Brain death. Medical search. Definitions

A state of prolonged irreversible cessation of all brain activity, including lower brain stem function with the complete absence of voluntary movements, responses to stimuli, brain stem reflexes, and spontaneous respirations. Reversible conditions which mimic this clinical state (e.g., sedative overdose, hypothermia, etc.) are excluded prior to making the determination of brain death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp348-9)

Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.

Individuals supplying living tissue, organs, cells, blood or blood components for transfer or transplantation to histocompatible recipients.

The administrative procedures involved with acquiring TISSUES or organs for TRANSPLANTATION through various programs, systems, or organizations. These procedures include obtaining consent from TISSUE DONORS and arranging for transportation of donated tissues and organs, after TISSUE HARVESTING, to HOSPITALS for processing and transplantation.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint.

Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.

Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.

The procedure of removing TISSUES, organs, or specimens from DONORS for reuse, such as TRANSPLANTATION.

A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.

A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.

The state or condition of being a human individual accorded moral and/or legal rights. Criteria to be used to determine this status are subject to debate, and range from the requirement of simply being a human organism to such requirements as that the individual be self-aware and capable of rational thought and moral agency.

Vegetative state refers to the neurocognitive status of individuals with severe brain damage, in whom physiologic functions (sleep-wake cycles, autonomic control, and breathing) persist, but awareness (including all cognitive function and emotion) is abolished.

Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.

Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.

The state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. It includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. Over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.

Conceptual response of the person to the various aspects of death, which are based on individual psychosocial and cultural experience.

The science or philosophy of law. Also, the application of the principles of law and justice to health and medicine.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

The principles of professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the physician, relations with patients and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the physician in patient care and interpersonal relations with patient families.

Care provided patients requiring extraordinary therapeutic measures in order to sustain and prolong life.

Elicitation of a rotatory nystagmus by stimulating the semicircular canals with water or air which is above or below body temperature. In warm caloric stimulation a rotatory nystagmus is developed toward the side of the stimulated ear; in cold, away from the stimulated side. Absence of nystagmus indicates the labyrinth is not functioning.

The point at which religious ensoulment or PERSONHOOD is considered to begin.

Withholding or withdrawal of a particular treatment or treatments, often (but not necessarily) life-prolonging treatment, from a patient or from a research subject as part of a research protocol. The concept is differentiated from REFUSAL TO TREAT, where the emphasis is on the health professional's or health facility's refusal to treat a patient or group of patients when the patient or the patient's representative requests treatment. Withholding of life-prolonging treatment is usually indexed only with EUTHANASIA, PASSIVE, unless the distinction between withholding and withdrawing treatment, or the issue of withholding palliative rather than curative treatment, is discussed.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

Informed consent given by someone other than the patient or research subject.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.

Compounds that contain the radical R2C=N.OH derived from condensation of ALDEHYDES or KETONES with HYDROXYLAMINE. Members of this group are CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS.

An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.

Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)

Medical philosophy is a branch of philosophy that deals with the concepts, values, and nature of medicine, including its ethical implications, epistemological foundations, and societal impact, aimed at informing and improving medical practice, research, and education.

The process by which organs are kept viable outside of the organism from which they were removed (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).

Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.

The case for a statutory 'definition of death'. (1/411)

Karen Quinlan, the American girl who has lain in deep coma for many months, is still 'alive', that is to say, her heart is still beating and brain death has not occurred. However, several other cases have raised difficult issues about the time of death. Dr Skegg argues that there is a case for a legal definition of death enshrined in statutory form. He suggests that many of the objections to a statutory provision on death are misplaced, and that a statute concerning the occurrence of death could remove all doubts in the minds of both doctors and public as to whether a 'beating heart cadaver' was dead or alive for legal purposes. (+info)

A matter of life and death: what every anesthesiologist should know about the medical, legal, and ethical aspects of declaring brain death. (2/411)

Accurate criteria for death are increasingly important as it becomes more difficult for the public to distinguish between patients who are still alive from those who, through the aid of medical technology, merely look like they are alive even though they are dead. Patients and their families need to know that a clear line can be drawn between life and death, and that patients who are alive will not be unintentionally treated as though they are dead. For the public to trust the pronouncements of medical doctors as to whether a patient is dead or alive, the criteria must be unambiguous, understandable, and infallible. It is equally important to physicians that accurate, infallible criteria define death. Physicians need to know that a clear line can be drawn between life and death so that patients who are dead are not treated as though they are alive. Such criteria enable us to terminate expensive medical care to corpses. Clear criteria for death also allow us to ethically request the gift of vital organs. Clear, infallible criteria allow us to assure families and society that one living person will not be intentionally or unintentionally killed for the sake of another. The pressure of organ scarcity must not lead physicians to allow the criteria for life and death to become blurred because of the irreparable harm this would cause to the patient-physician relationship and the devastating impact it could have on organ transplantation. As the cases presented here illustrate, anesthesiologists have an important responsibility in the process of assuring that some living patients are not sacrificed to benefit others. Criteria for declaring death should be familiar to every anesthesiologist participating in organ retrieval. Before accepting the responsibility of maintaining a donor for vital organ collection, the anesthesiologist should review data supplied in the chart supporting the diagnosis of brain death and seriously question inconsistencies and inadequate testing conditions. Knowledge of brain death criteria and proper application of these criteria could have changed the course of each of the cases presented. (+info)

Donor catecholamine use reduces acute allograft rejection and improves graft survival after cadaveric renal transplantation. (3/411)

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological data implicate that renal transplants from living unrelated donors result in superior survival rates as compared with cadaveric grafts, despite a higher degree of human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) mismatching. We undertook a center-based case control study to identify donor-specific determinants affecting early outcome in cadaveric transplantation. METHODS: The study database consisted of 152 consecutive cadaveric renal transplants performed at our center between June 1989 and September 1998. Of these, 24 patients received a retransplant. Donor kidneys were allocated on the basis of prospective HLA matching according to the Eurotransplant rules of organ sharing. Immunosuppressive therapy consisted of a cyclosporine-based triple-drug regimen. In 67 recipients, at least one acute rejection episode occurred during the first month after transplantation. They were taken as cases, and the remaining 85 patients were the controls. Stepwise logistic regression was done on donor-specific explanatory variables obtained from standardized Eurotransplant Necrokidney reports. In a secondary evaluation, the impact on graft survival in long-term follow-up was further measured by applying a Cox regression model. The mean follow-up of all transplant recipients was 3.8 years (SD 2.7 years). RESULTS: Donor age [odds ratio (OR) 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.08], traumatic brain injury as cause of death (OR 2.75; 95% CI, 1.16 to 6. 52), and mismatch on HLA-DR (OR 3.0; 95% CI, 1.47 to 6.12) were associated with an increased risk of acute rejection, whereas donor use of dopamine (OR 0.22; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.51) and/or noradrenaline (OR 0.24; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.60) independently resulted in a significant beneficial effect. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, both donor treatment with dopamine (HR 0.44; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.84) and noradrenaline (HR 0.30; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.87) remained a significant predictor of superior graft survival in long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our data strongly suggest that the use of catecholamines in postmortal organ donors during intensive care results in immunomodulating effects and improves graft survival in long-term follow-up. These findings may at least partially be explained by down-regulating effects of adrenergic substances on the expression of adhesion molecules (VCAM, E-selectin) in the vessel walls of the graft. (+info)

N18 in median somatosensory evoked potentials: a new indicator of medullary function useful for the diagnosis of brain death. (4/411)

OBJECTIVES: To record N18 in median somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) for deeply comatose or brain dead patients and to demonstrate the usefulness of N18 for the diagnosis of brain death in comparison with auditory brain stem responses (ABRs) and P13/14 in median SEPs, which have been conventionally used as complementary tests for the diagnosis of brain death. METHODS: Subjects were 19 deeply comatose or brain dead patients. Thirteen recordings were performed in deeply comatose but not brain dead conditions, and 12 recordings were performed in brain death. N18 was evaluated in the CPi-C2S lead (or other scalp-C2S leads) to obtain a flat baseline. RESULTS: N18 was preserved in 12 of 13 non-brain dead comatose recordings whereas it was completely lost for all of the 12 brain death recordings. P13/14 in median SEPs was preserved for all the comatose recordings, whereas apparent P13/14-like potentials, usually of low amplitude, were seen in nine of 12 brain death recordings-that is, frequent false positives. The ABRs already showed features which were characteristic for brain death (loss of components other than wave 1 or small wave 2) for four comatose recordings, in three of which N18 was preserved. The last result not only corresponds with the fact that ABRs can evaluate pontine and midbrain functions and not medullary function, but further supports the medullary origin of N18. In the four patients followed up for the course of progression from coma to brain death, N18s preserved in normal size during the comatose state were completely lost after brain death was established. CONCLUSIONS: The N18 potential is generated by the cuneate nucleus in the medulla oblongata in the preceding studies. N18 is suggested to be a promising tool for the diagnosis of brain death because there were no false positives and rare false negatives in the present series for detecting the remaining brain stem function. (+info)

The ambiguity about death in Japan: an ethical implication for organ procurement. (5/411)

In the latter half of the twentieth century, developed countries of the world have made tremendous strides in organ donation and transplantation. However, in this area of medicine, Japan has been slow to follow. Japanese ethics, deeply rooted in religion and tradition, have affected their outlook on life and death. Because the Japanese have only recently started to acknowledge the concept of brain death, transplantation of major organs has been hindered in that country. Currently, there is a dual definition of death in Japan, intended to satisfy both sides of the issue. This interesting paradox, which still stands to be fully resolved, illustrates the contentious conflict between medical ethics and medical progress in Japan. (+info)

Implications of ischemic penumbra for the diagnosis of brain death. (6/411)

The data reviewed here suggest the possibility that a global reduction of blood supply to the whole brain or solely to the infratentorial structures down to the range of ischemic penumbra for several hours or a few days may lead to misdiagnosis of irreversible brain or brain stem damage in a subset of deeply comatose patients with cephalic areflexia. The following proposals are advanced: 1) the lack of any set of clinically detectable brain functions does not provide a safe diagnosis of brain or brain stem death; 2) apnea testing may induce irreversible brain damage and should be abandoned; 3) moderate hypothermia, antipyresis, prevention of arterial hypotension, and occasionally intra-arterial thrombolysis may contribute to good recovery of a possibly large subset of cases of brain injury currently regarded as irreversible; 4) confirmatory tests for brain death should not replace or delay the administration of potentially effective therapeutic measures; 5) in order to validate confirmatory tests, further research is needed to relate their results to specific levels of blood supply to the brain. The current criteria for the diagnosis of brain death should be revised. (+info)

Brain death diagnosis in misleading conditions. (7/411)

The necessity of defining brain death (BD) arose from technological development in medical science. The definition of this concept had practical consequences and opened the way to organ donation from BD patients. Nowadays, the imbalance between the number of organs available for transplantation and the size of the demand is becoming critical. In most laboratories, a BD diagnosis is made according to precise criteria and in a well-defined process. BD diagnosis should be improved, not only to assure the safety and to preserve the human dignity of the patient, but also in order to increase the rate of organ donation. By analysing some epidemiological parameters in BD diagnosis and organ donation, it appears that BD diagnoses can be made more often and more rapidly if one has a reliable, accurate, and safe confirmatory test, especially under misleading conditions (hypothermia, drugs, metabolic disturbances). In our experience, the use of multimodality evoked potentials (MEPs) to confirm a BD diagnosis has many advantages: MEPs can be rapidly performed at the patient's bedside, assess the brain stem as well as the cerebral cortex, and are innocuous for the patient. Moreover, their insensitivity to the aforementioned misleading factors is sufficient to distinguish BD from clinical and EEG states that mimic BD. They give an immediate diagnosis, and no delay is required in BD confirmation if there is sufficient cause to account for BD. MEPs are a safe, accurate, and reliable tool for confirming a BD diagnosis, and their use can improve the organ donation rate while preserving the safety of the patient. (+info)

Re-examining death: against a higher brain criterion. (8/411)

While there is increasing pressure on scarce health care resources, advances in medical science have blurred the boundary between life and death. Individuals can survive for decades without consciousness and individuals whose whole brains are dead can be supported for extended periods. One suggested response is to redefine death, justifying a higher brain criterion for death. This argument fails because it conflates two distinct notions about the demise of human beings--the one, biological and the other, ontological. Death is a biological phenomenon. This view entails the rejection of a higher brain criterion of death. Moreover, I claim that the justification of the whole brain (or brain stem) criterion of death is also cast into doubt by these advances in medical science. I proceed to argue that there is no need to redefine death in order to identify which treatments ought to be provided for the permanently and irreversibly unconscious. There are already clear treatment guidelines. (+info)

Brain death is a legal and medical determination that an individual has died because their brain has irreversibly lost all functions necessary for life. It is characterized by the absence of brainstem reflexes, unresponsiveness to stimuli, and the inability to breathe without mechanical support. Brain death is different from a vegetative state or coma, where there may still be some brain activity.

The determination of brain death involves a series of tests and examinations to confirm the absence of brain function. These tests are typically performed by trained medical professionals and may include clinical assessments, imaging studies, and electroencephalograms (EEGs) to confirm the absence of electrical activity in the brain.

Brain death is an important concept in medicine because it allows for the organ donation process to proceed, potentially saving the lives of others. In many jurisdictions, brain death is legally equivalent to cardiopulmonary death, which means that once a person has been declared brain dead, they are considered deceased and their organs can be removed for transplantation.

Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. It is characterized by the loss of brainstem reflexes, unresponsiveness, and apnea (no breathing). In medical terms, death can be defined as:

1. Cardiopulmonary Death: The irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions.
2. Brain Death: The irreversible loss of all brain function, including the brainstem. This is often used as a definition of death when performing organ donation.

It's important to note that the exact definition of death can vary somewhat based on cultural, religious, and legal perspectives.

A tissue donor is an individual who has agreed to allow organs and tissues to be removed from their body after death for the purpose of transplantation to restore the health or save the life of another person. The tissues that can be donated include corneas, heart valves, skin, bone, tendons, ligaments, veins, and cartilage. These tissues can enhance the quality of life for many recipients and are often used in reconstructive surgeries. It is important to note that tissue donation does not interfere with an open casket funeral or other cultural or religious practices related to death and grieving.

Tissue and organ procurement is the process of obtaining viable tissues and organs from deceased or living donors for the purpose of transplantation, research, or education. This procedure is performed by trained medical professionals in a sterile environment, adhering to strict medical standards and ethical guidelines. The tissues and organs that can be procured include hearts, lungs, livers, kidneys, pancreases, intestines, corneas, skin, bones, tendons, and heart valves. The process involves a thorough medical evaluation of the donor, as well as consent from the donor or their next of kin. After procurement, the tissues and organs are preserved and transported to recipients in need.

Cell death is the process by which cells cease to function and eventually die. There are several ways that cells can die, but the two most well-known and well-studied forms of cell death are apoptosis and necrosis.

Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death that occurs as a normal and necessary process in the development and maintenance of healthy tissues. During apoptosis, the cell's DNA is broken down into small fragments, the cell shrinks, and the membrane around the cell becomes fragmented, allowing the cell to be easily removed by phagocytic cells without causing an inflammatory response.

Necrosis, on the other hand, is a form of cell death that occurs as a result of acute tissue injury or overwhelming stress. During necrosis, the cell's membrane becomes damaged and the contents of the cell are released into the surrounding tissue, causing an inflammatory response.

There are also other forms of cell death, such as autophagy, which is a process by which cells break down their own organelles and proteins to recycle nutrients and maintain energy homeostasis, and pyroptosis, which is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in response to infection and involves the activation of inflammatory caspases.

Cell death is an important process in many physiological and pathological processes, including development, tissue homeostasis, and disease. Dysregulation of cell death can contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmune diseases.

The "cause of death" is a medical determination of the disease, injury, or event that directly results in a person's death. This information is typically documented on a death certificate and may be used for public health surveillance, research, and legal purposes. The cause of death is usually determined by a physician based on their clinical judgment and any available medical evidence, such as laboratory test results, autopsy findings, or eyewitness accounts. In some cases, the cause of death may be uncertain or unknown, and the death may be classified as "natural," "accidental," "homicide," or "suicide" based on the available information.

A brain injury is defined as damage to the brain that occurs following an external force or trauma, such as a blow to the head, a fall, or a motor vehicle accident. Brain injuries can also result from internal conditions, such as lack of oxygen or a stroke. There are two main types of brain injuries: traumatic and acquired.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external force that results in the brain moving within the skull or the skull being fractured. Mild TBIs may result in temporary symptoms such as headaches, confusion, and memory loss, while severe TBIs can cause long-term complications, including physical, cognitive, and emotional impairments.

Acquired brain injury (ABI) is any injury to the brain that occurs after birth and is not hereditary, congenital, or degenerative. ABIs are often caused by medical conditions such as strokes, tumors, anoxia (lack of oxygen), or infections.

Both TBIs and ABIs can range from mild to severe and may result in a variety of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms that can impact a person's ability to perform daily activities and function independently. Treatment for brain injuries typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medical management, rehabilitation, and supportive care.

Brain chemistry refers to the chemical processes that occur within the brain, particularly those involving neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neuropeptides. These chemicals are responsible for transmitting signals between neurons (nerve cells) in the brain, allowing for various cognitive, emotional, and physical functions.

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across the synapse (the tiny gap between two neurons). Examples of neurotransmitters include dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), and glutamate. Each neurotransmitter has a specific role in brain function, such as regulating mood, motivation, attention, memory, and movement.

Neuromodulators are chemicals that modify the effects of neurotransmitters on neurons. They can enhance or inhibit the transmission of signals between neurons, thereby modulating brain activity. Examples of neuromodulators include acetylcholine, histamine, and substance P.

Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. They play a role in various physiological functions, such as pain perception, stress response, and reward processing. Examples of neuropeptides include endorphins, enkephalins, and oxytocin.

Abnormalities in brain chemistry can lead to various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Understanding brain chemistry is crucial for developing effective treatments for these conditions.

Tissue and organ harvesting is the surgical removal of healthy tissues or organs from a living or deceased donor for the purpose of transplantation into another person in need of a transplant. This procedure is performed with great care, adhering to strict medical standards and ethical guidelines, to ensure the safety and well-being of both the donor and the recipient.

In the case of living donors, the harvested tissue or organ is typically removed from a site that can be safely spared, such as a kidney, a portion of the liver, or a segment of the lung. The donor must undergo extensive medical evaluation to ensure they are physically and psychologically suitable for the procedure.

For deceased donors, tissue and organ harvesting is performed in a manner that respects their wishes and those of their family, as well as adheres to legal and ethical requirements. Organs and tissues must be recovered promptly after death to maintain their viability for transplantation.

Tissue and organ harvesting is an essential component of the transplant process, allowing individuals with terminal illnesses or severe injuries to receive life-saving or life-enhancing treatments. It is a complex and highly regulated medical practice that requires specialized training, expertise, and coordination among healthcare professionals, donor families, and recipients.

Apnea is a medical condition defined as the cessation of breathing for 10 seconds or more. It can occur during sleep (sleep apnea) or while awake (wakeful apnea). There are different types of sleep apnea, including obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, and complex sleep apnea syndrome. Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the airway becomes blocked during sleep, while central sleep apnea occurs when the brain fails to signal the muscles to breathe. Complex sleep apnea syndrome, also known as treatment-emergent central sleep apnea, is a combination of obstructive and central sleep apneas. Sleep apnea can lead to various complications, such as fatigue, difficulty concentrating, high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke.

A coma is a deep state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be awakened, cannot respond to stimuli, and does not exhibit any sleep-wake cycles. It is typically caused by severe brain injury, illness, or toxic exposure that impairs the function of the brainstem and cerebral cortex.

In a coma, the person may appear to be asleep, but they are not aware of their surroundings or able to communicate or respond to stimuli. Comas can last for varying lengths of time, from days to weeks or even months, and some people may emerge from a coma with varying degrees of brain function and disability.

Medical professionals use various diagnostic tools and assessments to evaluate the level of consciousness and brain function in individuals who are in a coma, including the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), which measures eye opening, verbal response, and motor response. Treatment for coma typically involves supportive care to maintain vital functions, manage any underlying medical conditions, and prevent further complications.

In medical and legal terms, "personhood" refers to the status of being a person, which is typically associated with certain legal rights, protections, and privileges. The concept of personhood is often discussed in the context of bioethics, particularly in relation to questions about the moral and legal status of entities such as fetuses, embryos, and individuals with severe cognitive impairments or in vegetative states.

The criteria for personhood are a subject of debate and vary depending on cultural, religious, philosophical, and legal perspectives. However, some common factors that are often considered include consciousness, the ability to feel pain, the capacity for self-awareness and self-reflection, the ability to communicate, and the presence of a distinct genetic identity.

In medical contexts, personhood may be relevant to issues such as end-of-life care, organ donation, and reproductive rights. For example, some argue that personhood should be granted to fetuses at the moment of conception, while others believe that personhood is only achieved when a fetus becomes viable outside the womb or when a child is born alive.

Overall, the concept of personhood is complex and multifaceted, and it continues to be debated and refined in various fields and disciplines.

Persistent vegetative state (PVS) is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged disorder of consciousness. It's not the same as a coma. In PVS, a person may open their eyes, appear to be awake and have periods of sleep and wakefulness, but they do not show signs of awareness or cognition. They do not respond to stimuli, cannot communicate, and do not have any purposeful behaviors.

This condition can occur after a severe brain injury, such as from trauma, stroke, or lack of oxygen supply. The chance of recovery from PVS is very low, and if some recovery does occur, it's usually incomplete.

It's important to note that the term "persistent vegetative state" has been replaced in some clinical settings with "unresponsive wakefulness syndrome" due to the negative connotations associated with the term "vegetative".

Brain neoplasms, also known as brain tumors, are abnormal growths of cells within the brain. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign brain tumors typically grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause serious problems if they press on sensitive areas of the brain. Malignant brain tumors, on the other hand, are cancerous and can grow quickly, invading surrounding brain tissue and spreading to other parts of the brain or spinal cord.

Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells within the brain, including glial cells (which provide support and insulation for nerve cells), neurons (nerve cells that transmit signals in the brain), and meninges (the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord). They can also result from the spread of cancer cells from other parts of the body, known as metastatic brain tumors.

Symptoms of brain neoplasms may vary depending on their size, location, and growth rate. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or paralysis in the limbs, difficulty with balance and coordination, changes in speech or vision, confusion, memory loss, and changes in behavior or personality.

Treatment for brain neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.

Organ transplantation is a surgical procedure where an organ or tissue from one person (donor) is removed and placed into another person (recipient) whose organ or tissue is not functioning properly or has been damaged beyond repair. The goal of this complex procedure is to replace the non-functioning organ with a healthy one, thereby improving the recipient's quality of life and overall survival.

Organs that can be transplanted include the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, pancreas, and intestines. Tissues such as corneas, skin, heart valves, and bones can also be transplanted. The donor may be deceased or living, depending on the type of organ and the medical circumstances.

Organ transplantation is a significant and life-changing event for both the recipient and their families. It requires careful evaluation, matching, and coordination between the donor and recipient, as well as rigorous post-transplant care to ensure the success of the procedure and minimize the risk of rejection.

Defining "life" is a complex question that has been debated by philosophers, scientists, and theologians for centuries. From a biological or medical perspective, life can be defined as a characteristic that distinguishes physical entities that do have biological processes, such as growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli, from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased (death), or because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) defines life as "the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death."

It's important to note that there is no one universally accepted definition of life, and different fields and disciplines may have slightly different definitions or criteria.

The brainstem is the lower part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brainstem controls many vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory and motor information between the cerebral cortex and the rest of the body. Additionally, several cranial nerves originate from the brainstem, including those that control eye movements, facial movements, and hearing.

Brain mapping is a broad term that refers to the techniques used to understand the structure and function of the brain. It involves creating maps of the various cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes in the brain by correlating these processes with physical locations or activities within the nervous system. Brain mapping can be accomplished through a variety of methods, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scans, electroencephalography (EEG), and others. These techniques allow researchers to observe which areas of the brain are active during different tasks or thoughts, helping to shed light on how the brain processes information and contributes to our experiences and behaviors. Brain mapping is an important area of research in neuroscience, with potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

"Attitude to Death" is not a medical term per se, but it does refer to an individual's perspective, feelings, and beliefs about death and dying. It can encompass various aspects such as fear, acceptance, curiosity, denial, or preparation. While not a medical definition, understanding a person's attitude to death can be relevant in healthcare settings, particularly in palliative and end-of-life care, as it can influence their decisions and experiences around their own mortality.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Jurisprudence" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Jurisprudence refers to the theory and philosophy of law, or the study of legal systems, principles, and practices. It is a subject that falls under the purview of lawyers, judges, and scholars of law. If you have any questions about medical terminology, I'd be happy to help with those!

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Medical ethics is a branch of ethics that deals with moral issues in medical care, research, and practice. It provides a framework for addressing questions related to patient autonomy, informed consent, confidentiality, distributive justice, beneficentia (doing good), and non-maleficence (not doing harm). Medical ethics also involves the application of ethical principles such as respect for persons, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice to specific medical cases and situations. It is a crucial component of medical education and practice, helping healthcare professionals make informed decisions that promote patient well-being while respecting their rights and dignity.

Life support care, also known as artificial life support or mechanical ventilation, refers to medical interventions that are used to maintain and sustain the essential body functions of a patient who is unable to do so independently. These interventions can include mechanical ventilation to assist with breathing, hemodialysis to filter waste from the blood, intravenous (IV) fluids and medications to maintain circulation, and various other treatments to support organ function.

The goal of life support care is to keep a patient alive while treating their underlying medical condition, allowing time for the body to heal or providing comfort at the end of life. The use of life support can be temporary or long-term, depending on the patient's prognosis and the severity of their illness or injury.

It is important to note that decisions regarding the initiation, continuation, or withdrawal of life support care are complex and multifaceted, often requiring input from medical professionals, patients, and their families. Ethical considerations and advance directives, such as living wills and healthcare proxies, may also play a role in these decisions.

Caloric tests are a type of diagnostic test used in otology and neurotology to evaluate the function of the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and eye movements. The tests involve stimulating the vestibular system with warm or cool air or water, and then observing and measuring the resulting eye movements.

During the test, the patient sits in a chair with their head tilted back at a 30-degree angle. A special goggles device is placed over their eyes to measure and record eye movements. Then, warm or cool air or water is introduced into each ear canal, alternately, for about 20-30 seconds.

The stimulation of the inner ear with warm or cold temperatures creates a difference in temperature between the inner ear and the brain, which activates the vestibular system and causes eye movements called nystagmus. The direction and intensity of the nystagmus are then analyzed to determine if there is any damage or dysfunction in the vestibular system.

Caloric tests can help identify lesions in the vestibular system, such as vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis, and can also help differentiate between peripheral and central vestibular disorders.

The "beginning of human life" is a term that is often used in the context of medical ethics, particularly in discussions about issues such as abortion and stem cell research. However, there is no universally accepted medical definition of this term, as it is also influenced by philosophical, religious, and legal considerations.

From a biological perspective, human life begins at fertilization, when a sperm cell successfully penetrates and fuses with an egg cell to form a zygote. This single cell contains the complete genetic makeup of the future individual and has the potential to develop into a fully formed human being, given the right conditions.

However, some people argue that personhood or moral status does not begin until later stages of development, such as at implantation, when the zygote attaches to the uterine wall and begins to receive nutrients from the mother's body, or at viability, when the fetus can survive outside the womb with medical assistance.

Ultimately, the definition of "beginning of human life" is a complex and controversial issue that depends on one's values and beliefs. It is important to recognize and respect the diversity of opinions on this matter and engage in thoughtful and respectful dialogue about its implications for medical practice and policy.

"Withholding treatment" in a medical context refers to the deliberate decision not to provide or initiate certain medical treatments, interventions, or procedures for a patient. This decision is typically made after considering various factors such as the patient's wishes, their overall prognosis, the potential benefits and burdens of the treatment, and the patient's quality of life.

The reasons for withholding treatment can vary widely, but some common reasons include:

* The treatment is unlikely to be effective in improving the patient's condition or extending their life.
* The treatment may cause unnecessary discomfort, pain, or suffering for the patient.
* The patient has expressed a desire not to receive certain treatments, particularly if they are deemed to be burdensome or of little benefit.
* The cost of the treatment is prohibitive and not covered by insurance, and the patient cannot afford to pay out-of-pocket.

It's important to note that withholding treatment does not mean abandoning the patient or providing substandard care. Rather, it involves making thoughtful and informed decisions about the most appropriate course of action for a given situation, taking into account the patient's individual needs and preferences.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a medical procedure that records electrical activity in the brain. It uses small, metal discs called electrodes, which are attached to the scalp with paste or a specialized cap. These electrodes detect tiny electrical charges that result from the activity of brain cells, and the EEG machine then amplifies and records these signals.

EEG is used to diagnose various conditions related to the brain, such as seizures, sleep disorders, head injuries, infections, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. It can also be used during surgery to monitor brain activity and ensure that surgical procedures do not interfere with vital functions.

EEG is a safe and non-invasive procedure that typically takes about 30 minutes to an hour to complete, although longer recordings may be necessary in some cases. Patients are usually asked to relax and remain still during the test, as movement can affect the quality of the recording.

Third-party consent is a legal concept in medical law that refers to a situation where a person who is not the patient or healthcare provider grants permission for medical treatment or release of confidential medical information about the patient. This typically occurs when the patient is unable to make decisions for themselves due to incapacity, such as being unconscious or having a mental illness.

The third party may be a legally appointed guardian, a close family member, or someone else who has been given legal authority to make healthcare decisions on behalf of the patient. It's important to note that laws regarding third-party consent vary by jurisdiction and can be subject to specific requirements and limitations.

In general, medical professionals are required to ensure that any third-party consent is informed, voluntary, and meets the legal standards for decision-making authority before proceeding with treatment or releasing confidential information.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Delayed graft function (DGF) is a term used in the medical field, particularly in transplant medicine. It refers to a situation where a transplanted organ, most commonly a kidney, fails to function normally immediately after the transplantation procedure. This failure to function occurs within the first week after the transplant and is usually associated with poor urine output and elevated levels of creatinine in the blood.

DGF can be caused by several factors, including pre-existing conditions in the recipient, such as diabetes or hypertension, poor quality of the donor organ, or complications during the surgery. It may also result from the immune system's reaction to the transplanted organ, known as rejection.

In many cases, DGF can be managed with medical interventions, such as administering medications to help reduce inflammation and improve blood flow to the organ. However, in some instances, it may lead to more severe complications, including acute or chronic rejection of the transplanted organ, which could require additional treatments or even another transplant.

It's important to note that not all cases of DGF lead to long-term complications, and many patients with DGF can still go on to have successful transplants with proper management and care.

Oximes are a class of chemical compounds that contain the functional group =N-O-, where two organic groups are attached to the nitrogen atom. In a clinical context, oximes are used as antidotes for nerve agent and pesticide poisoning. The most commonly used oxime in medicine is pralidoxime (2-PAM), which is used to reactivate acetylcholinesterase that has been inhibited by organophosphorus compounds, such as nerve agents and certain pesticides. These compounds work by forming a bond with the phosphoryl group of the inhibited enzyme, allowing for its reactivation and restoration of normal neuromuscular function.

Mevinphos is not typically defined in a medical context, but it is a chemical compound with a well-defined identity. Mevinphos is an organophosphate insecticide that is used to control a wide variety of pests in agricultural settings. It functions by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that plays a critical role in the nervous system. This leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and results in symptoms such as muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, and eventually respiratory failure.

Exposure to mevinphos can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, and it is highly toxic to both humans and animals. Symptoms of acute exposure may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, headache, dizziness, and difficulty breathing. Chronic exposure has been linked to neurological problems, including memory loss, confusion, and decreased cognitive function.

While mevinphos is not a medical term per se, it is important for healthcare providers to be aware of its potential health effects in order to provide appropriate care to individuals who have been exposed.

Brain edema is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain, leading to an increase in intracranial pressure. This can result from various causes, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, infection, brain tumors, or inflammation. The swelling of the brain can compress vital structures, impair blood flow, and cause neurological symptoms, which may range from mild headaches to severe cognitive impairment, seizures, coma, or even death if not treated promptly and effectively.

Medical philosophy is a branch of philosophy that deals with the concepts, issues, and arguments specific to medicine and healthcare. It involves the application of philosophical inquiry and reasoning to various aspects of medicine, such as:

1. Ethics: Examining moral principles and values that guide medical practice, including patient autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. This includes issues related to end-of-life care, informed consent, research ethics, and resource allocation.
2. Epistemology: Exploring the nature of knowledge in medicine, including how medical knowledge is acquired, validated, and disseminated. It also involves examining the limitations and uncertainties of medical knowledge.
3. Metaphysics: Examining the fundamental nature of reality as it relates to medicine, such as the nature of disease, health, and the human body. This includes exploring questions about the mind-body relationship and the role of emergent properties in understanding health and illness.
4. Logic and Rationality: Applying logical reasoning and critical thinking skills to medical decision making, including the evaluation of evidence, the assessment of risks and benefits, and the formulation of clinical guidelines.
5. Aesthetics: Exploring the role of values and subjective experience in medicine, such as the importance of empathy, compassion, and communication in the patient-physician relationship. This also includes examining the ethical implications of medical aesthetics, such as cosmetic surgery and enhancement technologies.

Medical philosophy is an interdisciplinary field that draws on insights from a variety of disciplines, including philosophy, medicine, ethics, law, psychology, and sociology. It seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the complex issues that arise in medical practice and to inform the development of evidence-based, ethical, and compassionate healthcare policies and practices.

Organ preservation is a medical technique used to maintain the viability and functionality of an organ outside the body for a certain period, typically for transplantation purposes. This process involves cooling the organ to slow down its metabolic activity and prevent tissue damage, while using specialized solutions that help preserve the organ's structure and function. Commonly preserved organs include hearts, livers, kidneys, lungs, and pancreases. The goal of organ preservation is to ensure that the transplanted organ remains in optimal condition until it can be successfully implanted into a recipient.

Brain ischemia is the medical term used to describe a reduction or interruption of blood flow to the brain, leading to a lack of oxygen and glucose delivery to brain tissue. This can result in brain damage or death of brain cells, known as infarction. Brain ischemia can be caused by various conditions such as thrombosis (blood clot formation), embolism (obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign material), or hypoperfusion (reduced blood flow). The severity and duration of the ischemia determine the extent of brain damage. Symptoms can range from mild, such as transient ischemic attacks (TIAs or "mini-strokes"), to severe, including paralysis, speech difficulties, loss of consciousness, and even death. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent further damage and potential long-term complications.

15 September 2020). "Determination of Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria: The World Brain Death Project". JAMA. 324 (11 ... "Brain death". Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Retrieved 25 March 2014. Young, G Bryan. "Diagnosis of brain death". UpToDate. ... For example, although one major medical dictionary considers "brain death" to be synonymous with "cerebral death" (death of the ... "Understanding Brain Death". 29 September 2011. What is the legal time of death for a brain dead patient? The legal time of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_death

... is a 1990 video game published by The Software Toolworks. Life & Death II: The Brain is a game in ... Jesse W. Chen reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "Life & Death II: The Brain is not simply humorous ... Jesse W. (August 1991). "A Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Waste: Life & Death II - The Brain". Computer Gaming World. Vol. 1, no. ... Once you've reached the top of your profession and successfully performed your first brain-job, there is little left to come ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_&_Death_II:_The_Brain

... occurs when a brain dead patient is pregnant and their body is kept alive to deliver ... The difference between the two states is that brain death means "death of the brainstem" which can be clinically diagnosed and ... Field, D.R.; Gates, E.A.; Creasy, R.K.; Jonsen, A.R.; Laros, R.K. (1988). "Maternal Brain Death During Pregnancy: Medical and ... July 2004). "Maternal brain death: medical, ethical, and legal issues". Intensive Care Medicine. 30 (7): 1484-6. doi:10.1007/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_somatic_support_after_brain_death

A stroke is a decrease in blood supply to an area of the brain causing cell death and brain injury. This can lead to a wide ... In some countries there is also a defined syndrome of brainstem death. Declaration of brain death can have profound ... Brain of human embryo at 4.5 weeks, showing interior of forebrain Brain interior at 5 weeks Brain viewed at midline at 3 months ... As a hominid brain, the human brain is substantially enlarged even in comparison to the brain of a typical monkey. The sequence ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain

Brain death is the irreversible loss of measurable brain function, with loss of any integrated activity among distinct areas of ... "Brain death" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary. Arlinghaus KA, Shoaib AM, Price TR (2005). "Neuropsychiatric assessment". In ... Traumatic brain injury (TBI, physical trauma to the brain) can cause a variety of complications, health effects that are not ... A vegetative state can result from diffuse injury to the cerebral hemispheres of the brain without damage to the lower brain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complications_of_traumatic_brain_injury

... can cause severe disability or death. In fact, when herniation is visible on a CT scan, the prognosis for a ... Causes of brain herniation include: Brain edema Hematoma Stroke Tumour Infection The tentorium is an extension of the dura ... these include traumatic brain injury, intracranial hemorrhage, or brain tumor. Herniation can also occur in the absence of high ... a hematoma which is putting local pressure on a part of the brain. Brain herniation frequently presents with abnormal posturing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_herniation

"Death by Higgs rids cosmos of space brain threat". New Scientist. 15 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2018. Boddy, K. K ... not disembodied brains, are typical observers." Some argue that brains produced via quantum fluctuation, and maybe even brains ... The Boltzmann brain thought experiment suggests that it might be more likely for a single brain to spontaneously form in a void ... In contrast to brain in a vat thought experiments which are about perception and thought, Boltzmann brains are used in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_brain

Élégie for Horn and Piano to commemorate Brain's death. It was premiered by the BBC in a broadcast on 17 February 1958, played ... Brain was killed in a car crash at the age of 36. Brain was born in Hammersmith, London on 17 May 1921 to a musical family. His ... As well as the Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings, Britten wrote Canticle III: Still falls the rain with Brain in mind; Brain ... Alfred Edwin Brain, Sr., and elder brother, Alfred Edwin Brain Jr., had been prominent horn players in Britain, and in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Brain

Brain death was the next option, but several definitions exist for this. Some people believe that all brain functions must ... Deathbed Death drive Death row Death trajectory Dying declaration End-of-life care Eschatology Faked death Karōshi Last rites ... Even by whole-brain criteria, the determination of brain death can be complicated. At present, in most places, the more ... Death is the irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain an organism. For organisms with a brain, death can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death

cite news}}: Missing or empty ,title= (help) Langford, David (June 1984). "Brain Death". White Dwarf. No. 54. also in Langford ... Depressed by the recent death of his father and both the lethargy and sickness of the surviving adults in his tribe, he leaves ... The word "Psychlo" is revealed to have originally meant "brain" in the Psychlo language, signifying that the Catrists feel (or ... "I was a bit disgusted with the way the psychologists and brain-surgeons mess people up, so I wrote a fiction story based in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield_Earth_(novel)

Krasnova IN, Cadet JL (May 2009). "Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death". Brain Res. Rev. 60 (2): 379-407. doi: ... Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. 17 (2): 139-170. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-b. PMID 1356551. S2CID 14277779. ... this damage includes adverse changes in brain structure and function, such as reductions in gray matter volume in several brain ... which may improve certain brain regions in individuals with ADHD, there is evidence that methamphetamine causes brain damage ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant

Krasnova IN, Cadet JL (May 2009). "Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death". Brain Res. Rev. 60 (2): 379-407. doi: ... They are present in the organs that mediate the actions of METH (e.g. brain, heart, lungs) [5]. In the brain, METH acts ... Overdose Death Rates Archived 13 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine. By National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). "US overdose ... Death from methamphetamine poisoning is typically preceded by convulsions and coma. Use of methamphetamine can result in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine

Upon the death of Finsnechta, Muiredach mac Brain and Muiredach mac Ruadrach were returned to rule. In 814 a battle is recorded ... The battle was won by the sons of Bran, probably Muiredach and his brother Cellach mac Brain (died 834). Upon the death of ... Muiredach mac Brain (died 818) was a King of Leinster of the Uí Muiredaig sept of the Uí Dúnlainge branch of the Laigin. This ... He is given the title leth-ri (one of two kings) at his death in 818 (Annals of Ulster) and ruled in conjunction with Muiredach ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muiredach_mac_Brain_(died_818)

"Brain Stem Death". Gender Justice Uncovered Awards. Women's Link Worldwide. Retrieved 13 June 2017. Judgments: P.P -v- Health ... The ruling also stated "when the mother who dies is bearing an unborn child at the time of her death, the rights of that child ... Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Abortion in the Republic of Ireland A, B and C v Ireland Death of Savita ... In September 2015, an inquest jury returned an open verdict into the cause of her death. In November 2016, the family commenced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PP_v._HSE

"Brain Death Bill". San Diego Jewish World (Volume 2, Number 73). San Diego, California. 2008-03-25. Archived from the original ... Dixon Arnett (R-Redwood City) introduced emergency legislation to recognize death when brain activity ceased. He was three ... 2007 deaths, Deaths from Parkinson's disease, People from Montebello, California, Jewish American state legislators in ... Criminal defense attorneys argued that harvesting a victim's organs while his heart was still beating caused death, not their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_R._Fenton

Shortly after Einstein's death in 1955, Harvey removed and weighed the brain at 1230g. Harvey then took the brain to a lab at ... brain and other brains tend to get published while results showing that in many respects Einstein's brain was like other brains ... was removed after his death in 1871; in 1972, it was still the second largest brain on record. Relics: Einstein's Brain, a 1994 ... Albert Einstein's brain was removed within seven and a half hours of his death. His apparent regularities or irregularities in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_of_Albert_Einstein

Brain later became chairman of Brains Brewery between 1955 and his death in 1971. Brain's brother, Pat, father William and ... Brain's cricketing career started when he played for the Repton XI in 1928 and 1929, while his club career saw him play for ... Michael Benjamin Brain (13 April 1910 - 24 August 1971) was a Welsh cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper ... Brain appeared in one first-class match, during the 1930 season, against Oxford University. He scored 9 runs in the first ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Brain

... "brain death" or "biological death" to define a person as being dead; brain death being defined as the complete and irreversible ... "Brain death". Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Retrieved 25 March 2014. Young, G Bryan. "Diagnosis of brain death". UpToDate. ... including brain death Dualism (philosophy of mind) Eternal oblivion Information-theoretic death Life extension Neural ... Consciousness after death is a common theme in society and culture, and the belief in some form of life after death is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_after_death

The Moment of Death and the Morally Safer Path. In: Beyond Brain Death. Philosophy and Medicine, vol 66. Springer, Dordrecht. ... "Statement opposing brain death criteria". www.lifestudies.org. Retrieved 2022-11-09. "50 , Universalism Pt. 1 with Archbishop ... he is a signatory of the Statement Opposing Brain Death Criteria released by Citizens United Resisting Euthanasia. In 2021, he ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Haverland

... assessment of brain death is slightly more nuanced. Per the United Kingdom Medical Royal Colleges, a diagnosis of brain death ... ISBN 978-1-4398-2192-3. Sarbey, Ben (1 December 2016). "Definitions of death: brain death and what matters in a person". ... Death at the level of cells, called molecular death or cell death, follows a matter of hours later. These distinctions, and the ... "Diagnosis of brain death. Statement issued by the honorary secretary of the Conference of Medical Royal Colleges and their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stages_of_death

Brain death: a reappraisal. Springer. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-387-38975-2. "Practice Parameters: Determining Brain Death in Adults" ( ... Lazarus syndrome Video "Brain death and brainstem failure". The Egyptian Society of Medical Ethics. 2009. Archived from the ... 2006). "Reflex Movements in Patients with Brain Death: A Prospective Study in A Tertiary Medical Center". Journal of Korean ... suspension of external breathing and motion of the lung muscles-which is one of the criteria for determining brain death used ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_sign

Donation after brain death. A person is declared brain dead if there is complete loss of all brain function Donation after ... Brain stem death (brain dead) is controversial in Islam. This, along with burial customs of Muslims being they have to be ... Brain death is also controversial for Buddhists as they believe the spirit remains in the body days after death and interfering ... The body must also be buried within 24 hours of death. It is custom in Judaism to not interfere with death; organ donation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_donation_in_Australia

Brain lived in Paris with his partner from 1986 until his death. He was divorced and had two children. He began his career as a ... He was a professional conductor from 1990 until his death. Brain was born in Palmerston North, New Zealand on 12 August 1943. ... Brain was a foundation member of the Manawatu Youth Orchestra and was also a member of the Wellington Youth Orchestra and New ... Brain played as a percussionist with the National Orchestra of Wales and the Ulster Orchestra in Ireland and as timpanist with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Brain

This invention having warped his mind, Brain Storm witnessed his brother Fred's apparent death. In his twisted ideals, Brain ... After the battle, Brain Storm restored all the JLA members back to normal. Brain Storm retaliated though and used his power to ... Brain Storm is the name of three fictional characters appearing in the comics published by DC Comics. The first Brain Storm ... Brain Storm, or someone dressed like Brain Storm, was one of many costumed villains who attended Roulette's "House of Pain", ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Storm_(character)

Hendry, Robert; Crippen, David (2014). "Brain Failure and Brain Death". ACS Surgery: Principles and Practice critical care. ... "Brain Freeze: Can putting faith in cryonics deliver life after death?". Toronto Sun. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original ... won the Small Animal Brain Preservation Prize of the Brain Preservation Foundation by demonstrating to the satisfaction of ... but he changed his mind shortly before his death and was not cryopreserved. Brain in a vat Cryptobiosis Extropianism ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryonics

"Brain Death Really Is Death". Time. Retrieved 2016-11-30. "Researchers customize stem-cell lines". The Today Show. NBC News. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Magnus

... is more common in this group compared to other causes of death. Brain death may result in legal death, but still ... and if brain death is acceptable, whether the person's whole brain needs to have died, or if the death of a certain part of the ... Brain death may result in legal death, but still with the heart beating and with mechanical ventilation, keeping all other ... However, in Japan this is a fraught point, and prospective donors may designate either brain death or cardiac death - see organ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_donation

Is Brain Death Still Life?, Soveria Mannelli, CNR-Rubbettino, 2006. Translated in Italian, Rubbettino, 2007, ISBN 978-88-498- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_de_Mattei

"Denial of Death - Brain Surgeons". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-07-06. (Articles with short description, Short description is ... and originally appear on the Brain Surgeons 2006 album, "Denial of Death". Band Ross the Boss - guitar, keyboards Patrick Fuchs ... were co-written by Ross for the Brain Surgeons, with Albert Bouchard (former Blue Öyster Cult drummer), and Deborah Frost., ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Metal_Leader

... in Stroke at eMedicine Hendry, Robert; Crippen, David (2007). "Brain failure and brain death". In Fink, ... For example brain ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated via complex I redox-dependent inactivation. It was found that lack of ... In neonatal in vivo model of brain ischemia/reperfusion, tissue injury can be alleviated by the administration of FMN precursor ... Reperfusion injury plays a major part in the biochemistry of hypoxic brain injury in stroke. Similar failure processes are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reperfusion_injury

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_death

After brain death modern medicine can keep the body functioning in a near-physiological state for some time. In the medical ... It is difficult to predict, however more than half of pregnancies supported through brain death will likely result in a viable ... When a person is brain dead they are no longer a living person-medically or legally. Parts of their body, like the heart and ... One of the most dramatic successful cases is that of a 35 year-old woman in the United Arab Emirates declared brain dead in her ...

https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-to-avoid-brain-death-purgatory

... During traditional visit to Sephardic chief rabbis sukkah, president praises ... President Shimon Peres on Sunday welcomed the Chief Rabbinates decision to recognize brain-respiratory death and its ...

https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3786035,00.html

... who was at the center of a medical and religious debate over brain death. ... Funeral held for girl at center of brain-death controversy By Associated Press ... which accommodates religions that dont recognize brain death. ... Brain-dead girl moved from childrens hospital * Mother of ... are holding a funeral in Northern California for a girl at the center of a medical and religious debate over brain death. ...

https://nypost.com/2018/07/06/funeral-held-for-girl-at-center-of-brain-death-controversy/

... hospitalizations and deaths occurred in the U.S. during 2013. Read more at MMWR. ... hospitalizations and deaths occurred in the U.S. during 2013. Read more at MMWR. ... Approximately 2.8 million traumatic brain injury-related emergency room visits, ... Approximately 2.8 million traumatic brain injury-related emergency room visits, ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/ss/ss6609a1.htm

Former Blackhawks forward Daniel Carcillo said Wednesday he will donate his brain to the research of traumatic brain injury. ... Former Blackhawks enforcer Daniel Carcillo pledges to donate brain to research after death. ... "I am pledging my brain to Ted Carrick and the @Carrickinst (Carrick Institute) to be used for study and furthering ... Former Blackhawks forward Daniel Carcillo announced Wednesday night that he will donate his brain to the study of traumatic ...

https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/blackhawks/ct-spt-blackhawks-daniel-carcillo-donates-brain-20180503-story.html

Brain death criteria involves the very professional medical knowledge, our country did not promulgated the official brain death ... Whether brain death can substitute for the traditional cardiac death as the standard of death has caused enormous controversies ... Brain death, featuring permanent irreversible out-of-work and halt of ones brain, is a new concept and definition relating to ... New material is also included on acute treatment of stroke, brain death, and management of brain-dead patients during harvest ...

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... or of brain functioning inside the brain stem constitute brain death. ... The Upper Brain is where higher functions take place, such as the five senses. With brain death, neither the upper nor the ... In an article called, "Inventing Death and Making it Believable," she writes that the concept of brain death only exists to ... What Brain Death Is and Why It Matters Technology has helped us prolong life indefinitely. But that brings with it a lot of ...

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She quaffed her cocktail of death, but... :: Difficulty:1.2/4 ... A Science Brain Teaser: Gertas husband left her for another ... Brain Teasers Optical Illusions Puzzle Experiences Codes & Ciphers Puzzlepedia Brain Teasers Optical Illusions Puzzle ... View a Similar Brain Teaser... If you become a registered user you can vote on this brain teaser, keep track of which ones you ... Drink of Death. Fun: (2.73). Difficulty: (1.19) Puzzle ID: #15548 Submitted By: ktqu. ...

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A new study found that the human brain is far more active than previously thought while CPR is being administered to people in ... What happens to the brain during near-death experiences. A new study found that the human brain is far more active than ... which is that as the brain shuts down because of a lack of blood flow in death, the normal braking systems in the brain are ... "In this study, we were also able to show for the first time the brain markers, the electrical signatures, all these ...

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Brain-Stem Death. . Rabbi Mordechai Halperin. Brain-Stem Death. [2 minutes 35 seconds] ...

https://hods.org/halachic-issues/videos/video_rhalperin/rabbihalperin_heb_brainstemdeath/

... recognizes an accurate diagnosis of whole brain death as true death and others questioning the entire concept of brain death ... He said that brain death is "the complete and irreversible cessation of all brain activity (in the cerebrum, cerebellum and ... "The Church accepts the diagnosis of brain death as legitimate death," he told the Register. ... the medical term for what is popularly known as brain death. The legal debate over the life-or-death status of Jahi McMath ...

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Meghan McCain to Anthony Scaramucci: World Class People Dont Make Death Jokes About People With Brain Cancer. By Jessica ... And world class people dont make death jokes about people with brain cancer. This is such bad spin, even by your standards ... And "world class people" dont make death jokes about people with brain cancer. This is such bad spin, even by your standards ...

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Do No Harm: Stories of Life, Death and Brain Surgery by Henry Marsh reveals all of this, in the midst of life-threatening ... Marsh." -Katrina Firlik, author of Another Day in the Frontal Lobe: A Brain Surgeon Exposes Life on the Inside. ""Do No Harm is ... "When a book opens like this: I often have to cut into the brain and it is something I hate doing - you cant let it go, you ... What is it like to be a brain surgeon? How does it feel to hold someones life in your hands, to cut into the stuff that ...

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Public health officials have reported an Arkansas child died after exposure to a rare brain-eating amoeba infection at a Little ... Rare brain-eating amoeba was cause of Arkansas childs death by: Alex Kienlen, Alix Martichoux ... KARK) - An Arkansas child died after exposure to a rare brain-eating amoeba at a Little Rock splash pad, public health ... Health officials said they had investigated the death and determined the infection came from a splash pad at the Country Club ...

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Life and Death 2: The Brain. Ako už sám názov napovedá, hra sa zameriava na vyšetrenia mozgu a s ním spojené ochrnutia, choroby ... The Brain - Pokračovanie známej medicínskej simulácie, kde sa vžijete do role doktore a pacienti zveria svoj život do Vašich ... BestOldGames.net » Simulátory » Life & Death 2: The Brain Life & Death 2: The Brain. DOS hra, 1990. Žáner:. Simulátory. Rok:. ... Life and Death 2: The Brain. Ako už sám názov napovedá, hra sa zameriava na vyšetrenia mozgu a s ním spojené ochrnutia, choroby ...

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Biden attends memorial Mass to mark 8 years since son Beaus death from brain cancer. ... AP) - President Joe Biden marked Tuesdays eighth anniversary of one of the saddest days of his life, the death of his son Beau ... For Biden, his sons death and the annual holiday honoring Americans who paid the ultimate sacrifice serving the United States ... Video of Elijah McClains stop by police shown as officers on trial in Black mans death. ...

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Death or brain damage. This information is supplied by the Royal College of Anaesthetists ...

https://www.esht.nhs.uk/leaflet/death-or-brain-damage/

Deaths related to traumatic brain injuries from falls are increasing across the United States, according to a report released ... Deaths related to traumatic brain injuries from falls are increasing across the United States, according to a report released ... Death rates also increased in 29 states over the 10-year period, and the number of fall-related TBI deaths climbed in 49 of the ... Home » Blog » Fall-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Deaths are Rising in the United States ...

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... ink that has been spilled regarding the halachic analysis of whether or not brain-stem death is equivalent to halachic death. ... Done with Brain Death. After all is said and done, there remains a legitimate halachic debate as to whether or not brain-stem ... The RCA membership then voted to adopt a resolution accepting brain-stem death as halachic death and supporting organ donation ... Rabbi Tendler told me about the Harvard criteria and brain-stem death and so on and I went to see the Rav on the subject…He ...

https://www.jewishideas.org/article/done-brain-death

... ... The moniker "brain-eating amoeba" comes from its ability to "cause a brain infection when water containing the amoeba goes up ... Naegleria fowleri, known as the brain-eating amoeba.. Never miss a story - sign up for PEOPLEs free daily newsletter to stay ... One of the survivors, an 8-year-old boy, was left with permanent brain damage, while two patients whose treatment included ...

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During a show-and-tell event of his health tech start-up Neuralink, Musk shared updates to its brain-implant technology. He ... said the implantable brain-computer interfaces could restore a persons vision, even in those who were born […] ... Big Tech mogul Elon Musk recently announced that his brain chip implants should begin human trials within the next six months. ... Neuralink brain chip implants to be tried on humans despite causing MULTIPLE DEATHS in animal trials ...

https://naturalnews.com/2022-12-06-neuralink-brain-chip-implants-tried-on-humans.html

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... By ... This case has many of the elements that can lead to a claim: a death in an otherwise healthy woman, and multiple providers all ... The patients estate sued her PCP, the internist, and the neurologist for her alleged wrongful death as a result of delayed ... and was treated for depression and anxiety prior to her death from a ruptured cerebral arterial aneurysm. ...

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Brain Cancer Death Rates Among Children and Teens Aged 1-19 Years by Sex and Age Group - United States, 2013-2015 - Featured ... The death rate for brain cancer, the most common cancer cause of death for children and teens aged 1-19 years, was 24% higher ... QUICKSTATS: Brain Cancer Death Rates Among Children and Teens Aged 1-19 Years by Sex and Age Group - United States, 2013-2015. ... Death rates caused by brain cancer were highest at ages 5-9 years (0.98 for males and 0.85 for females). ...

https://blogs.cdc.gov/nchs/?p=3583

Brain Death. Brain Death is death. No brain function exists. Brain death results from swelling in the brain; blood flow in the ... Brain death is a very conservative diagnosis and is only made when there is no doubt in the findings. Brain death is a rare ... Donation After Brain Death. Families of a brain dead patient must, by federal regulations, be provided the option of organ ... Only after brain death has been confirmed and the time of death noted, can organ donation become a possibility. ...

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Variability of brain death determination guidelines in leading US neurologic institutions. David M. Greer, Panayiotis N. ... Variability of brain death determination guidelines in leading US neurologic institutions *Tia Powell, New York State Task ... Variability of brain death determination guidelines in leading US neurologic institutions *Kao-Chang Lin, Neurology, Chi Mei ... Variability of brain death determination guidelines in leading US neurologic institutions. David M. Greer, Panayiotis N. ...

https://n.neurology.org/content/70/4/284/tab-figures-data

Scientists supported by NIA have created mini-brains to model the sequence of deleterious events that leads to cell death in ... Mini-brain model of frontotemporal dementia demonstrates the stages of dysfunction that lead to cell death November 04, 2021. ... Home News & Events Mini-brain model of frontotemporal dementia demonstrates the stages of dysfunction that lead to cell death ... Using a new mini-brain model, a large team of researchers were able to demonstrate the damaging changes that occur in brain ...

https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/mini-brain-model-frontotemporal-dementia-demonstrates-stages-dysfunction-lead-cell-death

... have a better chance of survival and lower incidence of brain injury, according to a report in todays issue of The New England ... Cool Therapy Reduces Brain Injury and Death from Oxygen Loss in Newborns. Richard A. Ehrenkranz, M.D. Infants born with oxygen ... Many infants who survive HIE experience brain disability.. The team, led by Seetha Shankaran, M.D., at Wayne State University ... "We speculate that this therapy lowers the brain temperature as well as body temperature and slows down the injury process ...

https://news.yale.edu/2005/10/13/cool-therapy-reduces-brain-injury-and-death-oxygen-loss-newborns-0

Dartmouth College neurologist James Bernat, a leading authority on brain death, says, "Its disturbing that despite all of the ... Many hospitals havent fully implemented guidelines put forth in 2010 to minimize errors in the determination of brain death.. ... A provocative study finds that hospital policies for determining brain death are surprisingly inconsistent and that many have ... "This is truly one of those matters of life and death, and we want to make sure this is done right every single time," says ...

https://www.wvik.org/2015-12-28/researchers-find-lapses-in-hospitals-policies-for-determining-brain-death

Until recently, most neuroscientists (scientists who study the brain) thought we were born with all the neurons we were ever going to have. (nih.gov)
As children, we might grow some new neurons to help build the pathways-called neural circuits-that act as information highways between diﬀerent areas of the brain. (nih.gov)
In 1962, scientist Joseph Altman challenged this belief when he saw evidence of neurogenesis (the birth of neurons) in a region of the adult rat brain called the hippocampus. (nih.gov)
He later reported that newborn neurons traveled from their birthplace in the hippocampus to other parts of the brain. (nih.gov)
and in 1983, he found special kinds of cells-called neural precursor cells-with the ability to become brain cells like neurons, in adult monkeys. (nih.gov)
Why did these bird brains add neurons at such an important time in learning? (nih.gov)
If birds made new neurons to help them remember and learn, Nottebohm thought the brains of mammals -like humans-might too. (nih.gov)
Other scientists, like Elizabeth Gould, later found evidence of newborn neurons in a distinct area of the brain in monkeys, and Fred Gage and Peter Eriksson showed that the adult human brain produced new neurons in a similar area. (nih.gov)
Still, scientists are intrigued by current research on neurogenesis and the possible role of new neurons in the adult brain for learning and memory. (nih.gov)
In some parts of the brain, there are many more glia than neurons, but neurons are the key players in the brain. (nih.gov)
Sensory neurons carry information from the sense organs (such as the eyes and ears) to the brain. (nih.gov)
Motor neurons control voluntary muscle activity, such as walking and talking, and carry messages from nerve cells in the brain to the muscles. (nih.gov)
For example, in the very early stage of Alzheimer's, as harmful beta-amyloid plaques begin to form in the brain, immune cells such as microglia help to remove cellular debris and toxins while supporting the survival of neurons. (nih.gov)
While commonly thought of as stupid , scientists have long wondered at the ability of birds to perform advanced cognitive feats, like making tools and solving complex problems, and the new study may explain how: their brains are dense, packing in more neurons per square inch than mammalian brains. (ted.com)
Assuming that people also have separate populations of neurons involved in pain and breathing, Yackle says, it should be possible to develop opioid-like drugs that don't affect the brain cells that keep us alive. (gpb.org)
If these "jumping genes" lose their normal controls as a person ages, they could start to wreak havoc on the machinery that supplies energy to brain cells - leading to a loss of neurons and ultimately dementia. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
The neurons and their circuits (connections) that support wakefulness are in one region of the brain, and the neurons and circuits that provide awareness are in other regions of the brain. (brainline.org)
The part of the brain responsible for wakefulness is the reticular activating system (RAS), a collection of neurons in the upper brainstem that sends widespread stimulatory projections to the areas of the brain responsible for awareness. (brainline.org)
The parts of the brain responsible for awareness-the ability to think and perceive-are the neurons (brain cells) in the cortex (grey matter) of the two hemispheres and the axons (communicating projections) in the white matter between those neurons. (brainline.org)
The brain's neurons are located in the cerebral cortex -the grey matter at the surface of the brain-and in the deep grey matter in nuclei such as the thalamus. (brainline.org)
These billions of neurons make trillions of connections via axons in the white matter, constituting functional neural networks that support all conscious effort of the brain, as well as many functions of the brain that do not require consciousness. (brainline.org)

In 2020, an international panel of experts, the World Brain Death Project, published a guideline that: provides recommendations for the minimum clinical standards for determination of brain death/death by neurologic criteria (BD/DNC) in adults and children with clear guidance for various clinical circumstances. (wikipedia.org)
For information for providers, see Determination of Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria - The World Brain Death Project (article accessible with JAMA subscription). (ethnomed.org)
Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria around the World: The World Brain Death Project" was published in the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) on August 3, 2020 ( https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2769149 ). (blood.ca)
However, these recommendations will be used in the clinical practice guideline development process that seeks to update the Canadian determination of death by neurologic criteria as part of the Organ Donation and Transplantation Collaborative funded by Health Canada. (blood.ca)
There are inconsistencies in criteria and practice of brain death/death by neurologic criteria both internationally and within countries. (blood.ca)
The World Brain Death Project was created to achieve international harmonization, to improve the rigour of and minimize diagnostic errors in brain death/death by neurologic criteria. (blood.ca)
The scope of the work includes prerequisites and confounders to clinical testing, clinical testing including apnea testing, ancillary testing, and qualifications/documentation for brain death/death by neurologic criteria. (blood.ca)
Additional guidance is provided for brain death/death by neurologic criteria in infants and children, and those treated with ECMO or targeted temperature management. (blood.ca)
So, what should doctors do when caring for a patient whom they believe to be brain dead but whose parents refuse to allow testing to confirm that the patient meets neurologic criteria for death? (blogspot.com)

But they add that because neurologic death rates after brain injury are coming down, the amount of organs available for donation in Canada is unlikely to rise in the future. (medscape.com)
Thus, alternative approaches need to be investigated, such as living donation, donation after cardiocirculatory death, and innovations aimed at improving the use of donated organs. (medscape.com)
In certain countries, patients classified as brain-dead may legally have their organs surgically removed for organ donation. (wikipedia.org)
The identification of brain death without somatic death (ie, death of the entire body) also allows the harvesting of organs for transplantation from patients who have no possibility of recovery. (medscape.com)
Brain death criteria is a fraudulent diagnosis that was concocted in order to get at vital organs. (campaignlifecoalition.com)
In 1968, an ad hoc committee was formed at Harvard University in Boston for the purpose of redefining death so that vital organs could be taken from persons declared "brain dead," but who in fact, were still alive. (campaignlifecoalition.com)
The reason why they developed this fake diagnosis is because vital organs are unlike skin tissue, eye tissue and various other body parts which stay "fresh" for a relatively long time after death. (campaignlifecoalition.com)
Patrick McMahon is a nurse practicioner & former employee The New York Organ Donor Network who is suing his former employer over ghoulish scenario in which he alleges 1 in 5 patients who were declared brain dead & had their vital organs harvested, were actually alive. (campaignlifecoalition.com)
They seek to convince you to agree, saying that his organs will save the lives of many, and that, by donating, you can find meaning in his death. (clmagazine.org)
We performed eight transplantations using the organs of these two brain-dead donors: one heart, one bipulmonary, three kidneys, one kidney-pancreas, and two livers. (nih.gov)
Although Matt's vital organs were not seriously injured, a CT scan showed widespread swelling of the brain. (brainline.org)
INTRODUCTION: Organs procured following brain stem death (BSD) are the main source of organ grafts for transplantation. (edu.au)
Regardless of what they call it, non heart beat donor , donation by cardiac death or donation after circulatory death it still involves surgeons taking organs within minutes of respirators and other forms of life support being cut off from hospitalized patients who still have at least some brain activity. (melissacaulk.com)
Most hearts, lungs, kidneys, livers and other organs obtained for transplants in the United States have come from patients who have been pronounced "brain dead" in a hospital. (melissacaulk.com)
4 On this view, to say that 'brain dead' patients are 'dead' means that they lack moral status as members of the human community, and that removal of organs is permissible-though, again, the body remains biologically alive. (bmj.com)
In May, a 13-year-old boy in Alabama named Trenton McKinley awoke just 1 day before his organs were scheduled to be harvested, after being declared brain dead due to injuries sustained in a motor vehicle collision. (medscape.com)
Organ donation after brain death (BD) is a major source for obtaining transplantable organs for patients with end-stage organ disease (ESOD). (bvsalud.org)

The Australia and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) states that the "determination of brain death requires that there is unresponsive coma, the absence of brain-stem reflexes and the absence of respiratory centre function, in the clinical setting in which these findings are irreversible. (wikipedia.org)
The need for special criteria for the determination of brain death in infants and children was clear as early as 1967, when the first US committee met to form a consensus opinion. (medscape.com)
Neurologic determination of brain death is a complex assessment that may be misunderstood by nonspecialists and families. (elsevierpure.com)

However, those individuals who do progress to brain death serve as the pool of organ donors, and so that pool is decreasing, Dr. Kramer added. (medscape.com)
The general public has been left out of the heated debate, however, because the factual reality about what brain death truly is has been carefully kept hidden from them, especially since policy makers, professional organizations, and advocacy groups have misrepresented organ donation from brain-dead donors as donation after death. (clmagazine.org)
In the last 5 years in our centers, we have had two multiorgan donors who died from ecstasy-induced brain edema and three patients who required urgent orthotopic liver transplantation for treatment of severe acute hepatocellular failure induced by this drug. (nih.gov)

Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for patient age and score on the Glasgow Coma Scale at admission and to assess whether the proportion of patients who progress to neurologic death had changed over time. (medscape.com)
In 1967, the American Electroencephalographic Society retrospectively surveyed 1665 patients with electrocerebral silence (ECS)-that is, no evidence of brain electrical activity greater than 2 µV between electrode pairs placed at a distance of 10 cm or more-who were in various levels of coma. (medscape.com)
The report concluded that ECS together with complete unresponsiveness, apnea, absent cephalic reflexes, and the inability to maintain circulation without artificial means is strongly presumptive of irreversible coma (ie, cerebral death). (medscape.com)
Brain death is loss of function of the entire cerebrum and brain stem, resulting in coma, no spontaneous respiration, and loss of all brain stem reflexes. (msdmanuals.com)
People confuse coma with brain death. (medscape.com)
Some of the cases I'm aware of involve misperception of what the doctor was saying because family members were confused about someone being in a permanent coma, being comatose, or having other impaired neurologic states [versus being] brain-dead. (medscape.com)
Therefore, it was clear that Matt had sustained severe brain damage that was causing severely impaired consciousness-i.e., coma. (brainline.org)
If you have a loved one in a critical condition or a coma, you will be asked about donating after cardiac death or circulatory death. (melissacaulk.com)

The study involved a cohort of 2788 patients with traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, or anoxic brain injury admitted to regional intensive care units in southern Alberta between 2002 and 2012. (medscape.com)
He goes on to say the death certificate, "notes that Jahi had been suffering from an anoxic brain injury for 4 years. (cnn.com)
Anoxic brain injury occurs when the brain is deprived of oxygen. (cnn.com)
Jahi suffered an anoxic brain injury as the result of severe blood loss after surgery at Children's Hospital Oakland in December of 2013 when medical staff failed to treat Jahi or summon a doctor after she had undergone surgery on her tonsils, adenoids and soft palette to address a condition known as apnea. (cnn.com)

Nectome's founders, MIT graduates Robert McIntyre and Michael McCanna, claim to have already successfully preserved an animal's brains connectomes - the neural maps that play a vital role in memory storage - and are researching the possibility of extending the technique to human brains. (euronews.com)
Since the expectations of the brain turned out to be deceived, init activated neural pathways associated with surprise. (vpchothuegoldenking.com)

Truog and Tasker argue that apnea testing to confirm brain death has risks and that, for some families, those risks may outweigh the benefits. (blogspot.com)
Recent guidelines clarify how to proceed with such an examination and are available to physicians, with the time of death in adults and children being determined by the last defining test-the apnea test. (elsevierpure.com)

See also Special Issues in Medicolegal Neurology and Evaluation of Fetal Death . (medscape.com)
To provide an update of the 1995 American Academy of Neurology guideline with regard to the following questions: Are there patients who fulfill the clinical criteria of brain death who recover neurologic function? (neurology.org)
In adults, there are no published reports of recovery of neurologic function after a diagnosis of brain death using the criteria reviewed in the 1995 American Academy of Neurology practice parameter. (neurology.org)
pediatric neurology: Can a parent refuse the brain death examination? (blogspot.com)
The American Academy of Neurology believes that doctors have the right to do tests to evaluate whether a patient is brain dead even if the family does not consent. (blogspot.com)
The American Academy of Neurology does not believe that obtaining informed consent before performing a brain death evaluation is necessary. (blogspot.com)
A pharmacological toolkit was designed to help providers in the neurology unit to enhance patients' level of consciousness and improve quality of care following a traumatic brain injury. (sciepub.com)
In 2010, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) updated its guidelines for determining brain death in adults and found no reports of patients recovering brain function after the appropriate use of criteria for declaring brain death. (medscape.com)

This report formed the basis for the Uniform Determination of Death Act, since enacted in 39 states. (wikipedia.org)
The Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA), which has been an important part of the medical and legal landscape in the U.S. (gloria.tv)
Uniform Determination of Death Act. (neurology.org)

The concept that brain death (ie, total cessation of integrated brain function, especially that of the brain stem) constitutes a person's death has been accepted legally and culturally in most of the world. (msdmanuals.com)
The diagnosis of brain death is equivalent to the person's death. (msdmanuals.com)
When the RAS stimulates the brain, a person's eyes open. (brainline.org)

They use electrical and chemical signals to send information between diﬀerent areas of the brain, as well as between the brain, the spinal cord, and the entire body. (nih.gov)
You have this fluid that the brain makes every single day, and it floats in it - the spinal fluid. (melissacaulk.com)
The thing is to put this tube into the middle of the brain where the spinal fluid is made so that you can measure the pressure in the brain and if the pressure gets too high, you can just drain some of this fluid and relieve the swelling. (melissacaulk.com)
Fatalities resulting from catastrophic brain and spinal cord injuries occur infrequently among high school and college football players. (cdc.gov)
During 2005-2014, a total of 28 traumatic brain and spinal cord injury deaths in high school and college football were identified (2.8 deaths per year). (cdc.gov)
Implementing enhanced safety measures to prevent fatalities from catastrophic brain and spinal cord injuries among high school and college football players has the potential to reduce the number of these fatalities. (cdc.gov)
This report updates the incidence and characteristics of deaths caused by traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury ( 4 ) in high school and college football and presents illustrative case descriptions. (cdc.gov)
During 2005-2014, a total of 28 deaths (2.8 deaths per year) from traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries occurred among high school (24 deaths) and college football players (four deaths) combined. (cdc.gov)
The events included in this study were defined as fatal traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries that occurred during a scheduled team activity (game, practice, or conditioning session) and were directly related to football-specific activities (e.g., tackling or being tackled). (cdc.gov)

Brain death is the permanent, irreversible, and complete loss of brain function which may include cessation of involuntary activity necessary to sustain life. (wikipedia.org)
Scientific research has established that the physiological functioning of the brain, the cessation of which defines brain death, is closely connected to mental states. (disabled-world.com)
In the medical field, both life and its cessation-death-are recognized as biological phenomena. (clmagazine.org)
The concept of brain death developed because ventilators and drugs can perpetuate cardiopulmonary and other body functions despite complete cessation of all cerebral activity. (msdmanuals.com)
There is insufficient evidence to determine if newer ancillary tests accurately confirm the cessation of function of the entire brain. (neurology.org)

The goal is to establish a brain-based definition of death as well as evidence-based and expert-informed criteria for death determination after arrest of neurologic or circulatory function. (blood.ca)
Instead, they argue that physicians have "both the moral authority and professional responsibility" to do such evaluations, just as they have the authority and responsibility to declare death by circulatory criteria. (blogspot.com)
However, if the rule revision is passed it can now be called: "donation after circulatory death. (melissacaulk.com)
The time intervals analyzed to determine the possible causes of delay of organ retrieval were time of diagnosing fixed dilated pupils in the ICU, to performing the first BD test, then to the second BD test, to family approach, to organ retrieval and/or circulatory death (CD) without organ retrieval . (bvsalud.org)

In adults, after all complicating medical conditions have been excluded and a comprehensive neurologic examination with the required testing has been done, brain death can be confirmed. (msdmanuals.com)
In adults, brain cells typically are done dividing. (vai.org)

In the UK, the Royal College of Physicians reported in 1995, abandoning the 1979 claim that the tests published in 1976 sufficed for the diagnosis of brain death, and suggesting a new definition of death based on the irreversible loss of brain-stem function alone. (wikipedia.org)
This new definition, the irreversible loss of the capacity for consciousness and for spontaneous breathing, and the essentially unchanged 1976 tests held to establish that state, have been adopted as a basis of death certification for organ transplant purposes in subsequent Codes of Practice. (wikipedia.org)
In particular, there must be definite clinical or neuro-imaging evidence of acute brain pathology (e.g. traumatic brain injury, intracranial haemorrhage, hypoxic encephalopathy) consistent with the irreversible loss of neurological function. (wikipedia.org)
There's no consensus regarding how long CPR must be performed before death is determined as irreversible. (melissacaulk.com)
Patients with severe, irreversible and nearly total brain dysfunction, and hence irreversible unconsciousness, can be maintained on the ventilator nearly indefinitely. (bmj.com)
Several scholars argue that in cases of 'brain death', * the body or organism remains alive, but the person (as distinct from the organism) has died due to irreversible unconsciousness. (bmj.com)
The subject has been deeply controversial since the idea of declaring a patient dead on the basis of irreversible loss of all clinical brain function was first proposed five decades ago. (medscape.com)

Includes deaths from intentional and unintentional injuries, and from injuries of undetermined intent. (cdc.gov)
New Jersey residents might have concerns if they read a report that stated that brain injuries contribute to one-third of injury-related deaths occurring the United States. (palmisanoandgoodman.com)
The Centers for Disease Control says that approximately 2.5 million traumatic brain injuries, many of which were concussions, occurred nationwide in 2010. (palmisanoandgoodman.com)
Due to the severity of the brain injuries, some patients will experience a reduced level of consciousness. (sciepub.com)

Traditionally, both the legal and medical communities determined death through the permanent end of certain bodily functions in clinical death, especially respiration and heartbeat. (wikipedia.org)
Whereas the clinical findings and EEG were compatible with brain death at the end of the course, this diagnosis could be definitely ruled out by multimodality evoked potentials, magnetic resonance imaging and autopsy. (qxmd.com)
Recently, Nevada became the first state to revise its Determination of Death Act to expressly indicate that determination of death is "a clinical decision that does not require…consent. (blogspot.com)
The formal clinical test provides no direct medical benefit to the child, only the possibility of a legal determination of death, resulting in permissible unilateral withdrawal of mechanical support. (blogspot.com)
The author asks whether situations like theirs were more about errors in clinical judgment and improperly following procedures, or whether tougher standards are needed regarding brain death. (medscape.com)

The concept of "brain death" reached its 50th anniversary in August 2018. (clmagazine.org)

Complex-spontaneous motor movements and false-positive triggering of the ventilator may occur in patients who are brain dead. (neurology.org)
The cognitive symptoms referred to as "brain fog" occur in up to 10-30% of people who have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. (utah.edu)

A preliminary Abstract of Death (Death Certificate) was completed by the hospital physician treating Jahi listing her cause of death as bleeding as a result of hepatic (liver) failure," Dolan said in the statement announcing McMath's death. (cnn.com)

Bird brains: a bit dense, aren't they? (ted.com)
Bird-brained - new research published by Suzana Herculano-Houzel and team in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences suggests that the saying may not mean what we think. (ted.com)

For example, although one major medical dictionary considers "brain death" to be synonymous with "cerebral death" (death of the cerebrum), the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) system defines brain death as including the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
The US legal definition of brain death, which Church authorities have accepted for awhile (I don't mean to say that the Church has definitively accepted it) defines it as a complete death of the entire brain. (gloria.tv)

Drug candidates that lower tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), an immune system protein that leads to brain inflammation, protected lab mice from cognitive decline, a new study shows. (nih.gov)
gmanetwork.com/news/video/220318/24oras/… (a link from a local tv station here which roughly translates to: guy who developed a tumor in the brain due to irritating one's pimple better already). (stackexchange.com)
I discovered it was the 2nd most common pediatric brain tumor, and responsible for the majority of pediatric brain cancer deaths each year. (jacksangelsfoundation.com)
This is most often the result of brain swelling or bleeding from a head injury, stroke , or brain tumor. (medlineplus.gov)
Call 911 or the local emergency number or take the person to a hospital emergency room if they develop decreased alertness or other symptoms, especially if there has been a head injury or if the person has a brain tumor or blood vessel problem. (medlineplus.gov)

Title : Disparities in traumatic brain injury-related deaths-United States, 2020 Personal Author(s) : Peterson, Alexis B.;Zhou, Hong;Thomas, Karen E. (cdc.gov)
We analyzed 2020 multiple-cause-of-death data from the National Vital Statistics System to describe TBI mortality by geography, sociodemographic characteristics, mechanism of injury (MOI), and injury intent. (cdc.gov)

The findings, which were published March 2 in Alzheimer's & Dementia , provide evidence that brain inflammation is a key neuropathological pathway of interest in the cognitive loss associated with Alzheimer's disease. (nih.gov)
TNF-α is important for the start and progression of inflammation in the brains of people with Alzheimer's. (nih.gov)
For this study, the team set out to investigate whether prolonged inflammation in the brain could directly cause cognitive symptoms in Alzheimer's. (nih.gov)
They found that lowering levels of TNF-α in the brains of mice could lessen excessive inflammation and, thereby, improve memory and thinking ability and cellular changes associated with Alzheimer's. (nih.gov)
These results suggest that, once instigated, brain inflammation is a key intermediate step in the neuropathological pathway leading to neuron and cognitive loss in Alzheimer's. (nih.gov)
The study provides evidence that brain inflammation - which occurs decades before dementia symptoms are noticeable - is an important disease pathway to pursue in finding treatments for Alzheimer's. (nih.gov)
As a next step, the researchers are planning to study inflammation as a potential Alzheimer's drug target and are expanding exploration of 3,6'-DP as a drug candidate for other degenerative conditions, including traumatic brain injury and stroke. (nih.gov)
GRAND RAPIDS, Mich. (May 21, 2019) - Scientists have identified a new mechanism that accelerates aging in the brain and gives rise to the most devastating biological features of Alzheimer's disease. (vai.org)
Alzheimer's disease is the sixth leading cause of death in the U.S. and the most common cause of dementia worldwide. (vai.org)
Labrie and her colleagues took a comprehensive look at enhancers in brain cells of people at varying stages of Alzheimer's and compared them to the cells of healthy people. (vai.org)
This loss is accelerated in the brains of people with Alzheimer's, essentially making their brain cells act older than they are and leaving them vulnerable to the disease. (vai.org)
At the same time, these enhancers over-activate a suite of genes involved in Alzheimer's pathology in brain cells, spurring the formation of plaques and tangles, and reactivating the cell cycle in fully formed cells - a highly toxic combination. (vai.org)
Taken together, enhancer abnormalities that promote plaques, tangles and cell cycle reactivation appear to be paving the way for brain cell death in Alzheimer's disease. (vai.org)
The study is the first comprehensive investigation of enhancers in human brain cells and in Alzheimer's disease, and included in-depth analysis of epigenetic, genetic, gene expression and protein data. (vai.org)
The dominant idea guiding Alzheimer's research for 25 years has been that the disease results from the abnormal buildup of hard, waxy amyloid plaques in the parts of the brain that control memory. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
The researchers analysed the corresponding gene region in gray mouse lemurs, teacup-sized primates known to develop amyloid brain plaques and other Alzheimer's-like symptoms with age. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)

Brain herniation occurs when something inside the skull produces pressure that moves brain tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
The outlook varies, depending on where in the brain the herniation occurs. (medlineplus.gov)
Vitamin B-3 may help to stop the death of nerve cells that occurs in Parkinson's disease, according to a recent German-led study that may lead to new treatments for the brain-wasting disease. (drlongstreth.com)

On August 16, 2023, Michael Cummins, who was facing the death penalty for the 2019 killings of eight individuals in rural Tennessee, pled guilty to all eight counts of first-degree murder in exchange for life in prison without parole. (deathpenaltyinfo.org)

The proportion of patients with brain injury who progress to neurologic death has decreased over time, especially among those with head trauma, a new study shows. (medscape.com)
It could be that fewer patients are experiencing severe brain trauma. (medscape.com)
Following an injury], the cause of the trauma is crucial to understanding brain death. (medscape.com)
Dr. Jamshid Ghajar did a survey with the Brain Trauma Foundation of 260 trauma centers throughout the United States that took care of severe head injury. (melissacaulk.com)
I'm an Operating Room Nurse @ a trauma hospital that performs harvest on brain dead patients. (melissacaulk.com)

Traumatic brain injury rates of TBI-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths - united states, 2001-2010. (sciepub.com)

This means it is possible that, during death, the brain organizes and executes a biological response that could be conserved across species. (disabled-world.com)
It was my initiation into an understanding that it is the brain that organizes defense against infections and indeed virtually any form of stress that forces us to adapt. (hormonesmatter.com)

In 2006, nearly one third of all injury deaths involved TBI. (cdc.gov)
Approximately 18% of identified high school brain injury deaths were preceded by an earlier concussion, which might have led to second impact syndrome. (cdc.gov)

With the increasing ability of the medical community to resuscitate people with no respiration, heartbeat, or other external signs of life, the need for another definition of death occurred, raising questions of legal death. (wikipedia.org)
Prior to 1968, death was determined by checking for whether the vital signs were present including temperature, pulse, blood pressure and respiration. (campaignlifecoalition.com)

The first European country to adopt brain death as a legal definition (or indicator) of death was Finland in 1971, while in the United States, the state of Kansas had enacted a similar law earlier. (wikipedia.org)
In 1981, a presidential commission issued a landmark report entitled Defining Death: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death, which rejected the "higher-brain" approach to death in favor of a "whole-brain" definition. (wikipedia.org)
Today, both the legal and medical communities in the US use "brain death" as a legal definition of death, allowing a person to be declared legally dead even if life support equipment maintains the body's metabolic processes. (wikipedia.org)
The definition of cerebral death has evolved out of necessity through consensus opinions and information based on retrospective studies and case reports. (medscape.com)
Tad makes the very important point that someone who is actually "brain dead," by the legal definition, would only be able to have cardiac function retained for a matter of hours to days. (gloria.tv)
Any of the reports of people being "brain dead" for weeks, months, or even years, can not possibly be true, by the current legal definition in the US. (gloria.tv)
You want clear, relevant, and precise information on the real definition of brain death instead of relentless coaxing from the doctors. (clmagazine.org)
The project, "Developing A Brain-Based Definition of Death and Criteria for its Determination After Arrest of Circulation or Neurologic Function in Canada", is being led by Canadian Critical Care Society in partnership with Canadian Blood Services and the Canadian Medical Association. (blood.ca)
Despite their disagreement on the definition of death, the 3 institutions agreed that forgoing LSTs for patients diagnosed with brain death is justified from an Islamic perspective because brain-dead people would have no life to sustain. (who.int)

The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Multiple Cause of Death public use data were analyzed for this study. (cdc.gov)
The death rate for brain cancer, the most common cancer cause of death for children and teens aged 1-19 years, was 24% higher in males (0.73 per 100,000) than females (0.59) aged 1-19 years during 2013-2015. (cdc.gov)
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects how the brain functions and remains a prominent cause of death in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Traumatic brain injury remains a significant cause of death and disability in the USA. (biomedcentral.com)
Mortality data, multiple cause-of-death public-use data files, 2006 data. (cdc.gov)
and injury type, medical care, and cause of death. (cdc.gov)

What are we Catholics to do about the issue of brain death and organ donation? (clmagazine.org)
Donation by Cardia Death is the same term a as non beating heart donor. (melissacaulk.com)

During 1979--1992, TBI-related death rates declined 22%, from 24.6 to 19.3 deaths/100,000 population. (cdc.gov)
the most recent of these indicated that TBI mortality rates decreased from 24.6 to 19.3 deaths/100,000 population during 1979--1992, a decline of 22% ( 19 ). (cdc.gov)
Having cheated death in late 1940, I qualified in dentistry in summer 1945 and chose an academic career, moving from lecturer and senior lecturer to reader, finally being appointed Professor of Operative Dental Surgery in 1979. (bmj.com)

Probably the key part is monitoring the brain pressure-the key part in treating patients with severe-head injury and trying to prevent the second injury-the first injury is the accident. (melissacaulk.com)
Use of a neuropharmacological toolkit promises to help providers to treat severe traumatic brain injury in patients experiencing poor level of alertness. (sciepub.com)

Each year, TBIs contribute to a total of 52,000 deaths, accounting for 30% of all injury-related deaths and cases of permanent disability. (sciepub.com)
Permanent brain damage or death can happen quickly. (nih.gov)

This has prompted medical and legal professionals to define a state of cerebral or brain death. (medscape.com)
In 1968, a consensus report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School was the first effort to define cerebral death as a new criterion for death. (medscape.com)

In addition, protocols once the patient reaches hospital have changed with faster CT [computed tomography] scans, improved surgical procedures such as decompressive craniectomy, and better ITU [intensive therapy unit] practices to protect the brain. (medscape.com)

Depending on the severity of the herniation and the part of the brain that is being pressed on, there will be problems with one or more brain-related reflexes and nerve functions. (medlineplus.gov)

Brain hemorrhage and head injury contributed to 37 (31.9%) and 32 (27.6%) BD cases, respectively. (bvsalud.org)

Death is the end of life, and how we get that is by pronouncing either cardiac death or brain death. (medscape.com)
Even in the area of cardiac death, it's not so black-and-white. (medscape.com)

If you are hit in the head, drown, or overdose, it's harder to say that the brain has stopped working completely than if it went without oxygen for 10 minutes because of a heart attack or if somebody suffered from a terrible wound, such as a gunshot wound, and the brain was destroyed. (medscape.com)

Research reveals brain oscillations associated with memory retrieval alter in the moments before death, suggesting our brain may replay significant life events just before we die. (disabled-world.com)
1 This understanding about death is the common starting point for scholars on both sides of the brain death debate, including James L. Bernat, the staunchest defender of brain death, and D. Alan Shewmon, whose research has brought irrefutable empirical medical evidence that brain death is not death. (clmagazine.org)
This substance," explains senior study author Dr. Michela Deleidi, who leads brain research projects at the University of Tubingen and the Helmholtz Association - both in Germany - "stimulates the faulty energy metabolism in the affected nerve cells and protests them from dying off. (drlongstreth.com)
His latest research showed that the brain protects us from existential fear by classifying death as an accident that only happens to other people. (vpchothuegoldenking.com)

The distinctions are medically significant because, for example, in someone with a dead cerebrum but a living brainstem, spontaneous breathing may continue unaided, whereas in whole-brain death (which includes brainstem death), only life support equipment would maintain ventilation. (wikipedia.org)

We conclude by offering an explanation of why the conventional view on 'brain death', though mistaken, continues to be endorsed in light of its connection to organ transplantation and the dead donor rule. (bmj.com)

He said this study did not specifically address the outcomes of the 4% to 5% fewer patients who did not progress to brain death. (medscape.com)
We wanted to understand the reasons for this, and as brain-injured patients who progress to brain death in hospital is the only scenario where patient can become a deceased organ donor here, we wanted to study this group. (medscape.com)
Results showed the proportion of patients who progressed to neurologic death was 8.1% at the start of the study period and decreased over time. (medscape.com)
The adjusted odds of progressing to neurologic death also decreased over the study period. (medscape.com)
Now, a study published to Frontiers brings new insight into a possible organizational role of the brain during death and suggests an explanation for vivid life recall in near-death experiences. (disabled-world.com)
However, a new study published in Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience suggests that your brain may remain active and coordinated during and even after the transition to death and be programmed to orchestrate the whole ordeal. (disabled-world.com)
We measured 900 seconds of brain activity around the time of death and set a specific focus to investigate what happened in the 30 seconds before and after the heart stopped beating," said Dr. Ajmal Zemmar, a neurosurgeon at the University of Louisville, US, who organized the study. (disabled-world.com)
While this study is the first to measure live brain activity during the process of dying in humans, similar changes in gamma oscillations have been previously observed in rats kept in controlled environments. (disabled-world.com)
Based on this, the purpose of this study was to investigate the BDNF val66met polymorphism in SIDS cases, cases of infectious death and controls. (nih.gov)
The study indicates that the val66met polymorphism is not important for sudden unexpected infant death. (nih.gov)
We retrospectively evaluated outcomes in patients with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to determine whether baseline (i.e., at study enrollment) brain metastases were associated with the efficacy of pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy. (nih.gov)
We knew early on we wanted the film to be a character study focusing on a certain type of internet-poisoned city-dwelling millennial, and we knew we wanted to try to honestly reflect what it felt like to live in our chaotic political reality and have a brain that was very poisoned by constant doom-scrolling on Twitter - the question became, how do we entwine these very disparate elements? (bostonhassle.com)
In a recent study, we used a rodent model of penetrating traumatic brain injury known as penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) to examine the role of innate immunity in post-traumatic secondary injury mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
All four of the college deaths and 14 (58%) of the 24 high school deaths occurred during the last 5 years (2010-2014) of the 10-year study period. (cdc.gov)

In conclusion, following the national brain injury organization recommendations, every institution needs to develop their own guideline to treat TBIs. (sciepub.com)

Neurogenesis in the adult human brain is still tricky for neuroscientists to show, let alone learn about, how it impacts the brain and its functions. (nih.gov)
Neuroscientists have recorded the activity of a dying human brain and discovered rhythmic brain wave patterns around the time of death that are similar to those occurring during dreaming, memory recall, and meditation. (disabled-world.com)
This unexpected event allowed scientists to record the activity of a dying human brain for the first time. (disabled-world.com)
Illustration of a human head outlining the brain and a simulation of artificial intelligence. (disabled-world.com)
Brain oscillations (more commonly known as 'brain waves) are patterns of rhythmic activity normally present in living human brains. (disabled-world.com)
Is brain death consistent with the Church's teaching on the human person? (clmagazine.org)
But McIntyre and McCanna are not alone in their belief that brains - or at least parts of the human mind - could be uploaded to computers. (euronews.com)
It uses clusters of human brain cells grown inside the brain of a rat. (gpb.org)
The Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) confirmed that a Korean national who died after returning from Thailand was infected with Naegleria fowleri, which destroys human brains. (mieconference.com)

We found that the proportion of critically ill patients with various forms of brain injury who progress to brain death is half that 10 years ago," Dr. Kramer told Medscape Medical News . (medscape.com)
However, in general, among all brain-injured patients a larger proportion are doing well and having a good quality of life now than 10 years ago. (medscape.com)
I suspect that of these 4% to 5% fewer patients who do not die, there will be both some who remain critically brain injured long-term, needing 24 hour nursing care, and others who have good outcomes, only suffering mild problems with memory, concentration, and headaches," he added. (medscape.com)
In addition, our outcomes in critically ill patients with brain injury have been improving, and we wanted to see if this translated into fewer patients becoming brain dead. (medscape.com)
This change was most pronounced among patients with traumatic brain injury, whereas there was no change among patients with anoxic injury. (medscape.com)
Are "brain dead" patients really dead? (campaignlifecoalition.com)
McMahon allegedly witnessed cases where the patients still had brain wave activity, were squirming on the operating table as doctors cut into them and had to be given a paralyzer to keep them still. (campaignlifecoalition.com)
According to the established medical view, patients who fulfill the criteria (i.e., diagnostic tests) for brain death are really dead. (clmagazine.org)
Brain death proponents (including some prelates, such as Bishop Sanchez Sorondo of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences) 3 have repeatedly claimed that such signs of life in brain-dead patients are merely because the ventilator masks the reality of death. (clmagazine.org)
All studies included patients with previously treated, stable brain metastases. (nih.gov)
The incidence of treatment-related adverse events with pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy was 66.3% versus 84.4% in patients with brain metastases and 67.2% versus 88.3% in those without. (nih.gov)
Pembrolizumab monotherapy improved outcomes and was associated with fewer adverse events than chemotherapy in patients with treatment-naive and previously treated PD-L1‒positive advanced/metastatic NSCLC regardless of the presence of baseline treated, stable brain metastases. (nih.gov)
Are there new ancillary tests that accurately identify patients with brain death? (neurology.org)
Are Docs Giving Patients the Wrong Idea About Brain Death? (medscape.com)
Don't confuse patients by beginning with terms like "brain death," because they'll mishear you. (medscape.com)
There's always some judgment around the pronouncement of death, but it's up to us not to confuse patients. (medscape.com)
We recently started to do harvest on patients that are not declared brain dead, but their prognosis is considered grave and not recoverable. (melissacaulk.com)
The established view regarding 'brain death' in medicine and medical ethics is that patients determined to be dead by neurological criteria are dead in terms of a biological conception of death, not a philosophical conception of personhood, a social construction or a legal fiction. (bmj.com)
Another type of view holds that whether such patients are alive or dead is in some sense a social choice, or a social construction, and that there are good social, legal and moral reasons to draw the (somewhat arbitrary) dividing line between life and death in such a way that 'brain dead' patients are on the dead side of the line. (bmj.com)
In the Islamic world, based on widespread agreement, albeit for different reasons, that CPR and PPMV can be withheld from brain-dead people, the discussion broadened to address optimum care for patients with end-stage cancer or major organ failure who are not brain dead but whose best, or only available, therapeutic option appears to be palliative care. (who.int)
A minority position, advocated by some individual scholars, entails opposition to withholding/withdrawing LSTs for terminally ill (cancer) patients, including brain-dead persons, because these scholars consider them to be alive. (who.int)

Consciousness after death" is a common theme in society and culture in the context of life after death. (disabled-world.com)
She was concerned with assessing the function of the parts of the brain that are responsible for consciousness so that she could determine if Matt was aware of anything and if he was capable of suffering. (brainline.org)
This protection is "included" in the early years, when our consciousness develops and we understand that death comes to everyone. (vpchothuegoldenking.com)
Another researcher Arno Weisman, a psychologist fromThe University of Kent, stated that the brain and consciousness create numerous defenses to prevent thoughts of death. (vpchothuegoldenking.com)
Development and Implementation of a Pharmacological Toolkit to Help Providers Manage Level of Consciousness Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Quality Improvement Project. (sciepub.com)

Adding that she "forced the world to rethink the issue of brain death," referring to the sweeping national debate about what legally and ethically constitutes death surrounding her daughter's case. (cnn.com)
What constitutes brain death? (medscape.com)

Questions that have puzzled neuroscientists for centuries are what happens inside your brain during these experiences and after death. (disabled-world.com)
Other neuroscientists and computer scientists have dismissed the idea of "brain uploading" and have called the ethics of Nectome into questionafter McIntyre warned that his brain backup plan was "100 percent fatal. (euronews.com)

Even without dying from vehicular heat stroke, there can be brain damage and disability. (braininjuryhelp.com)

These measurements are, however, based on a single case and stem from the brain of a patient who had suffered an injury, seizures, and swelling, complicating the data interpretation. (disabled-world.com)
OPUS at UTS: Brain stem death induces pro-inflammatory cytokine production and cardiac dysfunction in sheep model. (edu.au)

citation needed] Differences in operational definitions of death have obvious medicolegal implications (in medical jurisprudence and medical law). (wikipedia.org)
The finding has practical implications because both groups of brain cells - the ones for breathing and the ones for pain - respond to opioids. (gpb.org)

In 1995, CDC developed guidelines for surveillance of TBI ( 25 ) and, with funding authorized under Public Law 104-166 (the Traumatic Brain Injury Act of 1996), supported development of a multistate TBI surveillance system ( 26,27 ). (cdc.gov)

It is also distinct from comas as long as some brain and bodily activity and function remain, and it is also not the same as the condition locked-in syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
People in comas, where brain activity is decreased, are at risk of having their organ harvested, the rationale being they will probably be vegetables if they wake up. (gloria.tv)
Sometimes EEG or tests of brain perfusion are used to confirm absence of brain activity or brain blood flow and thus provide additional evidence to family members, but these tests are not usually required. (msdmanuals.com)
That evidence included Mr. Cummins' brain scans, which showed "significant problems" and impairment of brain activity. (deathpenaltyinfo.org)
Finally, while post-traumatic treatment with an anti-ASC antibody had no effect on the number of activated microglia and infiltrating leukocytes, antibody treatment decreased caspase-1 activity in both resident microglia and infiltrating leukocytes and reduced pyroptotic CD11b+ cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
Suddenly, the boy began to show signs of life, signs of brain activity, and signs of recovery. (medscape.com)
More sensitive testing] becomes an issue when we start to see that there's more brain activity than we thought. (medscape.com)
At this moment, the brain activity of the subjects was recorded. (vpchothuegoldenking.com)

A clear appreciation by physicians and the public of the diagnostic determination of death following loss of brain function will help to prevent similar conflicts from occurring in the future. (elsevierpure.com)

Anatomy2

Diseases10

Chemicals and Drugs2

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Humanities5

Information Science1

Named Groups1

Health Care8

The case for a statutory 'definition of death'. (1/411)

A matter of life and death: what every anesthesiologist should know about the medical, legal, and ethical aspects of declaring brain death. (2/411)

Donor catecholamine use reduces acute allograft rejection and improves graft survival after cadaveric renal transplantation. (3/411)

N18 in median somatosensory evoked potentials: a new indicator of medullary function useful for the diagnosis of brain death. (4/411)

The ambiguity about death in Japan: an ethical implication for organ procurement. (5/411)

Implications of ischemic penumbra for the diagnosis of brain death. (6/411)

Brain death diagnosis in misleading conditions. (7/411)

Re-examining death: against a higher brain criterion. (8/411)

Brain Death

Death

Tissue Donors

Tissue and Organ Procurement

Cell Death

Cause of Death

Brain Injuries

Brain Chemistry

Tissue and Organ Harvesting

Apnea

Coma

Personhood

Persistent Vegetative State

Brain Neoplasms

Organ Transplantation

Life

Brain Stem

Brain Mapping

Attitude to Death

Jurisprudence

Brain

Ethics, Medical

Life Support Care

Caloric Tests

Beginning of Human Life

Withholding Treatment

Electroencephalography

Third-Party Consent

Time Factors

Delayed Graft Function

Oximes

Mevinphos

Brain Edema

Philosophy, Medical

Organ Preservation

Brain Ischemia

The case for a statutory 'definition of death'. (1/411)

A matter of life and death: what every anesthesiologist should know about the medical, legal, and ethical aspects of declaring brain death. (2/411)

Donor catecholamine use reduces acute allograft rejection and improves graft survival after cadaveric renal transplantation. (3/411)

N18 in median somatosensory evoked potentials: a new indicator of medullary function useful for the diagnosis of brain death. (4/411)

The ambiguity about death in Japan: an ethical implication for organ procurement. (5/411)

Implications of ischemic penumbra for the diagnosis of brain death. (6/411)

Brain death diagnosis in misleading conditions. (7/411)

Re-examining death: against a higher brain criterion. (8/411)

Brain death

Life & Death II: The Brain

Maternal somatic support after brain death

Human brain

Complications of traumatic brain injury

Brain herniation

Boltzmann brain

Dennis Brain

Death

Battlefield Earth (novel)

Stimulant

Methamphetamine

Muiredach mac Brain (died 818)

PP v. HSE

Jack R. Fenton

Brain of Albert Einstein

Michael Brain

Consciousness after death

Mark Haverland

Stages of death

Lazarus sign

Organ donation in Australia

Gary Brain

Brain Storm (character)

Cryonics

David Magnus

Organ donation

Roberto de Mattei

New Metal Leader

Reperfusion injury

Brain death - Wikipedia

How To Avoid Brain Death Purgatory

Peres lauds Rabbinate for recognizing brain death

Funeral held for Jahi McMath after brain-death controversy

Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths - United States, 2007 and 2013 | MMWR

Former Blackhawks enforcer Daniel Carcillo pledges to donate brain to research after death