Bone and Bones
Bone Remodeling
Bone Density
Bone Marrow
Bone Marrow Cells
Bone Development
Bone Regeneration
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Bone Matrix
Erysipelas
Encyclopedias as Topic
Williams Syndrome
Nomograms
Connecticut
Relative efficacy of 32P and 89Sr in palliation in skeletal metastases. (1/5419)
32p and 89Sr have been shown to produce significant pain relief in patients with skeletal metastases from advanced cancer. Clinically significant pancytopenia has not been reported in doses up to 12 mCi (444 MBq) of either radionuclide. To date, no reports comparing the relative efficacy and toxicity of the two radionuclides in comparable patient populations have been available. Although a cure has not been reported, both treatments have achieved substantial pain relief. However, several studies have used semiquantitative measures such as "slight," "fair," "partial" and "dramatic" responses, which lend themselves to subjective bias. This report examines the responses to treatment with 32P or 89Sr by attempting a quantification of pain relief and quality of life using the patients as their own controls and compares toxicity in terms of hematological parameters. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with skeletal metastases were treated for pain relief with either 32P (16 patients) or 89Sr (15 patients). Inclusion criteria were pain from bone scan-positive sites above a subjective score of 5 of 10 despite analgesic therapy with narcotic or non-narcotic medication, limitation of movement related to the performance of routine daily activity and a predicted life expectancy of at least 4 mo. The patients had not had chemotherapy or radiotherapy during the previous 6 wk and had normal serum creatinine, white cell and platelet counts. 32P was given orally as a 12 mCi dose, and 89Sr was given intravenously as a 4 mCi (148 MBq) dose. The patients were monitored for 4 mo. RESULTS: Complete absence of pain was seen in 7 of 16 patients who were given 32P and in 7 of 15 patients who were given 89Sr. Pain scores fell by at least 50% of the pretreatment score in 14 of 16 patients who were given 32P and 14 of 15 patients who were given 89Sr. Mean duration of pain relief was 9.6 wk with 32P and 10 wk with 89Sr. Analgesic scores fell along with the drop in pain scores. A fall in total white cell, absolute granulocyte and platelet counts occurred in all patients. Subnormal values of white cells and platelets were seen in 5 and 7 patients, respectively, with 32P, and in 0 and 4 patients, respectively, after 89Sr therapy. The decrease in platelet count (but not absolute granulocyte count) was statistically significant when 32P patients were compared with 89Sr patients. However, in no instance did the fall in blood counts require treatment. Absolute granulocyte counts did not fall below 1000 in any patient. There was no significant difference between the two treatments in terms of either efficacy or toxicity. CONCLUSION: No justification has been found in this study for the recommendation of 89Sr over the considerably less expensive oral 32P for the palliation of skeletal pain from metastases of advanced cancer. (+info)A fluorescent orthotopic bone metastasis model of human prostate cancer. (2/5419)
Here, we report a fluorescent spontaneous bone metastatic model of human prostate cancer developed by surgical orthotopic implantation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing prostate cancer tissue. Human prostate cancer PC-3 cells were transduced with the pLEIN expression retroviral vector containing the enhanced GFP and neomycin resistance genes. Stable GFP high-expression PC-3 clones were selected in vitro with G418, which were then combined and injected s.c. in nude mice. For metastasis studies, fragments of a single highly fluorescent s.c. growing tumor were implanted by surgical orthotopic implantation in the prostate of a series of nude mice. Subsequent micrometastases and metastases were visualized by GFP fluorescence throughout the skeleton, including the skull, rib, pelvis, femur, and tibia The central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, was also involved with tumor, as visualized by GFP fluorescence. Systemic organs, including the lung, plural membrane, liver, kidney, and adrenal gland, also had fluorescent metastases. The metastasis pattern in this model reflects the bone and other metastatic sites of human prostate cancer. Thus, this model should be very useful for the study and development of treatment for metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. (+info)Ibandronate reduces osteolytic lesions but not tumor burden in a murine model of myeloma bone disease. (3/5419)
We determined the effects of the potent bisphosphonate ibandronate in a murine model of human myeloma bone disease. In this model, bone lesions typical of the human disease develop in mice following inoculation of myeloma cells via the tail vein. Treatment with ibandronate (4 micrograms per mouse per day) significantly reduced the occurrence of osteolytic bone lesions in myeloma-bearing mice. However, ibandronate did not prevent the mice from developing hindlimb paralysis and did not produce a detectable effect on survival. There was no significant effect of ibandronate on total myeloma cell burden, as assessed by morphometric measurements of myeloma cells in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen, or by measurement of serum IgG2b levels. These results support clinical findings that bisphosphonates may be useful for the treatment of myeloma-associated bone destruction, but suggest that other therapies are also required to reduce tumor growth. (+info)Gastrin-releasing peptide receptors in the human prostate: relation to neoplastic transformation. (4/5419)
Bombesin-like peptides such as gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) have been shown to play a role in cancer as autocrine growth factors that stimulate tumor growth through specific receptors. To search for potential clinical indications for GRP analogues, it is important to identify human tumor types expressing sufficient amounts of the respective receptors. In the present study, we have evaluated the expression of GRP receptors in human nonneoplastic and neoplastic prostate tissues using in vitro receptor autoradiography on tissue sections with 125I-Tyr4-bombesin as radio-ligand. GRP receptors were detected, often in high density, in 30 of 30 invasive prostatic carcinomas and also in 26 of 26 cases of prostatic intraepithelial proliferative lesions, corresponding mostly to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias. Well-differentiated carcinomas had a higher receptor density than poorly differentiated ones. Bone metastases of androgen-independent prostate cancers were GRP receptor-positive in 4 of 7 cases. Conversely, GRP receptors were identified in only a few hyperplastic prostates and were localized in very low density in glandular tissue and, focally, in some stromal tissue. In all of the cases, the receptors corresponded to the GRP receptor subtype of bombesin receptors, having high affinity for GRP and bombesin and lower affinity for neuromedin B. These data demonstrate a massive GRP receptor overexpression in prostate tissues that are neoplastically transformed or, like prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias, are in the process of malignant transformation. GRP receptors may be markers for early molecular events in prostate carcinogenesis and useful in differentiating prostate hyperplasia from prostate neoplasia Such data may not only be of biological significance but may also provide a molecular basis for potential clinical applications such as GRP-receptor scintigraphy for early tumor diagnosis, radiotherapy with radiolabeled bombesin-like peptide analogues, and chemotherapy with cytotoxic bombesin analogues. (+info)Prognostic significance of extent of disease in bone in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. (5/5419)
PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic significance of a bone scan index (BSI) based on the weighted proportion of tumor involvement in individual bones, in relation to other factors and to survival in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Baseline radionuclide bone scans were reviewed in 191 assessable patients with androgen-independent disease who were enrolled onto an open, randomized trial of liarozole versus prednisone. The extent of skeletal involvement was assessed by scoring each scan using the BSI and independently according to the number of metastatic lesions. The relationship of the scored bone involvement to other known prognostic factors was explored in single- and multiple-variable analyses. RESULTS: In single-variable analyses, the pretreatment factors found to be associated with survival were age (P = .0446), performance status (P = .0005), baseline prostate-specific antigen (P = .0001), hemoglobin (P = .0001), alkaline phosphatase (P = .0002), AST (P = .0021), lactate dehydrogenase (P = .0001), and treatment (P = .0098). The extent of osseous disease was significant using both the BSI (P = .0001) and the number of lesions present (P = .0001). In multiple-variable proportional hazards analyses, only BSI, age, hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, and treatment arm were associated with survival. When the patient population was divided into three equal groups, with BSI values of < 1.4%, 1.4% to 5.1%, and > 5.1%, median survivals of 18.3, 15.5, and 8.1 months, respectively, were observed (P = .0079). CONCLUSION: The BSI quantifies the extent of skeletal involvement by tumor. It allows the identification of patients with distinct prognoses for stratification in clinical trials. Further study is needed to assess the utility of serial BSI determinations in monitoring treatment effects. The BSI may be particularly useful in the evaluation of agents for which prostate-specific antigen changes do not reflect clinical outcomes accurately. (+info)Biochemical markers of bone turnover in breast cancer patients with bone metastases: a preliminary report. (6/5419)
BACKGROUND: Some biochemical markers of bone turnover are expected to reflect the disease activity of metastatic bone tumor. In the present study six biochemical markers were evaluated to determine appropriate markers for the detection of metastatic bone tumors from breast cancer (BC). METHODS: A panel of bone turnover markers was assessed in 11 normocalcemic patients with bone metastases from BC and in 19 BC patients without clinical evidence of bone metastases. Bone formation was investigated by measuring serum bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (BALP), osteocalcin (OC) and carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP): Bone resorption was investigated by measuring serum carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP), fasting urinary pyridinoline (Pyr) and deoxypyridinoline (D-Pyr). RESULTS: PICP was influenced by age and menopausal status. Significant correlations were observed between each of bone turnover markers except between BALP and OC. The mean levels of the six bone turnover markers were higher in patients with bone metastases than in those without them and significance was observed except for OC. The best diagnostic efficiency by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was provided by ICTP followed by Pyr or D-Pyr, BALP, PICP and OC and significance was observed between ICTP and OC. Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted by age revealed that the only significant marker related to bone metastases was ICTP. CONCLUSIONS: Serum ICTP appears to be the leading marker of bone metastases from BC. However, to reveal the clinical usefulness of these markers, further examination will be needed to account for the ease and cost-effectiveness of the measurements. (+info)Phase I trial of the combination of daily estramustine phosphate and intermittent docetaxel in patients with metastatic hormone refractory prostate carcinoma. (7/5419)
BACKGROUND: To apply our preclinical findings of cytotoxic synergy with the combination of estramustine phosphate (EP) and docetaxel as the basis of treatment of hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer in man. To determine the optimal dosage and the toxicities of these two agents for future trials. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventeen patients with hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer who were ambulatory with performance status < or = 2, normal marrow, renal and hepatic function were entered. Prior exposure to EP or a taxane were exclusion factors. EP was given orally at a dose of 14 mg/kg of body weight daily with concurrent docetaxel administered every 21 days as an intravenous infusion over 1 hour with dexamethasone 8 mg. PO BID for five days. EP dosages were kept static; docetaxel dosages were explored in a minimum of three patients per level for dosages of 40, 60, 70, and 80 mg/m2. Patients were evaluated weekly. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) was measured every three weeks. RESULTS: Five patients were entered at a docetaxel dose of 40 mg/m2, three at 60 mg/m2, six at 70 mg/m2, and three at 80 mg/m2. Only one patient had received prior chemotherapy. Grades 1 or 2 hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia were seen at all dosage levels. Other grade 2 or less toxicities not related to dosage included alopecia, anorexia, stomatitis, diarrhea, and epigastric pain. Dose limiting toxicities (DLT) as grade 4 leukopenia and grade 4 fatigue were seen at 80 mg/m2. The phase II dose was defined at 70 mg/m2 with rapidly reversible leukopenia and minor liver function abnormalities. At this dosing level, dose intensity was 88% and 86% over consecutive cycles for docetaxel and EP, respectively. Two vascular events occurred at this dose level (70 mg/m2): one arterial and the other venous. PSA decreases greater than 50% from baseline were seen in 14 of 17 patients at all dosage levels. Four of the 17 patients demonstrated a complete biochemical response (PSA < or = 4 ng/ml). One patient had a partial response with measurable lung and liver lesions. CONCLUSION: EP given continuously with every three-week docetaxel at a dose of 70 mg/m2 is tolerable with evidence of antitumor activity based upon significant declines in PSA in the majority of patients and improvement of lung metastasis in one patient. Larger phase II studies of this combination in a homogenous population are warranted. (+info)Treatment of localized primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of bone in children: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. (8/5419)
PURPOSE: The treatment of primary lymphoma of bone (PLB) in children has traditionally included radiotherapy to the primary site; more recently, it has included systemic chemotherapy. Because of concern about the untoward effects of treatment in a disease that is curable, we attempted to determine whether radiotherapy can be safely excluded from treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The results of three consecutive Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) studies were examined to determine the impact on outcome of radiotherapy as adjunctive treatment in children and adolescents receiving chemotherapy for early-stage primary lymphoma of bone. RESULTS: From 1983 to 1997, 31 patients with localized PLB were entered onto POG studies of early-stage non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Between 1983 and 1986, seven patients were treated with 8 months of chemotherapy with irradiation (XRT) of the primary site. After 1986, patients were treated without XRT; four received 8 months of chemotherapy, and 20 received 9 weeks of chemotherapy. Primary sites were the femur (nine), tibia (eight), mandible (five), mastoid (one), maxilla (one), zygomatic arch (one), rib (one), clavicle (one), scapula (one), ulna (one), talus (one), and calcaneous (one). Histologic classification revealed 21 cases of large cell lymphoma, five cases of lymphoblastic lymphoma, two cases of small, noncleaved-cell lymphoma, and three cases of NHL that could not be classified further. One patient relapsed at a distant site 22 months after completion of therapy. There have been no deaths. CONCLUSION: Localized PLB is curable in most children and adolescents with a 9-week chemotherapy regimen of modest intensity, and radiotherapy is an unnecessary adjunct. (+info)Bone neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the bone. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign bone neoplasms do not spread to other parts of the body and are rarely a threat to life, although they may cause problems if they grow large enough to press on surrounding tissues or cause fractures. Malignant bone neoplasms, on the other hand, can invade and destroy nearby tissue and may spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.
There are many different types of bone neoplasms, including:
1. Osteochondroma - a benign tumor that develops from cartilage and bone
2. Enchondroma - a benign tumor that forms in the cartilage that lines the inside of the bones
3. Chondrosarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from cartilage
4. Osteosarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from bone cells
5. Ewing sarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops in the bones or soft tissues around the bones
6. Giant cell tumor of bone - a benign or occasionally malignant tumor that develops from bone tissue
7. Fibrosarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from fibrous tissue in the bone
The symptoms of bone neoplasms vary depending on the type, size, and location of the tumor. They may include pain, swelling, stiffness, fractures, or limited mobility. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the tumor but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.
"Bone" is the hard, dense connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrate animals. It provides support and protection for the body's internal organs, and serves as a attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is composed of cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone formation and resorption, respectively, and an extracellular matrix made up of collagen fibers and mineral crystals.
Bones can be classified into two main types: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and hard, and makes up the outer layer of all bones and the shafts of long bones. Spongy bone is less dense and contains large spaces, and makes up the ends of long bones and the interior of flat and irregular bones.
The human body has 206 bones in total. They can be further classified into five categories based on their shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.
Bone remodeling is the normal and continuous process by which bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called formation). This ongoing cycle allows bones to repair microdamage, adjust their size and shape in response to mechanical stress, and maintain mineral homeostasis. The cells responsible for bone resorption are osteoclasts, while the cells responsible for bone formation are osteoblasts. These two cell types work together to maintain the structural integrity and health of bones throughout an individual's life.
During bone remodeling, the process can be divided into several stages:
1. Activation: The initiation of bone remodeling is triggered by various factors such as microdamage, hormonal changes, or mechanical stress. This leads to the recruitment and activation of osteoclast precursor cells.
2. Resorption: Osteoclasts attach to the bone surface and create a sealed compartment called a resorption lacuna. They then secrete acid and enzymes that dissolve and digest the mineralized matrix, creating pits or cavities on the bone surface. This process helps remove old or damaged bone tissue and releases calcium and phosphate ions into the bloodstream.
3. Reversal: After resorption is complete, the osteoclasts undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death), and mononuclear cells called reversal cells appear on the resorbed surface. These cells prepare the bone surface for the next stage by cleaning up debris and releasing signals that attract osteoblast precursors.
4. Formation: Osteoblasts, derived from mesenchymal stem cells, migrate to the resorbed surface and begin producing a new organic matrix called osteoid. As the osteoid mineralizes, it forms a hard, calcified structure that gradually replaces the resorbed bone tissue. The osteoblasts may become embedded within this newly formed bone as they differentiate into osteocytes, which are mature bone cells responsible for maintaining bone homeostasis and responding to mechanical stress.
5. Mineralization: Over time, the newly formed bone continues to mineralize, becoming stronger and more dense. This process helps maintain the structural integrity of the skeleton and ensures adequate calcium storage.
Throughout this continuous cycle of bone remodeling, hormones, growth factors, and mechanical stress play crucial roles in regulating the balance between resorption and formation. Disruptions to this delicate equilibrium can lead to various bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, where excessive resorption results in weakened bones and increased fracture risk.
Bone density refers to the amount of bone mineral content (usually measured in grams) in a given volume of bone (usually measured in cubic centimeters). It is often used as an indicator of bone strength and fracture risk. Bone density is typically measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, which provide a T-score that compares the patient's bone density to that of a young adult reference population. A T-score of -1 or above is considered normal, while a T-score between -1 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia (low bone mass), and a T-score below -2.5 indicates osteoporosis (porous bones). Regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and medication (if necessary) can help maintain or improve bone density and prevent fractures.
Bone resorption is the process by which bone tissue is broken down and absorbed into the body. It is a normal part of bone remodeling, in which old or damaged bone tissue is removed and new tissue is formed. However, excessive bone resorption can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis, in which bones become weak and fragile due to a loss of density. This process is carried out by cells called osteoclasts, which break down the bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the bloodstream.
Bone marrow is the spongy tissue found inside certain bones in the body, such as the hips, thighs, and vertebrae. It is responsible for producing blood-forming cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. There are two types of bone marrow: red marrow, which is involved in blood cell production, and yellow marrow, which contains fatty tissue.
Red bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells, which can differentiate into various types of blood cells. These stem cells continuously divide and mature to produce new blood cells that are released into the circulation. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, white blood cells help fight infections, and platelets play a crucial role in blood clotting.
Bone marrow also serves as a site for immune cell development and maturation. It contains various types of immune cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which help protect the body against infections and diseases.
Abnormalities in bone marrow function can lead to several medical conditions, including anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and various types of cancer, such as leukemia and multiple myeloma. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are common diagnostic procedures used to evaluate bone marrow health and function.
Bone marrow cells are the types of cells found within the bone marrow, which is the spongy tissue inside certain bones in the body. The main function of bone marrow is to produce blood cells. There are two types of bone marrow: red and yellow. Red bone marrow is where most blood cell production takes place, while yellow bone marrow serves as a fat storage site.
The three main types of bone marrow cells are:
1. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs): These are immature cells that can differentiate into any type of blood cell, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. They have the ability to self-renew, meaning they can divide and create more hematopoietic stem cells.
2. Red blood cell progenitors: These are immature cells that will develop into mature red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
3. Myeloid and lymphoid white blood cell progenitors: These are immature cells that will develop into various types of white blood cells, which play a crucial role in the body's immune system by fighting infections and diseases. Myeloid progenitors give rise to granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monocytes, and megakaryocytes (which eventually become platelets). Lymphoid progenitors differentiate into B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.
Bone marrow cells are essential for maintaining a healthy blood cell count and immune system function. Abnormalities in bone marrow cells can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, or thrombocytosis, depending on the specific type of blood cell affected. Additionally, bone marrow cells are often used in transplantation procedures to treat patients with certain types of cancer, such as leukemia and lymphoma, or other hematologic disorders.
Bone development, also known as ossification, is the process by which bone tissue is formed and grows. This complex process involves several different types of cells, including osteoblasts, which produce new bone matrix, and osteoclasts, which break down and resorb existing bone tissue.
There are two main types of bone development: intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification occurs when bone tissue forms directly from connective tissue, while endochondral ossification involves the formation of a cartilage model that is later replaced by bone.
During fetal development, most bones develop through endochondral ossification, starting as a cartilage template that is gradually replaced by bone tissue. However, some bones, such as those in the skull and clavicles, develop through intramembranous ossification.
Bone development continues after birth, with new bone tissue being laid down and existing tissue being remodeled throughout life. This ongoing process helps to maintain the strength and integrity of the skeleton, allowing it to adapt to changing mechanical forces and repair any damage that may occur.
Bone diseases is a broad term that refers to various medical conditions that affect the bones. These conditions can be categorized into several groups, including:
1. Developmental and congenital bone diseases: These are conditions that affect bone growth and development before or at birth. Examples include osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), achondroplasia (dwarfism), and cleidocranial dysostosis.
2. Metabolic bone diseases: These are conditions that affect the body's ability to maintain healthy bones. They are often caused by hormonal imbalances, vitamin deficiencies, or problems with mineral metabolism. Examples include osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease of bone.
3. Inflammatory bone diseases: These are conditions that cause inflammation in the bones. They can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, or other medical conditions. Examples include osteomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
4. Degenerative bone diseases: These are conditions that cause the bones to break down over time. They can be caused by aging, injury, or disease. Examples include osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis, and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH).
5. Tumors and cancers of the bone: These are conditions that involve abnormal growths in the bones. They can be benign or malignant. Examples include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma.
6. Fractures and injuries: While not strictly a "disease," fractures and injuries are common conditions that affect the bones. They can result from trauma, overuse, or weakened bones. Examples include stress fractures, compound fractures, and dislocations.
Overall, bone diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms, including pain, stiffness, deformity, and decreased mobility. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the specific diagnosis but may include medication, surgery, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes.
Bone regeneration is the biological process of new bone formation that occurs after an injury or removal of a portion of bone. This complex process involves several stages, including inflammation, migration and proliferation of cells, matrix deposition, and mineralization, leading to the restoration of the bone's structure and function.
The main cells involved in bone regeneration are osteoblasts, which produce new bone matrix, and osteoclasts, which resorb damaged or old bone tissue. The process is tightly regulated by various growth factors, hormones, and signaling molecules that promote the recruitment, differentiation, and activity of these cells.
Bone regeneration can occur naturally in response to injury or surgical intervention, such as fracture repair or dental implant placement. However, in some cases, bone regeneration may be impaired due to factors such as age, disease, or trauma, leading to delayed healing or non-union of the bone. In these situations, various strategies and techniques, including the use of bone grafts, scaffolds, and growth factors, can be employed to enhance and support the bone regeneration process.
Pancreatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the pancreas that can be benign or malignant. The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach that produces hormones and digestive enzymes. Pancreatic neoplasms can interfere with the normal functioning of the pancreas, leading to various health complications.
Benign pancreatic neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body. They are usually removed through surgery to prevent any potential complications, such as blocking the bile duct or causing pain.
Malignant pancreatic neoplasms, also known as pancreatic cancer, are cancerous growths that can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and organs. They can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs, or bones. Pancreatic cancer is often aggressive and difficult to treat, with a poor prognosis.
There are several types of pancreatic neoplasms, including adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, and cystic neoplasms. The specific type of neoplasm is determined through various diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies, biopsies, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.
Bone matrix refers to the non-cellular component of bone that provides structural support and functions as a reservoir for minerals, such as calcium and phosphate. It is made up of organic and inorganic components. The organic component consists mainly of type I collagen fibers, which provide flexibility and tensile strength to the bone. The inorganic component is primarily composed of hydroxyapatite crystals, which give bone its hardness and compressive strength. Bone matrix also contains other proteins, growth factors, and signaling molecules that regulate bone formation, remodeling, and repair.
Erysipelas is a skin infection characterized by the rapid onset of sharply demarcated, raised, and indurated (hardened) red plaques or patches with surrounding edema (swelling). It is typically caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria (\*Streptococcus pyogenes*). The infection involves the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics, resulting in painful, tender, warm, and erythematous (red) lesions. Erysipelas can also present with fever, chills, malaise, and generalized fatigue. Common sites for this infection include the face and lower extremities. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to eliminate the bacterial infection and supportive care to manage symptoms. If left untreated, erysipelas can lead to severe complications such as sepsis or necrotizing fasciitis.
"History, 19th Century" is not a medical term or concept. It refers to the historical events, developments, and figures related to the 1800s in various fields, including politics, culture, science, and technology. However, if you are looking for medical advancements during the 19th century, here's a brief overview:
The 19th century was a period of significant progress in medicine, with numerous discoveries and innovations that shaped modern medical practices. Some notable developments include:
1. Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine (1796): Although not strictly within the 19th century, Jenner's discovery laid the foundation for vaccination as a preventive measure against infectious diseases.
2. Germ theory of disease: The work of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and others established that many diseases were caused by microorganisms, leading to the development of antiseptic practices and vaccines.
3. Anesthesia: In 1842, Crawford Long first used ether as an anesthetic during surgery, followed by the introduction of chloroform in 1847 by James Simpson.
4. Antisepsis and asepsis: Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic practices in surgery, significantly reducing postoperative infections. Later, the concept of asepsis (sterilization) was developed to prevent contamination during surgical procedures.
5. Microbiology: The development of techniques for culturing and staining bacteria allowed for better understanding and identification of pathogens.
6. Physiology: Claude Bernard's work on the regulation of internal body functions, or homeostasis, contributed significantly to our understanding of human physiology.
7. Neurology: Jean-Martin Charcot made significant contributions to the study of neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
8. Psychiatry: Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, a new approach to understanding mental illnesses.
9. Public health: The 19th century saw the establishment of public health organizations and initiatives aimed at improving sanitation, water quality, and vaccination programs.
10. Medical education reforms: The Flexner Report in 1910 led to significant improvements in medical education standards and practices.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
Williams Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by the deletion of a small portion of chromosome 7. This results in various developmental and medical problems, which can include:
1. Distinctive facial features such as a broad forehead, wide-set eyes, short nose, and full lips.
2. Cardiovascular disease, particularly narrowed or missing blood vessels near the heart.
3. Developmental delays and learning disabilities, although most people with Williams Syndrome have an IQ in the mild to moderate range of intellectual disability.
4. A unique pattern of strengths and weaknesses in cognitive skills, such as strong language skills but significant difficulty with visual-spatial tasks.
5. Overly friendly or sociable personality, often displaying a lack of fear or wariness around strangers.
6. Increased risk of anxiety and depression.
7. Sensitive hearing and poor depth perception.
8. Short stature in adulthood.
Williams Syndrome affects about 1 in every 10,000 people worldwide, regardless of race or ethnic background. It is not an inherited disorder, but rather a spontaneous genetic mutation.
A nomogram is a graphical representation of a mathematical formula or equation that allows the user to quickly solve a problem by simply drawing a line between different values on the chart. In the field of medicine, nomograms are often used as a tool for predicting patient outcomes, assessing risk, or making diagnostic decisions based on specific clinical data.
For example, a nomogram may be used to estimate the probability of survival in patients with a particular type of cancer, based on factors such as age, tumor size, and stage of disease. The user would locate the appropriate values for each factor on the nomogram, draw a line connecting them, and read off the estimated probability at the intersection point.
Nomograms can be a useful and intuitive way to communicate complex medical information and help clinicians make informed decisions in a timely manner. However, it is important to note that nomograms are only as accurate as the data they are based on, and should always be used in conjunction with clinical judgment and other relevant factors.
I believe you are looking for a medical definition or association with the name "Connecticut." However, I couldn't find any specific medical condition or term named after Connecticut. Connecticut is one of the 50 states in the United States and has no direct relation to medical terminology. If you have more context or information, please let me know so I can provide a more accurate response.
Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive, beta-hemolytic streptococcus bacterium that causes various suppurative (pus-forming) and nonsuppurative infections in humans. It is also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS) due to its ability to produce the M protein, which confers type-specific antigenicity and allows for serological classification into more than 200 distinct Lancefield groups.
S. pyogenes is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, erysipelas, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. In rare cases, it can lead to invasive diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS).
The bacterium is typically transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected skin lesions. Effective prevention strategies include good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing and avoiding sharing personal items, as well as prompt recognition and treatment of infections to prevent spread.
William Coley
Nodular fasciitis
Ameloblastoma
Myeloid tissue
Miriam Posner Finkel
Osteoblastoma
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
Ollier disease
Osteosarcoma
Interventional radiology
Basophilia
Subcutaneous emphysema
Oncogenic osteomalacia
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
List of ICD-9 codes 140-239: neoplasms
Polycythemia vera
Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome
List of MeSH codes (C04)
Lomustine
Rheumatism
List of MeSH codes (C15)
Bone tumor
Orthopedic oncologist
Juvenile active ossifying fibroma
Osa
Ruxolitinib
Chondroblastoma
Biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma
Arginylglycylaspartic acid
Hürthle cell
92025003 - Benign neoplasm of bone of skull - SNOMED CT
Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research - Keyword Bone Neoplasms
Malignant Bone Neoplasm (Concept Id: C0279530) - MedGen - NCBI
William Coley - Wikipedia
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Articular cartilage1
- A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the bone or articular cartilage. (nih.gov)
Tumors9
- Clinical, cytogenetic, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical data were obtained in a series of 11 small round cell tumors (SRCT) of bone and soft tissue with the translocation t(11;22) (q24;q12). (nih.gov)
- In this second part of the series, we explain how to distinguish a select group of primary malignant bone tumors requiring further imaging and clinical workup from benign, tumor-like conditions. (appliedradiology.com)
- The most frequent bone tumors, osteochondromas represent 20-50% of benign tumors and 10-15% of all bone tumors. (appliedradiology.com)
- Bone tumors are very rare, accounting for less than 0.2% of all cancers. (novapublishers.com)
- This comprehensive book is the result of the contribution of different internationally renowned expert teams in the management of bone tumors and particularly spinal neoplasms. (novapublishers.com)
- The following chapters are dedicated to new insights in the medical treatment of bone tumors, an overview on the mechanism of malignant transformation of benign bone tumors, the modern management of pain in bone metastases, and the modern therapeutics of bone tumors in prostate cancer patients. (novapublishers.com)
- Chapter 6: Aminobisphosphonates and Nano-Technologically Modified Aminobisphosphonates: A New Dawn in the Treatment of Bone and Extra-Bone Tumors? (novapublishers.com)
- Neoplasms originating from the blood or bone marrow (leukemias and myeloproliferative disorders) are not considered solid tumors. (mycancergenome.org)
- Osteomas are benign tumors of growing bone that present in a periosteal or endosteal form and commonly affect the craniofacial skeleton bones, being rarely found in other parts of the body. (bvsalud.org)
Tumor6
- Dashiell visited Coley after suffering from a hand injury which he soon discovered to be an aggressive bone tumor. (wikipedia.org)
- A bone tumor, (also spelled bone tumour), is a neoplastic growth of tissue in bone. (icd.codes)
- Micrograph of an osteosarcoma, a malignant primary bone tumor. (icd.codes)
- Chondrosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in patients older than 25 years [ 35 ]. (lww.com)
- Ewing sarcoma is a small, round, blue cell tumor that primarily affects bone and soft tissue. (logicalimages.com)
- Chondrosarcoma, a malignant chondroid tumor, is the third-most common primary malignant bone tumor. (appliedradiology.com)
Malignant bone3
- Primary malignant bone neoplasm: a case report of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma in the rib and review of the literature. (nih.gov)
- Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bones: an important differential diagnosis of malignant bone neoplasms]. (bvsalud.org)
- It is the most common primary malignant bone neoplasm in adults. (radiopaedia.org)
MPNs5
- We retrospectively analyzed the bone marrow biopsy of two MPNs cohorts of patients with polycythemia (PV) (n=64) and non-PV patients [including essential thrombocythemia (ET), and early/prefibrotic primary myelofibrosis (PMF)] (n=222). (unicatt.it)
- Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are bone marrow diseases characterized by excess clonal hematopoiesis resulting in elevated peripheral blood counts. (researchgate.net)
- Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) include polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). (researchgate.net)
- Imago is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company developing new medicines for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and other bone marrow diseases. (merck.com)
- He is an international expert on myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), a group of bone marrow disorders that often lead to leukemia. (sanantoniomag.com)
Polycythemia2
- Polycythemia Vera Polycythemia vera is a myeloproliferative neoplasm of the blood-producing cells of the bone marrow that results in overproduction of all types of blood cells. (merckmanuals.com)
- The ICD-10 code range for Neoplasms of uncertain behavior, polycythemia vera and myelodysplastic syndromes D37-D48 is medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). (aapc.com)
Benign or malignant2
- What does a radiologist mean by 'benign or malignant neoplasm' of the liver? (healthtap.com)
- A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from tissues that do not include fluid areas. (mycancergenome.org)
Osteosarcoma4
- Osteosarcoma of the jaw bones. (nih.gov)
- 9-11 The absence of the more obvious cloud-like osseous matrix, sclerosis, and bone destruction usually associated with conventional osteosarcoma makes periosteal osteosarcoma a diagnostic challenge. (appliedradiology.com)
- Multiple myeloma and osteosarcoma combined account for ~50% of all primary bone malignancies 7 . (radiopaedia.org)
- Representative examples include epithelial neoplasms (e.g. lung carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma), and neoplasms arising from the soft tissues and bones (e.g. leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma). (mycancergenome.org)
Cancer10
- William Bradley Coley (January 12, 1862 - April 16, 1936) was an American bone surgeon and cancer researcher best known for his early contributions to the study of cancer immunotherapy, specifically causing infection as a way to fight cancer, a practice used as far back as 1550 BC. (wikipedia.org)
- In January I was diagnosed with a Myloproliferative Neoplasm ( bone marrow cancer). (cancer.org)
- and neoplasm = new abnormal growth, such as a precancer or cancer), the blood-producing cells in the. (merckmanuals.com)
- and neoplasm = new abnormal growth, such as a precancer or cancer), the blood-producing cells in the bone marrow (precursor cells, also called stem cells) develop and reproduce excessively or are crowded out by an overgrowth of fibrous tissue. (msdmanuals.com)
- PURPOSE: To investigate the role of patient-specific dosimetry as a predictive marker of survival and as a potential tool for individualised molecular radiotherapy treatment planning of bone metastases from castration-resistant prostate cancer, and to assess whether higher administered levels of activity are associated with a survival benefit. (mcmaster.ca)
- I can find the C64 family of codes for malignant neoplasm of kidney (his primary cancer that subsequently spread to his skull). (histalkpractice.com)
- You cannot use C41.0 Malignant neoplasm of bones of skull and face, because that must be the primary cancer, not the spread of the cancer to the skull. (histalkpractice.com)
- Ruben Mesa, MD, FACP , executive director of the Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio, has seen too many patients and families struggle with deadly bone marrow cancers. (sanantoniomag.com)
- It significantly improved outcomes of patients treated for myelofibrosis (MF), a rare but fatal bone marrow cancer, in a study Mesa helped lead. (sanantoniomag.com)
- A drug has been urgently needed to treat anemia in patients suffering from this rare, but deadly, bone marrow cancer. (sanantoniomag.com)
Neoplastic3
- Bilateral bone marrow biopsy exhibited trilineage hematopoiesis with absence of neoplastic cellular infiltration leading to categorization as stage 1, limited to the right tibia. (hindawi.com)
- Histopathology of the right tibial lesion was reviewed at IHHN, revealing sheets and aggregates of neoplastic cells replacing bone marrow interspersed with sclerotic bony fragments. (hindawi.com)
- With a diverse scientific program, the meeting covers a wide range of topics, including Thymus Pathology, hot topics in hematopathology, reactive and therapy-induced changes, myeloid neoplasms, novel mechanisms in lymphomagenesis, and the boundaries between neoplastic and reactive lymphoproliferations. (conference-service.com)
Chondrosarcoma1
- Key features that favor chondrosarcoma over benign enchondroma include deep cortical endosteal scalloping, cortical bone destruction, and extra-osseous extension. (appliedradiology.com)
Metastases5
- This study shows the importance of patient stratification to establish absorbed dose-response correlations and indicates the potential to individualise treatment of bone metastases with radiopharmaceuticals according to patient-specific imaging and dosimetry. (mcmaster.ca)
- In this sense, physical exercise has been an ally in the treatment of patients with bone metastases. (bvsalud.org)
- Systematic review and meta-analysis on the safety and benefits of physical exercise in patients with bone metastases. (bvsalud.org)
- No adverse musculoskeletal effects were observed during the intervention, with exercise being significantly safe in individuals with bone metastases. (bvsalud.org)
- Therapy with aerobic and isometric exercises is safe in patients with bone metastases, in addition, it improves pain, but without significant increase of aerobic capacity, disease progression, body mass and quality of life. (bvsalud.org)
Diseases1
- Myeloproliferative neoplasms are a group of diseases of the bone marrow characterized by excessive production of red blood cells, platelets, or certain white blood cells. (merck.com)
Impaired bone marrow1
- However, better understanding of the role of increased JAK-STAT signaling [either through activating mutations ( JAK2 , MPL515L/K ) within the signaling pathway, or mutations involving CALR ], the role of deregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and the impaired bone marrow microenvironment is transforming the treatment approach for MF. (haematologica.org)
Long bones3
- Extended intralesional treatment of Grade I intracompartmental chondrosarcomas of the long bones of the appendicular skeleton therefore appears safe with improved functional scores and decreased complications versus segmental resection and reconstruction. (lww.com)
- Chondroblastomas are benign chondroid neoplasms that typically affect the epiphyses of the long bones. (appliedradiology.com)
- 16 They occur most commonly in the long bones near the metaphyses about the knee. (appliedradiology.com)
Skull5
- Skull Neoplasms" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
- Neoplasms of the bony part of the skull. (umassmed.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Skull Neoplasms" by people in this website by year, and whether "Skull Neoplasms" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (umassmed.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Skull Neoplasms" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)
- But I can't find any code for secondary malignant neoplasm of the skull. (histalkpractice.com)
Morphology1
- The diagnostic approach proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) uses clinical features, bone marrow (BM) morphology, karyotype and molecular genetic tests to classify MPN su. (researchgate.net)
Pathological1
- Bone marrow fibrosis is a central pathological feature and World Health Organization major diagnostic criterion of myelofibrosis. (haematologica.org)
Disorder2
- Are "neoplasm" and "disorder" used interchangeably? (questiondoctors.com)
- Myelofibrosis Myelofibrosis is a disorder in which fibrous tissue in the bone marrow replaces the blood-producing cells, resulting in abnormally shaped red blood cells, anemia, and an enlarged spleen. (merckmanuals.com)
Genetic1
- Myeloproliferative neoplasms are caused by genetic mutations. (msdmanuals.com)
Lesions5
- Sabattini S , Renzi A , Buracco P , Comparative assessment of the accuracy of cytological and histologic biopsies in the diagnosis of canine bone lesions . (avma.org)
- Typically, chondrosarcomas appear radiographically as ill-defined lytic lesions with internal chondroid matrix and bone destruction (Figure 1). (appliedradiology.com)
- Whole-body and SPECT-based absorbed doses to the whole body and bone lesions were calculated for 22 patients receiving 5 GBq. (mcmaster.ca)
- A total of 379 bone lesions were identified in 22 patients. (mcmaster.ca)
- Multiple myeloma accounts for one of the 'M's in the popular mnemonic for lucent bone lesions FEGNOMASHIC . (radiopaedia.org)
Myeloid2
Frontal bone1
- When present, they are often found in the mandible, maxilla, frontal bone and paranasal sinuses. (bvsalud.org)
Bony1
- Histopathological analysis revealed sheets and aggregates of neoplasm replacing bone marrow interspersed with sclerotic bony fragments. (hindawi.com)
Associated with bone marrow2
- Conditions associated with bone marrow fibrosis. (haematologica.org)
- Early mortality is often associated with bone marrow failure, infections, fatal pulmonary complications, or malignancy. (medscape.com)
Progressive bone marrow failure2
- 6 Causes of early death include leukemic transformation, complications arising from progressive bone marrow failure, portal/pulmonary hypertension, infections, thrombosis and bleeding. (haematologica.org)
- It is a rare, progressive bone marrow failure syndrome characterized by the triad of reticulated skin hyperpigmentation, nail dystrophy, and oral leukoplakia. (medscape.com)
Lesion2
- The patient mean absorbed dose was defined as the mean of all bone lesion-absorbed doses in any given patient. (mcmaster.ca)
- The image shows a lytic lesion in distal femur destroying the bone. (webpathology.com)
Myeloma1
- Multiple myeloma (MM) , also known as plasma cell myeloma , is a multifocal proliferation of plasma cells based in the bone marrow . (radiopaedia.org)
Liver2
- Thrombopoietin, primarily produced in the liver, stimulates the bone marrow to make large cells (megakaryocytes), which in turn make platelets from material inside their cell body (cytoplasm). (msdmanuals.com)
- Results show the biologic effects of vinyl halide exposure to include changes in behavior, cardiovascular abnormalities, degenerative changes in the liver and bones, and the induction of malignant neoplasms, especially angiosarcomas of the liver. (cdc.gov)
Salivary1
- [ 10 , 11 ] but despite their indistinguishable histologic features, these are considered primary salivary gland neoplasms with secondary involvement of the auditory canal. (medscape.com)
Secondary1
- I can find C79.31 Secondary malignant neoplasm of brain and C79.51 Secondary malignant neoplasm of bone. (histalkpractice.com)
Soft tissue4
- Hence, five of 11 SRCT of bone or soft tissue with the t(11;22) showed morphologic and/or immunohistochemical evidence of neural differentiation. (nih.gov)
- Our results support the hypothesis that SRCT of bone of soft tissue with the t(11;22) form a single biologic entity displaying varying degrees of neuroectodermal differentiation. (nih.gov)
- It typically presents with bone or soft tissue pain. (logicalimages.com)
- Axial T1 MRI sequence demonstrates an infiltrative low/intermediate T1 signal mass involving the left iliac bone with cortical destruction, and an associated soft tissue mass extending into the gluteal and iliacus musculature (with small areas of hemorrhagic necrosis). (logicalimages.com)
Inhibition1
- The specific effect on bone marrow fibrosis of JAK2 inhibition, and other rationally based therapies currently being evaluated in myelofibrosis, has yet to be fully elucidated. (haematologica.org)
Cartilage1
- Based on the decreased biologic aggressiveness of low-grade cartilage neoplasms, several studies have suggested intralesional treatment may be adequate for Grade I chondrosarcomas [ 1, 4, 12, 19, 38 ]. (lww.com)
Malignancies1
- It accounts for 1% of all malignancies and 10-15% of all hematological neoplasms 12,14 . (radiopaedia.org)
Abnormal1
- Abnormal growths found in the bone can be either benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). (icd.codes)
Diagnosis1
- To code a diagnosis of this type, you must use one of the three child codes of C40.1 that describes the diagnosis 'malignant neoplasm of short bones of upper limb' in more detail. (icd.codes)
Acute1
- The following conditions each represent 1 percent or more of diagnostic radiology claims: subarachnoid hemorrhage, malignant neoplasm of colon, malignant neoplasm of pancreas, cerebral thrombosis with infarction, acute cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebral aneurysm, pelvis fracture, ankle fracture, and intracranial abscess. (thedoctors.com)
Approaches1
- However, modern myelofibrosis prognostication systems utilized in risk-adapted treatment approaches do not include bone marrow fibrosis as a prognostic variable. (haematologica.org)