Decrease, loss, or removal of the mineral constituents of bones. Temporary loss of bone mineral content is especially associated with space flight, weightlessness, and extended immobilization. OSTEOPOROSIS is permanent, includes reduction of total bone mass, and is associated with increased rate of fractures. CALCIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC is the process of bone remineralizing. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Nicogossian, Space Physiology and Medicine, 2d ed, pp327-33)
Removal of mineral constituents or salts from bone or bone tissue. Demineralization is used as a method of studying bone strength and bone chemistry.
A tooth's loss of minerals, such as calcium in hydroxyapatite from the tooth matrix, caused by acidic exposure. An example of the occurrence of demineralization is in the formation of dental caries.
A hard thin translucent layer of calcified substance which envelops and protects the dentin of the crown of the tooth. It is the hardest substance in the body and is almost entirely composed of calcium salts. Under the microscope, it is composed of thin rods (enamel prisms) held together by cementing substance, and surrounded by an enamel sheath. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)
A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.
Therapeutic technique for replacement of minerals in partially decalcified teeth.
A test to determine the relative hardness of a metal, mineral, or other material according to one of several scales, such as Brinell, Mohs, Rockwell, Vickers, or Shore. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Substances that inhibit or arrest DENTAL CARIES formation. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
Diagnostic tests conducted in order to measure the increment of active DENTAL CARIES over a period of time.
Production of a radiographic image of a small or very thin object on fine-grained photographic film under conditions which permit subsequent microscopic examination or enlargement of the radiograph at linear magnifications of up to several hundred and with a resolution approaching the resolving power of the photographic emulsion (about 1000 lines per millimeter).
Fluorides, usually in pastes or gels, used for topical application to reduce the incidence of DENTAL CARIES.
Dental caries involving the tooth root, cementum, or cervical area of the tooth.
The hard portion of the tooth surrounding the pulp, covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root, which is harder and denser than bone but softer than enamel, and is thus readily abraded when left unprotected. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.
The susceptibility of the DENTAL ENAMEL to dissolution.
The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
The process whereby calcium salts are deposited in the dental enamel. The process is normal in the development of bones and teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p43)
Disorders caused by interruption of BONE MINERALIZATION manifesting as OSTEOMALACIA in adults and characteristic deformities in infancy and childhood due to disturbances in normal BONE FORMATION. The mineralization process may be interrupted by disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis, resulting from dietary deficiencies, or acquired, or inherited metabolic, or hormonal disturbances.
A genetic metabolic disorder resulting from serum and bone alkaline phosphatase deficiency leading to hypercalcemia, ethanolamine phosphatemia, and ethanolamine phosphaturia. Clinical manifestations include severe skeletal defects resembling vitamin D-resistant rickets, failure of the calvarium to calcify, dyspnea, cyanosis, vomiting, constipation, renal calcinosis, failure to thrive, disorders of movement, beading of the costochondral junction, and rachitic bone changes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.
Irradiation directly from the sun.
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.
Specialized forms of antibody-producing B-LYMPHOCYTES. They synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin. They are found only in lymphoid organs and at sites of immune responses and normally do not circulate in the blood or lymph. (Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989, p169 & Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p20)
Abnormal immunoglobulins characteristic of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Inorganic or organic compounds that contain the basic structure RB(OH)2.
Pyrazines are heterocyclic organic compounds containing a six-membered ring with two nitrogen atoms at opposite positions, often responsible for the characteristic flavors and aromas found in various foods, beverages, and some biological systems, but they do not have a direct medical definition as they are not a drug, treatment, or a significant component of human physiology or pathology.

Bone mineral density of the proximal femur after unilateral cementless total hip replacement. (1/31)

It was the aim of this study to examine bone mineral density changes in the non-operated contralateral femur of patients undergoing total hip replacement. Bone density in the contralateral femur of 45 patients with an average age of 54 years was measured with the aid of the DEXA technique at one week, 3 and 6 months after total hip replacement. Within the first 3 months there was an average reduction of bone density of 3.9% (3.0%-5.9%). After a further 3 months the average difference was 2.5%.  (+info)

Changes in urinary excretion of pyridinium cross-links during Spacelab-J. (2/31)

In SLJ-1 we proposed to study three major objectives. They were; 1. hormonal changes associated with fluid and electrolyte metabolism, 2. the effect of space flight on the circadian rhythms of endocrine and metabolic systems, 3. the changes in the indices of the bone and muscle metabolism during space flight. In this report, the changes in the bone metabolism during Spacelab-J will be presented with a special emphasis on urinary excretion of pyridinium cross-links. Timed urine samples from three Japanese payload specialists were obtained for 3 days from May 19 to 21, 1991 (one year before the launch = L-1 year). Immediately before the launch (L-3 to L-0), urine samples were obtained from a payload specialist who was on board the Space Shuttle Endeavor (PS). During the inflight period (flight from September 3 to 10 in 1992), urine samples from the PS were collected by using Urine Monitoring System (UMS). After the landing, they were obtained from the PS for three days (R+0-R+2). Various parameters related to bone metabolism such as hydroxyproline, pyridinium cross-links and calcium were determined. It was noted that excretion of hydroxyproline decreased during the preflight periods when compared with that in the control L-1 year period. The average excretory rate during control period was 846.2 +/- 198.7 milligrams/hour (mean +/- SD), while those in the preflight 474.6 +/- 171.1 milligrams/hour, suggesting the diminished collagen intake during the preflight period. Average excretion rate of pyridinium cross-links during the first 4 mission days (MD0-MD3) was similar to that of preflight and control L-1 year period. However, it was significantly increased during the last 4 mission days (MD4-MD7). It returned to the preflight level during postflight days (R+0-R+2). Increased urinary excretion of calcium during the last 4 mission days were also observed. These results suggest that increase in bone resorption could occur during relatively short stay in microgravity.  (+info)

A randomized controlled trial of calcium with vitamin D, alone or in combination with intravenous pamidronate, for the treatment of low bone mineral density associated with Crohn's disease. (3/31)

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a common complication of Crohn's disease. AIM: To study the effect on the bone mineral density of a bisphosphonate (pamidronate) given intravenously, in combination with oral calcium and vitamin D supplements, compared with oral calcium and vitamin D supplements alone. METHODS: Seventy-four patients with Crohn's disease and low bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and/or hip were randomized to receive either a daily dose of 500 mg of calcium with 400 IU of vitamin D alone or in combination with four three-monthly infusions of 30 mg of intravenous pamidronate over the course of 12 months. The main outcome measure was the change in bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and hip, measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry, at baseline and 12 months. RESULTS: Both groups gained bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and hip after 12 months. There were significant (P < 0.05) changes in the pamidronate group, with gains of + 2.6%[95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4-3.0] at the spine and + 1.6% (95% CI, 0.6-2.5) at the hip, compared with gains of + 1.6% (95% CI, - 0.1-3.2) and + 0.9% (95% CI, - 0.4-2.1) at the spine and hip, respectively, in the group taking vitamin D and calcium supplements alone. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with Crohn's disease and low bone mineral density, intravenous pamidronate significantly increases the bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and hip.  (+info)

Rapid hip bone loss in active Crohn's disease patients receiving short-term corticosteroid therapy. (4/31)

BACKGROUND: Uncertainty over whether corticosteroids cause bone loss in patients with Crohn's disease may reflect their short, intermittent use. AIM: We investigated whether a 2-month course of prednisolone is associated with detectable bone loss. METHODS: Fifteen patients with active Crohn's disease and 19 controls with inactive Crohn's disease were recruited. Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and hip was measured at baseline and 2 and 8 months. RESULTS: At 2 months, significant bone loss was found in patients with active disease (femoral neck -2.7%, P < 0.002; Ward's triangle -3.9%, P < 0.01). Although bone mineral density was still lower at 8 months, these differences were no longer significant (-1.3% and -3.4%, femoral neck and Ward's triangle, respectively). No significant change in hip bone mineral density was observed in controls. Previous corticosteroid use was not significantly associated with baseline bone mineral density, although significant independent associations were observed between weight, site of disease and lumbar spine bone mineral density, and between dietary calcium deficiency and femoral neck and Ward's triangle bone mineral density. CONCLUSION: Significant bone loss at the hip can be detected in patients receiving corticosteroid treatment for 2 months for active Crohn's disease ; however, it remains unclear whether this is because of disease activity or its treatment. This rapid bone loss may represent a risk factor for fracture and justify bone protective therapy.  (+info)

Muscle strength is a determinant of bone mineral content in the hemiparetic upper extremity: implications for stroke rehabilitation. (5/31)

Individuals with stroke have a high incidence of bone fractures and approximately 30% of these fractures occur in the upper extremity. The high risk of falls and the decline in bone and muscle health make the chronic stroke population particularly prone to upper extremity fractures. This was the first study to investigate the bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and soft tissue composition of the upper extremities and their relationship to stroke-related impairments in ambulatory individuals with chronic stroke (onset >1 year). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to acquire total body scans on 56 (22 women) community-dwelling individuals (>or=50 years of age) with chronic stroke. BMC (g) and BMD (g/cm2), lean mass (g), and fat mass (g) for each arm were derived from the total body scans. The paretic upper extremity was evaluated for muscle strength (hand-held dynamometry), impairment of motor function (Fugl-Meyer motor assessment), spasticity (Modified Ashworth Scale), and amount of use of the paretic arm in daily activities (Motor Activity Log). Results showed that the paretic arm had significantly lower BMC (13.8%, P<0.001), BMD (4.5%, P<0.001), and lean mass (9.0%, P<0.001) but higher fat mass (6.3%, P=0.028) than the non-paretic arm. Multiple regression analysis showed that lean mass in the paretic arm, height, and muscle strength were significant predictors (R2=0.810, P<0.001) of the paretic arm BMC. Height, muscle strength, and gender were significant predictors (R2=0.822, P<0.001) of lean mass in the paretic arm. These results highlight the potential of muscle strengthening to promote bone health of the paretic arm in individuals with chronic stroke.  (+info)

Association between phosphate removal and markers of bone turnover in haemodialysis patients. (6/31)

BACKGROUND: As the main mineral reservoir, bone acts as a calcium (Ca) and phosphate buffering system. Accordingly, phosphate removal by haemodialysis (HD) might be theoretically influenced by bone turnover, as well as by the interaction of regulatory molecules, such as PTH and osteoprotegerin (OPG). The present study investigated the relationship between these variables and phosphate removal by HD. METHODS: Blood samples for serum Ca, phosphate, bicarbonate, intact PTH, PTH (1-84), bone alkaline phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, OPG and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) were obtained in 28 HD patients. Phosphate removal was measured by a continuous collection of the dialysate. RESULTS: Pre-dialysis serum phosphate concentration is the critical factor in determining dialytic phosphate removal. However, multiple regression analysis reveals that phosphate removal is better explained by a combination of factors than by phosphate concentration alone. In this model, the PTH/OPG ratio is an additional positive factor, whereas age and vitamin D treatment are negative factors. Patients with pre-HD bicarbonate higher than 20 mEq/l had higher serum phosphate and, accordingly, higher phosphate removal; of interest, these individuals also have significant differences in RANKL/OPG. Mean (SD) OPG levels were significantly higher than that in the healthy population (16.2 (12.5) pmol/l; these values correlated with age (r = 0.4, P<0.04). Mean serum RANKL (1.03 (1.02) pmol/l) was within the range of normal individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Dialytic phosphate removal has a crucial, direct relationship with pre-HD plasma phosphate levels. However, the phenomenon of phosphate removal is more precisely explained using a more complex relationship, defined by the interaction between serum phosphate, PTH/OPG, age and vitamin D administration. Serum RANKL levels are first reported in HD patients, and are not different from the normal population.  (+info)

Natural calcium isotopic composition of urine as a marker of bone mineral balance. (7/31)

BACKGROUND: We investigated whether changes in the natural isotopic composition of calcium in human urine track changes in net bone mineral balance, as predicted by a model of calcium isotopic behavior in vertebrates. If so, isotopic analysis of natural urine or blood calcium could be used to monitor short-term changes in bone mineral balance that cannot be detected with other techniques. METHODS: Calcium isotopic compositions are expressed as delta(44)Ca, or the difference in parts per thousand between the (44)Ca/(40)Ca of a sample and the (44)Ca/(40)Ca of a standard reference material. delta(44)Ca was measured in urine samples from 10 persons who participated in a study of the effectiveness of countermeasures to bone loss in spaceflight, in which 17 weeks of bed rest was used to induce bone loss. Study participants were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: controls received no treatment, one treatment group received alendronate, and another group performed resistive exercise. Measurements were made on urine samples collected before, at 2 or 3 points during, and after bed rest. RESULTS: Urine delta(44)Ca values during bed rest were lower in controls than in individuals treated with alendronate (P <0.05, ANOVA) or exercise (P <0.05), and lower than the control group baseline (P <0.05, t-test). Results were consistent with the model and with biochemical and bone mineral density data. CONCLUSION: Results confirm the predicted relationship between bone mineral balance and calcium isotopes, suggesting that calcium isotopic analysis of urine might be refined into a clinical and research tool.  (+info)

Disease progression in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome: impact on growth and development. (8/31)

OBJECTIVES: Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is a rare and uniformly fatal segmental "premature aging" disease that affects a variety of organ systems. We sought to more clearly define the bone and weight abnormalities in patients with progeria as potential outcome parameters for prospective clinical trials. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We collected and analyzed longitudinal medical information, both retrospectively and prospectively, from a total of 41 children with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome spanning 14 countries, from the Progeria Research Foundation Medical and Research Database at the Brown University Center for Gerontology. RESULTS: In addition to a number of previously well-defined phenotypic findings in children with progeria, this study identified abnormalities in the eruption of secondary incisors lingually and palatally in the mandible and maxilla, respectively. Although bony structures appeared normal in early infancy, clavicular resorption, coxa valga, avascular necrosis of the femoral head, modeling abnormalities of long bones with slender diaphyses, flared metaphyses, and overgrown epiphyses developed. Long bones showed normal cortical thickness centrally and progressive focal demineralization peripherally. The most striking finding identified in the retrospective data set of 35 children was an average weight increase of only 0.44 kg/year, beginning at approximately 24 months of age and persisting through life, with remarkable intrapatient linearity. This rate is >2 SD below normal weight gain for any corresponding age and sharply contrasts with the parabolic growth pattern for normal age- and gender-matched children. This finding was also confirmed prospectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis shows evidence of a newly identified abnormal growth pattern for children with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. The skeletal and dental findings are suggestive of a developmental dysplasia rather than a classical aging process. The presence of decreased and linear weight gain, maintained in all of the patients after the age of 2 years, provides the ideal parameter on which altered disease status can be assessed in clinical trials.  (+info)

Pathologic bone demineralization is a condition characterized by the loss of minerals, such as calcium and phosphate, from the bones. This process makes the bones more porous, weaker, and more susceptible to fractures. It can occur due to various medical conditions, including osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease of bone, and cancer that has spread to the bones (metastatic cancer).

In a healthy individual, the body constantly remodels the bones by removing old bone tissue (resorption) and replacing it with new tissue. This process is regulated by two types of cells: osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone resorption, and osteoblasts, which produce new bone tissue. In pathologic bone demineralization, there is an imbalance between the activity of these two cell types, with excessive resorption and inadequate formation of new bone tissue.

Pathologic bone demineralization can lead to a range of symptoms, including bone pain, fractures, loss of height, and a decreased ability to perform daily activities. Treatment for this condition depends on the underlying cause but may include medications that slow down bone resorption or promote bone formation, as well as lifestyle changes such as exercise and dietary modifications.

I'm not able to directly access real-time medical databases or search functions, but I can provide you with some information on the topic.

Bone demineralization is a process often associated with various medical and scientific techniques. It generally refers to the reduction of mineral content in bones, which can occur due to certain medical conditions, aging, or as part of laboratory procedures.

A bone demineralization technique in a laboratory setting typically involves the use of chemical solutions to remove minerals, mainly calcium and phosphate, from bone samples. This process is often used in research and scientific studies to isolate the organic matrix of bones, allowing for the study of its properties and components, such as collagen.

The demineralization process usually involves soaking bone specimens in a weak acid solution, like ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or acetic acid, for several days to weeks, depending on the size and density of the bones. The procedure must be carefully controlled to avoid damaging the organic matrix while ensuring complete demineralization.

Keep in mind that this is a simplified explanation, and specific techniques and protocols may vary based on the research question and bone type being studied.

Tooth demineralization is a process that involves the loss of minerals, such as calcium and phosphate, from the hard tissues of the teeth. This process can lead to the development of dental caries or tooth decay. Demineralization occurs when acids produced by bacteria in the mouth attack the enamel of the tooth, dissolving its mineral content. Over time, these attacks can create holes or cavities in the teeth. Fluoride, found in many toothpastes and public water supplies, can help to remineralize teeth and prevent decay. Good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing and flossing regularly, can also help to prevent demineralization by removing plaque and bacteria from the mouth.

Dental enamel is the hard, white, outermost layer of a tooth. It is a highly mineralized and avascular tissue, meaning it contains no living cells or blood vessels. Enamel is primarily composed of calcium and phosphate minerals and serves as the protective covering for the crown of a tooth, which is the portion visible above the gum line.

Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body, and its primary function is to provide structural support and protection to the underlying dentin and pulp tissues of the tooth. It also plays a crucial role in chewing and biting by helping to distribute forces evenly across the tooth surface during these activities.

Despite its hardness, dental enamel can still be susceptible to damage from factors such as tooth decay, erosion, and abrasion. Once damaged or lost, enamel cannot regenerate or repair itself, making it essential to maintain good oral hygiene practices and seek regular dental checkups to prevent enamel damage and protect overall oral health.

"Bone" is the hard, dense connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrate animals. It provides support and protection for the body's internal organs, and serves as a attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is composed of cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone formation and resorption, respectively, and an extracellular matrix made up of collagen fibers and mineral crystals.

Bones can be classified into two main types: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and hard, and makes up the outer layer of all bones and the shafts of long bones. Spongy bone is less dense and contains large spaces, and makes up the ends of long bones and the interior of flat and irregular bones.

The human body has 206 bones in total. They can be further classified into five categories based on their shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.

Tooth remineralization is a natural process by which minerals, such as calcium and phosphate, are redeposited into the microscopic pores (hydroxyapatite crystals) in the enamel of a tooth. This process can help to repair early decay and strengthen the teeth. It occurs when the mouth's pH is neutral or slightly alkaline, which allows the minerals in our saliva, fluoride from toothpaste or other sources, and calcium and phosphate ions from foods to be absorbed into the enamel. Remineralization can be promoted through good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing with a fluoride toothpaste, flossing, and eating a balanced diet that includes foods rich in calcium and phosphate.

A hardness test is a quantitative measure of a material's resistance to deformation, typically defined as the penetration of an indenter with a specific shape and load into the surface of the material being tested. There are several types of hardness tests, including Rockwell, Vickers, Brinell, and Knoop, each with their own specific methods and applications. The resulting hardness value is used to evaluate the material's properties, such as wear resistance, durability, and suitability for various industrial or manufacturing processes. Hardness tests are widely used in materials science, engineering, and quality control to ensure the consistency and reliability of materials and components.

Cariostatic agents are substances or medications that are used to prevent or inhibit the development and progression of dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavities. These agents work by reducing the ability of bacteria in the mouth to produce acid, which can erode the enamel and dentin of the teeth and lead to cavities.

There are several types of cariostatic agents that are commonly used in dental care, including:

1. Fluorides: These are the most widely used and well-studied cariostatic agents. They work by promoting the remineralization of tooth enamel and making it more resistant to acid attacks. Fluoride can be found in toothpaste, mouthwashes, gels, varnishes, and fluoridated water supplies.
2. Antimicrobial agents: These substances work by reducing the population of bacteria in the mouth that contribute to tooth decay. Examples include chlorhexidine, triclosan, and xylitol.
3. Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP): This is a complex protein that has been shown to help remineralize tooth enamel and reduce the risk of dental caries. It can be found in some toothpastes and mouthwashes.
4. Silver diamine fluoride: This is a topical fluoride compound that contains silver ions, which have antimicrobial properties. It has been shown to be effective in preventing and arresting dental caries, particularly in high-risk populations such as young children and older adults with dry mouth.

It's important to note that while cariostatic agents can help reduce the risk of tooth decay, they are not a substitute for good oral hygiene practices such as brushing twice a day, flossing daily, and visiting the dentist regularly.

Dental caries activity tests are a group of diagnostic procedures used to measure or evaluate the activity and progression of dental caries (tooth decay). These tests help dentists and dental professionals determine the most appropriate treatment plan for their patients. Here are some commonly used dental caries activity tests:

1. **Bacterial Counts:** This test measures the number of bacteria present in a sample taken from the tooth surface. A higher bacterial count indicates a higher risk of dental caries.
2. **Sucrose Challenge Test:** In this test, a small amount of sucrose (table sugar) is applied to the tooth surface. After a set period, the presence and quantity of acid produced by bacteria are measured. Increased acid production suggests a higher risk of dental caries.
3. **pH Monitoring:** This test measures the acidity or alkalinity (pH level) of the saliva or plaque in the mouth. A lower pH level indicates increased acidity, which can lead to tooth decay.
4. **Dye Tests:** These tests use a special dye that stains active carious lesions on the tooth surface. The stained areas are then easily visible and can be evaluated for treatment.
5. **Transillumination Test:** A bright light is shone through the tooth to reveal any cracks, fractures, or areas of decay. This test helps identify early stages of dental caries that may not yet be visible during a routine dental examination.
6. **Laser Fluorescence Tests:** These tests use a handheld device that emits a laser beam to detect and quantify the presence of bacterial biofilm or dental plaque on the tooth surface. Increased fluorescence suggests a higher risk of dental caries.

It is important to note that these tests should be used as part of a comprehensive dental examination and not as standalone diagnostic tools. A dentist's clinical judgment, in conjunction with these tests, will help determine the best course of treatment for each individual patient.

Microradiography is a radiographic technique that uses X-rays to produce detailed images of small specimens, such as microscopic slides or individual cells. In this process, the specimen is placed in close contact with a high-resolution photographic emulsion, and then exposed to X-rays. The resulting image shows the distribution of radiopaque materials within the specimen, providing information about its internal structure and composition at a microscopic level.

Microradiography can be used for various applications in medical research and diagnosis, including the study of bone and tooth microstructure, the analysis of tissue pathology, and the examination of mineralized tissues such as calcifications or osteogenic lesions. The technique offers high resolution and contrast, making it a valuable tool for researchers and clinicians seeking to understand the complex structures and processes that occur at the microscopic level in living organisms.

Topical fluorides are a form of fluoride that are applied directly to the teeth to prevent dental caries (cavities). They are available in various forms such as toothpastes, gels, foams, and varnishes. Topical fluorides work by strengthening the enamel of the teeth, making them more resistant to acid attacks caused by bacteria in the mouth. They can also help to reverse early signs of decay. Regular use of topical fluorides, especially in children during the years of tooth development, can provide significant protection against dental caries.

Root caries is a type of dental decay that occurs on the root surface of teeth, which is typically exposed due to gingival recession or periodontal disease. These caries lesions often progress rapidly because the root surface lacks the protective enamel layer and has more porous cementum that is susceptible to acid dissolution. Root caries are most commonly found in older adults, but can also occur in younger individuals with poor oral hygiene or who have orthodontic appliances or crowns that expose root surfaces. If left untreated, root caries can lead to tooth sensitivity, pain, infection, and even tooth loss.

Dentin is the hard, calcified tissue that lies beneath the enamel and cementum of a tooth. It forms the majority of the tooth's structure and is composed primarily of mineral salts (hydroxyapatite), collagenous proteins, and water. Dentin has a tubular structure, with microscopic channels called dentinal tubules that radiate outward from the pulp chamber (the center of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels) to the exterior of the tooth. These tubules contain fluid and nerve endings that are responsible for the tooth's sensitivity to various stimuli such as temperature changes, pressure, or decay. Dentin plays a crucial role in protecting the dental pulp while also providing support and structure to the overlying enamel and cementum.

Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavities, refers to the damage or breakdown of the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel, dentin, and cementum) due to the activity of acid-producing bacteria. These bacteria ferment sugars from food and drinks, producing acids that dissolve and weaken the tooth structure, leading to cavities.

The process of dental caries development involves several stages:

1. Demineralization: The acidic environment created by bacterial activity causes minerals (calcium and phosphate) to be lost from the tooth surface, making it weaker and more susceptible to decay.
2. Formation of a white spot lesion: As demineralization progresses, a chalky white area appears on the tooth surface, indicating early caries development.
3. Cavity formation: If left untreated, the demineralization process continues, leading to the breakdown and loss of tooth structure, resulting in a cavity or hole in the tooth.
4. Infection and pulp involvement: As the decay progresses deeper into the tooth, it can reach the dental pulp (the soft tissue containing nerves and blood vessels), causing infection, inflammation, and potentially leading to toothache, abscess, or even tooth loss.

Preventing dental caries involves maintaining good oral hygiene, reducing sugar intake, using fluoride toothpaste and mouthwash, and having regular dental check-ups and cleanings. Early detection and treatment of dental caries can help prevent further progression and more severe complications.

Dental enamel solubility refers to the degree to which the mineral crystals that make up dental enamel can be dissolved or eroded by acidic substances. Dental enamel is the hard, outermost layer of a tooth that helps protect it from damage. It is primarily made up of minerals, including hydroxyapatite, which can dissolve in an acidic environment.

When the pH in the mouth drops below 5.5, the oral environment becomes acidic and dental enamel begins to demineralize or lose its mineral content. This process is known as dental caries or tooth decay. Over time, if left untreated, dental caries can lead to cavities, tooth sensitivity, and even tooth loss.

Certain factors can increase the solubility of dental enamel, including a diet high in sugar and starch, poor oral hygiene, and the presence of certain bacteria in the mouth that produce acid as a byproduct of their metabolism. On the other hand, fluoride exposure can help to reduce dental enamel solubility by promoting remineralization and making the enamel more resistant to acid attack.

Bone remodeling is the normal and continuous process by which bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called formation). This ongoing cycle allows bones to repair microdamage, adjust their size and shape in response to mechanical stress, and maintain mineral homeostasis. The cells responsible for bone resorption are osteoclasts, while the cells responsible for bone formation are osteoblasts. These two cell types work together to maintain the structural integrity and health of bones throughout an individual's life.

During bone remodeling, the process can be divided into several stages:

1. Activation: The initiation of bone remodeling is triggered by various factors such as microdamage, hormonal changes, or mechanical stress. This leads to the recruitment and activation of osteoclast precursor cells.
2. Resorption: Osteoclasts attach to the bone surface and create a sealed compartment called a resorption lacuna. They then secrete acid and enzymes that dissolve and digest the mineralized matrix, creating pits or cavities on the bone surface. This process helps remove old or damaged bone tissue and releases calcium and phosphate ions into the bloodstream.
3. Reversal: After resorption is complete, the osteoclasts undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death), and mononuclear cells called reversal cells appear on the resorbed surface. These cells prepare the bone surface for the next stage by cleaning up debris and releasing signals that attract osteoblast precursors.
4. Formation: Osteoblasts, derived from mesenchymal stem cells, migrate to the resorbed surface and begin producing a new organic matrix called osteoid. As the osteoid mineralizes, it forms a hard, calcified structure that gradually replaces the resorbed bone tissue. The osteoblasts may become embedded within this newly formed bone as they differentiate into osteocytes, which are mature bone cells responsible for maintaining bone homeostasis and responding to mechanical stress.
5. Mineralization: Over time, the newly formed bone continues to mineralize, becoming stronger and more dense. This process helps maintain the structural integrity of the skeleton and ensures adequate calcium storage.

Throughout this continuous cycle of bone remodeling, hormones, growth factors, and mechanical stress play crucial roles in regulating the balance between resorption and formation. Disruptions to this delicate equilibrium can lead to various bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, where excessive resorption results in weakened bones and increased fracture risk.

Tooth erosion is defined as the progressive, irreversible loss of dental hard tissue, primarily caused by chemical dissolution from acids, rather than mechanical forces such as abrasion or attrition. These acids can originate from extrinsic sources like acidic foods and beverages, or intrinsic sources like gastric reflux or vomiting. The erosion process leads to a reduction in tooth structure, altering the shape and function of teeth, and potentially causing sensitivity, pain, and aesthetical concerns. Early detection and management of tooth erosion are crucial to prevent further progression and preserve dental health.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Tooth calcification, also known as dental calculus or tartar formation, refers to the hardening of plaque on the surface of teeth. This process occurs when minerals from saliva combine with bacterial deposits and dental plaque, resulting in a hard, calcified substance that adheres to the tooth surface. Calcification can occur both above and below the gum line, and if not removed through professional dental cleanings, it can lead to periodontal disease, tooth decay, and other oral health issues.

Rickets is a medical condition characterized by the softening and weakening of bones in children, primarily caused by deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. It leads to skeletal deformities, bone pain, and growth retardation. Prolonged lack of sunlight exposure, inadequate intake of vitamin D-rich foods, or impaired absorption or utilization of vitamin D can contribute to the development of rickets.

Hypophosphatasia is a rare inherited metabolic disorder characterized by defective bone mineralization due to deficiency of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme that is crucial for the formation of strong and healthy bones. This results in skeletal abnormalities, including softening and weakening of the bones (rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults), premature loss of teeth, and an increased risk of fractures.

The disorder can vary widely in severity, from mild cases with few symptoms to severe forms that can lead to disability or even be life-threatening in infancy. Hypophosphatasia is caused by mutations in the ALPL gene, which provides instructions for making the tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) enzyme. Inheritance is autosomal recessive, meaning an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to have the condition.

Hypophosphatemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of phosphate (phosphorus) in the blood, specifically below 2.5 mg/dL. Phosphate is an essential electrolyte that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions such as energy production, bone formation, and maintaining acid-base balance.

Hypophosphatemia can result from several factors, including malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, alcoholism, hormonal imbalances, and certain medications. Symptoms of hypophosphatemia may include muscle weakness, fatigue, bone pain, confusion, and respiratory failure in severe cases. Treatment typically involves correcting the underlying cause and administering phosphate supplements to restore normal levels.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "sunlight" is not a term with a specific medical definition. However, sunlight does have various implications in the field of medicine. It is the light that comes from the sun, which is a star at the center of our solar system. Sunlight is essential for the production of vitamin D in humans, and it can also have effects on mood and sleep patterns due to its influence on circadian rhythms.

In a medical context, sunlight is often discussed in relation to its potential health benefits and risks. For instance, moderate sun exposure can help increase vitamin D levels, which are important for bone health, immune function, and other bodily processes. However, excessive sun exposure can lead to harmful effects, such as sunburn, premature skin aging, and an increased risk of skin cancer.

It's essential to balance the benefits and risks of sunlight exposure by practicing safe sun habits, such as wearing protective clothing, using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, seeking shade during peak sunlight hours, and avoiding intentional tanning.

Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell. Plasma cells help your body fight infection by producing antibodies. In multiple myeloma, cancerous plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow and crowd out healthy blood cells. Rather than producing useful antibodies, the cancer cells produce abnormal proteins that can cause complications such as kidney damage, bone pain and fractures.

Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer called a plasma cell neoplasm. Plasma cell neoplasms are diseases in which there is an overproduction of a single clone of plasma cells. In multiple myeloma, this results in the crowding out of normal plasma cells, red and white blood cells and platelets, leading to many of the complications associated with the disease.

The abnormal proteins produced by the cancer cells can also cause damage to organs and tissues in the body. These abnormal proteins can be detected in the blood or urine and are often used to monitor the progression of multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma is a relatively uncommon cancer, but it is the second most common blood cancer after non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It typically occurs in people over the age of 65, and men are more likely to develop multiple myeloma than women. While there is no cure for multiple myeloma, treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation can help manage the disease and its symptoms, and improve quality of life.

Multiple primary neoplasms refer to the occurrence of more than one primary malignant tumor in an individual, where each tumor is unrelated to the other and originates from separate cells or organs. This differs from metastatic cancer, where a single malignancy spreads to multiple sites in the body. Multiple primary neoplasms can be synchronous (occurring at the same time) or metachronous (occurring at different times). The risk of developing multiple primary neoplasms increases with age and is associated with certain genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption.

Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell that are derived from B cells (another type of white blood cell) and are responsible for producing antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that help the body to fight against infections by recognizing and binding to specific antigens, such as bacteria or viruses. Plasma cells are found in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes, and they play a crucial role in the immune system's response to infection.

Plasma cells are characterized by their large size, eccentric nucleus, and abundant cytoplasm filled with rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is where antibody proteins are synthesized and stored. When activated, plasma cells can produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies into the bloodstream and lymphatic system, where they can help to neutralize or eliminate pathogens.

It's worth noting that while plasma cells play an important role in the immune response, abnormal accumulations of these cells can also be a sign of certain diseases, such as multiple myeloma, a type of cancer that affects plasma cells.

Myeloma proteins, also known as monoclonal immunoglobulins or M-proteins, are entire or abnormal immunoglobulin (antibody) molecules produced by a single clone of plasma cells, which are malignant in the case of multiple myeloma and some related disorders. These proteins accumulate in the blood and/or urine and can cause damage to various organs and tissues.

In multiple myeloma, the excessive proliferation of these plasma cells leads to the overproduction of a single type of immunoglobulin or its fragments, which can be detected and quantified in serum and/or urine electrophoresis. The most common types of myeloma proteins are IgG and IgA, followed by light chains (Bence Jones proteins) and, less frequently, IgD and IgM.

The presence and levels of myeloma proteins are important diagnostic markers for multiple myeloma and related disorders, such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Regular monitoring of these proteins helps assess the disease's activity, response to treatment, and potential complications like kidney dysfunction or amyloidosis.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Boronic acids are organic compounds that contain a boron atom bonded to two carbon atoms and a hydroxyl group. The general formula for a boronic acid is RB(OH)2, where R represents a organic group. Boronic acids are important reagents in organic synthesis and have been used in the preparation of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. They can also form stable complexes with many diols and phenols, which is the basis for their use in the detection and quantification of sugars, as well as in the design of boronic acid-based drugs that target diseases such as cancer and diabetes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pyrazines" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. Pyrazines are actually a class of organic compounds that contain a ring made up of two nitrogen atoms and three carbon atoms. They are found in various foods and contribute to their flavors. If you have any questions about organic chemistry or food science, I'd be happy to try to help!

As a result of demineralization, the bones become less rigid. Physical signs include deformities like triradiate pelvis and ... Pathologic fractures due to weight bearing may develop. Most of the time, the only alleged symptom is chronic fatigue, while ... The impairment of bone metabolism causes inadequate bone mineralization. Osteomalacia in children is known as rickets, and ... Osteomalacia is a generalized bone condition in which there is inadequate mineralization of the bone. Many of the effects of ...
... bone demineralization, pathologic MeSH C05.116.198.247.400 - decalcification, pathologic MeSH C05.116.198.371 - mucolipidoses ... MeSH C05.116.070.265 - bone cysts, aneurysmal MeSH C05.116.099.052 - acro-osteolysis MeSH C05.116.099.052.400 - Hajdu-Cheney ... alveolar bone loss MeSH C05.116.264.579 - osteolysis MeSH C05.116.264.579.052 - acro-osteolysis MeSH C05.116.264.579.052.400 - ... fibrous dysplasia of bone MeSH C05.116.099.708.375.199 - cherubism MeSH C05.116.099.708.375.372 - fibrous dysplasia, monostotic ...
The glands are located posterior to the mandibular ramus and anterior to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. They are ... Maintenance of tooth integrity: Demineralization occurs when enamel disintegrates due to the presence of acid. When this occurs ... pathologic conditions, and pitfalls". Radiographics. 26 (3): 745-63. doi:10.1148/rg.263055024. PMID 16702452. Nanci A (2018). ... Graft versus host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation may manifest as dry mouth and many small mucoceles. ...
When demineralization of enamel occurs, a dentist can use a sharp instrument, such as a dental explorer, and "feel a stick" at ... Enamel is formed on the tooth while the tooth develops within the jaw bone before it erupts into the mouth. Once fully formed, ... Enamel can be affected further by non-pathologic processes. Enamel is covered by various structures in relation to the ... Demineralization occurs for several reasons, but the most important cause of tooth decay is the ingestion of fermentable ...
The alveolar bone is the bone of the jaw which forms the alveolus around teeth. Like any other bone in the human body, alveolar ... The incorporated fluoride makes enamel more resistant to demineralization and thus more resistant to decay. Topical fluoride, ... other than dental caries is considered a normal physiologic process but may become severe enough to become a pathologic ... Periodontal ligaments connect the alveolar bone to the cementum. Alveolar bone surrounds the roots of teeth to provide support ...
... and bone demineralization. Until the development of the sacroplasty technique, there was no definitive treatment other than bed ... Aneurysm refers to pathologic dilation of an artery to greater than 1.5 times its normal size. True vascular aneurysms are due ... Other embolizations are also performed for symptom relief or prior to surgery to reduce bleeding Bone Cancer: bone metastases ... to stabilize the bone. These treatments may be palliatively for bone metastases pain or for some cases such as osteoid osteoma ...
This finding suggests that the deleterious effect of prednisolone on bone may be counteracted by its anti-inflammatory … ... this is the first double-blind randomized study to show that disease-related loss of hand bone density in rheumatoid arthritis ... Bone Demineralization, Pathologic / diagnostic imaging * Bone Demineralization, Pathologic / etiology * Bone Demineralization, ... Background: Bone damage in rheumatoid arthritis presents as osteoporosis and joint erosions. Prednisolone has been shown to ...
As a result of demineralization, the bones become less rigid. Physical signs include deformities like triradiate pelvis and ... Pathologic fractures due to weight bearing may develop. Most of the time, the only alleged symptom is chronic fatigue, while ... The impairment of bone metabolism causes inadequate bone mineralization. Osteomalacia in children is known as rickets, and ... Osteomalacia is a generalized bone condition in which there is inadequate mineralization of the bone. Many of the effects of ...
PATHOLOGIC, a metab bone dis. Scope Note. Removal of mineral constituents or salts from bone or bone tissue. Demineralization ... Demineralization is used as a method of studying bone strength and bone chemistry.. Terms. Bone Demineralization Technique ... Bone Demineralization Technique Preferred Concept UI. M0028106. Scope Note. Removal of mineral constituents or salts from bone ... is used as a method of studying bone strength and bone chemistry.. Entry Term(s). Bone Demineralization Technic Public MeSH ...
I want to know if he has any demineralization, pathologic fractures, bone cysts, or any bony metastases spreading." "Ok, doc ... "Stones, bones, abdominal moans and psychic groans." he mumbled, indicating to Kel where he had found the guarding around the ... Hes chewing on this bone just a little too much." he said, still worked up. DeSoto sat down in a kitchen chair and stretched ... The goal of treatment is to sustain life while the pathologic process in the kidneys heals itself." They all jumped when the ...
Bone Conduction G11.561.600.810.263.398 G11.561.790.263.398 Bone Demineralization, Pathologic C18.452.104.247 Bone Development ... Bone Remodeling G11.427.590.195 G11.427.213 G16.100.856.150 G16.762.150 Bone Resorption G11.427.590.195.150 G11.427.213.150 ... Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1 D12.644.276.848.49 D12.776.467.836.49 Bone Regeneration G11.427.590.195.140 G11.427.213.140 ... Xiphoid Bone A2.835.232.904.766.825 A2.835.232.570.750.825 Yawning G9.772.770.980 G9.772.982 Yogurt G7.203.300.350.525.221.888 ...
Bone Conduction G11.561.600.810.263.398 G11.561.790.263.398 Bone Demineralization, Pathologic C18.452.104.247 Bone Development ... Bone Remodeling G11.427.590.195 G11.427.213 G16.100.856.150 G16.762.150 Bone Resorption G11.427.590.195.150 G11.427.213.150 ... Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1 D12.644.276.848.49 D12.776.467.836.49 Bone Regeneration G11.427.590.195.140 G11.427.213.140 ... Xiphoid Bone A2.835.232.904.766.825 A2.835.232.570.750.825 Yawning G9.772.770.980 G9.772.982 Yogurt G7.203.300.350.525.221.888 ...
Bone Conduction G11.561.600.810.263.398 G11.561.790.263.398 Bone Demineralization, Pathologic C18.452.104.247 Bone Development ... Bone Remodeling G11.427.590.195 G11.427.213 G16.100.856.150 G16.762.150 Bone Resorption G11.427.590.195.150 G11.427.213.150 ... Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1 D12.644.276.848.49 D12.776.467.836.49 Bone Regeneration G11.427.590.195.140 G11.427.213.140 ... Xiphoid Bone A2.835.232.904.766.825 A2.835.232.570.750.825 Yawning G9.772.770.980 G9.772.982 Yogurt G7.203.300.350.525.221.888 ...
Bone Conduction G11.561.600.810.263.398 G11.561.790.263.398 Bone Demineralization, Pathologic C18.452.104.247 Bone Development ... Bone Remodeling G11.427.590.195 G11.427.213 G16.100.856.150 G16.762.150 Bone Resorption G11.427.590.195.150 G11.427.213.150 ... Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1 D12.644.276.848.49 D12.776.467.836.49 Bone Regeneration G11.427.590.195.140 G11.427.213.140 ... Xiphoid Bone A2.835.232.904.766.825 A2.835.232.570.750.825 Yawning G9.772.770.980 G9.772.982 Yogurt G7.203.300.350.525.221.888 ...
Bone Conduction G11.561.600.810.263.398 G11.561.790.263.398 Bone Demineralization, Pathologic C18.452.104.247 Bone Development ... Bone Remodeling G11.427.590.195 G11.427.213 G16.100.856.150 G16.762.150 Bone Resorption G11.427.590.195.150 G11.427.213.150 ... Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1 D12.644.276.848.49 D12.776.467.836.49 Bone Regeneration G11.427.590.195.140 G11.427.213.140 ... Xiphoid Bone A2.835.232.904.766.825 A2.835.232.570.750.825 Yawning G9.772.770.980 G9.772.982 Yogurt G7.203.300.350.525.221.888 ...
Focused examinations of newly painful bones are of value for assessment of impending pathologic fracture. Correlation with all ... 18] In addition, myeloma is a disease of older patients; it can present with diffuse demineralization, which may be ... Nuclear medicine bone scans rely on osteoblastic activity (bone formation) for diagnosis. As such, standard technetium-99m (99m ... Usually, little reactive bone sclerosis or periosteal reaction is seen. [23] However, some new treatment agents, such as ...
Bone Diseases, Metabolic. *Bone Demineralization, Pathologic. *Mucolipidoses. *Osteomalacia. *Osteoporosis. * ... A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, ...
However, periodontal disease represents a pathologic or disease change and is not due to just age. The loss of bone and gum ... Radiation dental caries is a term used for rapid tooth demineralization and severe cavities that occur with head and neck ... Since long-term effects of head and neck cancer radiation treatments will be harmful to the bone in the radiated area (field), ... Hemorrhage or bleeding of the oral cavity can occur when clotting factors are affected and during bone marrow suppression. ...
However, periodontal disease represents a pathologic or disease change and is not due to just age. The loss of bone and gum ... Radiation dental caries is a term used for rapid tooth demineralization and severe cavities that occur with head and neck ... Since long-term effects of head and neck cancer radiation treatments will be harmful to the bone in the radiated area (field), ... Hemorrhage or bleeding of the oral cavity can occur when clotting factors are affected and during bone marrow suppression. ...
CBCT has also been found, in the detection of bone invasion of the jaw bones from oral malignancies, to be comparative in ... Prevalence of pathologic findings in the maxillary sinus in cone-beam computerized tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol ... Assessment of enamel demineralization using conventional, digital, and digitized radiography. Braz Oral Res. 2006 Apr-Jun. 20(2 ... and bone diseases associated with the jaw bones. [35] Other findings associated with CBCT imaging include TMJ disease/ ...
Chronic acidemia causes bone demineralization disorders (eg, rickets, osteomalacia Vitamin D Deficiency and Dependency ... In addition, when metabolic acidosis is present, a delta gap Calculation of the anion gap Acid-base disorders are pathologic ... Causes are classified by their effect on the anion gap Calculation of the anion gap Acid-base disorders are pathologic changes ... Deficiency impairs bone mineralization, causing rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults and possibly contributing... ...
Dentin, cementum, and bone are mineralized hard tissues. However, while bone is continuously remodeling by resorption/ ... Therefore, the radiographic difference between physiologic and pathologic resorptions is that in the first, it is normally ... odontoclasts would be responsible for dentinal demineralization and degradation of the non-collagen matrix 8,9. ... Histologically, bone trabeculae are in direct contact with tooth root (figure 3); • Replacement resorption is an irreversible ...
As many as 30% of myeloma patients may present with a pathologic fracture, and up to two-thirds with bone pain alone as the ... Women with drug-induced ovarian failure or menopause have a faster rate of bone demineralization that begins at younger ages ... Primary bone tumors. Primary bone lesions are more commonly identified in patients under the age of 40, and can be subdivided ... Extremity pain and lytic bone lesions. Metastatic disease to bone should be considered in any patient with a history of cancer ...
Graded motor imagery for pathologic pain: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2006 Dec 26. 67(12):2129-34. [QxMD MEDLINE ... The 3-phase bone scan is usually positive. Duration is 3-12 months from onset. ... Radiographs indicate marked demineralization.. Extensive changes are present in the muscles of patients with long-standing ...
A dental implantation (also known as an end osseous implant or fixture) is a surgical constituent that lines with the bone of ... The physiological, pathologic and psychological deviations in geriatric patients effect the dental treatment. Periodontology ... Former further includes methods to prevent demineralization and methods to promote remineralization. Novel preventive ... Also the usage of dental stem cells as sources of cells to facilitate repair of nondental tissues such as bone and nerves has ...
However, periodontal disease represents a pathologic or disease change and is not due to just age. The loss of bone and gum ... Radiation dental caries is a term used for rapid tooth demineralization and severe cavities that occur with head and neck ... Since long-term effects of head and neck cancer radiation treatments will be harmful to the bone in the radiated area (field), ... Hemorrhage or bleeding of the oral cavity can occur when clotting factors are affected and during bone marrow suppression. ...
However, periodontal disease represents a pathologic or disease change and is not due to just age. The loss of bone and gum ... Radiation dental caries is a term used for rapid tooth demineralization and severe cavities that occur with head and neck ... Since long-term effects of head and neck cancer radiation treatments will be harmful to the bone in the radiated area (field), ... Hemorrhage or bleeding of the oral cavity can occur when clotting factors are affected and during bone marrow suppression. ...
However, periodontal disease represents a pathologic or disease change and is not due to just age. The loss of bone and gum ... Radiation dental caries is a term used for rapid tooth demineralization and severe cavities that occur with head and neck ... Since long-term effects of head and neck cancer radiation treatments will be harmful to the bone in the radiated area (field), ... Hemorrhage or bleeding of the oral cavity can occur when clotting factors are affected and during bone marrow suppression. ...
However, periodontal disease represents a pathologic or disease change and is not due to just age. The loss of bone and gum ... Radiation dental caries is a term used for rapid tooth demineralization and severe cavities that occur with head and neck ... Since long-term effects of head and neck cancer radiation treatments will be harmful to the bone in the radiated area (field), ... Hemorrhage or bleeding of the oral cavity can occur when clotting factors are affected and during bone marrow suppression. ...
However, periodontal disease represents a pathologic or disease change and is not due to just age. The loss of bone and gum ... Radiation dental caries is a term used for rapid tooth demineralization and severe cavities that occur with head and neck ... Since long-term effects of head and neck cancer radiation treatments will be harmful to the bone in the radiated area (field), ... Hemorrhage or bleeding of the oral cavity can occur when clotting factors are affected and during bone marrow suppression. ...
The ALN group presented with more bone than the CTR; however, most of this bone was necrotic. ALN does not affect the bone ... While physical countermeasures and bisphosphonates may reduce demineralization, additional therapies are needed for future ... pathologic section staining, and immunohistochemistry at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks. RESULTS: At 1, 2, and 4 weeks, the OA limb had ... Bone formation was histologically and histomorphometrically assessed in rat femoral condyle bone defects filled with bone graft ...
CBCT has also been found, in the detection of bone invasion of the jaw bones from oral malignancies, to be comparative in ... Prevalence of pathologic findings in the maxillary sinus in cone-beam computerized tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol ... Assessment of enamel demineralization using conventional, digital, and digitized radiography. Braz Oral Res. 2006 Apr-Jun. 20(2 ... and bone diseases associated with the jaw bones. [35] Other findings associated with CBCT imaging include TMJ disease/ ...
Blastomycosis of bone. A report of six cases. J Bone Joint Surg. 1982;64(7):1097-1101. ... If suspected, early MRI will aid in detecting pathologic lesions with the diagnosis being confirmed with cultures from a CT ... abnormalities are usually first observed in the anterior aspect of a vertebral body and are characterized by demineralization ... MRI aids in looking for osteolysis, bone destruction and bone erosion.32 The most common feature of MRI include decreased ...
... and bone demineralization. This syndrome is most often associated with an inciting traumatic event (e.g., fracture, surgery, ... Inflammation can be pathologic if it is prolonged or when normal processes create an excessive response (such as with ... The hip bones are made up of 3 fused bones: the pubis, ischium, and ilium. The pelvic cavity houses various GI, urinary, and ... and bone demineralization. This syndrome is most often associated with an inciting traumatic event (e.g., fracture, surgery, ...
... and bone mineral measurements of 65 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism are reviewed. Fifty per cent presented with renal ... By absorptometric analysis and fine-detail radiography, a majority were found to have demineralization and excessive bone ... Pathologic fracture in a 66-year-old man. ChristinaJacobs, StuartRubin. 1994 , Academic Radiology, Vol. 1, No. 3 ... The actions of parathyroid hormone on bone: Relation to bone remodeling and turnover, calcium homeostasis, and metabolic bone ...
  • OSTEOPOROSIS is permanent, includes reduction of total bone mass, and is associated with increased rate of fractures. (nih.gov)
  • Prior studies investigated several pathophysiologies of osteoporosis after stroke, including decreased bone load due to immobility, endocrine changes, nutritional factors, and medications [ 5 ]. (e-arm.org)
  • Pathologic fractures due to weight bearing may develop. (wikipedia.org)
  • The clavicle is the most commonly broken bone in the human body, accounting for up to 5% to 10% of all fractures seen in hospital emergency admissions. (sogacot.org)
  • In addition to low systemic levels of circulating mineral ions (for example, caused by vitamin D deficiency or renal phosphate wasting) that result in decreased bone and tooth mineralization, accumulation of mineralization-inhibiting proteins and peptides (such as osteopontin and ASARM peptides), and small inhibitory molecules (such as pyrophosphate), can occur in the extracellular matrix of bones and teeth, contributing locally to cause matrix hypomineralization (osteomalacia/odontomalacia). (wikipedia.org)
  • Plausibly, systemic bone demineralization could involve the temporal bone, the otic capsule, and the middle ear ossicles. (medscape.com)
  • We compared the bone mineral density (BMD) of adult Wilson disease (WD) patients (n = 148), with an age- and gender-matched healthy control population (n = 148). (nih.gov)
  • Results were consistent with the model and with biochemical and bone mineral density data.Results confirm the predicted relationship between bone mineral balance and calcium isotopes, suggesting that calcium isotopic analysis of urine might be refined into a clinical and research tool. (nih.gov)
  • To investigate the relationship between Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) in subacute stroke patients. (e-arm.org)
  • Recently, researchers have investigated the effects of stroke on bone mineral density (BMD) in male aged between 50 and 70 [ 9 , 10 ]. (e-arm.org)
  • Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is globally accepted as a standard technique for measuring bone mineral density (BMD). (jocr.co.in)
  • Temporary loss of bone mineral content is especially associated with space flight, weightlessness, and extended immobilization. (nih.gov)
  • Clinical definitions of the various myeloma subtypes have been updated, as have the imaging definitions of what constitutes bone marrow disease and individual bony involvement. (medscape.com)
  • [ 8 ] Patients suspected of having multiple myeloma based on bone marrow aspirate results or hypergammaglobulinemia should undergo a radiographic skeletal survey. (medscape.com)
  • [ 9 ] MRI is the gold-standard imaging modality for detection of bone marrow involvement and the preferred imaging technique to rule out spinal cord compression in patients with multiple myeloma, whereas PET/CT provides valuable prognostic data and aids in assessment of response to therapy. (medscape.com)
  • range, 44-83 years) with multiple myeloma proven by bone marrow biopsy. (medscape.com)
  • About half of chemotherapy patients experience oral complications, particularly those being treated for leukemia and those who receive bone marrow transplants. (dentist-losaltos.com)
  • Hemorrhage or bleeding of the oral cavity can occur when clotting factors are affected and during bone marrow suppression. (dentist-losaltos.com)
  • Osteomalacia is a disease characterized by the softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism primarily due to inadequate levels of available phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D, or because of resorption of calcium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a benign bone lesion which can be locally aggressive or may be asymptomatic in nature. (hindawi.com)
  • According to WHO, it is an intraosseous lesion consisting of cellular fibrous tissue that contains multiple foci of haemorrhage, aggregations of multinucleated giant cells, and occasional trabeculae of woven bone [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 190 patients were studied in this in which findings taken from the panoramic radiography were: dental caries, periapical lesion, alveolar bone loss, calculus deposition, retained root, impaction of the third molar, disease of maxillary sinus, bony change of mandibular condyle, etc. (dentalreach.today)
  • Signs and symptoms can include diffuse body pains, muscle weakness, and fragility of the bones. (wikipedia.org)
  • The TIS can be useful for estimating bone fragility in the lumbar vertebrae of subacute stroke patients. (e-arm.org)
  • Osteomalacia is a generalized bone condition in which there is inadequate mineralization of the bone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Symptoms: Diffuse joint and bone pain (especially of spine, pelvis, and legs) Muscle weakness Difficulty walking, often with a waddling gait Hypocalcemia (positive Chvostek sign) Compressed vertebrae and diminished stature Pelvic flattening Weak, soft bones Easy fracturing Bending of bones Osteomalacia in adults starts insidiously as aches and pains in the lumbar (lower back) region and thighs before spreading to the arms and ribs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hearing loss previously has been linked to other pathologic bone disorders, including otosclerosis and Paget disease . (medscape.com)
  • Acid-Base Disorders Acid-base disorders are pathologic changes in carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pco2) or serum bicarbonate (HCO3 − ) that typically produce abnormal arterial pH values. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Venous malformations are associated with different types of bony abnormalities including bone hypoplasia and demineralization, 9 bone overgrowth secondary to hyperemia8 and mixed sclerotic changes with periosteal reactions. (radsource.us)
  • Decrease, loss, or removal of the mineral constituents of bones. (nih.gov)
  • Natural calcium isotopic composition of urine as a marker of bone mineral balance. (nih.gov)
  • We investigated whether changes in the natural isotopic composition of calcium in human urine track changes in net bone mineral balance, as predicted by a model of calcium isotopic behavior in vertebrates. (nih.gov)
  • If so, isotopic analysis of natural urine or blood calcium could be used to monitor short-term changes in bone mineral balance that cannot be detected with other techniques.Calcium isotopic compositions are expressed as delta(44)Ca, or the difference in parts per thousand between the (44)Ca/(40)Ca of a sample and the (44)Ca/(40)Ca of a standard reference material. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, there is an imbalance between the osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity that causes resorption with fibrous replacement of the bone. (hindawi.com)
  • However, while bone is continuously remodeling by resorption/neoformation during life, tooth's hard tissues are not. (bvsalud.org)
  • Stroke patients with poor trunk control in the early subacute stage would have low BMD of vertebral bones at 3 months. (e-arm.org)
  • CALCIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC is the process of bone remineralizing. (nih.gov)
  • Most of the time, the only alleged symptom is chronic fatigue, while bone aches are not spontaneous but only revealed by pressure or shocks. (wikipedia.org)
  • Osteoradionecrosis (soft tissue and bone necrosis) can be spontaneous or secondary to trauma, extractions, or dental prostheses. (milpitasfamilydentist.com)
  • Radiographic examination of long bones like humerus and femur, mandible, and skull was also done which showed osteoclastic lesions. (hindawi.com)
  • MRI can provide information that is complementary to a skeletal survey and was recommended for use in patients with normal radiographic images and in all patients with an apparently solitary plasmacytoma of bone. (medscape.com)
  • Standard 99m Tc bone scintigraphy should play no role in the routine staging of myeloma, and sequential dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry (DXA) scans are not recommended, according to the authors. (medscape.com)
  • But the term reparative is obsolete, as CGCG causes the destruction of involved bones. (hindawi.com)
  • The vertebrae are composed mainly of trabecular bone, which is more metabolically active than cortical bone. (e-arm.org)
  • In terms of the mechanisms responsible for the association, the authors note that in addition to compromising more prominent skeletal sites, bone loss could potentially extend to structures in the ear. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, bone loss is prominent on the paretic side [ 5 - 7 ]. (e-arm.org)
  • delta(44)Ca was measured in urine samples from 10 persons who participated in a study of the effectiveness of countermeasures to bone loss in spaceflight, in which 17 weeks of bed rest was used to induce bone loss. (nih.gov)
  • Above all, the reduction in mechanical stress on bones is considered to be a major determinant of bone loss [ 6 ]. (e-arm.org)
  • Bone loss starts a few days after stroke, reaches a maximum in the first 3 to 4 months [ 7 ], and then gradually slows until about 1 year after the stroke [ 8 ]. (e-arm.org)
  • Bone mass at peripheral sites is correlated with bone mass at central sites, such as hip and spine, with correlation coefficients between 0.6 and 0.7," they explain. (medscape.com)
  • The pain is symmetrical, non-radiating and accompanied by sensitivity in the involved bones. (wikipedia.org)
  • Its location is superficial, just beneath the skin and thin platysma muscle, making it one of the least-protected bones by muscle or fat. (sogacot.org)
  • 9 , 10 ] have shown that, out of 300 patients with parathyroid tumours, 10 had facial bone involvement. (hindawi.com)
  • 5-7 It is the first bone in the body to be ossified 7,8 (begins at 5 to 6 weeks' gestation) 9 and the last bone to complete ossification 8 (the medial epiphysis completes ossification as late as age 27 years). (sogacot.org)
  • The clavicle is a long, dual-curved bone that forms the only direct link between the axial and appendicular skeletons. (sogacot.org)
  • A relationship describing local, physiologic double-negative (inhibiting inhibitors) regulation of mineralization has been termed the Stenciling Principle of mineralization, whereby enzyme-substrate pairs imprint mineralization patterns into the extracellular matrix (most notably described for bone) by degrading mineralization inhibitors (e.g. (wikipedia.org)