Displacement of bones out of line in relation to joints. It may be congenital or traumatic in origin.
A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.
Hip deformity in which the femoral neck leans forward resulting in a decrease in the angle between femoral neck and its shaft. It may be congenital often syndromic, acquired, or developmental.
The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
A synovial hinge connection formed between the bones of the FEMUR; TIBIA; and PATELLA.
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.
The flat, triangular bone situated at the anterior part of the KNEE.
The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.
Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.
Displacement of the great toe (HALLUX) towards the midline or away from the other TOES. It can be congenital or acquired.
The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
Orthopedic appliances used to support, align, or hold parts of the body in correct position. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Displacement of the PATELLA from the femoral groove.
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.
The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.
Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot.
The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.
The surgical cutting of a bone. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Diseases of BONES.
Rods of bone, metal, or other material used for fixation of the fragments or ends of fractured bones.
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).
A tibial fracture is a medical term that describes a break or crack in the shinbone, one of the two bones in the lower leg, which can occur anywhere along its length due to various traumatic injuries or stresses.
Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound.
The quadriceps femoris. A collective name of the four-headed skeletal muscle of the thigh, comprised of the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis.
The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot.
Implantable fracture fixation devices attached to bone fragments with screws to bridge the fracture gap and shield the fracture site from stress as bone heals. (UMDNS, 1999)
External devices which hold wires or pins that are placed through one or both cortices of bone in order to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment. These devices allow easy access to wounds, adjustment during the course of healing, and more functional use of the limbs involved.
The use of nails that are inserted into bone cavities in order to keep fractured bones together.
Lack of stability of a joint or joint prosthesis. Factors involved are intra-articular disease and integrity of extra-articular structures such as joint capsule, ligaments, and muscles.
Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes BONY CALLUS formed after BONE FRACTURES but not yet replaced by hard bone.
Increase in the longest dimension of a bone to correct anatomical deficiencies, congenital, traumatic, or as a result of disease. The lengthening is not restricted to long bones. The usual surgical methods are internal fixation and distraction.
Replacement of the knee joint.
The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = POSTURE + SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL).
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.
Malalignment of a bone in which its head and neck is rotated excessively forward or inward.
Extracellular substance of bone tissue consisting of COLLAGEN fibers, ground substance, and inorganic crystalline minerals and salts.
'Shoes' are not a medical term, but an item of footwear designed to provide protection, support, and comfort to the feet during various activities, although ill-fitting or inappropriate shoes can contribute to various foot conditions such as blisters, corns, calluses, and orthopedic issues.
The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.
Fractures of the femur.
The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.
"Dislocation is a traumatic injury wherein the normal articulation between two bones at a joint is disrupted, resulting in the complete separation of the bone ends and associated soft tissues from their usual position."
The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones.
The interarticular fibrocartilages of the superior surface of the tibia.
The use of internal devices (metal plates, nails, rods, etc.) to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment.
The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the TIBIA; the malleolar articular surface of the FIBULA; and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the TALUS.
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.
Synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. The bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue.
Replacement for a knee joint.
Metabolic bone diseases are a group of disorders that affect the bones' structure and strength, caused by disturbances in the normal metabolic processes involved in bone formation, resorption, or mineralization, including conditions like osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, and renal osteodystrophy.
Breaks in bones.
Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.
The distal extremity of the leg in vertebrates, consisting of the tarsus (ANKLE); METATARSUS; phalanges; and the soft tissues surrounding these bones.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A protective layer of firm, flexible cartilage over the articulating ends of bones. It provides a smooth surface for joint movement, protecting the ends of long bones from wear at points of contact.
Manner or style of walking.
A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS.

Osteotomy of the tibia for correction of complex deformity. (1/220)

Twenty complex tibial deformities due to anterior poliomyelitis in 18 patients were corrected by a modified O'Donoghue osteotomy. This technique allowed correction of the deformity in three planes. This was achieved by widening the rectangular window distally to correct both rotation and valgus and by trimming the anterior edges of the step cuts to correct flexion deformity. An above-knee cast was applied for eight to 13 weeks and the patients followed up for a mean of 3.2 years. One of the 18 patients developed delayed union because of fracture of the medial limb of the step cut. The results showed excellent correction of the three-plane deformity and there was no recurrence. This method of osteotomy is a safe and simple procedure which does not require internal fixation and allows correction of torsional and angular deformity.  (+info)

The mechanism of the effect of obesity in knee osteoarthritis: the mediating role of malalignment. (2/220)

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is most strongly linked to osteoarthritis (OA) at the knee. Varus malalignment was examined as a possible local mediator that may increase the impact of body weight at the knee, versus the hip or ankle. Compartment load distribution is more equitable in valgus than in varus knees, and valgus knees may better tolerate obesity. We therefore tested whether 1) body mass index (BMI) is correlated with OA severity in varus knees, 2) the BMI-OA severity correlation is weaker in valgus than in varus knees, 3) BMI is correlated with the severity of varus malalignment, and 4) the BMI-medial tibiofemoral OA severity relationship is reduced after controlling for varus malalignment. METHODS: In 300 community-recruited patients with knee OA, 2 groups (varus and valgus) were identified based on dominant knee alignment on a full-limb radiograph, i.e., the angle formed by the intersection of the femoral and tibial mechanical axes. Severity of knee OA was assessed by measurement of the narrowest joint space width on radiographs of knees in a fluoroscopy-confirmed semiflexed position. RESULTS: Alignment direction was symmetric (or neutral in 1 limb) in 87% of patients. One hundred fifty-four patients had varus knees and 115 had valgus knees. BMI correlated with OA severity in the varus group (r = -0.29, P = 0.0009) but not in the valgus group (r = -0.13, P = 0.17). BMI correlated with malalignment in those with varus knees (r = 0.26) but not in those with valgus knees (r = 0.16). The partial correlation of BMI and OA severity, controlling for sex, was reduced from 0.24 (P = 0.002) to 0.04 (P = 0.42) when varus malalignment was added to the model. CONCLUSION: BMI was related to OA severity in those with varus knees but not in those with valgus knees. Much of the effect of BMI on the severity of medial tibiofemoral OA was explained by varus malalignment, after controlling for sex. Whether it precedes or follows the onset of disease, varus malalignment is one local factor that may contribute to rendering the knee most vulnerable to the effects of obesity.  (+info)

Open-wedge osteotomy by hemicallotasis or the closed-wedge technique for osteoarthritis of the knee. A randomised study of 50 operations. (3/220)

We describe the results of 50 operations carried out on 46 patients with medial osteoarthritis of the knee of Ahlback grade 1 to 3. Patients were randomised either to a closed-wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) or an open-wedge procedure based on the hemicallotasis technique (HCO). Their median age was 55 years (38 to 68). The preoperative median hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle was 171 degrees (164 to 176) in the HTO group and 173 degrees (165 to 179) in the HCO group. After six weeks, the median HKA angle was 185 degrees (176 to 194) in the HTO group and 184 degrees (181 to 188) in the HCO group. In the HTO group, seven patients were within the range of 182 degrees to 186 degrees compared with 21 in the HCO group (p < 0.001). One year later, ten HTO patients were within this range while the HKA angulation in the HCO group was unchanged. At two years the numbers were 11 and 18, respectively. We evaluated the clinical results on the Hospital for Special Surgery, Lysholm and Wallgren-Tegner activity scores, and patients completed part of the Nottingham Health Profile questionnaire. An impartial observer at the two-year follow-up concluded that all scores had improved, but found no clinical differences between the groups.  (+info)

Hemicallotasis open-wedge osteotomy for osteoarthritis of the knee. Complications in 308 operations. (4/220)

We studied the complications after open-wedge osteotomy by hemicallotasis in 308 consecutive patients, most of whom had osteoarthritis of the knee. The participating surgeons, who worked at 17 hospitals, used their discretion in selecting patients, operating techniques and external fixators. The general complications included 11 cases of deep-vein thrombosis (4%), six of nonunion (2%) and one of septic arthritis of the knee. There were technical complications in 13 patients (4%). In 157 patients (51%) pin-site infections were recorded; of these, 96% were minor and responded to wound toilet and antibiotic treatment. A total of 18 revision procedures was carried out.  (+info)

The sulcus angle and malalignment of the extensor mechanism of the knee. (5/220)

Anterior knee pain due to dysplasia of the extensor mechanism is common. We have studied 137 knees (103 patients) in order to identify a rapid and reproducible radiological feature which would indicate the need for further analysis. Overall, 67 knees (49%) had at least one radiological abnormality; 70 (51%) were considered normal. There were five cases of Dejour type-3 dysplasia of the femoral trochlea, nine of type-2 and 12 of type-1. There were 49 cases of patella alta and five of patella infera. Four knees had an abnormal lateral patellofemoral angle (patellar tilt), and in 15 knees there was more than one abnormality. Classification of trochlear dysplasia was difficult and showed poor reproducibility. This was also true for the measurement of the lateral patellofemoral angle. Patellar height was more easily measured but took time. The sulcus angle is an easily and rapidly measurable feature which was reproducible and was closely related to other features of dysplasia of the extensor mechanism. The finding of a normal sulcus angle suggested that seeking other radiological evidence of malalignment of the extensor mechanism was unlikely to reveal additional useful information. The severity of other features of dysplasia of the extensor mechanism correlated with increasing sulcus angle.  (+info)

MRI study of talonavicular alignment in club foot. (6/220)

We studied in vivo the talonavicular alignment of club foot in infants using MRI. We examined 26 patients (36 feet) with congenital club foot. The mean age at examination was 9.0 months (4 to 12). All analyses used MRI of the earliest cartilaginous development of the tarsal bones in the transverse plane, rather than the ossific nucleus. The difference in the mean talar neck angle (44.0 +/- 8.1 degrees) in club foot was statistically significant (p < 0.001) when compared with that of the normal foot (30.8 +/- 5.5 degrees). The difference between the mean angles in the group treated by operation (47.9 +/- 6.7 degrees) and those treated conservatively (40.1 +/- 7.5 degrees) was also statistically significant. The anatomical relationship between the head of the talus and the navicular was divided into two patterns, based on the position of the mid-point of the navicular related to the long axis of the head. In the operative group, 18 feet were classified as having a medial shift of the navicular and none had a lateral shift. In the conservative group, 12 showed a medial shift of the navicular and six a lateral shift. All nine unaffected normal feet in which satisfactory MRI measurements were made showed a lateral shift of the navicular. Club feet had a larger talar neck angle and a more medially deviated navicular when compared with normal feet. This was more marked in the surgical group than in the conservative group.  (+info)

Computerised measurement of tibiofemoral alignment. (7/220)

Tibiofemoral alignment has a direct correlation with the survival of total knee arthroplasty. Traditionally, it has been measured using a goniometer on radiographs. We describe new software which measures this alignment on scanned radiographs by automatically detecting bones in the image. Two surgeons used conventional methods and two clerical officers used the computerised routine to assess 58 radiographs of the knee on two occasions. There were no significant differences between any of the paired comparisons. The largest mean difference detected was 1.19 degrees. Across all comparisons, the mean correlation was 0.755. A standardised routine for measuring tibiofemoral alignment was the greatest factor in reducing error in our study. These results show that non-medical staff can reliably use the software to measure tibiofemoral alignment. It has the potential to measure all the parameters recommended by the Knee Society.  (+info)

Fracture of the proximal tibia six months after Fulkerson osteotomy. A report of two cases. (8/220)

The Fulkerson osteotomy has proved to be a reliable treatment for subluxation of the patella due to malalignment. Aggressive rehabilitation in the early postoperative period is unwise since the proximal tibia is weakened by the oblique osteotomy. Early weight-bearing and unrestricted activity have caused fractures in a few patients. Even late in the postoperative period the osteotomy may adversely influence the biomechanical properties of the proximal tibia. We describe two athletes who sustained a fracture of the proximal tibia, during recreational activities, six months after a Fulkerson osteotomy. Both had been bearing full weight for about ten weeks without complaint. Bony healing of the osteotomy had been demonstrated on plain radiographs at ten and at 12 weeks. After a Fulkerson osteotomy, jogging and activities which impose considerable impact force should be discouraged for at least nine to 12 months.  (+info)

Bone malalignment is a term used to describe the abnormal alignment or positioning of bones in relation to each other. This condition can occur as a result of injury, deformity, surgery, or disease processes that affect the bones and joints. Bone malalignment can cause pain, stiffness, limited mobility, and an increased risk of further injury. In some cases, bone malalignment may require treatment such as bracing, physical therapy, or surgery to correct the alignment and improve function.

"Bone" is the hard, dense connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrate animals. It provides support and protection for the body's internal organs, and serves as a attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is composed of cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone formation and resorption, respectively, and an extracellular matrix made up of collagen fibers and mineral crystals.

Bones can be classified into two main types: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and hard, and makes up the outer layer of all bones and the shafts of long bones. Spongy bone is less dense and contains large spaces, and makes up the ends of long bones and the interior of flat and irregular bones.

The human body has 206 bones in total. They can be further classified into five categories based on their shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.

Coxa vara is a medical condition that affects the hip joint. It is characterized by an abnormal decrease in the angle between the neck and head of the femur (thigh bone) and the shaft of the femur. This results in the femoral head being positioned more vertically than normal, which can lead to impingement and degenerative changes in the hip joint.

Coxa vara is often congenital, meaning that it is present at birth, but it can also be acquired due to injury, infection, or other medical conditions such as rickets or slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Symptoms of coxa vara may include pain in the hip, limping, and decreased range of motion in the affected joint. Treatment for coxa vara typically involves surgery to realign the bones and prevent further degeneration of the hip joint.

Bone remodeling is the normal and continuous process by which bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called formation). This ongoing cycle allows bones to repair microdamage, adjust their size and shape in response to mechanical stress, and maintain mineral homeostasis. The cells responsible for bone resorption are osteoclasts, while the cells responsible for bone formation are osteoblasts. These two cell types work together to maintain the structural integrity and health of bones throughout an individual's life.

During bone remodeling, the process can be divided into several stages:

1. Activation: The initiation of bone remodeling is triggered by various factors such as microdamage, hormonal changes, or mechanical stress. This leads to the recruitment and activation of osteoclast precursor cells.
2. Resorption: Osteoclasts attach to the bone surface and create a sealed compartment called a resorption lacuna. They then secrete acid and enzymes that dissolve and digest the mineralized matrix, creating pits or cavities on the bone surface. This process helps remove old or damaged bone tissue and releases calcium and phosphate ions into the bloodstream.
3. Reversal: After resorption is complete, the osteoclasts undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death), and mononuclear cells called reversal cells appear on the resorbed surface. These cells prepare the bone surface for the next stage by cleaning up debris and releasing signals that attract osteoblast precursors.
4. Formation: Osteoblasts, derived from mesenchymal stem cells, migrate to the resorbed surface and begin producing a new organic matrix called osteoid. As the osteoid mineralizes, it forms a hard, calcified structure that gradually replaces the resorbed bone tissue. The osteoblasts may become embedded within this newly formed bone as they differentiate into osteocytes, which are mature bone cells responsible for maintaining bone homeostasis and responding to mechanical stress.
5. Mineralization: Over time, the newly formed bone continues to mineralize, becoming stronger and more dense. This process helps maintain the structural integrity of the skeleton and ensures adequate calcium storage.

Throughout this continuous cycle of bone remodeling, hormones, growth factors, and mechanical stress play crucial roles in regulating the balance between resorption and formation. Disruptions to this delicate equilibrium can lead to various bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, where excessive resorption results in weakened bones and increased fracture risk.

The knee joint, also known as the tibiofemoral joint, is the largest and one of the most complex joints in the human body. It is a synovial joint that connects the thighbone (femur) to the shinbone (tibia). The patella (kneecap), which is a sesamoid bone, is located in front of the knee joint and helps in the extension of the leg.

The knee joint is made up of three articulations: the femorotibial joint between the femur and tibia, the femoropatellar joint between the femur and patella, and the tibiofibular joint between the tibia and fibula. These articulations are surrounded by a fibrous capsule that encloses the synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.

The knee joint is stabilized by several ligaments, including the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, which provide stability to the sides of the joint, and the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, which prevent excessive forward and backward movement of the tibia relative to the femur. The menisci, which are C-shaped fibrocartilaginous structures located between the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus, also help to stabilize the joint by absorbing shock and distributing weight evenly across the articular surfaces.

The knee joint allows for flexion, extension, and a small amount of rotation, making it essential for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and sitting.

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a degenerative joint disease that affects the articular cartilage and subchondral bone in the knee joint. It is characterized by the breakdown and eventual loss of the smooth, cushioning cartilage that covers the ends of bones and allows for easy movement within joints. As the cartilage wears away, the bones rub against each other, causing pain, stiffness, and limited mobility. Osteoarthritis of the knee can also lead to the formation of bone spurs (osteophytes) and cysts in the joint. This condition is most commonly found in older adults, but it can also occur in younger people as a result of injury or overuse. Risk factors include obesity, family history, previous joint injuries, and repetitive stress on the knee joint. Treatment options typically include pain management, physical therapy, and in some cases, surgery.

Bone density refers to the amount of bone mineral content (usually measured in grams) in a given volume of bone (usually measured in cubic centimeters). It is often used as an indicator of bone strength and fracture risk. Bone density is typically measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, which provide a T-score that compares the patient's bone density to that of a young adult reference population. A T-score of -1 or above is considered normal, while a T-score between -1 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia (low bone mass), and a T-score below -2.5 indicates osteoporosis (porous bones). Regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and medication (if necessary) can help maintain or improve bone density and prevent fractures.

The femur is the medical term for the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. It connects the hip bone to the knee joint and plays a crucial role in supporting the weight of the body and allowing movement during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. The femur is composed of a rounded head, a long shaft, and two condyles at the lower end that articulate with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.

The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a sesamoid bone located at the front of the knee joint. It is embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle and serves to protect the knee joint and increase the leverage of the extensor mechanism, allowing for greater extension force of the lower leg. The patella moves within a groove on the femur called the trochlea during flexion and extension of the knee.

The tibia, also known as the shin bone, is the larger of the two bones in the lower leg and part of the knee joint. It supports most of the body's weight and is a major insertion point for muscles that flex the foot and bend the leg. The tibia articulates with the femur at the knee joint and with the fibula and talus bone at the ankle joint. Injuries to the tibia, such as fractures, are common in sports and other activities that put stress on the lower leg.

Bone resorption is the process by which bone tissue is broken down and absorbed into the body. It is a normal part of bone remodeling, in which old or damaged bone tissue is removed and new tissue is formed. However, excessive bone resorption can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis, in which bones become weak and fragile due to a loss of density. This process is carried out by cells called osteoclasts, which break down the bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the bloodstream.

Hallux varus is a condition where the big toe (hallux) angles away from the second toe. This condition can lead to pain, difficulty walking, and deformity of the forefoot. It can be congenital or acquired as a result of trauma, surgery, or other conditions such as neuromuscular disorders or arthritis. In some cases, treatment may involve surgical correction to realign the big toe and improve function and appearance.

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue found inside certain bones in the body, such as the hips, thighs, and vertebrae. It is responsible for producing blood-forming cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. There are two types of bone marrow: red marrow, which is involved in blood cell production, and yellow marrow, which contains fatty tissue.

Red bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells, which can differentiate into various types of blood cells. These stem cells continuously divide and mature to produce new blood cells that are released into the circulation. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, white blood cells help fight infections, and platelets play a crucial role in blood clotting.

Bone marrow also serves as a site for immune cell development and maturation. It contains various types of immune cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which help protect the body against infections and diseases.

Abnormalities in bone marrow function can lead to several medical conditions, including anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and various types of cancer, such as leukemia and multiple myeloma. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are common diagnostic procedures used to evaluate bone marrow health and function.

In the field of dentistry, braces are devices used to align and straighten teeth and improve jaw position. They are typically made of metal or ceramic brackets that are bonded to the teeth, along with wires and rubber bands that apply pressure and move the teeth into proper alignment over time. The length of treatment with braces can vary but typically lasts from 1-3 years. Regular adjustments are necessary to ensure effective movement of the teeth.

The purpose of wearing braces is to correct malocclusions, such as overbites, underbites, crossbites, and open bites, as well as crowded or crooked teeth. This can lead to improved dental health, better oral function, and a more aesthetically pleasing smile. It's important to maintain good oral hygiene while wearing braces to prevent issues like tooth decay and gum disease. After the braces are removed, retainers may be used to maintain the new alignment of the teeth.

Patellar dislocation is a medical condition characterized by the displacement of the patella (kneecap) from its normal position in the femoral groove, which is a part of the femur (thighbone). This displacement usually occurs laterally, meaning that the patella moves toward the outer side of the knee.

Patellar dislocation can happen as a result of direct trauma or due to various factors that increase the laxity of the medial patellofemoral ligament and tightness of the lateral structures, leading to abnormal tracking of the patella. These factors include anatomical variations, muscle imbalances, genetic predisposition, or degenerative changes in the knee joint.

Dislocation of the patella can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty in moving the knee. In some cases, it might be associated with other injuries such as fractures or damage to the articular cartilage and surrounding soft tissues. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment, which may involve reduction, immobilization, physical therapy, bracing, or even surgery in severe cases.

Bone neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the bone. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign bone neoplasms do not spread to other parts of the body and are rarely a threat to life, although they may cause problems if they grow large enough to press on surrounding tissues or cause fractures. Malignant bone neoplasms, on the other hand, can invade and destroy nearby tissue and may spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.

There are many different types of bone neoplasms, including:

1. Osteochondroma - a benign tumor that develops from cartilage and bone
2. Enchondroma - a benign tumor that forms in the cartilage that lines the inside of the bones
3. Chondrosarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from cartilage
4. Osteosarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from bone cells
5. Ewing sarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops in the bones or soft tissues around the bones
6. Giant cell tumor of bone - a benign or occasionally malignant tumor that develops from bone tissue
7. Fibrosarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from fibrous tissue in the bone

The symptoms of bone neoplasms vary depending on the type, size, and location of the tumor. They may include pain, swelling, stiffness, fractures, or limited mobility. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the tumor but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.

Bone development, also known as ossification, is the process by which bone tissue is formed and grows. This complex process involves several different types of cells, including osteoblasts, which produce new bone matrix, and osteoclasts, which break down and resorb existing bone tissue.

There are two main types of bone development: intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification occurs when bone tissue forms directly from connective tissue, while endochondral ossification involves the formation of a cartilage model that is later replaced by bone.

During fetal development, most bones develop through endochondral ossification, starting as a cartilage template that is gradually replaced by bone tissue. However, some bones, such as those in the skull and clavicles, develop through intramembranous ossification.

Bone development continues after birth, with new bone tissue being laid down and existing tissue being remodeled throughout life. This ongoing process helps to maintain the strength and integrity of the skeleton, allowing it to adapt to changing mechanical forces and repair any damage that may occur.

Bone marrow cells are the types of cells found within the bone marrow, which is the spongy tissue inside certain bones in the body. The main function of bone marrow is to produce blood cells. There are two types of bone marrow: red and yellow. Red bone marrow is where most blood cell production takes place, while yellow bone marrow serves as a fat storage site.

The three main types of bone marrow cells are:

1. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs): These are immature cells that can differentiate into any type of blood cell, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. They have the ability to self-renew, meaning they can divide and create more hematopoietic stem cells.
2. Red blood cell progenitors: These are immature cells that will develop into mature red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
3. Myeloid and lymphoid white blood cell progenitors: These are immature cells that will develop into various types of white blood cells, which play a crucial role in the body's immune system by fighting infections and diseases. Myeloid progenitors give rise to granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monocytes, and megakaryocytes (which eventually become platelets). Lymphoid progenitors differentiate into B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.

Bone marrow cells are essential for maintaining a healthy blood cell count and immune system function. Abnormalities in bone marrow cells can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, or thrombocytosis, depending on the specific type of blood cell affected. Additionally, bone marrow cells are often used in transplantation procedures to treat patients with certain types of cancer, such as leukemia and lymphoma, or other hematologic disorders.

Foot deformities refer to abnormal changes in the structure and/or alignment of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, or tendons in the foot, leading to a deviation from the normal shape and function of the foot. These deformities can occur in various parts of the foot, such as the toes, arch, heel, or ankle, and can result in pain, difficulty walking, and reduced mobility. Some common examples of foot deformities include:

1. Hammertoes: A deformity where the toe bends downward at the middle joint, resembling a hammer.
2. Mallet toes: A condition where the end joint of the toe is bent downward, creating a mallet-like shape.
3. Claw toes: A combination of both hammertoes and mallet toes, causing all three joints in the toe to bend abnormally.
4. Bunions: A bony bump that forms on the inside of the foot at the base of the big toe, caused by the misalignment of the big toe joint.
5. Tailor's bunion (bunionette): A similar condition to a bunion but occurring on the outside of the foot, at the base of the little toe.
6. Flat feet (pes planus): A condition where the arch of the foot collapses, causing the entire sole of the foot to come into contact with the ground when standing or walking.
7. High arches (pes cavus): An excessively high arch that doesn't provide enough shock absorption and can lead to pain and instability.
8. Cavus foot: A condition characterized by a very high arch and tight heel cord, often leading to an imbalance in the foot structure and increased risk of ankle injuries.
9. Haglund's deformity: A bony enlargement on the back of the heel, which can cause pain and irritation when wearing shoes.
10. Charcot foot: A severe deformity that occurs due to nerve damage in the foot, leading to weakened bones, joint dislocations, and foot collapse.

Foot deformities can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life) due to various factors such as injury, illness, poor footwear, or abnormal biomechanics. Proper diagnosis, treatment, and management are essential for maintaining foot health and preventing further complications.

Bone transplantation, also known as bone grafting, is a surgical procedure in which bone or bone-like material is transferred from one part of the body to another or from one person to another. The graft may be composed of cortical (hard outer portion) bone, cancellous (spongy inner portion) bone, or a combination of both. It can be taken from different sites in the same individual (autograft), from another individual of the same species (allograft), or from an animal source (xenograft). The purpose of bone transplantation is to replace missing bone, provide structural support, and stimulate new bone growth. This procedure is commonly used in orthopedic, dental, and maxillofacial surgeries to repair bone defects caused by trauma, tumors, or congenital conditions.

Osteotomy is a surgical procedure in which a bone is cut to shorten, lengthen, or change its alignment. It is often performed to correct deformities or to realign bones that have been damaged by trauma or disease. The bone may be cut straight across (transverse osteotomy) or at an angle (oblique osteotomy). After the bone is cut, it can be realigned and held in place with pins, plates, or screws until it heals. This procedure is commonly performed on bones in the leg, such as the femur or tibia, but can also be done on other bones in the body.

Bone diseases is a broad term that refers to various medical conditions that affect the bones. These conditions can be categorized into several groups, including:

1. Developmental and congenital bone diseases: These are conditions that affect bone growth and development before or at birth. Examples include osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), achondroplasia (dwarfism), and cleidocranial dysostosis.
2. Metabolic bone diseases: These are conditions that affect the body's ability to maintain healthy bones. They are often caused by hormonal imbalances, vitamin deficiencies, or problems with mineral metabolism. Examples include osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease of bone.
3. Inflammatory bone diseases: These are conditions that cause inflammation in the bones. They can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, or other medical conditions. Examples include osteomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
4. Degenerative bone diseases: These are conditions that cause the bones to break down over time. They can be caused by aging, injury, or disease. Examples include osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis, and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH).
5. Tumors and cancers of the bone: These are conditions that involve abnormal growths in the bones. They can be benign or malignant. Examples include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma.
6. Fractures and injuries: While not strictly a "disease," fractures and injuries are common conditions that affect the bones. They can result from trauma, overuse, or weakened bones. Examples include stress fractures, compound fractures, and dislocations.

Overall, bone diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms, including pain, stiffness, deformity, and decreased mobility. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the specific diagnosis but may include medication, surgery, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes.

I believe you are referring to "bone pins" or "bone nails" rather than "bone nails." These terms are used in the medical field to describe surgical implants made of metal or biocompatible materials that are used to stabilize and hold together fractured bones during the healing process. They can also be used in spinal fusion surgery to provide stability and promote bone growth between vertebrae.

Bone pins or nails typically have a threaded or smooth shaft, with a small diameter that allows them to be inserted into the medullary canal of long bones such as the femur or tibia. They may also have a head or eyelet on one end that allows for attachment to external fixation devices or other surgical instruments.

The use of bone pins and nails has revolutionized orthopedic surgery, allowing for faster healing times, improved stability, and better functional outcomes for patients with fractures or spinal deformities.

Spinal curvatures refer to the normal or abnormal curvature patterns of the spine as viewed from the side. The human spine has four distinct curves that form an "S" shape when viewed from the side: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. These natural curves provide strength, flexibility, and balance to the spine, allowing us to stand upright, maintain proper posture, and absorb shock during movement.

Abnormal spinal curvatures are often referred to as spinal deformities and can be classified into two main categories: hyperkyphosis (increased kyphosis) and hyperlordosis (increased lordosis). Examples of such conditions include:

1. Kyphosis: An excessive curvature in the thoracic or sacral regions, leading to a hunchback or rounded appearance. Mild kyphosis is common and usually not problematic, but severe cases can cause pain, breathing difficulties, and neurological issues.
2. Lordosis: An abnormal increase in the curvature of the lumbar or cervical spine, resulting in an exaggerated swayback posture. This can lead to lower back pain, muscle strain, and difficulty maintaining proper balance.
3. Scoliosis: A lateral (side-to-side) spinal curvature that causes the spine to twist and rotate, forming a C or S shape when viewed from behind. Most scoliosis cases are idiopathic (of unknown cause), but they can also be congenital (present at birth) or secondary to other medical conditions.

These abnormal spinal curvatures may require medical intervention, such as physical therapy, bracing, or surgery, depending on the severity and progression of the condition.

A tibial fracture is a medical term that refers to a break in the shin bone, which is called the tibia. The tibia is the larger of the two bones in the lower leg and is responsible for supporting much of your body weight. Tibial fractures can occur in various ways, such as from high-energy trauma like car accidents or falls, or from low-energy trauma in individuals with weakened bones due to osteoporosis or other medical conditions.

Tibial fractures can be classified into different types based on the location, pattern, and severity of the break. Some common types of tibial fractures include:

1. Transverse fracture: A straight break that goes across the bone.
2. Oblique fracture: A diagonal break that slopes across the bone.
3. Spiral fracture: A break that spirals around the bone, often caused by twisting or rotational forces.
4. Comminuted fracture: A break where the bone is shattered into multiple pieces.
5. Open fracture: A break in which the bone pierces through the skin, increasing the risk of infection.
6. Closed fracture: A break in which the bone does not pierce through the skin.

Tibial fractures can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, bruising, deformity, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected leg. Treatment for tibial fractures may include immobilization with a cast or brace, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone with plates, screws, or rods, and rehabilitation to restore strength, mobility, and function to the injured limb.

A closed fracture, also known as a simple fracture, is a type of bone break where the skin remains intact and there is no open wound. The bone may be broken in such a way that it does not pierce the skin, but still requires medical attention for proper diagnosis, treatment, and healing. Closed fractures can range from hairline cracks to complete breaks and can occur due to various reasons, including trauma, overuse, or weakened bones. It is important to seek immediate medical care if a closed fracture is suspected, as improper healing can lead to long-term complications such as decreased mobility, chronic pain, or deformity.

The Quadriceps muscle, also known as the Quadriceps Femoris, is a large muscle group located in the front of the thigh. It consists of four individual muscles - the Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius, and Vastus Medialis. These muscles work together to extend the leg at the knee joint and flex the thigh at the hip joint. The Quadriceps muscle is crucial for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and kicking.

"Weight-bearing" is a term used in the medical field to describe the ability of a body part or limb to support the weight or pressure exerted upon it, typically while standing, walking, or performing other physical activities. In a clinical setting, healthcare professionals often use the term "weight-bearing exercise" to refer to physical activities that involve supporting one's own body weight, such as walking, jogging, or climbing stairs. These exercises can help improve bone density, muscle strength, and overall physical function, particularly in individuals with conditions affecting the bones, joints, or muscles.

In addition, "weight-bearing" is also used to describe the positioning of a body part during medical imaging studies, such as X-rays or MRIs. For example, a weight-bearing X-ray of the foot or ankle involves taking an image while the patient stands on the affected limb, allowing healthcare providers to assess any alignment or stability issues that may not be apparent in a non-weight-bearing position.

Bone plates are medical devices used in orthopedic surgery to stabilize and hold together fractured or broken bones during the healing process. They are typically made of surgical-grade stainless steel, titanium, or other biocompatible materials. The plate is shaped to fit the contour of the bone and is held in place with screws that are inserted through the plate and into the bone on either side of the fracture. This provides stability and alignment to the broken bones, allowing them to heal properly. Bone plates can be used to treat a variety of fractures, including those that are complex or unstable. After healing is complete, the bone plate may be left in place or removed, depending on the individual's needs and the surgeon's recommendation.

An external fixator is a type of orthopedic device used in the treatment of severe fractures or deformities of bones. It consists of an external frame that is attached to the bone with pins or wires that pass through the skin and into the bone. This provides stability to the injured area while allowing for alignment and adjustment of the bone during the healing process.

External fixators are typically used in cases where traditional casting or internal fixation methods are not feasible, such as when there is extensive soft tissue damage, infection, or when a limb needs to be gradually stretched or shortened. They can also be used in reconstructive surgery for bone defects or deformities.

The external frame of the fixator is made up of bars and clamps that are adjustable, allowing for precise positioning and alignment of the bones. The pins or wires that attach to the bone are carefully inserted through small incisions in the skin, and are held in place by the clamps on the frame.

External fixators can be used for a period of several weeks to several months, depending on the severity of the injury and the individual's healing process. During this time, the patient may require regular adjustments and monitoring by an orthopedic surgeon or other medical professional. Once the bone has healed sufficiently, the external fixator can be removed in a follow-up procedure.

Intramedullary fracture fixation is a surgical technique used to stabilize and align bone fractures. In this procedure, a metal rod or nail is inserted into the marrow cavity (intramedullary canal) of the affected bone, spanning the length of the fracture. The rod is then secured to the bone using screws or other fixation devices on either side of the fracture. This provides stability and helps maintain proper alignment during the healing process.

The benefits of intramedullary fixation include:

1. Load sharing: The intramedullary rod shares some of the load bearing capacity with the bone, which can help reduce stress on the healing bone.
2. Minimal soft tissue dissection: Since the implant is inserted through the medullary canal, there is less disruption to the surrounding muscles, tendons, and ligaments compared to other fixation methods.
3. Biomechanical stability: Intramedullary fixation provides rotational and bending stiffness, which helps maintain proper alignment of the fracture fragments during healing.
4. Early mobilization: Patients with intramedullary fixation can often begin weight bearing and rehabilitation exercises earlier than those with other types of fixation, leading to faster recovery times.

Common indications for intramedullary fracture fixation include long bone fractures in the femur, tibia, humerus, and fibula, as well as certain pelvic and spinal fractures. However, the choice of fixation method depends on various factors such as patient age, fracture pattern, location, and associated injuries.

Joint instability is a condition characterized by the loss of normal joint function and increased risk of joint injury due to impaired integrity of the supporting structures, such as ligaments, muscles, or cartilage. This can result in excessive movement or laxity within the joint, leading to decreased stability and increased susceptibility to dislocations or subluxations. Joint instability may cause pain, swelling, and limited range of motion, and it can significantly impact a person's mobility and quality of life. It is often caused by trauma, degenerative conditions, or congenital abnormalities and may require medical intervention, such as physical therapy, bracing, or surgery, to restore joint stability.

Bone regeneration is the biological process of new bone formation that occurs after an injury or removal of a portion of bone. This complex process involves several stages, including inflammation, migration and proliferation of cells, matrix deposition, and mineralization, leading to the restoration of the bone's structure and function.

The main cells involved in bone regeneration are osteoblasts, which produce new bone matrix, and osteoclasts, which resorb damaged or old bone tissue. The process is tightly regulated by various growth factors, hormones, and signaling molecules that promote the recruitment, differentiation, and activity of these cells.

Bone regeneration can occur naturally in response to injury or surgical intervention, such as fracture repair or dental implant placement. However, in some cases, bone regeneration may be impaired due to factors such as age, disease, or trauma, leading to delayed healing or non-union of the bone. In these situations, various strategies and techniques, including the use of bone grafts, scaffolds, and growth factors, can be employed to enhance and support the bone regeneration process.

Bone lengthening is a surgical procedure that involves cutting and then gradually stretching the bone apart, allowing new bone to grow in its place. This process is also known as distraction osteogenesis. The goal of bone lengthening is to increase the length of a bone, either to improve function or to correct a deformity.

The procedure typically involves making an incision in the skin over the bone and using specialized tools to cut through the bone. Once the bone is cut, a device called an external fixator is attached to the bone on either side of the cut. The external fixator is then gradually adjusted over time to slowly stretch the bone apart, creating a gap between the two ends of the bone. As the bone is stretched, new bone tissue begins to grow in the space between the two ends, eventually filling in the gap and lengthening the bone.

Bone lengthening can be used to treat a variety of conditions, including limb length discrepancies, congenital deformities, and injuries that result in bone loss. It is typically performed by an orthopedic surgeon and may require several months of follow-up care to ensure proper healing and growth of the new bone tissue.

Arthroplasty, replacement, knee is a surgical procedure where the damaged or diseased joint surface of the knee is removed and replaced with an artificial joint or prosthesis. The procedure involves resurfacing the worn-out ends of the femur (thigh bone) and tibia (shin bone) with metal components, and the back of the kneecap with a plastic button. This surgery is usually performed to relieve pain and restore function in patients with severe knee osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or traumatic injuries that have damaged the joint beyond repair. The goal of knee replacement surgery is to improve mobility, reduce pain, and enhance the quality of life for the patient.

Lordosis is a term used in the medical field to describe an excessive inward curvature of the spine. It most commonly occurs in the cervical (neck) and lumbar (lower back) regions. When it happens in the lower back, it's often referred to as swayback. While some degree of lordosis is normal and necessary for proper spinal alignment and movement, excessive curvature can lead to pain, discomfort, and difficulty with mobility. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including poor posture, obesity, pregnancy, and certain medical conditions such as kyphosis or spondylolisthesis.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

Articular Range of Motion (AROM) is a term used in physiotherapy and orthopedics to describe the amount of movement available in a joint, measured in degrees of a circle. It refers to the range through which synovial joints can actively move without causing pain or injury. AROM is assessed by measuring the degree of motion achieved by active muscle contraction, as opposed to passive range of motion (PROM), where the movement is generated by an external force.

Assessment of AROM is important in evaluating a patient's functional ability and progress, planning treatment interventions, and determining return to normal activities or sports participation. It is also used to identify any restrictions in joint mobility that may be due to injury, disease, or surgery, and to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.

Bone anteversion is a term used to describe the forward or anterior angulation of a bone, particularly in relation to the femur (thigh bone) and acetabulum (hip socket). It is a normal anatomical variation that can affect the alignment and movement of the hip joint.

In medical terminology, anteversion refers to the degree of forward tilt or angulation of a structure, such as a bone or joint surface. In the case of the femur, anteversion describes the angle at which the femoral neck (the narrow part of the thigh bone just below the ball-shaped femoral head) tilts forward in relation to the shaft of the femur.

Femoral anteversion is typically measured using radiographic imaging techniques such as X-rays or CT scans. Normal values for femoral anteversion vary depending on age and gender, but generally range from 10 to 20 degrees. Excessive anteversion (greater than 20 degrees) can cause the thigh to rotate inward, leading to abnormal gait patterns, hip pain, or other symptoms. Conversely, insufficient anteversion (less than 10 degrees) can increase the risk of hip dislocation and other joint injuries.

In some cases, femoral anteversion may be surgically corrected through procedures such as femoral derotation osteotomy, which involves cutting and realigning the femur to reduce excessive anteversion or increase insufficient anteversion. This can help improve hip function and alleviate symptoms associated with abnormal anteversion.

Bone matrix refers to the non-cellular component of bone that provides structural support and functions as a reservoir for minerals, such as calcium and phosphate. It is made up of organic and inorganic components. The organic component consists mainly of type I collagen fibers, which provide flexibility and tensile strength to the bone. The inorganic component is primarily composed of hydroxyapatite crystals, which give bone its hardness and compressive strength. Bone matrix also contains other proteins, growth factors, and signaling molecules that regulate bone formation, remodeling, and repair.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "shoes" are not a medical term. Shoes are items of footwear intended to protect and comfort the feet. They typically have a durable sole that provides protection from sharp objects, hot surfaces, and the effects of moisture. The upper part of a shoe can be made from various materials such as leather, plastic, or textiles, and is designed to provide coverage and support for the foot.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help!

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a medical procedure in which damaged or destroyed bone marrow is replaced with healthy bone marrow from a donor. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside bones that produces blood cells. The main types of BMT are autologous, allogeneic, and umbilical cord blood transplantation.

In autologous BMT, the patient's own bone marrow is used for the transplant. This type of BMT is often used in patients with lymphoma or multiple myeloma who have undergone high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy their cancerous bone marrow.

In allogeneic BMT, bone marrow from a genetically matched donor is used for the transplant. This type of BMT is often used in patients with leukemia, lymphoma, or other blood disorders who have failed other treatments.

Umbilical cord blood transplantation involves using stem cells from umbilical cord blood as a source of healthy bone marrow. This type of BMT is often used in children and adults who do not have a matched donor for allogeneic BMT.

The process of BMT typically involves several steps, including harvesting the bone marrow or stem cells from the donor, conditioning the patient's body to receive the new bone marrow or stem cells, transplanting the new bone marrow or stem cells into the patient's body, and monitoring the patient for signs of engraftment and complications.

BMT is a complex and potentially risky procedure that requires careful planning, preparation, and follow-up care. However, it can be a life-saving treatment for many patients with blood disorders or cancer.

A femoral fracture is a medical term that refers to a break in the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. The femur extends from the hip joint to the knee joint and is responsible for supporting the weight of the upper body and allowing movement of the lower extremity. Femoral fractures can occur due to various reasons such as high-energy trauma, low-energy trauma in individuals with weak bones (osteoporosis), or as a result of a direct blow to the thigh.

Femoral fractures can be classified into different types based on their location, pattern, and severity. Some common types of femoral fractures include:

1. Transverse fracture: A break that occurs straight across the bone.
2. Oblique fracture: A break that occurs at an angle across the bone.
3. Spiral fracture: A break that occurs in a helical pattern around the bone.
4. Comminuted fracture: A break that results in multiple fragments of the bone.
5. Open or compound fracture: A break in which the bone pierces through the skin.
6. Closed or simple fracture: A break in which the bone does not pierce through the skin.

Femoral fractures can cause severe pain, swelling, bruising, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected leg. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment may involve surgical intervention, including the use of metal rods, plates, or screws to stabilize the bone, followed by rehabilitation and physical therapy to restore mobility and strength.

Fracture healing is the natural process by which a broken bone repairs itself. When a fracture occurs, the body responds by initiating a series of biological and cellular events aimed at restoring the structural integrity of the bone. This process involves the formation of a hematoma (a collection of blood) around the fracture site, followed by the activation of inflammatory cells that help to clean up debris and prepare the area for repair.

Over time, specialized cells called osteoblasts begin to lay down new bone matrix, or osteoid, along the edges of the broken bone ends. This osteoid eventually hardens into new bone tissue, forming a bridge between the fracture fragments. As this process continues, the callus (a mass of newly formed bone and connective tissue) gradually becomes stronger and more compact, eventually remodeling itself into a solid, unbroken bone.

The entire process of fracture healing can take several weeks to several months, depending on factors such as the severity of the injury, the patient's age and overall health, and the location of the fracture. In some cases, medical intervention may be necessary to help promote healing or ensure proper alignment of the bone fragments. This may include the use of casts, braces, or surgical implants such as plates, screws, or rods.

A dislocation is a condition in which a bone slips out of its normal position in a joint. This can happen as a result of trauma or injury, such as a fall or direct blow to the body. Dislocations can cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected area. In some cases, a dislocation may also damage surrounding tissues, such as ligaments, tendons, and nerves.

Dislocations are typically treated by reducing the dislocation, which means putting the bone back into its normal position. This is usually done with the help of medication to relieve pain and relaxation techniques to help the person stay still during the reduction. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissues or if the dislocation cannot be reduced through other methods. After the dislocation has been reduced, the joint may be immobilized with a splint or sling to allow it to heal properly.

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect that you have a dislocation. If left untreated, a dislocation can lead to further complications, such as joint instability and chronic pain.

The fibula is a slender bone located in the lower leg of humans and other vertebrates. It runs parallel to the larger and more robust tibia, and together they are known as the bones of the leg or the anterior tibial segment. The fibula is the lateral bone in the leg, positioned on the outside of the tibia.

In humans, the fibula extends from the knee joint proximally to the ankle joint distally. Its proximal end, called the head of the fibula, articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia and forms part of the inferior aspect of the knee joint. The narrowed portion below the head is known as the neck of the fibula.

The shaft of the fibula, also called the body of the fibula, is a long, thin structure that descends from the neck and serves primarily for muscle attachment rather than weight-bearing functions. The distal end of the fibula widens to form the lateral malleolus, which is an important bony landmark in the ankle region. The lateral malleolus articulates with the talus bone of the foot and forms part of the ankle joint.

The primary functions of the fibula include providing attachment sites for muscles that act on the lower leg, ankle, and foot, as well as contributing to the stability of the ankle joint through its articulation with the talus bone. Fractures of the fibula can occur due to various injuries, such as twisting or rotational forces applied to the ankle or direct trauma to the lateral aspect of the lower leg.

The menisci are crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structures located in the knee joint. There are two menisci in each knee: the medial meniscus and the lateral meniscus. The tibial menisci, also known as the medial and lateral menisci, are named according to their location in the knee joint. They lie on the top surface of the tibia (shin bone) and provide shock absorption, stability, and lubrication to the knee joint.

The tibial menisci have a complex shape, with a wider outer portion called the peripheral rim and a narrower inner portion called the central portion or root attachment. The menisci are attached to the bones of the knee joint by ligaments and have a rich blood supply in their outer portions, which helps in healing after injury. However, the inner two-thirds of the menisci have a poor blood supply, making them more prone to degeneration and less likely to heal after injury.

Damage to the tibial menisci can occur due to trauma or degenerative changes, leading to symptoms such as pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited mobility of the knee joint. Treatment for meniscal injuries may include physical therapy, bracing, or surgery, depending on the severity and location of the injury.

Fracture fixation, internal, is a surgical procedure where a fractured bone is fixed using metal devices such as plates, screws, or rods that are implanted inside the body. This technique helps to maintain the alignment and stability of the broken bone while it heals. The implants may be temporarily or permanently left inside the body, depending on the nature and severity of the fracture. Internal fixation allows for early mobilization and rehabilitation, which can result in a faster recovery and improved functional outcome.

The ankle joint, also known as the talocrural joint, is the articulation between the bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula) and the talus bone in the foot. It is a synovial hinge joint that allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion movements, which are essential for walking, running, and jumping. The ankle joint is reinforced by strong ligaments on both sides to provide stability during these movements.

A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a type of congenital heart defect that involves a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart, the ventricles. This defect allows oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to mix with deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle, leading to inefficient oxygenation of the body's tissues. The size and location of the hole can vary, and symptoms may range from none to severe, depending on the size of the defect and the amount of blood that is able to shunt between the ventricles. Small VSDs may close on their own over time, while larger defects usually require medical intervention, such as medication or surgery, to prevent complications like pulmonary hypertension and heart failure.

Bone substitutes are materials that are used to replace missing or damaged bone in the body. They can be made from a variety of materials, including natural bone from other parts of the body or from animals, synthetic materials, or a combination of both. The goal of using bone substitutes is to provide structural support and promote the growth of new bone tissue.

Bone substitutes are often used in dental, orthopedic, and craniofacial surgery to help repair defects caused by trauma, tumors, or congenital abnormalities. They can also be used to augment bone volume in procedures such as spinal fusion or joint replacement.

There are several types of bone substitutes available, including:

1. Autografts: Bone taken from another part of the patient's body, such as the hip or pelvis.
2. Allografts: Bone taken from a deceased donor and processed to remove any cells and infectious materials.
3. Xenografts: Bone from an animal source, typically bovine or porcine, that has been processed to remove any cells and infectious materials.
4. Synthetic bone substitutes: Materials such as calcium phosphate ceramics, bioactive glass, and polymer-based materials that are designed to mimic the properties of natural bone.

The choice of bone substitute material depends on several factors, including the size and location of the defect, the patient's medical history, and the surgeon's preference. It is important to note that while bone substitutes can provide structural support and promote new bone growth, they may not have the same strength or durability as natural bone. Therefore, they may not be suitable for all applications, particularly those that require high load-bearing capacity.

A knee prosthesis, also known as a knee replacement or artificial knee joint, is a medical device used to replace the damaged or diseased weight-bearing surfaces of the knee joint. It typically consists of three components: the femoral component (made of metal) that fits over the end of the thighbone (femur), the tibial component (often made of metal and plastic) that fits into the top of the shinbone (tibia), and a patellar component (usually made of plastic) that replaces the damaged surface of the kneecap.

The primary goal of knee prosthesis is to relieve pain, restore function, and improve quality of life for individuals with advanced knee joint damage due to conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or traumatic injuries. The procedure to implant a knee prosthesis is called knee replacement surgery or total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Metabolic bone diseases are a group of conditions that affect the bones and are caused by disorders in the body's metabolism. These disorders can result in changes to the bone structure, density, and strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures and other complications. Some common examples of metabolic bone diseases include:

1. Osteoporosis: a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones that are more likely to break, often as a result of age-related bone loss or hormonal changes.
2. Paget's disease of bone: a chronic disorder that causes abnormal bone growth and deformities, leading to fragile and enlarged bones.
3. Osteomalacia: a condition caused by a lack of vitamin D or problems with the body's ability to absorb it, resulting in weak and soft bones.
4. Hyperparathyroidism: a hormonal disorder that causes too much parathyroid hormone to be produced, leading to bone loss and other complications.
5. Hypoparathyroidism: a hormonal disorder that results in low levels of parathyroid hormone, causing weak and brittle bones.
6. Renal osteodystrophy: a group of bone disorders that occur as a result of chronic kidney disease, including osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and high turnover bone disease.

Treatment for metabolic bone diseases may include medications to improve bone density and strength, dietary changes, exercise, and lifestyle modifications. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct bone deformities or fractures.

A bone fracture is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of a bone due to external or internal forces. Fractures can occur in any bone in the body and can vary in severity from a small crack to a shattered bone. The symptoms of a bone fracture typically include pain, swelling, bruising, deformity, and difficulty moving the affected limb. Treatment for a bone fracture may involve immobilization with a cast or splint, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or medication to manage pain and prevent infection. The specific treatment approach will depend on the location, type, and severity of the fracture.

Spinal fusion is a surgical procedure where two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together to create a solid bone. The purpose of this procedure is to restrict movement between the fused vertebrae, which can help reduce pain and stabilize the spine. This is typically done using bone grafts or bone graft substitutes, along with hardware such as rods, screws, or cages to hold the vertebrae in place while they heal together. The procedure may be recommended for various spinal conditions, including degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, or fractures.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors that play crucial roles in the development, growth, and repair of bones and other tissues. They belong to the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily and were first discovered when researchers found that certain proteins extracted from demineralized bone matrix had the ability to induce new bone formation.

BMPs stimulate the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, which are the cells responsible for bone formation. They also promote the recruitment and proliferation of these cells, enhancing the overall process of bone regeneration. In addition to their role in bone biology, BMPs have been implicated in various other biological processes, including embryonic development, wound healing, and the regulation of fat metabolism.

There are several types of BMPs (BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-7, etc.) that exhibit distinct functions and expression patterns. Due to their ability to stimulate bone formation, recombinant human BMPs have been used in clinical applications, such as spinal fusion surgery and non-healing fracture treatment. However, the use of BMPs in medicine has been associated with certain risks and complications, including uncontrolled bone growth, inflammation, and cancer development, which necessitates further research to optimize their therapeutic potential.

In medical terms, the foot is the part of the lower limb that is distal to the leg and below the ankle, extending from the tarsus to the toes. It is primarily responsible for supporting body weight and facilitating movement through push-off during walking or running. The foot is a complex structure made up of 26 bones, 33 joints, and numerous muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves that work together to provide stability, balance, and flexibility. It can be divided into three main parts: the hindfoot, which contains the talus and calcaneus (heel) bones; the midfoot, which includes the navicular, cuboid, and cuneiform bones; and the forefoot, which consists of the metatarsals and phalanges that form the toes.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Articular cartilage is the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints. It provides a cushion between bones and allows for smooth movement by reducing friction. Articular cartilage also absorbs shock and distributes loads evenly across the joint, protecting the bones from damage. It is avascular, meaning it does not have its own blood supply, and relies on the surrounding synovial fluid for nutrients. Over time, articular cartilage can wear down or become damaged due to injury or disease, leading to conditions such as osteoarthritis.

Gait is a medical term used to describe the pattern of movement of the limbs during walking or running. It includes the manner or style of walking, including factors such as rhythm, speed, and step length. A person's gait can provide important clues about their physical health and neurological function, and abnormalities in gait may indicate the presence of underlying medical conditions, such as neuromuscular disorders, orthopedic problems, or injuries.

A typical human gait cycle involves two main phases: the stance phase, during which the foot is in contact with the ground, and the swing phase, during which the foot is lifted and moved forward in preparation for the next step. The gait cycle can be further broken down into several sub-phases, including heel strike, foot flat, midstance, heel off, and toe off.

Gait analysis is a specialized field of study that involves observing and measuring a person's gait pattern using various techniques, such as video recordings, force plates, and motion capture systems. This information can be used to diagnose and treat gait abnormalities, improve mobility and function, and prevent injuries.

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP-2) is a growth factor that belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily. It plays a crucial role in bone and cartilage formation, as well as in the regulation of wound healing and embryonic development. BMP-2 stimulates the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, which are cells responsible for bone formation.

BMP-2 has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a medical device to promote bone growth in certain spinal fusion surgeries and in the treatment of open fractures that have not healed properly. It is usually administered in the form of a collagen sponge soaked with recombinant human BMP-2 protein, which is a laboratory-produced version of the natural protein.

While BMP-2 has shown promising results in some clinical applications, its use is not without risks and controversies. Some studies have reported adverse effects such as inflammation, ectopic bone formation, and increased rates of cancer, which have raised concerns about its safety and efficacy. Therefore, it is essential to weigh the benefits and risks of BMP-2 therapy on a case-by-case basis and under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.

Correct measurement of bone malalignment with a CT scan is vital when considering an osteotomies in fixing rotational ... Bone malrotation refers to the situation that results when a bone heals out of rotational alignment from another bone, or part ... It is difficult to assess and diagnose the rotational malalignment of a bone after an operation, and many methodologies have ... Jaarsma, R, van Kampen, A. (2004). "Rotational malalignment after fractures of the femur". The Journal of Bone and Joint ...
Patella Grelsamer, RP: Patellar Malalignment - Current Concepts. J Bone Joint Surg. 82A:1639-1650, 2000 v t e (Articles with ... Typically, as the knee cap sits in the joint, it is stimulated to growth by abrasion from the opposing bones. When not situated ...
v t e v t e (Bones, Upper limb anatomy, All stub articles, Musculoskeletal system stubs, Standards and measurement stubs). ... The glenopolar angle (GPA) is a measure for the rotational malalignment of the glenoid about an anteroposterior (front-to-back ... 2001). "Scapular neck fracture - the influence of permanent malalignment of the glenoid neck on clinical outcome". Archives of ...
Scaphoid fracture non-union changes the shape of the scaphoid bone and results in DISI malalignment. Scaphoid Non-union ... Wrist Metacarpus Digits The wrist consists of eight small carpal bones. Each of these carpal bones has a different size and ... In the case of a SNAC, the scaphoid can be reconstructed by fixating the scaphoid with a screw or by placing a bone graft ( ... They contribute towards the stability of the wrist and are ranked in two rows, each consisting of four bones.[citation needed] ...
This causes more bone resorption than formation. Additionally, women tend to have smaller bones and lower bone mass than men, ... The deterioration of locomotive components leads to symptoms such as pain, limitation in joint mobility, malalignment, balance ... Bone density level decreases as the level of oestrogen, a hormone essential for healthy bones, drops after menopause. ... Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption in the gut and vitamin K plays a role in the formation of bones and the maintenance of ...
Additional complications from the hip replacement system may include increased metal ion levels in the blood, bone staining, ... DePuy identified reasons for the failure of the hip replacement system as component loosening, component malalignment, ... infection, fracture of the bone, dislocation, metal sensitivity and pain. ...
Paley, Dror (1994). Malalignment and Realignment of the Lower Extremity. W.B. Saunders Company. Zorzi, Alessandro Rozim; Rosén ... Paley, Dror; Birch, John; Prince, Daniel (2017). Congenital Deficiencies of the Long Bones: Reconstruction of Congenital ... Treatment Using Biphosphonate Intravenous Infusion and Bone Morphogenic Protein with Periosteal and Cancellous Autogenous Bone ... where bone is separated from itself using an Ilizarov apparatus and regrows into the created gap over time. Paley is credited ...
... and corrective osteotomies conducted basically to restore sagittal and rotational malalignment of bones. Orthopedic surgery is ... The need for lifelong physiotherapy for muscle tone, bone structure and preventing joint dislocation has been debated in terms ... Multilevel orthopedic surgery may include soft tissue as tendon lengthening or transfer and/or bony surgery as corrective bone ... Whole-body vibration might improve speed, gross motor function and femur bone density in children with cerebral palsy. Aquatic ...
S-like curvature of the leg bones is another feature of Melnick-Needles syndrome. The connection between the femur and hip bone ... Patients with Melnick-Needles syndrome have typical faces (exophthalmos, full cheeks, micrognathia and malalignment of teeth), ... flaring of the metaphyses of long bones, s-like curvature of bones of legs, irregular constrictions in the ribs, and sclerosis ... Melnick, J. C.; Needles, C. F. (1966). "An Undiagnosed Bone Dysplasia". American Journal of Roentgenology. 97 (1): 39-48. doi: ...
... there were low levels of IGF-1 and markedly retarded bone age. This disorder is caused by an abnormality of the TBCE gene, the ... tapering fingers and clinodactyly Dental anomalies in the form of malalignment and malocclusion In another study of six ...
If the carpal bones are aligned, both lines will intersect within the carpal bones. If the carpal bones are not aligned, both ... Various kinds of information can be obtained from X-rays of the wrist: Lateral view Carpal malalignment - A line is drawn along ... Greenstick fractures are a bone that is broken only on one side and the bone bows to the other side. Greenstick fractures are ... Complete fractures, where the bone is completely broken, are unstable. In a complete fracture the bone can be misaligned. For a ...
A meniscus transplant or meniscal transplant is a transplant of the meniscus of the knee, which separates the thigh bone (femur ... In the same paper, the success of meniscus transplantation was not affected by mal-alignment. Meniscal allograft processing, ... Some surgeons leave the allograft anchored to its bony attachments and fix these bone bridges or plugs into size matched slots ... A thirty-year follow-up". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 82 (2): 217-21. doi:10.1302/0301-620x. ...
This syndrome affects mainly tubular bones, though it can also involve the vertebrae, small joints, and flat bones. The disease ... However, in extreme cases such as severe malalignment of the fingers and toes, surgery can be used to remove the ... bone deformity can occur. Osteochondromas are benign tumors located on the surface of bone near growth plates. These tumors ... People with metachondromatosis often experience bone pain due to abnormal bone shapes.[citation needed] Cranial nerve paralysis ...
After part of the bone is removed, there is a space that may need to be filled. Some prefer using a graft or bone substitute, ... When ligaments are involved, but the ACL deficiency is chronic and pain is due to arthritis and malalignment, HTO alone should ... Bone can also be taken from the hip of the patient to use as a graft. This has a lower complication rate so is considered in ... To expose the bone, the fascia of the anterior compartment is cut near the anterior tibial crest and the anterior tibialis is ...
It was titled Bones and the Man: Studies in Honour of Don Brothwell, was edited by Keith Dobney and Terry O'Connor, and ... "Malocclusion and methodology: The problem and relevance of dental malalignment in animals." International Journal of ... 2002). Bones and the man: studies in honour of Don Brothwell. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1842170601. Maat, George J. R. ( ... Digging up Bones. Third Edition. New York: Cornell University Press. 1988. "Smut, scab and pox: disease and environmental ...
The abnormal stress causes the body to form new bone in order to compensate for the new weight distribution. This abnormal ... Fusion surgery: Performed when there is evidence of spinal instability or mal-alignment. Use of instrumentation (such as ... removal of lamina with a bone graft or metal plate as replacement) or laminectomy (removal of lamina without any replacement) ... weight bearing from bone displacement will cause spondylosis to occur. Poor postures and loss of the normal spinal curves can ...
The bones that make up the knee are the femur, patella, tibia, and fibula. In the posterolateral corner, the bony landmarks of ... Chronic PLC injuries are less likely to be amenable to repair due to complications from scar tissue and limb malalignment; ... J Bone Joint Surg. 1987;69A: 233-242 Grood ES, Stowers SF, Noyes FR: Limits of movement in the human knee: Effect of sectioning ... J Bone Joint Surg. 1988;70A: 88-97 Veltri DM, Deng XH, Torzilli PA, et al: The role of the popliteofibular ligament in ...
"Miami Orthopedics & Sports Medicine Institute First to use Innovative Device to Treat Long Bone Injuries". Baptist Health South ... fixed-bearing cruciate-substituting total knee implant in knee malalignment during activities of daily living: A finite element ...
The result is synovial irritation and inflammation and subchondral bony changes in the distal femur or patella known as "bone ... Increased levels of physical activity Malalignment of the patella as it moves through the femoral groove Quadriceps muscle ... Rodriguez-Merchan EC (March 2014). "Evidence Based Conservative Management of Patello-femoral Syndrome". The Archives of Bone ...
Dubbed the "bone growing appliance", this contraption was theorized to encourage healthier bone growth, due to its potential ... Ignoring occlusal relationships, it was typical to remove teeth for a variety of dental issues such as malalignment or ... The bone is broken during surgery and is stabilized with titanium (or bioresorbable) plates and screws to allow for healing to ... Treatment usually begins before a person reaches adulthood, insofar as pre-adult bones may be adjusted more easily before ...
ISBN 0-89203-002-X. Colvin AC, West RV (Dec 2008). "Patellar instability". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 90 (12): 2751-62. doi:10.2106/ ... especially indicated in patient with miserable malalignment syndrome or medial collapse. Several patellar braces or taping ...
"Bone spurs Causes - Mayo Clinic". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2017-01-04. Lou, C.; Chen, H-L.; Feng, X-Z.; Xiang, G-H.; Zhu, S-P.; ... causing facet joint malalignment and arthritis; scoliosis; cervical hyperlordosis; thoracic hyperkyphosis; lumbar hyperlordosis ... A bone graft, and in some cases a metal plate and screws, is used to stabilize the spine. Dynamic Stabilisation: Following a ... This can cause issues if the bone spurs start to grow into the spinal canal and put pressure on the spinal cord and surrounding ...
Malalignment of pelvic and/or back joints. Struggle to sit or stand. Pain may also radiate down the inner thighs. Waddling or ... apparent suddenly after parturition or gradually during pregnancy and permitting a degree of mobility of the pelvic bones which ...
... such as malalignment of the pinna (Peterson-Falzone et al., 2001). Literature has suggested that persons with Crouzon syndrome ... temporal bone, and audiologic abnormalities in the spectrum of hemifacial microsomia". Archives of Otolaryngology. 127 (3): 265 ... and incomplete pneumatization of the temporal bone. Rahbar et al. (2001) found that 95% of individuals with this syndrome have ...
The angle normally has volar tilt of 11° to 12°. The most common fracture pattern usually demonstrates malalignment of this ... Bone fractures, Medical classification). ...
The humerus (a.k.a. the arm bone) The arm bone is from the point of shoulder to the elbow, it is covered in heavy muscle and ... Often a result of a short back, or injury or malalignment of the lumbar vertebrae. Often accompanied by less-developed loin ... Light-Framed/Fine Boned [31] Substance of long bones is slight and thin relative to the size & mass of the horse. Especially ... Insufficient Bone Measuring the circumference of the top of the cannon bone, just below the knee, gives an estimation of the ...
Score of 1 represents minor malalignment: rotation of less than 45º and displacement of less than 1.5mm Score of 2 represents ... relationship between the registered onset of orthodontic treatment and disorders inhibiting growth of facial and alveolar bones ... 2 types of malalignment are being measured, rotation and displacement. Rotation is defined as the angle formed by the line ... major malalignment: rotation of more than 45º and displacement of more than 1.5mm This index was proposed in 1960 by Harry L. ...
Lupus erythematosus Madarosis Malalignment of the nail plate Male-pattern baldness Marie-Unna hereditary hypotrichosis (Marie- ... Break-bone fever) Disseminated herpes zoster Eczema herpeticum (Kaposi's varicelliform eruption) Eczema vaccinatum ...
Rastetter B, Wright S, Gheduzzi S, Miles A, Clift S. The influence of tibial component malalignment on bone strain in revision ... Rastetter, B., Wright, S., Gheduzzi, S., Miles, A., & Clift, S. (2016). The influence of tibial component malalignment on bone ... Rastetter, B, Wright, S, Gheduzzi, S, Miles, A & Clift, S 2016, The influence of tibial component malalignment on bone strain ... The influence of tibial component malalignment on bone strain in revision total knee replacement. In: Proceedings of the ...
J Bone Joint Surg Am 101(4):338-352. Article PubMed Google Scholar ... Adherence to the Obeid coronal malalignment classification and a residual malalignment below 20 mm can improve surgical ... Shimizu, T., Yagi, M., Suzuki, S. et al. How coronal malalignment affects the surgical outcome in corrective spine surgery for ... How coronal malalignment affects the surgical outcome in corrective spine surgery for adult symptomatic lumbar deformity. *Case ...
Correct measurement of bone malalignment with a CT scan is vital when considering an osteotomies in fixing rotational ... Bone malrotation refers to the situation that results when a bone heals out of rotational alignment from another bone, or part ... It is difficult to assess and diagnose the rotational malalignment of a bone after an operation, and many methodologies have ... Jaarsma, R, van Kampen, A. (2004). "Rotational malalignment after fractures of the femur". The Journal of Bone and Joint ...
Bone Malalignment / diagnosis* * Bone Malalignment / physiopathology* * Exercise Test / methods* * Female * Humans * Knee Joint ...
Little room for malalignment exists in the lower cervical spine, and safe and expeditious realignment is of the utmost priority ... Thad Andrew Riddle, MD Orthopedic Surgeon and Partner, Georgia Bone and Joint Surgeons. Thad Andrew Riddle, MD is a member of ... J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 Mar. 92 Suppl 1 Pt 1:67-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Although malalignment can be managed initially with cervical tong traction, definitive surgical stabilization, with or without ...
Association of bone scintigraphic abnormalities with knee malalignment and pain. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Nov. 68(11):1673-9. [QxMD ... Bone Scanning. Bone scans may be helpful in the early diagnosis of osteoarthritis of the hand. [9] Bone scans in osteoarthritis ... In contrast, bone scans are often negative in the early stages of multiple myeloma, a cause of bone pain in older adults that ... Bone scans also can help to differentiate osteoarthritis from osteomyelitis and bone metastases. ...
... reduced bone strength, reduced hematopoiesis, dental dysplasia, and tooth malalignment; and decreased neonatal growth. At birth ... Increased risk of broken bones, including broken bones in the spine, after stopping, skipping or delaying Prolia. Talk with ... treatment with Prolia resulted in significant suppression of bone remodeling as evidenced by markers of bone turnover and bone ... thereby decreasing bone resorption and increasing bone mass and strength in both cortical and trabecular bone. ...
13:10 - Malalignment Axial Deviation. 23:00 - IT Band Release. 30:30 - Bone Marrow and Reaming of Canal ... Bones unique morphology and anatomical design 49:15 - Manipulating bone in different cultures 56:10 - Limb Lengthening as we ... Background on bone 23:30 - Bone is "intelligent" tissue 27:50 - Gavril Ilizarovs early days 31:15 - Ilizarov relocated to ... Birkholtz joins the show49:00 - Josie on her Exogen bone stimulator50:50 - Pain from bowlegs and why should be corrected54:20 ...
13:10 - Malalignment Axial Deviation. 23:00 - IT Band Release. 30:30 - Bone Marrow and Reaming of Canal ... Bones unique morphology and anatomical design 49:15 - Manipulating bone in different cultures 56:10 - Limb Lengthening as we ... Background on bone 23:30 - Bone is "intelligent" tissue 27:50 - Gavril Ilizarovs early days 31:15 - Ilizarov relocated to ... Birkholtz joins the show49:00 - Josie on her Exogen bone stimulator50:50 - Pain from bowlegs and why should be corrected54:20 ...
... the absence of lateral cortical bone support (B, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.29 to 1.37), frontal-plane varus malalignment (B, 0.6; 95% CI, ... the absence of lateral cortical bone support (B, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.29 to 1.37), frontal-plane varus malalignment (B, 0.6; 95% CI, ... Subsidence was associated with the absence of posterior cortical bone support (B, -0.7; 95% CI, -1.09 to -0.28), ... Subsidence was associated with the absence of posterior cortical bone support (B, -0.7; 95% CI, -1.09 to -0.28), ...
Malalignment of the femoral component of up to 10° and of the tibial component of up to 5° is considered acceptable. In the ... J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 2005, 87: 1488-1492. 10.1302/0301-620X.87B11.16324. ... J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 2001, 83: 191-194. 10.1302/0301-620X.83B2.10966. ... J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 2006, 88: 54-60. 10.1302/0301-620X.88B1.17114. ...
The bones in your finger joints are covered with cartilage. Cartilage is a very tough shock absorbing material. The cartilage ... This can lead to joint malalignment and deformity. Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the most serious and disabling types of ... Texas Orthopedics provides comprehensive orthopedic care by offering on-site X-ray, MRIs, bone density scans, physical and ... The hand above your fingers is made up of five metacarpal bones. Your metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints are located at the base ...
... is a systemic inflammatory disease that results in cartilage and bone destruction. RA is characterized by a typical pattern and ... Association of bone edema with the progression of bone erosions quantified by hand magnetic resonance imaging in patients with ... The forces of tendon imbalance and capsular contraction result in joint subluxation and malalignment. Characteristic ... MRI is clearly superior to radiography in the early detection of bone erosions. MRI is more sensitive to bone marrow edema. ...
... the fatigue fracture of the base plate due to loss of bony support most likely secondary to osteolysis was varus malalignment ... After removal of the fractured tray, a bone deficit due to osteolysis was noted. The revision prosthesis (LCCK, Zimmer-Biomet) ... We speculate that the malalignment of implants causes polyethylene wear and osteolysis, resulting in a bone deficit ... There was no evidence of bone ingrowth at the undersurface of the posterior fragment of the tibial tray, although bone ingrowth ...
A persons weight or bone malalignment are also contributing factors. Our new treatment paradigm. ... The damaged cartilage at the ends of your bones can be regenerated using an advanced surgical technique called a paste graft ... Arthritis the inflammatory disease: characterized by inflammation of joints that leads to destruction of the bone and cartilage ... Rubbing against the exposed bone produces the symptomatic pain, inflammation, swelling, and stiffness. This is osteoarthritis ( ...
Ventral techniques include cross-pinning, trans-articular screws, a combination of pins or screws and bone cement, or bone ... Inadequate reduction or mal-alignment of the spine. Implants can be positioned incorrectly causing chronic pain or impingement ... Improper positioning can be a problem due to the small amount of bone available to engage the pins or screws, and a very small ... Figures 4a & 4b: Post-operative radiographs of stabilization using combination of screws and bone cement to form a bridge ...
The hardened bone, being less resilient, leads to further cartilage damage, facilitating osteoarthritic change. ... Abnormal force distribution on cartilage caused by injury, malalignment, meniscectomy, or muscle dysfunction eventually leads ... LaneNEOehlertJWBlochDAFriesJFThe relationship of running to osteoarthritis of the knee and hip and bone mineral density of the ... Articular cartilage does not absorb the remaining force, but redistributes it to bone. ...
Treatment of bone metastase.. *Bone and joint infections. Acute osteomyelitis (symptoms, examination, treatment). Chronic ... Malalignment of extremities (coxa valga, coxa vara, anteverta, genua vara, valga). Static deformities of foot (flat foot, ... Hip arthroplasty (materials, bone cement, types, procedures, physioterapy after the operation, complications). Knee ...
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume JO - J Bone Joint Surg Am VL - 89 IS - 2 N2 - BACKGROUND: Despite the ... Despite the use of modern instruments in total knee arthroplasty, component malalignment remains a problem. Whether a computer- ... J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(2):236-43.. Matziolis, G., Krocker, D., Weiss, U., Tohtz, S., & Perka, C. (2007). A prospective, ... Three-dimensional Evaluation of Implant Alignment and Rotation." The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume, vol. ...
Categories Bones, Hand Tags Arthritis, Arthroscopy, Hand, Hip, Muscles Tendons, Nerves, Spine, Wrist MP Joint Locking ... tendon imbalances and joint malalignment must be corrected;. - implant arthroplasty for both the MP and PIP joints of the same ... Bones. » Hand. » MP Joint Arthroplasty. MP Joint Arthroplasty. - See: MP joint in RA ... bone ends are smoothed;. - synovectomy and soft tissue release completed;. - do not broach the metacarpal at this point (broach ...
... bone-eroding cells). This allows the osteoblasts (bone-building cells) to work more effectively. Following this injection there ... or malalignment at the pubic symphysis. ... An MRI scan may also be helpful as they clearly depict bone ... This drug is usually prescribed by a rheumatology consultant with the aim of treating osteoporosis (brittle bones). ... are advocated by some but this may not help the healing process if the damage is to the bone. In cases where bony damage is ...
... shin bone), or tibial tubercle (the top, front of the shin bone). ... If the malalignment causes or contributes to pain, an osteotomy ... The most common osteotomy procedures of the knee include the femur (thigh bone), tibia (shin bone), or tibial tubercle (the top ... Occasionally, people can develop malalignment. This can be caused by trauma or by normal wear and tear. It can also be a ... In this procedure, the malaligned bone is cut, realigned and secured with a plate. ...
... because the kneecap is not supported as strongly by bones in this range. Ultimately, this malalignment will result in pain and ... It then glides along a special groove on the thigh bone as if on a track. If the patella is misaligned or too much strain or ... The underlying causes can range from malalignment such as patellar tracking disorder up to damaged cartilage. The latter ...
As a result, the muscles and bones are always in malalignment. This causes issues such as muscle imbalance and could ... It could be structural, where the lower limb bones are different in length. This causes an imbalance in the hips, and hence a ... Malalignment. Everything in the body is connected, and your feet are your foundation. ... Strong, supportive footwear with increased cushioning can assist with providing a good stable base, prevent malalignment, and ...
The SI joint in the pelvis may cause pain due to abnormal motion or malalignment. 5 Raj MA, Varacallo M. Sacroiliac (SI) Joint ... The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2017;99(23):2027-2036. doi:10.2106/jbjs.17.00245 : ... The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2017;99(23):2027-2036. doi:10.2106/jbjs.17.00245 ...
I learned that my leg bones were slowly twisting out of alignment, and would require multiple surgeries, weeks out of school, ... with biomedical engineering began in 8th grade as a 13-year-old diagnosed with a rare condition called Miserable Malalignment ...
Spondylolisthesis: A vertebral malalignment, most commonly involving a bone (vertebra) slipping forward onto the bone below it. ...
Bone marrow lesions are one likely culprit for fluctuating and worsening OA pain, especially in patients with knee malalignment ... Bone marrow lesions may fluctuate in a short timeframe in knees with OA, even over six weeks. Bone marrow, subchondral bone and ... bone marrow lesions reflect bone that has undergone trauma, with microfractures and evidence of injury and repair. Bone marrow ... "Bone marrow lesions are a good structural target for treatment.". Knee pain severity decreases with bone marrow shrinkage or ...
The ligaments were considered, over several centuries, as the major restraints of the joints, keeping the associated bones in ... position and preventing instability, e.g. their separation from each other and/or mal-alignment. This project, conducted over ...
  • It often occurs as the result of a surgical complication after a fracture where intramedullary nailing (IMN) occurs, especially in the femur and tibial bones, but can also occur genetically at birth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Currently, the utilisation of locked intramedullary nailing, has reduced the occurrence of rotational malalignment during fracture healing, yet femoral malrotation continues to remain very prevalent due to surgeon's inability to reliably restore the pre-injury alignment during operation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Osteoporotic bone is more susceptible to a fracture, which may occur with even minor trauma. (hss.edu)
  • Overview of Fractures A fracture is a break in a bone. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Lameness, draining tracts, delayed bone healing, implant loosening and/or fracture non-union may occur. (ivis.org)
  • What is a bone fracture? (mvsvets.co.uk)
  • A fracture of the bone is when the normal architecture of the bone is disrupted. (mvsvets.co.uk)
  • These may be indicated where there are multiple fractures present in the same bone (a comminuted fracture). (mvsvets.co.uk)
  • Le traitement consistait en un parage, une réduction de la fracture, et une ostéosynthèse par un fixateur externe. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our X-ray can diagnose a bone fracture, joint malalignment, arthritis, or the cause of other painful conditions. (imagecarecenters.com)
  • Fracture of the tibial diaphysis is the most common injury of all the long bones with a male preponderance of approximately three times. (ijrsms.com)
  • Causes: Is Your Heel Pain Due To A Bruised Heel Bone Or A Stress Fracture From Overuse? (invigormedical.com)
  • The ability to localize the pain differentiates pain from a stress fracture from a bruised heel bone. (invigormedical.com)
  • To study the effect of valgus malalignment on knee osteoarthritis (OA) incidence and progression. (nih.gov)
  • We measured the mechanical axis from long limb radiographs from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (MOST) and the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) to define limbs with valgus malalignment (mechanical axis of ≥1.1° valgus) and examined the effect of valgus alignment versus neutral alignment (neither varus nor valgus) on OA structural outcomes. (nih.gov)
  • Marked by cartilage and bone degradation, progressive knee osteoarthritis (OA) is believed to result in part from a combination of several local mechanical factors. (medscape.com)
  • While factors affecting the course of knee osteoarthritis are mostly unknown, lesions on bone scan and mechanical malalignment increase risk for radiographic deterioration. (nih.gov)
  • To determine whether edema lesions in the subarticular bone in patients with knee osteoarthritis identify knees at high risk for radiographic progression and whether these lesions are associated with limb malalignment. (nih.gov)
  • Bone marrow edema is a potent risk factor for structural deterioration in knee osteoarthritis, and its relation to progression is explained in part by its association with limb alignment. (nih.gov)
  • The current view holds that osteoarthritis involves not only the articular cartilage but the entire joint organ, including the subchondral bone and synovium. (medscape.com)
  • BOSTON-Bone disorders, whether in the tissue or molecular pathways, are actively involved in the development of osteoarthritis (OA) pain and progression. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • It always responds to mechanical loading," said Xu Cao, PhD, director of the Center for Musculoskeletal Research at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Md. Dr. Cao and two other researchers spoke about The Role of Bone in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis at the ACR/ARHP Annual Meeting in Boston on Nov. 17, 2014. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • Chondroitin sulphate reduces both cartilage volume loss and bone marrow lesions in knee osteoarthritis patients starting as early as 6 months after initiation of therapy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study using MRI. (bmj.com)
  • Correlation between bone lesion changes and cartilage volume loss in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee as assessed by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging over a 24-month period. (bmj.com)
  • Knee malalignment is an important modifiable cause of osteoarthritis (OA). (ac.ir)
  • Valgus impacted 3- and 4-part fractures and slightly displaced comminuted fractures with varus malalignment are particularly suitable for less invasive reduction and fixation. (aofoundation.org)
  • Tibial fractures are broken bones in the tibia, the largest bone in the lower leg. (lookformedical.com)
  • Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound. (lookformedical.com)
  • Most fractures result from a single, significant force applied to normal bone. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cervical arthrodesis - the fusion of two or more bones in a joint - can be performed on horses with neck fractures (or vertebral dislocation), instability or malalignment. (eurekamagazine.co.uk)
  • Multiple fractures of one or several bones, often including the articular surfaces, as well as severely contaminated fractures and major complications in osteosynthesis may be called a disaster. (ivis.org)
  • Most commonly there will be complete fractures where a clean break is present, or comminuted fractures where there are multiple fragments of bone present. (mvsvets.co.uk)
  • There are multiple treatment options available for the treatment of fractures of the metacarpal bones. (mvsvets.co.uk)
  • Although indirect reduction with intramedullary (IM) nailing is the gold standard for long bone fractures, IM nailing in meta-diaphyseal fractures often results in malalignment. (korea.ac.kr)
  • Open reduction offer advantage in preventing malalignment of peritrochanteric fractures as compared to closed reduction. (orthopaper.com)
  • From our study we conclude that PFN is a reliable implant for peritrochanteric fractures, leading to high rate of bone union restoring the anatomical alignment and reduced chance of implant failure or deformities. (orthopaper.com)
  • Stress fractures make it difficult to put any weight on the affected bone and are a common cause of pain after distance running. (invigormedical.com)
  • Focusing separately on medial and lateral segments of tibial and weightbearing femur cartilage of the knee joint, cartilage volume, percentage of subchondral bone covered with cartilage, exposed subchondral bone area, and the average thickness of cartilage were measured using specialized software. (medscape.com)
  • Bone marrow, subchondral bone and, especially, the periosteum are the "structures in the bone that are the most innervated with pain fibers," Dr. Felson said. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • BMLs are sites of chronic inflammation of subchondral bone. (hipandkneedenver.com)
  • Treatment can include an osteotomy, a major surgical procedure where bones are cut and realigned correctly, or compensatory methods, where individuals learn to externally or internally rotate their limb to compensate for the rotation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The utilisation of both radiological and clinical assessment techniques to compare with an injured limb would also help prevent bone malrotation, however these can be difficult and inexact methods of assessment, which is why complications are so common. (wikipedia.org)
  • Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the relation of medial bone marrow edema lesions to medial progression and lateral lesions to lateral progression, before and after adjustment for limb alignment. (nih.gov)
  • There are five metacarpal bones on each limb, with the major weight bearing bones being the central metacarpal bones three and four. (mvsvets.co.uk)
  • Malalignment of the limb should be passively correctable to neutral and not beyond. (medscape.com)
  • It is difficult to assess and diagnose the rotational malalignment of a bone after an operation, and many methodologies have been developed. (wikipedia.org)
  • This may be undetected fissure lines in the bone, inadequate type, size and length of the implant, improper implant position and insufficient screw torque, rotational malalignment, intraoperative destruction of the blood supply, and poor bone quality. (ivis.org)
  • However, in studies of knee OA progression, either meniscal damage or malalignment has been considered, but not both together, and no studies have included joint laxity. (medscape.com)
  • Their results, presented in the June 2008 issue of Arthritis & Rheumatism ( www.interscience.wiley.com/journal/arthritis ), indicate three factors that independently predict cartilage loss with a direct impact on knee OA: medial meniscal damage, lateral meniscal damage, and varus, or bow-legged, malalignment of the knee joint. (medscape.com)
  • Medial meniscal damage significantly increased the likelihood of cartilage volume loss, cartilage thickness decrease, and denuded bone increase in both the medial tibial and the medial weightbearing femoral segments. (medscape.com)
  • Using the qualitative cartilage assessment, however, no significant relationship with outcome was detected for either meniscal damage or malalignment. (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: Study Affirms Meniscal Damage and Joint Malalignment as Predictors of Cartilage Loss in Osteoarthritic Knees - Medscape - Jun 01, 2008. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast, these authors and others (2;3) have reported that meniscal damage, high BMI and malalignment do increase the risk of cartilage loss, yet the authors provide no information about the comparability of treatment groups on these factors and do not control for them in analyses. (bmj.com)
  • Relationship of meniscal damage, meniscal extrusion, malalignment, and joint laxity to subsequent cartilage loss in osteoarthritic knees. (bmj.com)
  • Bone malrotation refers to the situation that results when a bone heals out of rotational alignment from another bone, or part of bone. (wikipedia.org)
  • To have a better understanding of the alignment and joint orientation, the complex three-dimensional shapes of bones and joints can be simplified to basic line drawings. (ispub.com)
  • We only cut one side of the bone, then we can open the cut to correct the alignment (see the image below). (howardluksmd.com)
  • The ligaments were considered, over several centuries, as the major restraints of the joints, keeping the associated bones in position and preventing instability, e.g. their separation from each other and/or mal-alignment. (cdc.gov)
  • Other knee problems include rheumatoid arthritis (an inflammatory joint disease), previous infection, or poor alignment of your bones. (sunwaymedical.com)
  • This is when a pin is placed down the centre of the fractured bones in order to improve alignment. (mvsvets.co.uk)
  • Orthotics realign the structures of the foot and leg to prevent bone mal-alignment as well as muscle, tendon, and ligament fatigue. (footankle.com)
  • Osteotomy is a surgical procedure which involves altering the length or alignment of a bone to provide relief to the patient from any disorder of the joints formed by that particular bone. (medifee.com)
  • The procedure involves cutting of the distal femur, repositioning the bones and securing them in the proper alignment. (akohfootanklesports.com)
  • For a medial closing wedge osteotomy, a wedge-shaped section of bone is removed and the opening is closed by bringing the cut ends of the bones together, thus changing the alignment of the bones. (akohfootanklesports.com)
  • For a lateral opening wedge osteotomy, a wedge-shaped section of bone is removed and the gap is opened further to change the alignment of the bones. (akohfootanklesports.com)
  • A bone graft is inserted into the gap so that the bones fuse in the new alignment. (akohfootanklesports.com)
  • For a clearer picture of the role of various mechanical factors in knee OA, researchers at Northwestern University and Salzburg Univeristy applied quantitative measures of cartilage loss-decreases in cartilage volume and thickness and an increase in bare bone area-as well as cartilage integrity score. (medscape.com)
  • They can be caused by other structural lesions that increase focal load on the bone, including knee malalignment, meniscal tears, and/or cartilage loss in the knee joint, Dr. Felson said. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • Knee joint is formed by the femur (thigh bone) and two other bones, namely tibia and fibula. (medifee.com)
  • During knee osteotomy, a part of the upper section of tibia or lower part of femur corresponding to the damaged area of the joint are removed or a wedge of bone is added close to the damaged joint. (medifee.com)
  • Also, the kneecap may not be perfectly lined up with the thigh bone (femur). (medlineplus.gov)
  • An osteotomy is a cut in the femur or tibia bone to realign the leg to a straight leg. (sosmed.org)
  • The cut in the distal femur is made using an oscillating saw and a predetermined section of bone is removed. (akohfootanklesports.com)
  • Severe bone, joint, muscle pain may occur. (nih.gov)
  • Some people may have been born like this, but many of you developed knee joint malalignment after prior meniscus surgery or years after a knee injury. (howardluksmd.com)
  • The Bone and Joint Centre at Sunway Medical Centre consists of a team of Orthopaedic Consultants that come together to provide patients with therapies and interventions to overcome their bone and joint problems. (sunwaymedical.com)
  • The Centre does bone and joint replacement surgeries, lumbar and spine surgeries as well as provide clinical care for other orthopaedic problems relating to rheumatic disease and sports-related injuries. (sunwaymedical.com)
  • You can only walk without pain when the bones in your knee joint are smooth and cushioned by healthy smooth cartilage. (sunwaymedical.com)
  • You also need strong muscles and ligaments for stability because your knee is more than a simple hinge joint: each time you bend your leg to walk or climb stairs, the bone rotate, roll and glide on each other. (sunwaymedical.com)
  • During osteotomy, a part of the bone corresponding to the damaged portion of knee joint is removed. (medifee.com)
  • When the bones do not align properly, joint forces are not evenly distributed and may overload one side causing pain and possibly deterioration. (sosmed.org)
  • OA affects the entire joint, while osteoporosis affects the bones. (my.id)
  • The Bone & Joint Journal. (aernoutzuiderbaan.com)
  • What is the impact of patellofemoral joint degeneration and malalignment on patient-reported outcomes after lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty? (aernoutzuiderbaan.com)
  • Bone Joint Surg Br. (ac.ir)
  • Flat feet or fallen arches and congenital abnormalities in the shape of the patella bone can cause misalignment of the knee joint. (drgeorgelebus.com)
  • However, subchondroplasty is contraindicated if your BMI is more than 40 or you have severe malalignment of the knee joint. (hipandkneedenver.com)
  • Malalignment of the bones at the knee joint may be present at birth or may occur due to trauma or arthritis. (akohfootanklesports.com)
  • The talus is also connected to the bones of the lower leg and make up the ankle joint. (invigormedical.com)
  • Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. (lookformedical.com)
  • Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • Bone marrow edema lesions on magnetic resonance imaging correspond to bone scan lesions. (nih.gov)
  • Medial bone marrow lesions were seen mostly in patients with varus limbs, and lateral lesions were seen mostly in those with valgus limbs. (nih.gov)
  • Pain is common in OA but not well understood by rheumatologists, but identifying the role of bone marrow lesions in OA pain may drive more effective management of this problem, said David T. Felson, MD, MPH, professor of medicine and public health at Boston University and the University of Manchester in the U.K. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • Bone marrow lesions are one likely culprit for fluctuating and worsening OA pain, especially in patients with knee malalignment, Dr. Felson said. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • Histologically, bone marrow lesions reflect bone that has undergone trauma, with microfractures and evidence of injury and repair. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • Bone marrow lesions are a major risk factor for knee OA progression. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • Bone marrow lesions may fluctuate in a short timeframe in knees with OA, even over six weeks. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • This rich supply of nerves sets the stage, and bone marrow lesions clearly play a starring role in knee OA pain, he added. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • Knee pain severity decreases with bone marrow shrinkage or resolution. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • Patellar braces may help ease pain and improve patellofemoral bone marrow lesions in OA patients, even in just six weeks, Dr. Felson said. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • Bone marrow lesions are a good structural target for treatment. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • No significant difference in bone marrow lesion (BML) scores or synovitis was detected at the end of the randomized trial (6 months). (bmj.com)
  • What are Bone Marrow Lesions? (hipandkneedenver.com)
  • Bone marrow lesions or BMLs are strong predictors of osteoarthritic cartilage damage. (hipandkneedenver.com)
  • They lie below the bone surface within the marrow and are accompanied by swelling and fluid collection (edema). (hipandkneedenver.com)
  • Theoretical advantages of the procedure include preservation of uninvolved tissue and bone, reduced operating time, better range of motion (ROM), improved gait, and increased patient satisfaction. (medscape.com)
  • Spondylosis is caused by abnormal wear on the cartilage and bones of the neck (cervical vertebrae) with degeneration and mineral deposits in the cushions between the vertebrae (cervical disks). (indiasurgerytour.com)
  • Due to aging injury of back suddenly falling down or wearing of bones the gap between these vertebrae becomes abnormal. (indiasurgerytour.com)
  • An example of this approach is the treatment of miserable malalignment syndrome, which causes an abnormal rotation of bones in the leg. (shrinershospitalsforchildren.org)
  • The aim of this study was to examine the biomechanical behavior of the carpal bones after reconstruction of a dissociated scapholunate interval with this bone-ligament transfer. (springer.com)
  • One of the most common causes of carpal tunnel syndrome is the malalignment of one or two of the bones in the wrist. (drjoeyjones.com)
  • valgus (knock-knee) malalignment was not associated with lateral surface loss. (medscape.com)
  • Displacement of bones out of line in relation to joints. (lookformedical.com)
  • This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot. (lookformedical.com)
  • The human foot has 33 joints, 26 bones, and more than 100 tendons, muscles, and ligaments holding everything together. (invigormedical.com)
  • These lesions are more strongly related with dynamic than static malalignment," he said. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • The radial distal part including a bone fragment of the radio-luno-triquetral ligament was transferred from its insertion at the distal edge of the radius to be attached to the dorsal ridge of the scaphoid. (springer.com)
  • In this study, we present a new, distally based local bone-ligament transfer using the distal part of the radio-luno-triquetral ligament. (springer.com)
  • In cases where the malalignment is severe, a procedure called a tibial tubercle transfer (TTT) will be performed. (drgeorgelebus.com)
  • Assessment of tibial malrotation following intramedullary nailing has shown higher incidence of malalignment than previously reported in the literature. (ijrsms.com)
  • The daily stress on the foot can take its toll: from a bruised heel bone to heel pain after running due to overuse or impact injuries. (invigormedical.com)
  • The scapho-lunate (SL) ligament is part of the intrinsic ligaments of the wrist and forms a crescent-shaped interosseous connection between the proximal pole of the scaphoid bone and the lunate. (springer.com)
  • This malalignment can damage the underlying soft structures such as muscles and ligaments that hold the knee in place. (drgeorgelebus.com)
  • However, since there is less bone to work with and the status of the stabilizing ligaments of the knee can be compromised, there are differences in the design. (seattlejointsurgeons.com)
  • Many different techniques, such as capsulodesis, tendon graft and bone-ligament-bone graft have been described to stabilize reducible SL dissociation. (springer.com)
  • Augmentation - Placement of a graft or any procedure that corrects a soft (example - gums) or a hard tissue (example - Bone) deficiency. (fducoindmd.com)
  • It is a degenerative disorder in which the vertebral bone or the inter-vertebral disc becomes soft and loses shape, because of this the spine loses its flexibility. (indiasurgerytour.com)
  • Strong tendons help attach the kneecap to the bones and muscles that surround the knee. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Anterior knee pain may occur when the kneecap does not move properly and rubs against the lower part of the thigh bone. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It usually occurs during a surgery which involves intramedullary nailing, which is the insertion of metal rods and nails to stabilise bones. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result, in many cases of intramedullary nailing, the bone is misaligned which causes malrotated regrowth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ideal tension can be attained by fixation of the bone block at the dorsal ridge of the scaphoid. (springer.com)
  • The tension can be attained by fixation of the bone block at the dorsal ridge of the scaphoid. (springer.com)
  • And unlike conventional machining, metal 3D printing allows for the creation of porous patterns that facilitate the growth of bone through the cage and the fixation of the bone onto the cage. (eurekamagazine.co.uk)
  • An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Diseases of BONES. (lookformedical.com)
  • NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center. (ezpostltd.com)
  • Most foot pain is the result of a faulty relationship between the bones and muscles of the foot. (footankle.com)
  • Many injuries and disorders involving muscles, bones, tendons, blood vessels, nerves, and soft tissues, call for musculoskeletal imaging so they can be diagnosed and properly treated. (imagecarecenters.com)
  • Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Osteoporosis is a structural weakening of bone, most commonly affecting postmenopausal females, and has important implications in the spine. (hss.edu)
  • Osteoporosis is a bone disease where bone mass and bone mineral density decrease, leading to an increased risk of the bones breaking. (my.id)
  • Osteoporosis is a bone condition where bone tissue breaks down faster than the body can rebuild or replace it. (my.id)
  • The vertebrae (the component bones of the spine) gradually form bone spurs, and their shock-absorbing disks slowly shrink. (indiasurgerytour.com)
  • The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). (lookformedical.com)
  • An osteotomy is a surgical procedure that involves cutting of bone. (akohfootanklesports.com)
  • Chiropractic treatment often involves spinal manipulation and/or adjustments to correct possible malalignment. (healthychildren.org)
  • Findings at the Bone-Component Interface in Symptomatic Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty and the Relationship to Radiographic Findings. (aernoutzuiderbaan.com)
  • The severity of this complication is often neglected due to its complexity to detect and treat, yet if left untreated, bone malrotation can significantly impact regular bodily functioning, and even lead to severe arthritis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Screw disinsertion or pullout may occur, but it is likely to be due to technical errors or associated with poor contact between the plate and the bone surface. (eurekamagazine.co.uk)
  • The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. (lookformedical.com)
  • Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES. (lookformedical.com)
  • However, in general, the overall risk of complications is greater since there is increased scar in the knee, worse soft tissue quality, and worse bone quality. (seattlejointsurgeons.com)
  • As you bend or straighten your knee, the underside of the patella glides over the bones that make up the knee. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Historically, bone malrotation occurred due to a lack of adequate treatment measures, where fixation methods such as traction, casting and non-locked nails provided poor torsional stability. (wikipedia.org)
  • In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), marginal erosion is a hallmark of the disease and occurs in the bare areas of the bone. (eurekaselect.com)
  • In this syndrome, the median nerve is often constricted by a swollen nerve sheath, or malalignment of the wrist bones that form the hole that the nerve glides through. (mechanicsvillechiropractorblog.com)
  • Calcium is an important component of bone health. (my.id)
  • The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. (lookformedical.com)
  • The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. (lookformedical.com)
  • The second longest bone of the skeleton. (lookformedical.com)
  • Advances in the use of robotics have been reported to reduce technical problems related to bone resection and implant positioning and lower revision rates. (medscape.com)
  • Generally we need to compare x-rays obtained over time to see a change in the position of the implant and a loss of bone. (seattlejointsurgeons.com)
  • Bone malrotation predominantly occurs after an injury where a bone is fractured, however malrotation can genetically occur during foetal development. (wikipedia.org)
  • MRI can show whether there has been damage to the bone, which can occur in later stages of the disease. (ezpostltd.com)
  • A new local bone-ligament transfer using half of the radio-luno-triquetral ligament is performed. (springer.com)
  • The biomechanical stability of this bone-ligament transfer shall be examined biomechanically. (springer.com)
  • These deviations could be corrected by the bone ligament transfer. (springer.com)
  • Reconstruction of a transected SL ligament with a bone-ligament transfer from the radio-luno-triquetral ligament reduces SL dissociation under axial load. (springer.com)
  • Instead of a complex ligament reconstruction, a local bone-ligament transfer with low donor-side morbidity is desirable. (springer.com)
  • Constant pounding on the heel due to malalignment or a poor gait pattern can cause pain after running due to bruising, bone spurs, or ligament injuries. (invigormedical.com)
  • Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. (lookformedical.com)
  • Protein may help to increase bone mineral density. (my.id)