insects, and can cause a variety of diseases.

Reoviridae virions are typically composed of multiple protein layers that encase the genomic RNA segments. The family is divided into two subfamilies, Sedoreovirinae and Spinareovirinae, based on structural features and genome organization. Reoviruses have a complex replication cycle that involves multiple steps, including attachment to host cells, uncoating of the viral particle, transcription of the genomic RNA, translation of viral proteins, packaging of new virions, and release from infected cells.

Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:

1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.

I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Orbivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Sedoreoviridae, order Reovirales. They are non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses with an icosahedral symmetry and a genome consisting of 10 segments. Orbiviruses infect various species of animals, including humans, causing a range of diseases such as African horse sickness, blue tongue disease, and Colorado tick fever. The virus is typically transmitted through the bite of arthropod vectors, such as ticks and mosquitoes, or through contact with infected animal secretions or contaminated food and water.

Reoviridae infections refer to diseases caused by the Reoviridae family of viruses, which are non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses. These viruses are widespread and can infect a variety of hosts, including humans, animals, and insects. The infection typically causes mild respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms in humans, such as cough, runny nose, sore throat, and diarrhea. In some cases, Reoviridae infections may also lead to more severe diseases, such as meningitis or encephalitis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. However, it's worth noting that many Reoviridae infections are asymptomatic and do not cause any noticeable illness.

Reoviridae viruses include several genera, such as Orthoreovirus, Rotavirus, Coltivirus, and Orbivirus, among others. Some of the most well-known human pathogens in this family include Rotaviruses, which are a leading cause of severe diarrheal disease in young children worldwide, and Orthoreoviruses, which can cause respiratory illnesses.

Treatment for Reoviridae infections is generally supportive, focusing on managing symptoms such as fever, dehydration, and pain. Antiviral medications are not typically used to treat these infections. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals, as well as vaccination against specific Reoviridae viruses, such as Rotavirus vaccines.

African horse sickness (AHS) is a viral disease that primarily affects horses, mules, and donkeys. It is caused by the African horse sickness virus (AHSV), which belongs to the family Reoviridae and the genus Orbivirus. There are nine serotypes of AHSV (AHSV-1 to AHSV-9) that have been identified.

The AHSV is transmitted by certain species of Culicoides midges, also known as biting midges or no-see-ums. The virus replicates in the midgut of the insect and then spreads to other tissues, including the salivary glands. When an infected midge bites a susceptible animal, the virus is transmitted through the saliva.

The disease is characterized by fever, respiratory distress, and edema (fluid accumulation) in various parts of the body, including the lungs, belly, and under the skin. The severity of the disease can vary depending on the species and age of the animal, as well as the strain of the virus. In severe cases, the disease can be fatal.

There is no specific treatment for AHS, and prevention relies on vaccination and control of the midge population. The disease is endemic in many parts of Africa, but it has also occurred in other parts of the world, including Spain, Portugal, and South America. It is considered a List B disease by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), which means that it is important to monitor and control its spread in order to protect international trade in animals and animal products.

Ruminants are a category of hooved mammals that are known for their unique digestive system, which involves a process called rumination. This group includes animals such as cattle, deer, sheep, goats, and giraffes, among others. The digestive system of ruminants consists of a specialized stomach with multiple compartments (the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum).

Ruminants primarily consume plant-based diets, which are high in cellulose, a complex carbohydrate that is difficult for many animals to digest. In the rumen, microbes break down the cellulose into simpler compounds, producing volatile fatty acids (VFAs) that serve as a major energy source for ruminants. The animal then regurgitates the partially digested plant material (known as cud), chews it further to mix it with saliva and additional microbes, and swallows it again for further digestion in the rumen. This process of rumination allows ruminants to efficiently extract nutrients from their fibrous diets.

Insect vectors are insects that transmit disease-causing pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites) from one host to another. They do this while feeding on the host's blood or tissues. The insects themselves are not infected by the pathogen but act as mechanical carriers that pass it on during their bite. Examples of diseases spread by insect vectors include malaria (transmitted by mosquitoes), Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks), and plague (transmitted by fleas). Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and reducing standing water where mosquitoes breed, can help reduce the risk of contracting these diseases.

Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV) is an orbivirus that primarily affects white-tailed deer and other members of the Cervidae family. It is transmitted by biting midges of the genus Culicoides. The virus causes a hemorrhagic disease in deer, characterized by fever, loss of appetite, weakness, and often death within 1-3 days after the onset of clinical signs.

The disease is not considered a significant threat to human health, but it can have significant impacts on wild and farmed cervid populations. There are several serotypes of EHDV, with some being more virulent than others. The virus can survive in the environment for short periods of time outside of its host and midge vector, which can contribute to its spread.

Prevention and control measures for EHDV include reducing exposure to midges through the use of repellents or physical barriers, as well as vaccination of susceptible deer populations. However, there is currently no USDA-approved vaccine available for EHDV in the United States.

I'm happy to help, but I want to clarify that the term "sheep diseases" refers to a wide range of health issues that can affect sheep populations. It's not a single medical condition with a specific definition. Here are some examples of common diseases that can affect sheep:

1. Ovine Johne's Disease (OJD): A chronic, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It affects the intestines and can cause weight loss, diarrhea, and death.
2. Footrot: A highly contagious bacterial infection that affects the feet of sheep, causing lameness, swelling, and pain. It's caused by the bacteria Dichelobacter nodosus.
3. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It affects the lymph nodes and can cause abscesses, weight loss, and death.
4. Contagious Ecthyma (Orf): A highly contagious viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes of sheep, causing sores and lesions.
5. Mastitis: An inflammation of the mammary gland in sheep, usually caused by a bacterial infection. It can cause decreased milk production, fever, and loss of appetite.
6. Pneumonia: A respiratory infection that can affect sheep, causing coughing, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by various bacteria or viruses.
7. Enterotoxemia: A potentially fatal disease caused by the overproduction of toxins in the intestines of sheep, usually due to a bacterial infection with Clostridium perfringens.
8. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM): A neurological disorder that affects the brain of sheep, causing symptoms such as blindness, circling, and seizures. It's often caused by a thiamine deficiency or excessive sulfur intake.
9. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can affect sheep, causing abortion, stillbirth, and neurological symptoms.
10. Blue tongue: A viral disease that affects sheep, causing fever, respiratory distress, and mouth ulcers. It's transmitted by insect vectors and is often associated with climate change.

In medical terms, "wind" is not a widely used or recognized term. It might be used informally to describe symptoms such as abdominal bloating, rumbling, or the sensation of gas moving within the intestines. However, these sensations are more accurately described as related to bowel function and gas in the digestive tract. If you're experiencing persistent or severe symptoms that you're describing as "wind," it would be best to consult with a healthcare professional for a proper evaluation.

Reverse genetics is a term used in molecular biology that refers to the process of creating or modifying an organism's genetic material (DNA or RNA) to produce specific phenotypic traits or characteristics. In contrast to traditional forward genetics, where researchers start with an organism and identify the gene responsible for a particular trait, reverse genetics begins with a known gene or DNA sequence and creates an organism that expresses that gene.

In virology, reverse genetics is often used to study viruses by creating infectious clones of their genomes. This allows researchers to manipulate the virus's genetic material and study the effects of specific mutations on viral replication, pathogenesis, and host immune response. By using reverse genetics, scientists can gain insights into the function of individual genes and how they contribute to viral infection and disease.

Overall, reverse genetics is a powerful tool for understanding gene function and developing new strategies for treating genetic diseases or preventing viral infections.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "goats" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is a common noun referring to the domesticated animal species Capra aegagrus hircus. If you have any questions about a specific medical condition or term, please provide that and I would be happy to help.

I apologize for any confusion, but "deer" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to various species of hooved mammals belonging to the family Cervidae. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

Serotyping is a laboratory technique used to classify microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, based on the specific antigens or proteins present on their surface. It involves treating the microorganism with different types of antibodies and observing which ones bind to its surface. Each distinct set of antigens corresponds to a specific serotype, allowing for precise identification and characterization of the microorganism. This technique is particularly useful in epidemiology, vaccine development, and infection control.

African Horse Sickness (AHS) is a viral disease that primarily affects horses, donkeys, and mules. It is caused by the African horse sickness virus (AHSV), which belongs to the family Reoviridae and the genus Orbivirus. The disease is transmitted through the bite of certain species of midges or mosquitoes, known as Culicoides spp.

The clinical signs of AHS can vary in severity but typically include fever, depression, loss of appetite, and respiratory distress. The disease can manifest in three forms: the acute form, which is characterized by high fever, severe respiratory distress, and a high fatality rate; the subacute form, which features milder respiratory symptoms and a lower fatality rate; and the chronic form, which is marked by intermittent fever and swelling of the limbs and neck.

AHS is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa but has also been reported in the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Asia. The disease is not found in the Americas or Australia, and strict quarantine measures are in place to prevent its introduction into these regions. There is no specific treatment for AHS, and prevention efforts focus on vaccination and vector control.

Viral core proteins are the structural proteins that make up the viral capsid or protein shell, enclosing and protecting the viral genome. These proteins play a crucial role in the assembly of the virion, assist in the infection process by helping to deliver the viral genome into the host cell, and may also have functions in regulating viral replication. The specific composition and structure of viral core proteins vary among different types of viruses.

Capsid proteins are the structural proteins that make up the capsid, which is the protective shell of a virus. The capsid encloses the viral genome and helps to protect it from degradation and detection by the host's immune system. Capsid proteins are typically arranged in a symmetrical pattern and can self-assemble into the capsid structure when exposed to the viral genome.

The specific arrangement and composition of capsid proteins vary between different types of viruses, and they play important roles in the virus's life cycle, including recognition and binding to host cells, entry into the cell, and release of the viral genome into the host cytoplasm. Capsid proteins can also serve as targets for antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oman" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country, which is located on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. "Goat diseases" refers to illnesses that affect goats specifically. It does not mean diseases that are caused by goats or related to them in some way. Here are some examples of goat diseases:

1. Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE): A viral disease that affects goats, causing arthritis, pneumonia, and sometimes encephalitis.
2. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A bacterial disease that causes abscesses in the lymph nodes of goats.
3. Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP): A contagious respiratory disease caused by mycoplasma bacteria.
4. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
5. Pasteurellosis: A bacterial disease that can cause pneumonia, septicemia, and other infections in goats.
6. Salmonellosis: A bacterial disease caused by Salmonella bacteria, which can cause diarrhea, fever, and septicemia in goats.
7. Soremouth (Orf): A viral disease that causes sores and scabs around the mouth and nose of goats.

These are just a few examples of diseases that can affect goats. If you have any specific questions about goat health or diseases, I would recommend consulting with a veterinarian who specializes in small ruminants.

Viral nonstructural proteins (NS) are viral proteins that are not part of the virion structure. They play various roles in the viral life cycle, such as replication of the viral genome, transcription, translation regulation, and modulation of the host cell environment to favor virus replication. These proteins are often produced in large quantities during infection and can manipulate or disrupt various cellular pathways to benefit the virus. They may also be involved in evasion of the host's immune response. The specific functions of viral nonstructural proteins vary depending on the type of virus.

I'm happy to help! However, it seems there might be a slight misunderstanding in your question. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is typically single-stranded. Unlike DNA, which is double-stranded and forms a double helix, RNA usually exists as a single strand of nucleotides.

There are exceptions to this rule, such as certain types of RNA molecules that can form double-stranded structures in specific contexts. For example:

1. Double-Stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses: These viruses have genomes made entirely of RNA, which is double-stranded throughout or partially double-stranded. The dsRNA viruses include important pathogens such as rotaviruses and reoviruses.
2. Hairpin loops in RNA structures: Some single-stranded RNA molecules can fold back on themselves to form short double-stranded regions, called hairpin loops, within their overall structure. These are often found in ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules.

So, while 'double-stranded RNA' is not a standard medical definition for RNA itself, there are specific instances where RNA can form double-stranded structures as described above.

Inclusion bodies, viral are typically described as intracellular inclusions that appear as a result of viral infections. These inclusion bodies consist of aggregates of virus-specific proteins, viral particles, or both, which accumulate inside the host cell's cytoplasm or nucleus during the replication cycle of certain viruses.

The presence of inclusion bodies can sometimes be observed through histological or cytological examination using various staining techniques. Different types of viruses may exhibit distinct morphologies and locations of these inclusion bodies, which can aid in the identification and diagnosis of specific viral infections. However, it is important to note that not all viral infections result in the formation of inclusion bodies, and their presence does not necessarily indicate active viral replication or infection.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Viruses, Unclassified" is not a recognized medical or scientific category. Generally, viruses are classified based on various characteristics such as genome structure, mode of replication, host range, and symptoms they cause. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is the organization responsible for the formal classification of viruses.

If you have any specific questions about certain unclassified viral entities or phenomena, I'd be happy to help if I can! Please provide more context so I can give a more accurate and helpful response.

Hydranencephaly is a rare congenital condition in which the cerebral hemispheres of the brain are absent and replaced by sacs filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The cerebral cortex and other parts of the brain may be partially or completely missing. It is often caused by vascular insults or infections, such as ischemia or meningitis, during fetal development.

The condition can vary in severity, but it is generally associated with severe neurological impairment and physical disabilities. Infants with hydranencephaly may have a normal appearance at birth, but they often develop seizures, hydrocephalus, and other symptoms within the first few months of life. The prognosis for individuals with hydranencephaly is generally poor, and many do not survive beyond early childhood.

Neutralization tests are a type of laboratory assay used in microbiology and immunology to measure the ability of a substance, such as an antibody or antitoxin, to neutralize the activity of a toxin or infectious agent. In these tests, the substance to be tested is mixed with a known quantity of the toxin or infectious agent, and the mixture is then incubated under controlled conditions. After incubation, the mixture is tested for residual toxicity or infectivity using a variety of methods, such as cell culture assays, animal models, or biochemical assays.

The neutralization titer is then calculated based on the highest dilution of the test substance that completely neutralizes the toxin or infectious agent. Neutralization tests are commonly used in the diagnosis and evaluation of immune responses to vaccines, as well as in the detection and quantification of toxins and other harmful substances.

Examples of neutralization tests include the serum neutralization test for measles antibodies, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for dengue virus antibodies, and the cytotoxicity neutralization assay for botulinum neurotoxins.

A marker vaccine, also known as a "test vaccine" or "immunization tag," is a type of vaccine that not only provides immunity against a particular disease but also contains an antigen that can be detected in bodily fluids (such as blood) after vaccination. This allows for the confirmation of a successful vaccination and the development of immune response in an individual.

Marker vaccines are particularly useful in situations where it is essential to confirm whether a person has been vaccinated or not, such as in disease eradication programs, public health monitoring, or in cases where vaccine-induced immunity needs to be distinguished from natural immunity (due to previous infection). The marker component of the vaccine can be detected through various methods like serological assays or molecular techniques.

An example of a marker vaccine is the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), which contains live attenuated polioviruses. After vaccination, the shedding of the weakened viruses in the stool can be detected and used to monitor the effectiveness of immunization campaigns aimed at eradicating polio globally.

A capsid is the protein shell that encloses and protects the genetic material of a virus. It is composed of multiple copies of one or more proteins that are arranged in a specific structure, which can vary in shape and symmetry depending on the type of virus. The capsid plays a crucial role in the viral life cycle, including protecting the viral genome from host cell defenses, mediating attachment to and entry into host cells, and assisting with the assembly of new virus particles during replication.

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... (BTV) is a Sedoreoviridae dsRNA virus part of the genus Orbivirus. The virus causes Bluetongue disease. ... World Organization for Animal Health :: Bluetongue ICTV Master Species List 2018b v1 MSL #34, Feb. 2019 ICTV: Bluetongue virus ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bluetongue virus. ...
... may refer to : Blue-tongued skink Bluetongue disease Blue Tongue Entertainment - an Australian video game developer ... Melastoma polyanthum This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Blue tongue. If an internal link led you ...
Bluetongue is caused by the pathogenic virus, Bluetongue virus (BTV), of the genus Orbivirus, of the Reoviridae family. Twenty- ... "Overview of Bluetongue". The Merck Veterinary Manual. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. "Current status of Bluetongue ... "Bluetongue disease detected in UK". BBC News Online. 2007-09-22. Retrieved 2007-09-22. Gray R (2007-10-14). "Bluetongue spreads ... "Bluetongue outbreak detected in Denmark - EU". Reuters. 13 October 2007. "Blue tongue outbreak spreads south". Thelocal.se. ...
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The common slender bluetongue or Gunther's skink (Cyclodomorphus branchialis) is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. ...
Founded in 1996, Blue-Tongue has created a number of feature films as Animal Kingdom, Hesher, The Square, Wish You Were Here, ... "Blue-Tongue Films [au]". IMDb. Retrieved 27 July 2016. Hawkins, Joanne; Dawe, James (3 December 2010). "Men of the Year 2010 ... Blue-Tongue Films is an Australian film collective and production company, composed of filmmakers Kieran Darcy-Smith, Luke ... "Joel Top 50 2012 Arts - Edgerton and Blue-Tongue Films". theaustralian.com.au. Retrieved 18 March 2013. Michôd, David (3 June ...
The Samphire slender bluetongue (Cyclodomorphus melanops) is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is ...
The giant slender bluetongue (Cyclodomorphus maximus) is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to ...
The western slender bluetongue (Cyclodomorphus celatus) is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic ... The spermatogenic activity of the Western slender bluetongue reaches a peak in October. Mating and fertilization also peak in ...
The saltbush slender bluetongue is a skink native to Australia. They range from a light grey to pink-brown colour on the upper ... The saltbush slender bluetongue is a skink of the family Scincidae and the genus Cyclodomorphus. It has been presented in an ... The slender saltbush bluetongue has been recorded in Sturt National Park in New South Wales but extends into northeast South ... The saltbush slender bluetongue has been recorded in areas from samphire flats and areas associated with heavy clay soils. It ...
The Adelaide pygmy blue-tongue skink (Tiliqua adelaidensis) or pygmy bluetongue is a species of skink, a lizard in the family ... The pygmy bluetongue is now considered to be an endangered species. The habitat and range of pygmy bluetongues is very ... "Tiliqua adelaidensis - Pygmy Blue-tongue Lizard, Adelaide Blue-tongue Lizard". Species Profile and Threats Database. Australian ... Pygmy blue-tongue lizards, once thought extinct, bred in SA's Monarto Zoo, ABC News, 24 February 2016, Retrieved 24 February ...
The coastal she-oak slender bluetongue (Cyclodomorphus michaeli) is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is ...
"Blue Tongue Skink Species". The Pet Enthusiast. 13 February 2020. The Irian Jaya Blue Tongue Skink at bluetongueskinks.net Blue ... The Irian Jaya blue tongue skink (Tiliqua sp.) is one of the least understood species of blue-tongued skink. The Irian Jaya has ... As is characteristic of the other species in the genus, the Irian Jaya has a large blue tongue that it displays defensively in ... www.tiliqua-time.com a care website and reference point for all Indonesian blue tongue skink sub-species (Articles with short ...
The alpine she-oak slender bluetongue or alpine she-oak skink (Cyclodomorphus praealtus) is a species of lizard in the family ...
The Gold Coast Blue Tongues were founded in 2005 as the Brisbane Blue Tongues. The Blue Tongues were announced as an Australian ... The Blue Tongues were also renamed the Gold Coast Blue Tongues (Bartercard Gold Coast Blue Tongues for sponsorship reasons). ... Each season the Blue Tongues held an annual awards night where the team awarded a number of players and members of the Blue ... The Blue Tongues finished ahead of the Melbourne Ice and Central Coast Rhinos. The following two years in Brisbane saw the Blue ...
"Blue Tongue". Stockholm Film Festival. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2018. "The Snowtown ... His film debut was the Australian short film Blue Tongue (2004). His feature film debut was Snowtown (2011), for which he won ...
Bluetongue disease is a non-contagious vector-borne disease caused by bluetongue virus, which affects species of ruminants ( ... This change enabled the bluetongue virus to jump vector, thus causing the northward spread of bluetongue disease into Europe. ... "Bluetongue" (PDF). CFSPH. Retrieved 14 April 2020. Purse BV, Mellor PS, Rogers DJ, Samuel AR, Mertens PP, Baylis M (February ... The natural vector of the bluetongue virus is the African midge C. imicola, which is normally limited to Africa and subtropical ...
... with litter sizes ranging from 1-4 in the pygmy blue-tongue and shingleback to 5-24 in the eastern and northern blue-tongues. ... Blue-tongues skink species are generally docile, gentle, quiet and easily tamed, and can make a good reptile pet for beginners ... Keeping Bluetongue Lizards. Australian Reptile Keeper Publications. Thorn, K.M.; Fusco, D.A.; Hutchinson, M.N.; Gardner, M.G.; ... The pygmy blue-tongue is again the exception, being primarily an ambush predator of terrestrial arthropods. All are viviparous ...
Blue Tongue Entertainment. De Blob. Scene: Closing credits, 2 minutes in, Voices of Chroma City. Krome Studios (October 6, 2009 ...
Blue-Tongue Books. 2016. ISBN 978-0-9945715-2-6. Before Heike and After: Hōgen, Heiji, Jōkyūki. Blue-Tongue Books. 2016. ISBN ...
Blue Tongue Sherbet. Sour Sherbet. Strawberry Sherbet. Cola Wizz Fizz. Hoppy Pops, lollipops with sherbet mixed inside them, ...
Blue Tongue Stadium Website. Archived from the original on 4 March 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013. "Nagano 1998 Paralympics - ...
"Blue Tongue Skink Subspecies". Reptifiles.com. Retrieved 19 May 2022. "Blue-tongued skink size". Reptileschool.com. "Eastern ... "Eastern Blue-tongue Lizard". The Australian Museum. 2000. (Webarchive template wayback links, CS1 errors: missing periodical, ... "How big do Irian Jaya blue tongue skinks get? - Eyebulb.com". Eyebulb.com. Retrieved 22 May 2022. "Pink Tongued Skink - ... Shea, Glenn M (2006). "Diet of two species of bluetongue skink, Tiliqua multifasciata and Tiliqua occipitalis (Squamata: ...
Blue tongue skinks are often displayed within zoological facilities. It is a popular species among herpetoculturists. "Blue ... Most specimens of the Merauke blue tongue skink present in captivity are of wild-caught origin. Captive breeding efforts have ... "The Merauke Blue Tongue Skink". BlueTongueSkinks.NET. Retrieved 2017-08-26. "Image: mapmer.jpg, (600 × 312 px)". ... https://www.tiliqua-time.com A care and reference website for all Indonesian blue tongue skink sub-species. (Articles with ...
"Central Coast Sporting Hall of Fame". Blue Tongue Stadium Website. Archived from the original on 4 March 2013. Retrieved 16 May ...
She has also researched the DNA of the several Culicoides species of midges that transmit bluetongue, a disease of livestock. ... "BBC - Scotland Outdoors Articles - Bluetongue". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2019. "Jennifer Mordue - Scotland Group". ...
Bluetongue virus is closely related to EHDV, and has similar clinical signs, but it is a different disease. Bluetongue is a ... "Facts About Bluetongue And EHD." Grand View Outdoors, 18 Dec. 2014, www.grandviewoutdoors.com/big-game-hunting/facts-about- ... Testing at animal health laboratories is necessary to distinguish between the viruses that cause bluetongue and EHD. The ... Howarth, E. W.; D. E. Stalknecht; P. D. Kirkland (2001). Bluetongue, Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease, and other Orbivirus-related ...
Bluetongue Premium Lager (4.9% alc/vol) Bluetongue Pale Ale (5.2% alc/vol) Bluetongue Premium Light (2.7% alc/vol) Bluetongue ... On 23 January 2014, it was announced that Bluetongue would be phased out and discontinued as a brand. Bluetongue Brewery was ... Original Pilsener (4.5% alc/vol) Bluetongue Black Ale (4.7% alc/vol Bluetongue Vintage Ale 2005 (6.6% alc/vol) Bluetongue ... Bluetongue Brewery was an Australian brewery owned by SABMiller. The brewery had a capacity of 100 million litres per annum, ...
Bluetongue is an acute, subacute, and possible chronic virus disease of wild and domestic ruminants (3,10). Sheep often have ... variipennis reconfirmed the unlikelyhood of transovarian transmission of bluetongue virus (39). ...
They are keeping a close eye on their flocks after the appearance of the bluetongue virus in sheep in the Netherlands. ...
... There have been changes in the seasonality and abundance of Culicoides ... Maclachlan, N. J., Mayo, C. E., Daniels, P. W., Savini, G., Zientara, S., Gibbs, E. P. J., 2015, Bluetongue., Revue ... the case of bluetongue in Europe., Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office International des Épizooties, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. ... Culicoides midges and bluetongue virus., Journal of the Royal Society Interface, Vol. 14, No. 128, pp. 20160481 ...
Bluetongue Virus. Bluetongue is a non-contagious, arthropod-borne viral disease of both domestic and wild ruminants. Bluetongue ... According to Kahrs, bluetongue is a major obstacle to exportation of U.S.. ruminants and ruminant products and probably affects ... Bluetongue is an orbivirus which cross-reacts with many antigenically related viruses including Palyam virus and the viruses ... Bluetongue virus replicates in both arthropod and mammalian host cells. The virulence of BTV varies quite markedly; even ...
MedlinkStudents: transmission, symptoms, mortality, treatment and prevention, impact of BTV
Blue Tongue by Ray Collins. Share: Dig this slice of The Surfers Journal? Weve got a lot more stacked for you. ...
The Bluetongue Brewery is making a push into the Tasmanian market with the release of Bluetongue premium beer on tap across ... Bluetongue Draft Hits Tassie Pubs by The Shout Team November 10, 2008. ... "Bluetongue uses premium produce from both Tasmania and the NSW Hunter Region, providing the brand with a unique flavour that is ... Bluetongue Brewery marketing manager, Sarah Dennis, said the launch into Tasmania reflects consumers increasing consciousness ...
Following confirmation of a case of the bluetongue virus new emerging strain (BTV-3) in a single cow on a farm near Canterbury ... Eighth case of bluetongue detected at Kent farm APHA said four cases of bluetongue had been identified since November 11 ... Advice for farmers about the temporary Bluetongue control zone. Following confirmation of a case of the bluetongue virus new ... Bluetongue identified at Norfolk farm Defra said it was the first case to have been identified outside of Kent this year ...
Skip Navigation LinksEvents , Live Music + Theatre , Blue Tongue Live at Foxhouse Bar & Grill ... Recorded Live! Come on out for Blue Tongue, Great food, & Great drinks!!. Foxhouse offers a clean and unique atmosphere for ...
Blue tongue is a serious disease of ruminants, spread by midges in hot countries and has previously seen the limit of its range ... Red alert on blue tongue. As the worlds climate change scientists gather in Paris at the IPCC (International Panel on Climate ... Red alert on blue tongue. Posted on 2nd February 2007 by organicresearchcentre. ... With global temperatures already rising these midges have hopped across the Mediterranean to Spain and spread the blue tongue ...
... numerous atypical Bluetongue virus (BTV) strains have been discovered all around the world. Atypical BTV strains are ... Bluetongue virus (BTV), as part of the virus family Reoviridae and the genus Orbivirus, is characterised by a double-stranded ... Clinical cases of Bluetongue serotype 8 in calves in France in the 2018-2019 winter. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2020, 67, 1401- ... Bluetongue Virus Infection of Goats: Re-Emerged European Serotype 8 vs. Two Atypical Serotypes by Christina Ries ...
Bluetongue is spread by the biting midge, Culicoides imicola, which has recently colonised the northern Mediterranean coast, ... We have seen outbreaks caused by twelve strains, from nine distinct serotypes of bluetongue virus, which have arrived in Europe ... Since 1998, rising temperatures have led to outbreaks of bluetongue (BT) across most of Europe, which have killed over 2 ... European Danger: Global Warming and Bluetongue EU - Global warming could have chilling consequences for European livestock, ...
... modsquad5150 04/23/03 (. 0) [ Follow Ups ] [ The Skink Forum ]. kingsnake.com , NRAAC. ... Re: Northern Blue Tongue Skink Questions. [ Follow Ups ] [ Post Followup ] [ The Skink Forum ]. Posted by countvv on April 21, ... In Reply to: Northern Blue Tongue Skink Questions posted by enigma on April 20, 2003 at 13:41:04:. ).. :My first is what is the ...
... ). Write a Review ×. Add Review. ... Zoo Med Canned Blue Tongue Skink and Tegu Food is the first commercially developed food for large carnivorous (i.e. meat eating ... Small Lizards: Feed two small tablespoons (1/4 can) of food per small Tegu or Blue Tongue Skink being fed every other day. ... Zoo Med Blue Tongue Sking and Tegu Food Canned - 6 oz (170 g) ...
UK - The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) has confirmed that bluetongue (BTV-8) vaccine is now ... Bluetongue Vaccine Now Available for British Farmers UK - The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) has ... There is a high risk of an outbreak of Bluetongue (BTV-8) towards the end of the summer as a result of infected midges being ... so we can work together to reduce the possible spread of Bluetongue this summer." ...
NSA encourages sheep farmers to remain vigilant following confirmation of England bluetongue case, news from the National Sheep ... The last time the bluetongue virus was seen in the UK was in 2007, meaning it had been officially free of the virus since 2011. ... NSA encourages sheep farmers to remain vigilant following confirmation of England bluetongue case. 13th November 2023 ... Bluetongue: near Canterbury, Canterbury, Kent (BTD 2023/01) - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk) ...
Livestock farmers are being urged by the NFU to talk to their vets as the industry braces itself for a return of Bluetongue ... UK Farmers Urged to Remain Vigilant for Bluetongue Disease UK - Livestock farmers are being urged by the NFU to talk to their ... "Its also imperative that we all remain vigilant and look out for any signs of Bluetongue and report any suspicions to our vets ... NFU livestock board chairman Charles Sercombe said: "There is quite strong evidence that Bluetongue could move to southern ...
Filed in: halmahera blue tongue skink, indonesian blue tongue skink, irian jaya blue tongue skink, merauke blue tongue skink, ... How to Set Up an Indonesian Blue Tongue Skink Enclosure Are you getting a pet Indonesian blue tongue skink? Indonesian blue ... Blue tongue skinks generally do well with a good amount of open space, as they dont need as much clutter or available hidey- ... If you havent read our article "How to Care for Your Blue Tongue Skink" yet, start there. Once youve read that and have a ...
Nomikou, K. , Mangana-Vougiouka, O. and Panagiotatos, D.E. (2004) Overview of bluetongue in Greece. Veterinaria Italiana, 40(3 ... Three major epidemics of BT occurred in Greece, the first in 1979, due to bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 4, in 1998-1999 due ... The history and epizootiology of bluetongue (BT) in Greece are described in detail. ...
Next Message: RE: New Morph of Northern Blue Tongues? - Aaron, Fri May 6 22:38:14 2011. kingsnake.com , NRAAC.ORG , ... New Morph of Northern Blue Tongues?. [ Login ] [ User Prefs ] [ Search Forums ] [ Back to Main Page ] [ Back to Skinks ] [ ...
Dubovi, E.J., Hawkins, M., Griffin, R.A., Jr., et al., 2013, Isolation of Bluetongue virus from canine abortions, J Vet Diagn ... Maclachlan, N.J., Drew, C., Darpel, K. et al., 2009, The pathology and pathogenesis of bluetongue, J Comp Pathol 141(1), 1-16. ... Osburn, B.I., 1994, The impact of bluetongue virus on reproduction, Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 17(3-4), 189-196. https ... Evermann, J.F., 2013, Letter to the Editor, regarding Bluetongue virus and canine abortions, J Vet Diagn Invest 25(6), 670. ...
This new emerging strain of bluetongue virus has been spreading rapidly in Europe in recent months ... What is bluetongue virus?. BTV-3 is a viral disease transmitted by biting midges, which affects all ruminants, such as sheep, ... This new emerging strain of bluetongue virus has been spreading rapidly in Europe in recent months (Image: Getty/Smederevac) ... "In the UK, bluetongue, including BTV-3, is a notifiable disease, so anyone suspecting the disease must take action and report ...
... and related words for BLUETONGUE using the thesaurus at YourDictionary.com. ... Words Related to Bluetongue Related words are words that are directly connected to each other through their meaning, even if ...
Blue-Tongue Films. Kabooooom. Everyones doing faux VHS these days. Not enough of whom can actually remember what VHS looked ...
Bluetongue can spread to the UK through infected midges, which can be carried across the channel by the wind. The south and ... A single cow has tested positive for bluetongue serotype 3 at a premises near Canterbury, Kent. The case was discovered on 11th ... Last month, reports of the new strain of bluetongue (BTV-3) spreading rapidly in the Netherlands, prompted a series of ... A number of serotypes of bluetongue are currently circulating in Europe including, BTV-3, BTV-4 and BTV-8. ...
  • All Bluetongue serotypes share a common antigenic determinant called antigen protein P7, while the antigen protein Ps is variable and is used to determine the specific serotype of a virus (1-25). (purdue.edu)
  • The outbreak (the largest on record) caused by Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8), which started in the Netherlands and Belgium during 2006, has since spread to most European countries, including the UK in August and September 2007. (thebeefsite.com)
  • Three major epidemics of BT occurred in Greece, the first in 1979, due to bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 4, in 1998-1999 due mainly to BTV-4 and BTV-9 and less to BTV-16 and in 2001 due mainly to BTV-1. (gla.ac.uk)
  • A single cow has tested positive for bluetongue serotype 3 at a premises near Canterbury, Kent. (farmersguide.co.uk)
  • In-house serotype-specific RT -qPCR assays for bluetongue virus serotype 1 ( BTV -1), -6 and -8 all gave negative results. (sciensano.be)
  • They are keeping a close eye on their flocks after the appearance of the bluetongue virus in sheep in the Netherlands. (newscientist.com)
  • Epizootics of Bluetongue virus killing approximately 179,000 sheep within 4 months have threatened the livestock industry in recent years. (purdue.edu)
  • Dr Joe Henry, chair of the Ruminant Health & Welfare bluetongue working group and president of the Sheep Veterinary Society, says: "This new emerging strain has been spreading rapidly in Europe in recent months, and with no current vaccine for this BTV-3 strain, we are pleading with farmers to remain vigilant. (farmersguardian.com)
  • Since 1998, rising temperatures have led to outbreaks of bluetongue (BT) across most of Europe, which have killed over 2 million ruminants (mainly sheep). (thebeefsite.com)
  • The National Sheep Association (NSA) is urging all sheep farmers to be vigilant to signs of disease, following confirmation of a bluetongue virus (BTV 3) outbreak. (nationalsheep.org.uk)
  • Serious animal pathogens include bluetongue virus of sheep and African horse sickness virus. (medscape.com)
  • We have seen outbreaks caused by twelve strains, from nine distinct serotypes of bluetongue virus, which have arrived in Europe via at least four different routes since 1998', said Professor Mertens, 'This indicates that there has been a fundamental shift in bluetongue epidemiology, linked to climate change. (thebeefsite.com)
  • A number of serotypes of bluetongue are currently circulating in Europe including, BTV-3, BTV-4 and BTV-8. (farmersguide.co.uk)
  • UK - The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) has confirmed that bluetongue (BTV-8) vaccine is now available from two pharmaceutical retailers to manage the risk of a BTV incursion from France. (thebeefsite.com)
  • FEBRUARY 4, 2008: DEFRA has announced changes to the bluetongue protection and surveillance zones after new cases of the disease were discovered during pre-movement testing in the south east of England. (thecountrysmallholder.com)
  • Bluetongue is an orbivirus which cross-reacts with many antigenically related viruses including Palyam virus and the viruses that cause epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer and African Horse sickness. (purdue.edu)
  • The findings could help scientists to make better predictions about how the spread of livestock diseases that are transmitted by midges, such as bluetongue, might alter in response to future climate change. (cabi.org)
  • There is a high risk of an outbreak of Bluetongue (BTV-8) towards the end of the summer as a result of infected midges being blown across the English Channel from France, where the disease is present. (thebeefsite.com)
  • The predisposing risks for this disease spreading include, infected midges being carried over from infected areas by the wind, infected animals, blood, or germinal products (semen, ova and embryos) being imported from countries where bluetongue is prevalent. (freepressseries.co.uk)
  • Bluetongue can spread to the UK through infected midges, which can be carried across the channel by the wind. (farmersguide.co.uk)
  • Bluetongue is a non-contagious, arthropod-borne viral disease of both domestic and wild ruminants. (purdue.edu)
  • Bluetongue virus (BTV) is endemic in some areas with cattle and wild ruminants serving as reservoirs for the virus. (purdue.edu)
  • A case of an emerging strain of bluetongue virus (BTV-3) has been confirmed in a cown on a farm near Canterbury, Kent, the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) have announced. (freepressseries.co.uk)
  • Last month, reports of the new strain of bluetongue (BTV-3) spreading rapidly in the Netherlands, prompted a series of emergency meetings by the Ruminant Health and Welfare (RH&W) group . (farmersguide.co.uk)
  • Emergence of bluetongue serotypes in Europe, part 2: the occurrence of a BTV-11 strain in Belgium. (sciensano.be)
  • Bluetongue is an acute, subacute, and possible chronic virus disease of wild and domestic ruminants (3,10). (cdc.gov)
  • According to Kahrs, bluetongue is a major obstacle to exportation of U.S. ruminants and ruminant products and probably affects the United States more than most countries. (purdue.edu)
  • Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne World Organization for Animal Health (founded as the OIE) listed disease, primarily affecting ruminants, caused by the Bluetongue virus (BTV), which belongs to the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae (OIE 2019). (scielo.org.za)
  • Bluetongue Brewery was an Australian brewery owned by SABMiller. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bluetongue Brewery was founded in 2003 by four Hunter Valley businessmen, Philip Hele, Bruce Tyrrell, Ian Burford and Paul Hannan in Cameron Park. (wikipedia.org)
  • In November 2010 the company opened a $120M brewery in the Central Coast suburb of Warnervale to produce and package the Bluetongue premium beer brands. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Bluetongue Brewery is making a push into the Tasmanian market with the release of Bluetongue premium beer on tap across nine venues in Hobart and Launceston. (theshout.com.au)
  • Bluetongue Brewery marketing manager, Sarah Dennis, said the launch into Tasmania reflects consumers' increasing consciousness about the quality of their beer. (theshout.com.au)
  • Title : Bluetongue Epidemiology in the European Union Personal Author(s) : Saegerman, Claude;Berkvens, Dirk;Mellor, Philip S. (cdc.gov)
  • There are also fears that related viruses, such as African horse sickness virus, which can have a fatality rate of more than 95 per cent and shares the same insect vectors as bluetongue, could also be introduced. (thebeefsite.com)
  • The threat of decreased trade associated with Bluetongue outbreaks has become an even bigger threat to the livestock industry than the actual disease itself. (purdue.edu)
  • Bluetongue is spread by the biting midge, Culicoides imicola , which has recently colonised the northern Mediterranean coast, leading to outbreaks in affected regions. (thebeefsite.com)
  • Bluetongue virus (BTV) is neurotropic in nature, especially in ruminant fetuses and in-utero infection results in abortion and congenital brain malformations. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • It's also imperative that we all remain vigilant and look out for any signs of Bluetongue and report any suspicions to our vets immediately. (thedairysite.com)
  • Bluetongue does not pose a threat to human health or food safety, but the disease can impact livestock farms, and cause productivity issues," Ms Middlemiss added. (farmersguardian.com)
  • I am urging our livestock farmers to keep an eye out for any signs of the disease and report any suspicions to their vet and the Animal and Plant Health Agency immediately, so we can work together to reduce the possible spread of Bluetongue this summer. (thebeefsite.com)
  • UK - Livestock farmers are being urged by the NFU to talk to their vets as the industry braces itself for a return of Bluetongue disease. (thedairysite.com)
  • NFU livestock board chairman Charles Sercombe said: "There is quite strong evidence that Bluetongue could move to southern parts of the UK by late summer, not dissimilar to the way it moved into East Anglia back in 2007. (thedairysite.com)
  • In recent years, numerous atypical Bluetongue virus (BTV) strains have been discovered all around the world. (mdpi.com)
  • In the UK, bluetongue, including BTV-3, is a notifiable disease, so anyone suspecting the disease must take action and report it to the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA). (freepressseries.co.uk)
  • Bluetongue (BT) is a reportable disease of considerable socioeconomic concern and of major importance in the international trade of animals and animal products. (cdc.gov)
  • However, because of BTV s wide pathogenic variability and the fact that cross-reaction may occur between other orbiviruses (especially EHD), a positive result on Bluetongue group test does not mean clinical signs seen were caused by BTV itself. (purdue.edu)
  • Few reports of clinical Bluetongue virus (BTV) infections have been described in dogs. (scielo.org.za)
  • An EDTA -blood sample from a cow without clinical signs, which gave early birth to a newborn calf that died soon after delivery, was shown to be positive for bluetongue virus ( BTV )- RNA using a group-specific real-time RT - PCR ( RT -qPCR). (sciensano.be)
  • Due to a surge in bluetongue cases across Europe, NSA recommends maintaining good biosecurity, isolating any suspects and ensuring needles are changed between any routine vaccinations. (nationalsheep.org.uk)
  • Bluetongue has been confirmed in a single animal near Canterbury, Canterbury, Kent. (farmersguardian.com)
  • Bluetongue uses premium produce from both Tasmania and the NSW Hunter Region, providing the brand with a unique flavour that is free of any preservatives," she said. (theshout.com.au)
  • but pathogenesis studies with C. variipennis reconfirmed the unlikelyhood of transovarian transmission of bluetongue virus (39). (cdc.gov)
  • The blotched bluetongue is only found in the south-east corner of Australia, from the eastern extremity of South Australia to Victoria, ACT and highland areas of New South Wales as well as Tasmania. (timfaulkner.com.au)
  • Like its close relative, the eastern bluetongue, the broad, fleshy tongue is vivid blue in colour and is used as a warning display to would-be predators. (timfaulkner.com.au)