Borna disease virus
Rats, Inbred Lew
Mononegavirales
Parapoxvirus
Liechtenstein
Bornaviridae
Horses
Brain
Meningoencephalitis
Encephalitis, Viral
Vero Cells
Orf virus
Cercopithecus aethiops
Molecular Sequence Data
A serosurvey of Borna disease virus infection in wild rats by a capture ELISA. (1/148)
For a serological diagnostic test for Borna disease (BD), we developed a capture ELISA with specificity and sensitivity based on detection of antibodies against BD virus (BDV) p40 protein. Using our capture ELISA system, the antibody response of rats inoculated intracerebrally with BDV at 4 weeks after birth showed a sharp increase from 1 to 4 weeks postinoculation (p.i.) and a steady level after 5 weeks p.i. To investigate prevalence of BDV infection among wild rats, we examined sera of Rattus norvegicus in Kami-iso town, Oshima district, Hokkaido, suggesting that rats in this area had not been infected by BDV. (+info)T cell ignorance in mice to Borna disease virus can be overcome by peripheral expression of the viral nucleoprotein. (2/148)
Infection of neonates with Borna disease virus (BDV) induces severe meningoencephalitis and neurological disorder in wild-type but not in beta(2)-microglobulin-deficient mice of strain MRL (H-2(k)). Temporary in vivo depletion of CD8(+) T cells delayed BDV-induced disease for several weeks. Depletion of CD4(+) T cells had a similar beneficial effect, indicating that the BDV-induced neurological disorder in mice is a CD4(+) T cell-dependent immunopathological process that is mediated by CD8(+) T cells. Lymphocytes prepared from brains of diseased mice were mainly from the CD8(+) T cell subset. They showed up-regulation of activation markers and exerted strong MHC I-restricted cytotoxic activity against target cells expressing the BDV nucleoprotein p40. Infection of B10.BR (H-2(k)) or congenic C57BL/10 (H-2(b)) mice resulted in symptomless, lifelong persistence of BDV in the brain. Superinfection with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing BDV p40 but not with other vaccinia viruses induced severe neurological disease and encephalitis in persistently infected B10.BR mice but not in persistently infected C57BL/10 mice, indicating that the disease-inducing T cell response is restricted to the nucleoprotein of BDV in H-2(k) mice. Our results demonstrate that the cellular arm of the immune system may ignore the presence of a replicating virus in the central nervous system until proper antigenic stimulation at a peripheral site triggers the antiviral response. (+info)Detection of borna disease virus-reactive antibodies from patients with psychiatric disorders and from horses by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. (3/148)
The prevalence of Borna disease virus (BDV)-specific antibodies among patients with psychiatric disorders and healthy individuals has varied in several reports using several different serological assay methods. A reliable and specific method for anti-BDV antibodies needs to be developed to clarify the pathological significance of BDV infections in humans. We developed a new electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) for the antibody to BDV that uses two recombinant proteins of BDV, p40 and p24 (full length). Using this ECLIA, we examined 3,476 serum samples from humans with various diseases and 917 sera from blood donors in Japan for the presence of anti-BDV antibodies. By ECLIA, 26 (3.08%) of 845 schizophrenia patients and 9 (3.59%) of 251 patients with mood disorders were seropositive for BDV. Among 323 patients with other psychiatric diseases, 114 with neurological diseases, 75 with chronic fatigue syndrome, 85 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, 50 with autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosis and 17 with leprosy, there was no positive case except one case each with alcohol addiction, AIDS, and dementia. Although 19 (1.36%) of 1,393 patients with various ocular diseases, 10 (1.09%) of 917 blood donors, and 3 (4.55%) of 66 multitransfused patients were seropositive for BDV-specific antigen, high levels of seroprevalence in schizophrenia patients and young patients (16 to 59 years old) with mood disorders were statistically significant. The immunoreactivity of seropositive sera could be verified for specificity by blocking with soluble p40 and/or p24 recombinant protein. Anti-p24 antibody was more frequent than p40 antibody in most cases, and in some psychotic patients antibody profiles showed only p40 antibody. Although serum positive for both p40 and p24 antibodies was not found in this study, the p40 ECLIA count in schizophrenia patients was higher than that of blood donors. Furthermore, we examined 90 sera from Japanese feral horses. Antibody profiles of control human samples are similar to that of naturally BDV-infected feral horses. We concluded that BDV infection was associated in some way with psychiatric disorders. (+info)Borna disease virus in human brains with a rare form of hippocampal degeneration but not in brains of patients with common neuropsychiatric disorders. (4/148)
To estimate the frequency of persistent Borna disease virus (BDV) infections of the human central nervous system and to determine which neuropsychiatric disorders might be associated with this viral infection, reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction was used to screen a large collection of autopsy brain samples for the presence of BDV-specific nucleic acids. The presence of BDV RNA was found in 3 brains of persons with psychiatric symptoms and prominent hippocampal degeneration previously reported to be positive by others. However, no BDV RNA was detected in 86 randomly collected brains from persons with various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, affective disorders, and Alzheimer's disease, or from suicide victims or in 52 brains from healthy controls. Furthermore, no BDV-RNA was detected in 16 surgical brain samples from persons with epilepsy-associated hippocampal sclerosis. These results indicate that life-long persistent BDV infections are rare in humans and that such infections may be associated with certain forms of hippocampal degeneration. (+info)Borna disease virus infection in domestic cats: evaluation by RNA and antibody detection. (5/148)
Borna disease virus (BDV) infection has been suggested to cause spontaneous neurological disease in cats referred to as staggering disease. However the evaluation of BDV infection in neurologically asymptomatic cats remained unclear. In the present study, BDV infected, asymptomatic cats in Tokyo were surveyed both by the presence of plasma antibodies against BDV-p24 and -p40 and by RNA detection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Seven of 32 domestic cats (21.9%) were serologically or genetically judged to be BDV-infected. Six cats were positive for anti-BDV antibody and two cats were positive for BDV RNA. Within the 2 RNA-positive cats, only one was positive for anti-BDV antibodies. Furthermore, the findings of anti-BDV-p40 and anti-BDV-p24 antibody-positive cats did not completely overlap. These results suggest that there are neurologically asymptomatic domestic cats infected with BDV present in the Tokyo area. (+info)Synaptic pathology in Borna disease virus persistent infection. (6/148)
Borna disease virus (BDV) infection of newborn rats leads to a persistent infection of the brain, which is associated with behavioral and neuroanatonomical abnormalities. These disorders occur in the absence of lymphoid cell infiltrates, and BDV-induced cell damage is restricted to defined brain areas. To investigate if damage to synaptic structures anteceded neuronal loss in BDV neonatally infected rats, we analyzed at different times postinfection the expression levels of growth-associated protein 43 and synaptophysin, two molecules involved in neuroplasticity processes. We found that BDV induced a progressive and marked decrease in the expression of these synaptic markers, which was followed by a significant loss of cortical neurons. Our findings suggest that BDV persistent infection interferes with neuroplasticity processes in specific cell populations. This, in turn, could affect the proper supply of growth factors and other molecules required for survival of selective neuronal populations within the cortex and limbic system structures. (+info)Expression and characterization of the Borna disease virus polymerase. (7/148)
Borna disease virus is the prototype of a new family, Bornaviridae, within the order Mononegavirales, that is characterized by nuclear transcription, splicing, low level replication, and neurotropism. The products of five open reading frames predicted from the genomic sequence have been confirmed; however, expression of the sixth, corresponding to the putative viral polymerase (L), has not been demonstrated. Here, we describe expression and characterization of a 190-kDa protein proposed to represent L. Expression of this protein from the third transcription unit of the viral genome is dependent on a splicing event that fuses a small upstream open reading frame in frame with the larger downstream continuous open reading frame. The protein is detected by serum antibodies from infected rats and is present in the nucleus, where it colocalizes with the phosphoprotein. L is also shown to be phosphorylated by cellular kinases and to interact with the viral phosphoprotein in coimmunoprecipitation studies. These findings are consistent with the identity of the 190-kDa protein as the viral polymerase and provide insights and describe reagents that will be useful for Bornavirus molecular biology and pathobiology. (+info)Isolation and characterization of a new subtype of Borna disease virus. (8/148)
Borna disease virus (BDV), the causative agent of severe meningoencephalitis in a wide variety of animal species, has been considered to be genetically invariable and to form a single type within the genus Bornavirus of the family Bornaviridae. BDV infections are of particular interest, because for the first time a virus infection appears to be linked to human psychiatric disorders. We now describe a new subtype of BDV isolated from a horse which was euthanatized due to severe, incurable neurological disease. The nucleotide sequence of this new strain, named No/98, differs from the reference strains by more than 15%, and the subtype is difficult to detect by standard reverse transcriptase PCR protocols. The nucleotide exchanges of the novel BDV isolate have surprisingly little effect on the primary structures of most viral proteins, with the notable exception of the X protein (p10), which is only 81% identical to its counterpart in reference strains. Our data indicate that the genome of BDV is far more variable than previously assumed and that naturally occurring subtypes may escape detection by currently used diagnostic assays. (+info)Borna Disease Virus (BoDV) is a negative-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Bornaviridae. It is the causative agent of Borna disease, a neurological disorder primarily affecting horses and sheep in Europe, although it has also been found in other mammals including cats, dogs, rabbits, and humans.
The virus is named after the town of Borna in Saxony, Germany, where an outbreak of the disease occurred in horses in the late 19th century. BoDV is unique among animal viruses because it can establish a persistent infection in the central nervous system (CNS) of its hosts and has been shown to have neurotropic properties.
In humans, BoDV infection has been linked to cases of encephalitis, a potentially life-threatening inflammation of the brain. However, human infections with BoDV are rare and often associated with close contact with infected animals or their tissues. There is currently no specific treatment for Borna disease or BoDV infection, and prevention efforts focus on reducing exposure to the virus through appropriate handling and care of infected animals.
Borna disease is a rare, infectious disease that affects the nervous system of animals, including horses, sheep, and goats. It is caused by the Borna disease virus (BDV) and is named after the town of Borna in Saxony, Germany, where an outbreak occurred in 1894.
In humans, there have been reports of a similar illness called "human bornavirus infection," but it is still not well understood and its relationship to animal bornavirus infections is unclear. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that "there is no evidence that BDV causes disease in humans."
Symptoms of Borna disease in animals can vary widely, depending on the species infected and other factors. In horses, the disease is often characterized by changes in behavior, such as increased aggression or fearfulness, loss of appetite, and difficulty coordinating movements. In severe cases, it can lead to paralysis and death.
There is no specific treatment for Borna disease, and prevention efforts focus on limiting the spread of the virus through measures such as quarantine and vaccination of susceptible animals.
I'm happy to help! "Rats, Inbred Lew" is a specific strain of laboratory rats that have been inbred for research purposes. The "Lew" part of the name refers to the location where they were first developed, the Lewis Institute in Lake Bluff, Illinois, USA.
Inbreeding is a process of mating closely related individuals over many generations to create a genetically homogeneous population. This results in a high degree of genetic similarity among members of the strain, making them ideal for use as experimental models because any differences observed between individuals are more likely to be due to the experimental manipulation rather than genetic variation.
Inbred Lew rats have been widely used in biomedical research, particularly in studies related to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. They exhibit a number of unique characteristics that make them useful for these types of studies, including their susceptibility to developing high blood pressure when fed a high-salt diet or given certain drugs.
It's important to note that while inbred strains like Lew rats can be very useful tools for researchers, they are not perfect models for human disease. Because they have been bred in a controlled environment and selected for specific traits, they may not respond to experimental manipulations in the same way that humans or other animals would. Therefore, it's important to interpret findings from these studies with caution and consider multiple lines of evidence before drawing any firm conclusions.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Viruses, Unclassified" is not a recognized medical or scientific category. Generally, viruses are classified based on various characteristics such as genome structure, mode of replication, host range, and symptoms they cause. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is the organization responsible for the formal classification of viruses.
If you have any specific questions about certain unclassified viral entities or phenomena, I'd be happy to help if I can! Please provide more context so I can give a more accurate and helpful response.
Mononegavirales is an order of viruses that includes several families of negative-strand RNA viruses, such as Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Filoviridae. These viruses are characterized by their single, non-segmented strand of RNA that is negative-sense, meaning it cannot be directly translated into protein by the host cell's machinery. Instead, a complementary positive-sense RNA must first be synthesized before protein production can occur.
The order Mononegavirales includes many important human and animal pathogens, such as measles virus, mumps virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rabies virus, Ebola virus, and Marburg virus. These viruses can cause a range of diseases, from mild respiratory infections to severe hemorrhagic fevers.
The virions of Mononegavirales are typically enveloped, with a helical capsid that surrounds the RNA genome. The genome is usually around 10-15 kilobases in length and encodes several proteins, including an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that is responsible for replicating and transcribing the viral RNA.
Mononegavirales viruses are transmitted through various routes, including respiratory droplets, bodily fluids, and contact with infected animals or fomites. Prevention and control measures include vaccination, personal protective equipment (PPE), and infection control practices.
Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.
Parapoxvirus is a genus of viruses in the Poxviridae family, which includes several species that can infect mammals such as sheep, goats, and humans. These viruses are characterized by causing localized, papular, and pustular skin lesions in their hosts. The most common species that infect humans are Orf virus and Parapoxvirus ovis (also known as contagious ecthyma virus or pseudocowpox virus).
Human infections with parapoxviruses typically occur through direct contact with infected animals or their products, such as wool, hair, or milk. The incubation period for these viruses ranges from 3 to 10 days after exposure, and the infection usually manifests as a single, painful, red, and fluid-filled lesion that progresses into a scab over time.
Parapoxvirus infections are generally self-limiting and resolve within 4-6 weeks without specific treatment. However, secondary bacterial infections can occur and may require antibiotics. It is essential to prevent transmission of the virus through good hygiene practices and avoiding contact with infected animals or their products.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Liechtenstein" is not a medical term or concept. It is actually a small country located in Central Europe, bordered by Switzerland to the west and Austria to the east. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!
I understand you are asking for a medical definition of "Horse Diseases." However, it's important to note that there isn't a specific medical field dedicated to horse diseases as we typically categorize medical fields by human diseases and conditions. Veterinary medicine is the field responsible for studying, diagnosing, and treating diseases in animals, including horses.
Here's a general definition of 'Horse Diseases':
Horse diseases are health issues or medical conditions that affect equine species, particularly horses. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections; genetic predispositions; environmental factors; and metabolic disorders. Examples of horse diseases include Strangles (Streptococcus equi), Equine Influenza, Equine Herpesvirus, West Nile Virus, Rabies, Potomac Horse Fever, Lyme Disease, and internal or external parasites like worms and ticks. Additionally, horses can suffer from musculoskeletal disorders such as arthritis, laminitis, and various injuries. Regular veterinary care, preventative measures, and proper management are crucial for maintaining horse health and preventing diseases.
Bornaviridae is a family of viruses that includes the Borna disease virus (BDV) as its type species. These viruses are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that primarily infect mammals, including humans. The name "Bornaviridae" comes from the town of Borna in Saxony, Germany, where an outbreak of a neurological disease in horses, now known to be caused by BDV, was first described in the 19th century.
The genome of Bornaviruses is composed of six genes that encode for structural and non-structural proteins. The viral RNA is encapsidated in a nucleocapsid protein (N) and associated with the large (L) and phosphoprotein (P). The L protein functions as the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, while the P protein acts as a cofactor for the L protein.
Borna disease is a rare but serious neurological disorder that affects horses, sheep, and cattle, causing symptoms such as behavioral changes, loss of coordination, and paralysis. In humans, Bornaviruses have been associated with several neurological disorders, including encephalitis, but the exact role of these viruses in human disease remains unclear.
Prevention and control measures for Bornavirus infections include good biosecurity practices, such as wearing protective clothing and equipment when handling infected animals, and implementing strict quarantine procedures for infected herds. Currently, there are no vaccines or antiviral treatments available for Bornavirus infections.
A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "horses" is not a medical term. It is the common name given to the species *Equus ferus caballus*, which are large domesticated mammals used for transportation, work, and recreation. If you have any questions about horses or a related topic that you would like a medical perspective on, please let me know and I'd be happy to help!
Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.
Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.
There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.
In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.
Nucleoproteins are complexes formed by the association of proteins with nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). These complexes play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as packaging and protecting genetic material, regulating gene expression, and replication and repair of DNA. In these complexes, proteins interact with nucleic acids through electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and other non-covalent interactions, leading to the formation of stable structures that help maintain the integrity and function of the genetic material. Some well-known examples of nucleoproteins include histones, which are involved in DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells, and reverse transcriptase, an enzyme found in retroviruses that transcribes RNA into DNA.
The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:
1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.
The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.
Meningoencephalitis is a medical term that refers to an inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges), known as the meninges. It is often caused by an infection, such as bacterial or viral infections, that spreads to the meninges and brain. In some cases, it can also be caused by other factors like autoimmune disorders or certain medications.
The symptoms of meningoencephalitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, and changes in mental status. If left untreated, this condition can lead to serious complications, such as brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities, or even death. Treatment typically involves antibiotics for bacterial infections or antiviral medications for viral infections, along with supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
Viral encephalitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the brain caused by a viral infection. The infection can be caused by various types of viruses, such as herpes simplex virus, enteroviruses, arboviruses (transmitted through insect bites), or HIV.
The symptoms of viral encephalitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, and altered level of consciousness. In severe cases, it can lead to brain damage, coma, or even death. The diagnosis is usually made based on clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scan. Treatment typically involves antiviral medications, supportive care, and management of complications.
An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.
Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.
Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.
It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.
Vero cells are a line of cultured kidney epithelial cells that were isolated from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the 1960s. They are named after the location where they were initially developed, the Vervet Research Institute in Japan.
Vero cells have the ability to divide indefinitely under certain laboratory conditions and are often used in scientific research, including virology, as a host cell for viruses to replicate. This allows researchers to study the characteristics of various viruses, such as their growth patterns and interactions with host cells. Vero cells are also used in the production of some vaccines, including those for rabies, polio, and Japanese encephalitis.
It is important to note that while Vero cells have been widely used in research and vaccine production, they can still have variations between different cell lines due to factors like passage number or culture conditions. Therefore, it's essential to specify the exact source and condition of Vero cells when reporting experimental results.
Orf virus, also known as contagious ecthyma virus, is a member of the Parapoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae family. It primarily affects sheep and goats, causing a contagious skin disease characterized by papules, vesicles, pustules, and scabs, mainly on the mouth and legs. The virus can also infect humans, particularly those who handle infected animals or consume raw meat from an infected animal. In human cases, it typically causes a papular or pustular dermatitis, often on the hands, fingers, or forearms. The infection is usually self-limiting and resolves within 4-6 weeks without scarring.
'Cercopithecus aethiops' is the scientific name for the monkey species more commonly known as the green monkey. It belongs to the family Cercopithecidae and is native to western Africa. The green monkey is omnivorous, with a diet that includes fruits, nuts, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates. They are known for their distinctive greenish-brown fur and long tail. Green monkeys are also important animal models in biomedical research due to their susceptibility to certain diseases, such as SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), which is closely related to HIV.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
A viral genome is the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that is present in a virus. It contains all the genetic information that a virus needs to replicate itself and infect its host. The size and complexity of viral genomes can vary greatly, ranging from a few thousand bases to hundreds of thousands of bases. Some viruses have linear genomes, while others have circular genomes. The genome of a virus also contains the information necessary for the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery and use it to produce new copies of the virus. Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is important for developing vaccines and antiviral treatments.
A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.
Borna disease
Borna disease virus
W. Ian Lipkin
Bicolored shrew
Bornaviridae
Ștefan S. Nicolau
Infections associated with diseases
Tupaia (mammal)
Avian bornavirus
MiR-122
Animal model of autism
Borna
Perforin-1
Sue VandeWoude
Risk factors of schizophrenia
Mady Hornig
Causes of autism
List of MeSH codes (B04)
BDV (disambiguation)
RNA virus
List of MeSH codes (C02)
Proventricular dilatation disease
Microangiopathy
Borna Nyaoke-Anoke
Ljudevit (Lower Pannonia)
Mycobacterium bovis
Maureen Kimenye
Deaths in June 2007
Aspergillus carneus
Gluten
Borna disease - Wikipedia
Borna Disease | The Pig Site
Borna [bor′nә] disease virus - Volume 15, Number 9-September 2009 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
Borna Disease Virus - LABOKLIN Europe
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Borna disease in Austrian horses<...
Linkage between the leader sequence and leader RNA production in Borna disease virus-infected cells<...
Antibodies against viral nucleo-, phospho-, and X protein contribute to serological diagnosis of fatal Borna disease virus 1...
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W. Ian Lipkin, MD, Named to Board of Editors of American Society for Microbiology Journal | Columbia University Mailman School...
Jürgen A. Richt
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Schubot researchers image Avian Borna Virus | VMBS News
Lilliehöök, Inger
Friesian Horse: 10 Most Important Facts for Horse Lover
Bio2Vec
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE www
Equine Infectious Diseases, 2nd Edition
Infection8
- There have been rare cases of human fatalities associated with encephalitis caused by Borna disease virus infection. (wikipedia.org)
- Following infection, individuals may develop Borna disease, or may remain subclinical, possibly acting as a carrier of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
- excessive citations] There is some evidence that there may be a relationship between BoDV-1 infection and psychiatric disease. (wikipedia.org)
- The progression of a clinically manifested infection is lethal (duration of the disease usually 1 - 3 weeks). (laboklin.com)
- Borna disease virus (BDV) is unique because it establishes a persistent infection and replicates in the nucleus. (elsevierpure.com)
- Subclinical infection and asymptomatic carriage of gastrointestinal zoonoses: occupational exposure, environmental pathways, and the anonymous spread of disease. (nih.gov)
- enterovirus infection of skeletal muscle was therefore proposed as the likely disease mechanism. (bmj.com)
- Whereas in the acute phase of the disease immunoregulatory processes prevail in the hippocampus and the cortex, we observed a strong activation of neurogenic processes in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, both by gene expression and immunohistology starting as early as 3 days after infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Viruses9
- Borna disease, also known as sad horse disease, is an infectious neurological syndrome of warm-blooded animals, caused by Borna disease viruses 1 and 2 (BoDV-1/2). (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Avian bornaviruses, a group of related viruses, have been reported, yet not proven, as the cause of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a disease of pet parrots. (wikipedia.org)
- Avian Borna viruses are RNA viruses which show high genetic divergence. (laboklin.com)
- She conducts research in infectious disease pathogenesis, diagnostics and vaccine development, with a focus on feline viruses. (gla.ac.uk)
- and discovery of more than 200 viruses including Borna disease virus, rhinovirus C, Dandenong virus, and LuJo virus. (columbia.edu)
- During my 25+ year scientific career, I have studied pathogen-host interactions in various infectious disease models including Avian and Swine Influenza viruses (AIV, SIV), African Swine Fever virus (ASFV), Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV), Vesicular Stomatitis virus (VSV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV), animal prion diseases and Borna Disease Virus (BDV). (k-state.edu)
- Various viruses have been shown to play a triggering or perpetuating role, or both, in this complex disease. (bmj.com)
- A general term for diseases produced by viruses. (lookformedical.com)
- Other suspects included the Borna virus (which normally infects horses), polio, and other viruses. (newscientist.com)
20181
- citation needed] In 2018, three fatal cases of Borna disease in humans were confirmed in Germany. (wikipedia.org)
Warm-blooded animals1
- Borna disease virus 2 (BoDV-2) is a a member of the species Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus and causes Borna disease, a neurological condition that affects warm-blooded animals, primarily horses and sheep. (kitpcr.com)
Avian4
- In 2008, identification of the previously unknown avian Borna virus (ABV) in birds infected with PDD was achieved for the first time. (laboklin.com)
- Newcastle disease virus-based H5 influenza vaccine protects chickens from lethal challenge with a highly pathogenic H5N2 avian influenza virus. (k-state.edu)
- COLLEGE STATION, TX - Scientists working at the Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center at Texas A&M's College of Veterinary Medicine have finally visualizedthe Avian Borna Virus, the cause of Proventricular Dilatation Disease in parrots. (tamu.edu)
- Using advanced electron microscopy, a team of scientists at the Schubot Center led by Dr Ian Tizard, have succeeded in photographing avian Borna Virus. (tamu.edu)
Proventricular dilatat1
- Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a globally distributed, serious disease particularly affecting psittacines (large parrots) like macaws, amazons or grey parrots. (laboklin.com)
Saxony1
- Borna disease virus was named after the town of Borna in Saxony, southeastern Germany, where in 1885 many horses in a German cavalry regiment died of a fatal neurologic disease. (cdc.gov)
Pathogenesis1
- We wanted to see the specific effect of a viral protein on the neuronal function, as well as to elucidate the molecular nature of Borna virus pathogenesis,' Dr. Tomonaga explained. (deadlydeceit.com)
Emerging Infectio2
Prion1
- Genemedi developed the antigen and antibody to detect the non-infectious disease such as immune dysfunction, abortion and teratology, nonbacterial diarrheic disease, Prion associated diseases (Scrapie, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Chronical Waste Disease), winter dysentery and so on. (genemedi.com)
Infectious disease5
- An expert in diagnostics, pathogen surveillance and discovery, Dr. Lipkin has been at the forefront of infectious disease research for more than two decades and will serve as the journal's editor for research related to pathogen discovery. (columbia.edu)
- Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL). (lookformedical.com)
- Ideal for both practitioners and students, Equine Infectious Diseases, 2nd Edition covers the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious disease in horses. (edicionesedra.com)
- Preventing and controlling infectious disease outbreaks is addressed with information on epidemiology, biosecurity, antimicrobial therapy, and recognizing foreign equine diseases. (edicionesedra.com)
- Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by a spore-forming bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. (psychology-lexicon.com)
Fungal2
- The theme of the 1st PAMWG Conference is Addressing neglected fungal killer diseases in Africa . (dndi.org)
- Organized by infectious agent - viral, bacterial and rickettsial, protozoal, and fungal - it includes complete coverage of the individual diseases caused by each type of agent. (edicionesedra.com)
Infects1
- Background: It is controversial whether Borna disease virus (BDV) infects humans and causes psychiatric disorders. (korea.ac.kr)
Neurological1
- Borna disease is a severe neurological illness that predominantly affects horses and sheep, but it has been observed in a wide range of mammals. (wikipedia.org)
19242
- In 1924, the Austrian virologist Wilhelm Zwick suggested a virus as the cause of the disease. (wikipedia.org)
- The incidence of the disease peaked in 1924, then petered out with few new cases by the end of the decade. (newscientist.com)
Antibodies1
- Antibodies against viral nucleo-, phospho-, and X protein contribute to serological diagnosis of fatal Borna disease virus 1 infections. (bvsalud.org)
Feline1
- Development of a real-time PCR for in vivo diagnosis of feline Borna disease. (slu.se)
Centers for Dis4
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
- The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
- Over the course of his career, Dr. Lipkin has assisted the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Defense, and the World Health Organization (WHO) in outbreaks of respiratory disease, hemorrhagic fever, meningoencephalitis, and vaccine safety investigations. (columbia.edu)
Zoonotic Diseases2
- Dr. Lipkin is director of the Northeast Biodefense Center, a consortium of academic and governmental biomedical research institutions in the tri-state area engaged in biodefense research and the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Diagnostics, Surveillance and Immunotherapeutics for Emerging Infectious and Zoonotic Diseases. (columbia.edu)
- Dr. Lipkin serves as co-chair of the Steering Committee of the National neurology_biosurveillance Advisory Subcommittee and as Director of the Northeast Biodefense Center and the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center on Diagnostics, Surveillance and Immunotherapeutics for Emerging Infectious and Zoonotic Diseases, the only academic WHO Center focused on diagnostics and discovery. (columbia.edu)
Acute3
- In addition to peracute and acute deaths, especially in older birds chronic progressions of the disease can also be observed. (laboklin.com)
- The first two time points represent the acute and sub-acute phase of bacterial meningitis, whereas the latter represent the recovery phase of the disease. (biomedcentral.com)
- Given the limited success in reducing brain damage during the acute disease, it appears imperative to expand the scope of strategies from the acute disease phase into the recovery phase with the aim to improve the outcome of brain injury. (biomedcentral.com)
Horses and sheep1
- citation needed] Symptoms of Borna disease in horses and sheep start after a four-week incubation period followed by the development of immune-mediated meningitis and encephalomyelitis. (wikipedia.org)
Severe2
- Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is a disease characterised by severe and debilitating fatigue, sleep abnormalities, impaired memory and concentration, and musculoskeletal pain. (bmj.com)
- ABSTRACT The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to determine the prevalence of caries, severe caries and gingivitis in Tehran primary-school children and to analyse the relationship between children's oral hygiene habits and prevalence of these oral health diseases. (who.int)
Humans2
- Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) causes rare but often fatal encephalitis in humans . (bvsalud.org)
- Rabies transmitted by vampire bats to humans: an emerging zoonotic disease in Latin America? (ajtmh.org)
Cardiovascular diseases4
- Overweight and obesity are considered physical health risk factors for children and adolescent development, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, abnormal glucose metabolism, liver and gastrointestinal disorders, sleep apnea and orthopedic complications. (bvsalud.org)
- Causal Associations between Paternal Longevity and Risks of Cardiovascular Diseases. (cdc.gov)
- Effect of Cheese Intake on Cardiovascular Diseases and Cardiovascular Biomarkers. (cdc.gov)
- Genetic Predisposition of Anti-Cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin G Levels and the Risk of 9 Cardiovascular Diseases. (cdc.gov)
Sheep4
- A similar disease had been observed in horses, sheep, and cattle for more than 100 years. (cdc.gov)
- It is of clinical relevance particularly in horses, in cats (where the disease is also called "staggering disease") and in sheep. (laboklin.com)
- Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an economically important disease, especially affecting the household economy of the poorest people, since the main hosts are domestic sheep and goats in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, species important for the daily survival. (slu.se)
- We are currently studying different aspects of infectious diseases, focusing on PPR, in sheep and goats in low- and middle-income countries, mainly Tanzania, Pakistan, Botswana and Zambia. (slu.se)
Dysfunction1
- NEW YORK (Reuters Health) Jul 07 - In transgenic mice that express the phosphoprotein of Borna disease virus, glial cell dysfunction is accompanied by behavioral abnormalities similar to those of human psychiatric disorders, Japanese scientists report. (deadlydeceit.com)
Chronic wasting1
- Estimating chronic wasting disease susceptibility in cervids using real-time quaking-induced conversion. (k-state.edu)
Hitherto1
- 17 These intriguing data for which there is ample supporting data (briefly described above) strongly suggest a new and hitherto unrecognised disease mechanism in patients with CFS/ME, which in my opinion, could trigger and perpetuate this disease. (bmj.com)
Colleagues1
- Tomonaga of Osaka University and colleagues note that Borna disease virus (BDV) is highly neurotropic. (deadlydeceit.com)
Research4
- The importance of these factors and how they interplay in infectious diseases is my major research interest. (slu.se)
- The overall goal of my research is to investigate zoonotic, emerging and transboundary diseases of livestock focusing mainly on viral diseases. (k-state.edu)
- Suggestive or possible clinically relevant states of (mild) neuroinflammation not fulfilling the definition of meningoencephalitis, were not well classified or might sometimes even have been assigned as " non-inflammatory" diseases in clinical use and research (see below definition of neuroinflammation), with the terms mild neuroinflammation or parainflammation not in use. (edupony.com)
- Diabetes & vascular disease research 0 18 (5): 14791641211041225. (cdc.gov)
Registry1
- The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) mandates that the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) shall assess whether adequate information on health effects is available for the priority hazardous substances. (cdc.gov)
Abnormal1
- The disease is characterised by ataxia and abnormal depressive behaviour, frequently culminating in death. (wikipedia.org)
20192
- She has been a member of the European Advisory Board for Cat Diseases (ABCD) since 2005 and was elected as President of the newly established Association, ABCD Europe, in 2019. (gla.ac.uk)
- Ayton S, Lei P, Appukuttan AT, Renoir T, Foliaki S, Chen F, Adlard PA, Hannan AJ, Bush AI ( 2019 ) Brain Zinc Deficiency Exacerbates Cognitive Decline in the R6/1 Model of Huntington's Disease. (multichannelsystems.com)
Virus Diseases1
- Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE. (lookformedical.com)
Serum1
- The International Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group (IGCCCG) developed a risk classification for advanced nonseminoma testicular cancer based on identifying clinically independent prognostic features, including extent of disease and levels of serum tumor markers. (medscape.com)
Systemic1
- As the Mayo Foundation's longtime head of experimental bacteriology (1915-44), Rosenow compiled compelling direct evidence of an infectious etiology (substantially satisfying and additional to Henle-Koch criteria, e.g., see www.InstituteOfScience.com/AUTOMED/40R3.HTM ) for a range of systemic conditions, including diseases of the nervous system. (instituteofscience.com)
Disorders1
- Animals suffering from Borna disease develop motor and behavioural disorders. (laboklin.com)
Nervous system1
- Borna disease, is caused by a virus which damages the nervous system. (thepigsite.com)
Spatial1
- Spatial centrosome proteome of human neural cells uncovers disease-relevant heterogeneity. (mpg.de)
Develop1
- They went on to develop violent tremors similar to those of Parkinson's disease, and became increasingly rigid and paralysed. (newscientist.com)
Clinical1
- Clinical non-effectiveness of clopidogrel use for peripheral artery disease in patients with CYP2C19 polymorphisms: a systematic review. (cdc.gov)
Unknown1
- Whether these conditions represent distinct entities or whether some may be parts of a spectrum of the same basic disease is still unknown. (medscape.com)
Multifocal1
- Since the initial description of the disease by Nozik and Dorsch in 1973, hundreds of patients have been reported in the literature with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis (MCP). (medscape.com)