Bunyaviridae
Phlebovirus
Bunyamwera virus
Orthobunyavirus
Uukuniemi virus
Rift Valley fever virus
La Crosse virus
Nairovirus
Hantavirus
Encephalitis Virus, California
Hantaan virus
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo
Hantavirus Infections
Rift Valley Fever
Simbu virus
Encephalitis, California
Tospovirus
Phlebotomus Fever
Arboviruses
Sandfly fever Naples virus
Nucleocapsid Proteins
Puumala virus
Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral
Vero Cells
Reassortant Viruses
Nairobi sheep disease virus
Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean
Cercopithecus aethiops
Viral Nonstructural Proteins
Ixodidae
Sin Nombre virus
Culicidae
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome
Molecular Sequence Data
Seroepidemiology of California and Bunyamwera serogroup (Bunyaviridae) virus infections in native populations of Alaska. (1/168)
This study investigated the geographic distribution and prevalence of antibodies to California and Bunyamwera serogroup viruses in Native populations of Alaska, and demographic and ecologic risk factors associated with exposure. Sera (n = 1,635) from 18 communities were screened using an ELISA. All age groups were tested for antibodies to Jamestown Canyon (JC), Inkoo (INK), snowshoe hare (SSH), and Northway (NOR) viruses; persons > or = 45 years old (n = 90) from six communities were additionally tested for antibodies to Tahyna (TAH), Batai (BAT), Cache Valley (CV), and Sindbis (SIN) viruses. Thirty free-ranging mammals were tested by a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for antibodies to all eight viruses and to Getah (GET) virus. In Natives, overall antibody prevalence was 24.9% (JC = 17.6%, monotypic JC = 6.5%, INK = 11.1%, monotypic INK = 0.6%, SSH = 6.8%, monotypic SSH = 3.5%, and NOR = 6.2%). Five TAH, CV, and BAT virus exposures may be serologic cross-reactions, and no SIN virus antibodies were detected. Sindbis-like virus antibodies were found in 30% of the mammals. Most mammals had antibodies to NOR (83.3%) and California serogroup (70.0%) viruses; no GET virus exposures were found. Significant risk factors for human bunyavirus exposures were age group, ethnic-linguistic group, biotic province, climate zone, terrestrial vegetation, and presence of some ungulates and small mammals in communities. Sex was not a significant risk factor. (+info)Potential for evolution of California serogroup bunyaviruses by genome reassortment in Aedes albopictus. (2/168)
Aedes albopictus was introduced into the United States in used tires in 1985. Its successful colonization of the upper Midwest has potential to alter the current epidemiology of bunyaviruses that circulate in the region. It is permissive for the replication of several arboviruses, including La Crosse (LACV) and Jamestown Canyon (JCV) bunyaviruses. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of LACV and JCV to coinfect Ae. albopictus mosquitoes and to form all six possible reassortant genotypes. All reassortant viruses infect Ae. albopictus orally and can be transmitted to suckling mice. All reassortants are neurovirulent in mice. However, reassortant viruses carrying the LACV M segment in the foreign genetic background of JCV are more neuroinvasive than JCV, or any other reassortant genotype. In addition, these reassortants can replicate in gerbils and infect Ae. triseriatus, characteristics of LACV, but not JCV. Because Ae. albopictus is spreading into new geographic areas and feeds on a variety of mammals, including humans, it has the potential to transmit new, emerging bunyaviruses in nature. (+info)Standardization of immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for routine diagnosis of arboviral infections. (3/168)
Immunoglobulin M antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA) is a rapid and versatile diagnostic method that readily permits the combination of multiple assays. Test consolidation is especially important for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) which belong to at least three virus families: the Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Bunyaviridae. Using prototype viruses from each of these families and a panel of well-characterized human sera, we have evaluated and standardized a combined MAC-ELISA capable of identifying virus infections caused by members of each virus family. Furthermore, by grouping antigens geographically and utilizing known serological cross-reactivities, we have reduced the number of antigens necessary for testing, while maintaining adequate detection sensitivity. We have determined that a 1:400 serum dilution is most appropriate for screening antiviral antibody, using a positive-to-negative ratio of >/=2.0 as a positive cutoff value. With a blind-coded human serum panel, this combined MAC-ELISA was shown to have test sensitivity and specificity that correlated well with those of other serological techniques. (+info)Detection of anti-arboviral immunoglobulin G by using a monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (4/168)
Monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of anti-arboviral immunoglobulin G (IgG ELISAs) were developed for a comprehensive array of medically important arboviruses from the Alphavirus, Flavivirus, and Bunyavirus genera. Tests were optimized and standardized so that maximum homology could be maintained among working parameters for the different viral agents, enabling a wide range of viruses to be easily tested for at one time. MAbs were screened for suitability as capture vehicles for antigens from the three genera. The final test configuration utilized group-reactive MAbs eastern equine encephalitis virus 1A4B-6, dengue 2 virus 4G2, and La Crosse encephalitis virus 10G5.4 to capture the specific inactivated viral antigens. Serum IgG was detected by using alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-human IgG (Fc portion). A dilution of 1:400 was chosen as the universal screening serum dilution, with endpoint titrations of serum samples testing positive eliminating occasional false-positive results. IgG ELISA results correlated with those of the standard plaque-reduction neutralization assays. As expected, some test cross-reactivity was encountered within the individual genera, and tests were interpreted within the context of these reactions. The tests were standardized for laboratory diagnosis of arboviral infections, with the intent that they be used in tandem with the corresponding IgM antibody-capture ELISAs. (+info)Effects of antigen-retrieval pretreatments for immunohistochemical detection of Akabane viral antigen. (5/168)
Effects of various antigen-retrieval pretreatment techniques for immunohistochemical detection of Akabane virus antigen were examined with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues taken from mice intracerebrally inoculated with the virus. The results indicated that no pretreatment is necessary for the detection of the antigen, and excessive enzymatic pretreatment of sections may lead to false-negative results. (+info)Comparison of intertypic antigenicity of Aino virus isolates by dot immunobinding assay using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. (6/168)
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the Aino virus were prepared, and the neutralizing epitopes of the virus were defined by competitive binding assay. Seven continuous and overlapping neutralizing epitopes existed on the G1 glycoprotein of the Aino virus. Two antigenic domains were identified and were designated I and II, with domain II consisting of six epitopes. Dot immunobinding assays (DIAs) were performed with MAbs that recognized these seven neutralizing epitopes. DIAs were performed with 1 Australian strain and 21 isolates found in Japan between the years 1964 and 1995. The MAb response patterns of all isolates were divided into four groups. The Japanese isolates did not show large differences in antigenicity, but the antigenicity of the Australian strain collected in 1968 was significantly different from that of the Japanese strains; the Australian strain lacked reactivity to three epitopes and showed only low reactivity to one epitope. (+info)Reverse genetics system for Uukuniemi virus (Bunyaviridae): RNA polymerase I-catalyzed expression of chimeric viral RNAs. (7/168)
We describe here the development of a reverse genetics system for the phlebovirus Uukuniemi virus, a member of the Bunyaviridae family, by using RNA polymerase I (pol I)-mediated transcription. Complementary DNAs containing the coding sequence for either chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) (both in antisense orientation) were flanked by the 5'- and 3'-terminal untranslated regions of the Uukuniemi virus sense or complementary RNA derived from the medium-sized (M) RNA segment. This chimeric cDNA (pol I expression cassette) was cloned between the murine pol I promoter and terminator and the plasmid transfected into BHK-21 cells. When such cells were either superinfected with Uukuniemi virus or cotransfected with expression plasmids encoding the L (RNA polymerase), N (nucleoprotein), and NSs (nonstructural protein) viral proteins, strong CAT activity or GFP expression was observed. CAT activity was consistently stronger in cells expressing L plus N than following superinfection. No activity was seen without superinfection, nor was activity detected when either the L or N expression plasmid was omitted. Omitting NSs expression had no effect on CAT activity or GFP expression, indicating that this protein is not needed for viral RNA replication or transcription. CAT activity could be serially passaged to fresh cultures by transferring medium from CAT-expressing cells, indicating that recombinant virus containing the reporter construct had been produced. In summary, we demonstrate that the RNA pol I system, originally developed for influenza virus, which replicates in the nucleus, has strong potential for the development of an efficient reverse genetics system also for Bunyaviridae members, which replicate in the cytoplasm. (+info)Bunyamwera bunyavirus nonstructural protein NSs is a nonessential gene product that contributes to viral pathogenesis. (8/168)
Bunyamwera virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Bunyavirus) contains a tripartite negative-sense RNA genome. The smallest RNA segment, S, encodes the nucleocapsid protein N and a nonstructural protein, NSs, in overlapping reading frames. We have generated a mutant virus lacking NSs, called BUNdelNSs, by reverse genetics. Compared with the wild-type (wt) virus, BUNdelNSs exhibited a smaller plaque size and generated titers of virus approximately 1 log lower. In mammalian cells, the mutant expressed greatly increased levels of N protein; significantly, the marked inhibition of host cell protein synthesis shown by wt virus was considerably impaired by BUNdelNSs. When inoculated by the intracerebral route BUNdelNSs killed BALB/c mice with a slower time course than wt and exhibited a reduced cell-to-cell spread, and titers of virus in the brain were lower. In addition, the abrogation of NSs expression changed Bunyamwera virus from a noninducer to an inducer of an interferon-beta promoter. These results suggest that, although not essential for growth in tissue culture or in mice, the bunyavirus NSs protein has several functions in the virus life cycle and contributes to viral pathogenesis. (+info)Bunyaviridae is a family of viruses that includes several genera capable of causing human disease. These viruses are primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected arthropods, such as mosquitoes and ticks, or through contact with infected rodents or their excreta.
Some of the diseases caused by Bunyaviridae infections include:
1. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS): This is a severe, sometimes fatal, respiratory disease caused by hantaviruses. It is transmitted to humans through contact with infected rodents or their urine and droppings.
2. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF): This is a serious and often fatal viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the CCHF virus. It is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, but can also be spread through contact with the blood or tissue of infected animals.
3. Rift Valley Fever (RVF): This is a viral disease that primarily affects animals, but can also infect humans. It is transmitted to humans through contact with the blood or tissue of infected animals, or through the bite of infected mosquitoes.
4. La Crosse Encephalitis: This is a viral disease transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. It primarily affects children and can cause inflammation of the brain (encephalitis).
5. Toscana Virus Infection: This is a viral disease transmitted to humans through the bite of infected sandflies. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and meningitis.
Prevention measures include avoiding contact with rodents and their excreta, using insect repellent and wearing protective clothing to prevent mosquito and tick bites, and seeking prompt medical attention if symptoms of a Bunyaviridae infection develop.
Bunyaviridae is a family of enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that includes more than 350 different species. These viruses are named after the type species, Bunyamwera virus, which was first isolated in 1943 from mosquitoes in Uganda.
The genome of Bunyaviridae viruses is divided into three segments: large (L), medium (M), and small (S). The L segment encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which is responsible for replication and transcription of the viral genome. The M segment encodes two glycoproteins that form the viral envelope and are involved in attachment and fusion to host cells. The S segment encodes the nucleocapsid protein, which packages the viral RNA, and a non-structural protein that is involved in modulation of the host immune response.
Bunyaviridae viruses are transmitted to humans and animals through arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and sandflies. Some members of this family can cause severe disease in humans, including Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Rift Valley fever.
Prevention and control measures for Bunyaviridae viruses include avoiding contact with vectors, using insect repellent and wearing protective clothing, and implementing vector control programs. There are no specific antiviral treatments available for most Bunyaviridae infections, although ribavirin has been shown to be effective against some members of the family. Vaccines are available for a few Bunyaviridae viruses, such as Hantavirus and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, but they are not widely used due to limitations in production and distribution.
Phlebovirus is a type of virus that belongs to the family Bunyaviridae. These viruses have a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome and are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected insects, such as sandflies or ticks. Some examples of diseases caused by Phleboviruses include sandfly fever, Toscana virus infection, and Rift Valley fever.
The term "Phlebovirus" comes from the Greek word "phleps," which means "vein," reflecting the viruses' tendency to cause febrile illnesses characterized by symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash. The virus was first identified in the 1960s and has since been found in many parts of the world, particularly in areas with warm climates where sandflies and ticks are more common.
Phleboviruses have a complex structure, consisting of three segments of RNA enclosed within a lipid membrane derived from the host cell. The viral membrane contains two glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, which are important for attachment to and entry into host cells. Once inside the cell, the virus uses its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to replicate its genome and produce new virions, which can then infect other cells or be transmitted to a new host through the bite of an infected insect.
Prevention and treatment of Phlebovirus infections are focused on avoiding exposure to infected insects and reducing symptoms through supportive care. There are no specific antiviral treatments available for these infections, although research is ongoing to develop effective therapies. Vaccines are also being developed for some Phleboviruses, such as Rift Valley fever, which can cause severe illness and death in humans and animals.
Bunyamwera virus is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Peribunyaviridae and genus Orthobunyavirus. It was first isolated in 1943 from mosquitoes in the Bunyamwera district of Uganda. The viral genome consists of three segments: large (L), medium (M), and small (S).
The virus is primarily transmitted to vertebrates, including humans, through the bite of infected mosquitoes. It can cause a mild febrile illness in humans, characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash. However, Bunyamwera virus infection is usually asymptomatic or causes only mild symptoms in humans.
Bunyamwera virus has a wide host range, including mammals, birds, and mosquitoes, and is found in many parts of the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. It is an important pathogen in veterinary medicine, causing disease in livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats.
Research on Bunyamwera virus has contributed significantly to our understanding of the biology and ecology of bunyaviruses, which are a major cause of human and animal diseases worldwide.
Orthobunyavirus is a genus of viruses in the family Peribunyaviridae, order Bunyavirales. These are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses. The genome consists of three segments: large (L), medium (M), and small (S). The L segment encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the M segment encodes two glycoproteins (Gn and Gc) and a nonstructural protein (NSm), and the S segment encodes the nucleocapsid protein (N) and a nonstructural protein (NSs).
Orthobunyaviruses are primarily transmitted by arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and midges, and can cause disease in humans and animals. The diseases caused by orthobunyaviruses range from mild febrile illness to severe hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis. Some of the notable orthobunyaviruses include California encephalitis virus, La Crosse encephalitis virus, Oropouche virus, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uukuniemi virus" is not a commonly used medical term in the English language. It is a term from virology, referring to a specific type of virus discovered in Finland. Uukuniemi virus is a type of hantavirus, which can cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in humans. However, it's primarily a term used in research and not something that would typically be used in a medical diagnosis or treatment context. If you have any more specific questions about virology or infectious diseases, I'd be happy to try and help answer them!
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus, a type of virus that is transmitted through the bite of infected arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks. It belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Phlebovirus. The virus was first identified in 1930 during an investigation into a large epidemic of cattle deaths near Lake Naivasha in the Rift Valley of Kenya.
RVFV primarily affects animals, particularly sheep, goats, and cattle, causing severe illness and death in newborn animals and abortions in pregnant females. The virus can also infect humans, usually through contact with infected animal tissues or fluids, or through the bite of an infected mosquito. In humans, RVFV typically causes a self-limiting febrile illness, but in some cases, it can lead to more severe complications such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and retinitis (inflammation of the retina), which can result in permanent vision loss.
RVFV is endemic to parts of Africa, particularly in the Rift Valley region, but it has also been found in other parts of the continent, as well as in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The virus can be transmitted through the movement of infected animals or contaminated animal products, as well as through the spread of infected mosquitoes by wind or travel.
Prevention measures for RVFV include vaccination of livestock, use of personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling animals or their tissues, and avoidance of mosquito bites in areas where the virus is known to be present. There is currently no approved vaccine for humans, but several candidates are in development. Treatment for RVFV infection typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
La Crosse virus (LACV) is an orthobunyavirus that belongs to the California serogroup and is the most common cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the United States. It is named after La Crosse, Wisconsin, where it was first identified in 1963.
LACV is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected eastern treehole mosquitoes (Aedes triseriatus), which serve as the primary vector and amplifying host for the virus. The virus can also be found in other mosquito species, such as Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus.
The transmission cycle of LACV involves mosquitoes feeding on infected small mammals, particularly chipmunks and squirrels, which serve as the natural reservoirs for the virus. The virus then replicates in the salivary glands of the mosquito, making it possible to transmit the virus through their bite.
LACV infection can cause a range of symptoms, from mild flu-like illness to severe neurological complications such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord). Most cases occur in children under the age of 16, with peak transmission during summer months.
Preventive measures for LACV include using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, eliminating standing water around homes to reduce mosquito breeding sites, and staying indoors during peak mosquito activity hours (dawn and dusk). There is currently no specific antiviral treatment available for LACV infection, and management typically involves supportive care to address symptoms.
Nairovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Bunyaviridae. They are negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses and are transmitted to humans and animals through tick bites. The name "Nairovirus" comes from the initials of the National Institute for Virology in South Africa, where the first virus in this genus was discovered.
Nairoviruses can cause severe febrile illnesses in humans, including hemorrhagic fever and neurological symptoms. Some of the more well-known nairoviruses include Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), which is found in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East, and Nairobi sheep disease virus (NSDV), which primarily infects sheep and goats but can also cause illness in humans.
It's important to note that nairoviruses are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted from animals to humans, and can pose a significant public health risk in areas where they are endemic. Prevention measures include avoiding tick bites, using personal protective equipment when handling infected animals, and implementing appropriate infection control practices in healthcare settings.
Hantavirus is an etiologic agent for several clinical syndromes, including hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). It's a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae, genus Orthohantavirus.
These viruses are primarily transmitted to humans by inhalation of aerosolized excreta from infected rodents. The symptoms can range from flu-like illness to severe respiratory distress and renal failure, depending upon the specific hantavirus species. There are no known treatments for HFRS, but early recognition and supportive care can significantly improve outcomes. Ribavirin has been used in some cases of HPS with apparent benefit, although its general efficacy is not well-established
(References: CDC, NIH, WHO)
There is no medical definition or specific virus named "Encephalitis Virus, California." However, there are several viruses that can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and some of them have been identified in California. Some examples include:
1. West Nile Virus: A mosquito-borne virus that is the most common cause of encephalitis in the United States, including California.
2. St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Another mosquito-borne virus that is less common but can cause encephalitis, particularly in older adults. It has been identified in California.
3. Californian serogroup viruses (La Crosse, Jamestown Canyon, Snowshoe Hare): These are transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes and have been known to cause encephalitis, particularly in children. They are named after California because they were first identified there.
4. Tick-borne encephalitis viruses: There are several tick-borne viruses that can cause encephalitis, including Powassan virus and deer tick virus. These have been reported in California but are rare.
It's important to note that any virus that causes an infection in the body has the potential to spread to the brain and cause encephalitis, so there are many other viruses that could potentially be associated with encephalitis in California or any other location.
Hantaan virus (HTNV) is a species of the genus Orthohantavirus, which causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans. This enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus is primarily transmitted to humans through contact with infected rodents or their excreta, particularly the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) in Asia. The virus was initially isolated in 1976 from the Hantaan River area in Korea.
HTNV infection leads to a spectrum of clinical manifestations in HFRS, ranging from mild to severe forms. The symptoms often include fever, headache, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and blurred vision. In severe cases, it can cause acute renal failure, hypotension, and hemorrhagic complications. The incubation period for HTNV infection typically ranges from 7 to 42 days.
Prevention strategies include avoiding contact with rodents, reducing rodent populations in living areas, using personal protective equipment when handling potentially infected materials, and ensuring proper food storage and waste disposal practices. No specific antiviral treatment is available for HFRS caused by HTNV; however, supportive care, such as fluid replacement and hemodialysis, can help manage severe symptoms and improve outcomes.
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a viral disease transmitted to humans through tick bites or contact with infected animal blood or tissues during and after slaughter. The virus belongs to the Nairovirus genus in the Bunyaviridae family. The disease was first identified in Crimea in 1944 and later in the Congo in 1956, hence the name Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.
The CCHF virus causes severe illness with a case fatality rate of up to 40% in hospitalized patients. The symptoms include sudden onset of fever, muscle pain, headache, dizziness, neck pain and stiffness, back pain, sore eyes, and sensitivity to light. After a few days, patients may develop nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bleeding from the mouth, nose, gums, and private parts.
There is no specific treatment or vaccine available for CCHF, but early supportive care with oral or intravenous fluids, analgesics, and antipyretics can significantly reduce mortality. Ribavirin has been used in the treatment of severe cases, but its efficacy is not fully proven. Preventive measures include avoiding tick bites, using protective clothing and gloves while handling animals or their tissues, and practicing good hygiene and food safety.
Hantavirus infections are a group of viral diseases caused by rodent-borne hantaviruses. These viruses are primarily transmitted to humans through the inhalation of aerosolized urine, droppings, or saliva from infected rodents, particularly the deer mouse, white-tailed mouse, and rice rat in North America.
There are several different types of hantavirus infections, including Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) and Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS). HPS is more common in the Americas, while HFRS is more prevalent in Europe and Asia.
Symptoms of hantavirus infections can vary depending on the specific type of infection but may include fever, muscle aches, headache, fatigue, and coughing. In severe cases, hantavirus infections can lead to respiratory failure, shock, and even death.
Preventive measures include avoiding contact with rodents, sealing entry points to prevent their entry into homes or buildings, and using appropriate personal protective equipment when cleaning areas where rodents may have been present. Currently, there is no specific treatment for hantavirus infections, but early recognition and supportive care can improve outcomes.
Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a viral zoonotic disease that primarily affects animals, but can also have serious consequences for humans. It is caused by the Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV), which belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Phlebovirus.
The disease is transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes or through contact with the blood, milk, or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and camels. In humans, RVF can cause a range of symptoms, from mild fever and headache to severe complications such as retinitis, encephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever, which can be fatal in some cases.
RVF is endemic in parts of Africa, particularly in the Rift Valley region, and has also been reported in the Arabian Peninsula. It poses a significant public health and economic threat to affected regions due to its potential to cause large-scale outbreaks with high mortality rates in both animals and humans. Prevention and control measures include vaccination of animals, vector control, and avoidance of mosquito bites.
Simbu virus, also known as SIMBU or SV, is an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) from the family *Phenuiviridae*, genus *Seadornavirus*. It is primarily maintained in a transmission cycle between mosquitoes and ruminant animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. The virus can cause asymptomatic or mild illness in humans, with symptoms like fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash. However, severe disease or long-term complications are rare.
Simbu virus is geographically widespread across Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Pacific islands. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, mainly from the genus *Culex*. The virus has been isolated from various mosquito species, indicating its broad host range.
Research on Simbu virus is essential for understanding its ecology, transmission dynamics, and potential impacts on human health. It also provides insights into the evolution and emergence of related viruses in the family *Phenuiviridae*.
"California encephalitis" is not a medical term used to describe a specific type of encephalitis. Instead, it refers to a group of related viral infections that are common in California and other western states. These viruses are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes.
The most common cause of California encephalitis is the California serogroup of viruses, which includes the La Crosse virus, Jamestown Canyon virus, and Snowshoe Hare virus. These viruses can cause inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) and can lead to symptoms such as fever, headache, vomiting, confusion, seizures, and coma.
California encephalitis is typically a mild illness, but in some cases, it can be severe or even life-threatening. Treatment usually involves supportive care, such as fluids and medication to manage symptoms. There is no specific antiviral treatment for California encephalitis. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites, using insect repellent, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed.
Tospovirus is a type of virus that belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Tospovirus. It is transmitted by thrips, small insects that feed on plant sap. Tospoviruses are important pathogens of plants and can cause serious diseases in a wide range of crops, including vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants.
Tospoviruses have a tripartite negative-stranded RNA genome, consisting of large (L), medium (M), and small (S) segments, which encode the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, two glycoproteins, and the nucleocapsid protein, respectively. The M segment also encodes a nonstructural protein called NSm, which is involved in viral movement within the plant.
The most well-known tospovirus is the Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), which infects over 800 host plants and causes significant economic losses worldwide. Other important tospoviruses include Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV), Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), and Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV).
Tospovirus infections can cause a variety of symptoms in plants, including leaf spots, ring spots, necrosis, stunting, and reduced yield. There are no known cures for tospovirus infections, and control measures typically focus on preventing the spread of the virus through the use of resistant plant varieties, cultural practices, and insecticides to reduce thrips populations.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Phlebotomus Fever" is not a recognized medical term. It seems there might be a misunderstanding or miscommunication.
However, I can provide information on diseases that are transmitted by the Phlebotomus sand fly. One such disease is Sand Fly Fever, also known as Pappataci Fever. It is a viral disease characterized by sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain. The disease is usually self-limiting, with symptoms resolving within a week.
If you meant to ask about a different medical term, please provide more details.
Arboviruses are a group of viruses that are primarily transmitted to humans and animals through the bites of infected arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and sandflies. The term "arbovirus" is short for "arthropod-borne virus."
Arboviruses can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the specific virus and the individual host's immune response. Some common symptoms associated with arboviral infections include fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, rash, and fatigue. In severe cases, arboviral infections can lead to serious complications such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), or hemorrhagic fever (bleeding disorders).
There are hundreds of different arboviruses, and they are found in many parts of the world. Some of the most well-known arboviral diseases include dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika virus infection, West Nile virus infection, yellow fever, and Japanese encephalitis.
Prevention of arboviral infections typically involves avoiding mosquito bites and other arthropod vectors through the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors during peak mosquito feeding times. Public health efforts also focus on reducing vector populations through environmental management and the use of larvicides. Vaccines are available for some arboviral diseases, such as yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis.
Sandfly Fever Naples Virus (SFNV) is an single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and genus Phlebovirus. It is the causative agent of sandfly fever, also known as "pappataci fever," a disease transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sandflies (Phlebotomus spp.). The virus was first isolated in Naples, Italy, hence its name.
The incubation period for sandfly fever Naples virus infection is typically 3-5 days, after which patients may experience sudden onset of symptoms including high fever, chills, severe headache, muscle and joint pain, and a transient skin rash. The disease is usually self-limiting, with symptoms resolving within 7-10 days, although some cases may be more severe and require hospitalization. There is no specific treatment for sandfly fever Naples virus infection, and management is primarily supportive. Prevention measures include the use of insect repellent and protective clothing to reduce exposure to sandfly bites.
Nucleocapsid proteins are structural proteins that are associated with the viral genome in many viruses. They play a crucial role in the formation and stability of the viral particle, also known as the virion. In particular, nucleocapsid proteins bind to the viral RNA or DNA genome and help to protect it from degradation by host cell enzymes. They also participate in the assembly and disassembly of the virion during the viral replication cycle.
In some viruses, such as coronaviruses, the nucleocapsid protein is also involved in regulating the transcription and replication of the viral genome. The nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2, for example, has been shown to interact with host cell proteins that are involved in the regulation of gene expression, which may contribute to the virus's ability to manipulate the host cell environment and evade the immune response.
Overall, nucleocapsid proteins are important components of many viruses and are often targeted by antiviral therapies due to their essential role in the viral replication cycle.
Puumala virus (PUUV) is an RNA virus that belongs to the Hantavirus genus in the Bunyaviridae family. It is the most common cause of nephropathia epidemica (NE), also known as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), in Europe. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans through contact with infected rodent urine, droppings, or saliva, particularly from the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). The symptoms of NE caused by PUUV include fever, headache, muscle pain, nausea, and vomiting, which can progress to acute kidney injury in severe cases. Preventive measures include avoiding contact with rodents and their excreta, as well as ensuring proper ventilation when cleaning areas where rodents may be present.
**Hemorrhagic fevers, viral** are a group of severe, potentially fatal illnesses caused by viruses that affect the body's ability to regulate its blood vessels and clotting abilities. These viruses belong to several different families including *Filoviridae* (e.g., Ebola, Marburg), *Arenaviridae* (e.g., Lassa, Machupo), *Bunyaviridae* (e.g., Hantavirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus) and *Flaviviridae* (e.g., Dengue, Yellow Fever).
The initial symptoms are non-specific and include sudden onset of fever, fatigue, muscle aches, joint pains, headache, and vomiting. As the disease progresses, it may lead to capillary leakage, internal and external bleeding, and multi-organ failure resulting in shock and death in severe cases.
The transmission of these viruses can occur through various means depending on the specific virus. For example, some are transmitted via contact with infected animals or their urine/feces (e.g., Hantavirus), others through insect vectors like ticks (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever) or mosquitoes (Dengue, Yellow Fever), and yet others through direct contact with infected body fluids (Ebola, Marburg).
There are no specific treatments for most viral hemorrhagic fevers. However, some experimental antiviral drugs have shown promise in treating certain types of the disease. Supportive care, such as maintaining blood pressure, replacing lost fluids and electrolytes, and managing pain, is critical to improving outcomes. Prevention measures include avoiding areas where the viruses are common, using personal protective equipment when caring for infected individuals or handling potentially contaminated materials, and controlling insect vectors.
Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), World Health Organization (WHO).
Vero cells are a line of cultured kidney epithelial cells that were isolated from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the 1960s. They are named after the location where they were initially developed, the Vervet Research Institute in Japan.
Vero cells have the ability to divide indefinitely under certain laboratory conditions and are often used in scientific research, including virology, as a host cell for viruses to replicate. This allows researchers to study the characteristics of various viruses, such as their growth patterns and interactions with host cells. Vero cells are also used in the production of some vaccines, including those for rabies, polio, and Japanese encephalitis.
It is important to note that while Vero cells have been widely used in research and vaccine production, they can still have variations between different cell lines due to factors like passage number or culture conditions. Therefore, it's essential to specify the exact source and condition of Vero cells when reporting experimental results.
Reassortant viruses are formed when two or more different strains of a virus infect the same cell and exchange genetic material, creating a new strain. This phenomenon is most commonly observed in segmented RNA viruses, such as influenza A and B viruses, where each strain may have a different combination of gene segments. When these reassortant viruses emerge, they can sometimes have altered properties, such as increased transmissibility or virulence, which can pose significant public health concerns. For example, pandemic influenza viruses often arise through the process of reassortment between human and animal strains.
A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.
Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus (NSDV) is an enveloped, double-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae and genus Nairovirus. This virus is the causative agent of Nairobi sheep disease (NSD) and related diseases in small ruminants, particularly sheep and goats. The disease is characterized by high fever, severe hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, and rapid death, resulting in significant economic losses in endemic areas.
The NSDV genome consists of three segments: large (L), medium (M), and small (S). The L segment encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the M segment encodes two glycoproteins (Gn and Gc) and a nonstructural protein (Nsm), while the S segment encodes the nucleocapsid protein (N) and a nonstructural protein (NSs).
The virus is primarily transmitted through ticks, mainly of the genus Rhipicephalus. The main vector for NSDV is Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, although other species such as Rhipicephalus zambeziensis and Amblyomma variegatum can also transmit the virus.
Nairobi sheep disease is prevalent in East Africa, particularly in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and southern Sudan. Vaccination of susceptible animals and tick control measures are essential for preventing and controlling NSDV infections in endemic areas.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF) is a tick-borne disease caused by the virus named Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). It is a severe and often fatal illness. The disease is characterized by sudden onset of high fever, muscle pain, severe headache, soreness in the eyes, fatigue, and dizziness. After two to four days, there may be evidence of hemorrhage (bleeding) from the mouth, gums, nose, or other sites. The virus is primarily transmitted to people from ticks that feed on domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. It can also be transmitted through contact with infected animal blood or tissues during and after slaughtering. Human-to-human transmission can occur resulting from close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected persons. Healthcare workers are at risk if they are not wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. There is no specific treatment for CHF yet, but early supportive care and symptomatic treatment improve survival rates.
A viral genome is the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that is present in a virus. It contains all the genetic information that a virus needs to replicate itself and infect its host. The size and complexity of viral genomes can vary greatly, ranging from a few thousand bases to hundreds of thousands of bases. Some viruses have linear genomes, while others have circular genomes. The genome of a virus also contains the information necessary for the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery and use it to produce new copies of the virus. Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is important for developing vaccines and antiviral treatments.
'Cercopithecus aethiops' is the scientific name for the monkey species more commonly known as the green monkey. It belongs to the family Cercopithecidae and is native to western Africa. The green monkey is omnivorous, with a diet that includes fruits, nuts, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates. They are known for their distinctive greenish-brown fur and long tail. Green monkeys are also important animal models in biomedical research due to their susceptibility to certain diseases, such as SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), which is closely related to HIV.
Viral nonstructural proteins (NS) are viral proteins that are not part of the virion structure. They play various roles in the viral life cycle, such as replication of the viral genome, transcription, translation regulation, and modulation of the host cell environment to favor virus replication. These proteins are often produced in large quantities during infection and can manipulate or disrupt various cellular pathways to benefit the virus. They may also be involved in evasion of the host's immune response. The specific functions of viral nonstructural proteins vary depending on the type of virus.
Ixodidae is a family of arachnids commonly known as hard ticks. Here's a more detailed medical definition:
Ixodidae is a family of tick species, also known as hard ticks, which are obligate ectoparasites of many different terrestrial vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. They have a hard, shield-like structure on their dorsal surface called the scutum, and a prominent mouthpart called the hypostome, which helps them anchor themselves onto their host's skin during feeding.
Hard ticks are vectors of various bacterial, viral, and protozoan diseases that can affect both humans and animals. Some of the diseases transmitted by Ixodidae include Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, and tularemia.
Ixodidae species have a complex life cycle that involves three developmental stages: larva, nymph, and adult. Each stage requires a blood meal from a host to progress to the next stage or to reproduce. The length of the life cycle varies depending on the species and environmental conditions but can take up to several years to complete.
Proper identification and control of Ixodidae populations are essential for preventing tick-borne diseases and protecting public health.
Sin Nombre virus (SNV) is a type of hantavirus that was first identified in 1993 during an outbreak of severe respiratory illness in the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States. The name "Sin Nombre" means "without name" in Spanish and was given to the virus because it had not been previously identified or named.
SNV is primarily carried by deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected rodent urine, droppings, or saliva, or by inhaling aerosolized particles of the virus. The virus causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), a severe and sometimes fatal respiratory disease characterized by fever, muscle aches, coughing, and shortness of breath.
SNV is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Hantavirus. It is a select agent, which means that it has the potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety, and is therefore subject to strict regulations and controls by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other federal agencies.
'Culicidae' is the biological family that includes all species of mosquitoes. It consists of three subfamilies: Anophelinae, Culicinae, and Toxorhynchitinae. Mosquitoes are small, midge-like flies that are known for their ability to transmit various diseases to humans and other animals, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika virus. The medical importance of Culicidae comes from the fact that only female mosquitoes require blood meals to lay eggs, and during this process, they can transmit pathogens between hosts.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) is a group of clinically similar diseases caused by several distinct but related orthohantaviruses. The viruses are primarily transmitted to humans through inhalation of aerosols contaminated with excreta of infected rodents.
The clinical presentation of HFRS includes four phases: febrile, hypotensive, oliguric (decreased urine output), and polyuric (increased urine output). The febrile phase is characterized by fever, headache, myalgia, and abdominal pain. In the hypotensive phase, patients may experience a sudden drop in blood pressure, shock, and acute kidney injury leading to oliguria. The oliguric phase can last for days to weeks, followed by a polyuric phase where urine output increases significantly.
Additional symptoms of HFRS may include nausea, vomiting, conjunctival injection (redness), photophobia (sensitivity to light), and petechial rash (small red or purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin). In severe cases, HFRS can lead to acute renal failure, hypovolemic shock, and even death.
The severity of HFRS varies depending on the specific virus causing the infection. The most severe form of HFRS is caused by the Hantaaan virus, which has a mortality rate of up to 15%. Other viruses that can cause HFRS include Dobrava-Belgrade, Seoul, and Puumala viruses, with lower mortality rates ranging from less than 1% to about 5%.
Prevention measures for HFRS include reducing exposure to rodents and their excreta through proper food storage, waste disposal, and rodent control. Vaccines are available in some countries to prevent HFRS caused by specific viruses.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Arbovirus infections are a group of diseases caused by viruses that are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and midges. "Arbo" is short for "arthropod-borne."
There are over 150 different Arboviruses, but only a few cause significant illness in humans. Some of the most common Arbovirus infections include:
* Dengue fever
* Chikungunya fever
* Yellow fever
* Zika virus infection
* Japanese encephalitis
* West Nile fever
* Tick-borne encephalitis
The symptoms of Arbovirus infections can vary widely, depending on the specific virus and the individual infected. Some people may experience only mild illness or no symptoms at all, while others may develop severe, life-threatening complications.
Common symptoms of Arbovirus infections include fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, rash, and fatigue. In more severe cases, Arbovirus infections can cause neurological problems such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).
There is no specific treatment for most Arbovirus infections. Treatment is generally supportive, with fluids and medications to relieve symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications such as dehydration or neurological problems.
Prevention of Arbovirus infections involves avoiding mosquito and tick bites, using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating breeding sites for mosquitoes and ticks. Vaccines are available to prevent some Arbovirus infections, such as yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis.
Cache Valley orthobunyavirus
Hantavirus vaccine
Viral hemorrhagic fever
Bunyaviridae nonstructural S proteins
Nova virus
Apoptosis
Andes orthohantavirus
Tibovirus
Bunyavirales
Orthohantavirus
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Rosemary Chepkorir Sang
Batai orthobunyavirus
Bhanja virus
Oropouche fever
Hantaan orthohantavirus
Thottopalayam thottimvirus
Tensaw orthobunyavirus
Naples phlebovirus
Phlebovirus
Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus
El Moro Canyon orthohantavirus
Soochong virus
Royal Farm virus
Bwamba orthobunyavirus
Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
C. J. Peters
Sangassou orthohantavirus
Muju virus
Prospect Hill orthohantavirus
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Genus9
- The analysis detected nucleotide sequences homologous to arthropod-borne Akabane, Aino, and Shamonda viruses, all belonging to the family Bunyaviridae , genus Orthobunyavirus , and Simbu serogroup ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- A genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE causing HANTAVIRUS INFECTIONS, first identified during the Korean war. (wakehealth.edu)
- SFTSV is a member of the Phlebovirus genus of the Bunyaviridae family. (who.int)
- The Toscana virus (TOSV) belongs to the Phlebovirus genus of the Bunyaviridae family, and is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted to humans by Phlebotomus spp sandflies. (loinc.org)
- SBV belongs to the genus Orthobunyavirus within the Bunyaviridae , and is related to other viruses often associated with mutations in the unborn young of ruminants, especially in Asia, Africa and Oceania. (gla.ac.uk)
- The disease is caused by the RVF virus, a member of the genus Phlebovirus (family Bunyaviridae ). (the-medical-dictionary.com)
- Hantaviruses (family Bunyaviridae , genus Hantavirus ) are rodent- and insectivore-borne viruses that are distributed in all continents except Antarctica. (medscape.com)
- Hantaviruses (family Bunyaviridae , genus Hantavirus ) are known to cause human hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. (biomedcentral.com)
- Equine arboviral encephalomyelitis is due to infection with arthropod-borne viruses typically belonging to the families Togaviridae (genus Alphavirus ) or Flaviviridae (genus Flavivirus ). (msdvetmanual.com)
Phlebovirus3
- Amazonian Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae) potentiates the infection of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis: Role of the PKR/IFN1/IL-10 axis. (unil.ch)
- Immunoprophylaxis of Punta Toro virus (Phlebovirus, Bunyaviridae) infe" by B B. Gowen, J W. Judge et al. (usu.edu)
- HealthDay News) - The tick Amblyomma americanum has been identified as the vector of the heartland virus (HRTV), the first pathogenic Phlebovirus (Family: Bunyaviridae), according to a study published online July 22 in the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene . (empr.com)
Viruses13
- These febrile diseases result from infection by viruses from 4 viral families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae. (medscape.com)
- Viruses establish systemic infection and viremia. (slideshare.net)
- Viruses are good inducers of interferon, which can account for the flulike symptoms of infection. (slideshare.net)
- Unlike viruses in the other genera of the family Bunyaviridae that are transmitted to humans by the arthropod vector, Hantaviruses have a rodent host. (medscape.com)
- Infections with viruses of the family FLAVIVIRIDAE. (uams.edu)
- The diagnosis of SBV infection lays on exclusion of other viruses causing similar diseases, recognition of clinical signs and the use of a commercial ELISA kits for the detection of anti-Schmallenberg virus antibodies in serum and plasma as well as on direct virus determination from aborted fetuses, newborns and placenta by RT- PCR. (huveta.hu)
- The Bunyaviridae family of viruses to which the RVF virus belongs are spherical enveloped viruses with a tripartite RNA genome of negative or ambisense polarity (2). (chipgrade.com)
- The Bunyaviridae is the largest family of RNA viruses, with over 350 isolates worldwide distributed into five genera (i.e. (vromansbookstore.com)
- Most hantavirus infections are caused by Sin Nombre virus, but cases of HPS caused by Bayou, Black Creek Canal, Monongahela, and New York viruses have been reported, and cases of domestically acquired hemorrhagic fever and renal syndrome caused by Seoul virus have also occurred. (medscape.com)
- The rec- cause relatively mild infection, many Eastern Mediterranean Regional Of- ommendations from each of the func- of these viruses can cause severe, life- fice of the World Health Organization tional domains were later synthesized, threatening disease outbreaks with mul- (WHO) invited a group of experts to a and final agreement on the interven- tiple haemorrhagic manifestations [1]. (who.int)
- We study how viruses belonging to families Arenaviridae and Bunyaviridae infect their host cells. (ox.ac.uk)
- All viruses in the family Bunyaviridae possess a tripartite genome, consisting of a small, a medium, and a large RNA segment. (biomedcentral.com)
- As with all viruses assigned to the Bunyaviridae , hantaviral genomes comprise three RNA segments: a large (L) RNA, a medium (M) RNA, and a small (S) RNA. (biomedcentral.com)
Hantaviruses6
- Severe infections with hantaviruses HTNV, Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV), or PUUV are characterized by AKI with massive proteinuria. (biomedcentral.com)
- The infection of renal cells by hantaviruses may contribute to proteinuria and may represent a determinant in the clinical course of HFRS. (biomedcentral.com)
- To identify the consequences of hantavirus infection, we analyzed adhesion and motility capacity of human renal cells infected with hantaviruses PUUV or HTNV. (biomedcentral.com)
- Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rodent-borne viral infection caused by Hantaviruses and characterized by severe pulmonary illness with a high mortality rate. (medscape.com)
- [ 6 ] Old World Hantaviruses cause human infection in countries of the eastern hemisphere and worldwide, as listed in the table below. (medscape.com)
- We now understand that several hantaviruses are endemic to North America, and infections in humans continue to occur where humans come into contact with infected rodents. (medscape.com)
REOVIRIDAE4
- Reoviridae Infections" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Reoviridae Infections" by people in this website by year, and whether "Reoviridae Infections" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (umassmed.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Reoviridae Infections" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)
- Examination of insect genomes has revealed endogenous viral sequences from members of the Bunyaviridae , Rhabdoviridae , Orthomyxoviridae , Reoviridae , and Flaviviridae . (virology.ws)
Family Bunyaviridae4
- The causative agent was identified as a virus in the family Bunyaviridae by electron microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
- Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is caused by infection with a tick-borne virus (Nairovirus) in the family Bunyaviridae . (cdc.gov)
- Family Bunyaviridae. (booksdo.com)
- The Schmallenberg virus, firstly detected in 2011 in a cattle herd close to Schmallenberg (North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), is a newly emerged Orthobunya virus (family Bunyaviridae) that is transmitted by blood-sucking insects and causes mild clinical symptoms in adult cows. (huveta.hu)
Arboviral infections5
- Neutrophils during Arboviral Infections" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/11625 (accessed December 10, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)
- In this review, we highlight the major findings from recent years regarding the role of neutrophils during arboviral infections. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Better understanding of neutrophil pathways involved in effective protection against arboviral infections can help identify potential targets for therapeutics. (encyclopedia.pub)
- In this review, we highlight the recent advancements in understanding the beneficial and detrimental nature of neutrophils during arboviral infections. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Arboviral Infections. (slideshare.net)
Rodents2
- Hantavirus (Bunyaviridae) infections in rodents from Orange and San Diego Counties, California. (unt.edu)
- Infection is found primarily in rodents and humans. (wakehealth.edu)
Diseases1
- It is also known as food poisoning, food infection, stomach flu, and winter vomiting diseases. (sanfoundry.com)
CCHF1
- Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) produces a viral hemorrhagic fever syndrome caused by a virus of the Bunyaviridae family. (logicalimages.com)
Hemorrhagic3
- With the exception of a vaccine for yellow fever and ribavirin, which is used as a drug treatment for some arenaviral infections, no cures or drug treatments for viral hemorrhagic fever exist. (medscape.com)
- Title : A chronological review of experimental infection studies of the role of wild animals and livestock in the maintenance and transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Personal Author(s) : Spengler, Jessica R.;Estrada-Peña, AgustÃn;Garrison, Aura R.;Schmaljohn, Connie;Spiropoulou, Christina F.;Bergeron, Éric;Bente, Dennis A. (cdc.gov)
- During human infections, symptoms can range from benign fever to severe encephalitis and fatal hepatitis with hemorrhagic fever. (chipgrade.com)
Orthobunyavirus1
- In mosquito cells neither host cell transcription nor translation are inhibited, and although so far no function for the orthobunyavirus NSs protein has been found in mosquito cells, it seems the differential behavior of NSs could be one of the factors responsible for different outcomes of infection in mammalian and mosquito cell lines. (wikipedia.org)
Pathogenic1
- The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
Central Nervous Sy1
- Sasidharan A, Harrison CJ, Banerjee D, Selvarangan R. Emergence of Parechovirus A4 Central Nervous System Infections among Infants in Kansas City, Missouri, USA. (childrensmercy.org)
Genome1
- SBV genome was detected in all vaccinated animals and 3 out of 4 controls in serum samples taken after challenge infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Humans2
- Prior to 1956 there were no known cases of acute infections of Cache Valley virus (CVV) in humans. (wikipedia.org)
- In the urban-epidemic cycle, humans are the principal reservoir, and the infection cycle is human to human via the midge vector. (msdmanuals.com)
SFTSV4
- To assess the public health risk of human infection from a novel bunyavirus - severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) - in China. (who.int)
- Literature about hazard, exposure and contextual factors associated with SFTSV infection was collected and reviewed. (who.int)
- Symptoms of SFTSV infection are nonspecific, but have led to multiorgan dysfunction in severe cases. (who.int)
- There is a low to moderate public health risk related to SFTSV human infection in China. (who.int)
Asymptomatic2
- Most cases of infection result in asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic forms, with mainly febrile illness, leading to a massive underestimation of cases. (europa.eu)
- Infection is persistent and mostly asymptomatic, except in immunocompromised individuals, particularly transplant patients, where significant morbidity and mortality can occur. (researchgate.net)
Fever2
Hantavirus infection5
- Tubular and glomerular cells represent target cells of hantavirus infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- We analyzed the cellular consequences of hantavirus infection by measuring adhesion and migration capacity of human renal cells infected with Puumala (PUUV) or Hantaan (HTNV) virus. (biomedcentral.com)
- The direct impairment of migration capacity of renal cells by hantaviral N proteins may contribute substantially to proteinuria observed in the clinical picture of hantavirus infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, the underlying mechanisms and effects of hantavirus infection on human renal cells have not been investigated so far. (biomedcentral.com)
- CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of hantavirus infection in small mammals was found in Fugong county, Yunnan province, China. (distantreader.org)
Prevalence1
- The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. (unt.edu)
Acute1
- It is a picornavirus that is transmitted by the fecal-oral route and causes acute infections of the liver. (sanfoundry.com)
Nombre1
- À l'issue de la réunion, les participants ont recommandé un certain nombre d'approches stratégiques en santé publique pour la lutte contre les flambées de fièvre hémorragique virale et leur prévention au moyen d'une collaboration efficace et apportant une synergie entre les secteurs de la santé humaine et de la santé animale dans des domaines nécessitant une détection précoce, une meilleure préparation et une réponse rapide. (who.int)
Bunyamwera1
- However, CVVs Bunyamwera serogroup's two non-structural proteins play an important role in infection. (wikipedia.org)
Mild1
- Rarely, hantavirus infections result in mild illness that does not progress to HPS. (medscape.com)
Occur1
- inapparent infection may occur as well. (biomedcentral.com)
Electron1
- Our electron cryomicroscopy and tomography studies are combined with complementary imaging and biophysical techniques to yield a detailed description of viral infection. (ox.ac.uk)
Human9
- XMRV: Emerging Human Infection or False Alarm. (booksdo.com)
- Presently, there is no FDA- or EMA-approved antiviral for the treatment of human adenovirus (HAdV) ocular infections. (researchgate.net)
- Human adenovirus (HAdV) infection is common in the general population and can cause a range of clinical manifestations, among which pneumonia and keratoconjunctivitis are the most common. (researchgate.net)
- nevertheless, recent developments in the treatment of CMV infections have resulted in improved human health and perhaps will encourage the development of new therapeuti. (researchgate.net)
- Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections are widespread among the human population. (researchgate.net)
- DRUG RESISTANCE: There are no known antiviral treatments available for human infections. (saratoga.com)
- Vector-borne virus transmission in Africa is generally associated with periodic heavy rainfall during epizootics and attendant human infections (2). (the-medical-dictionary.com)
- A review of recent human infections indicated that the affected households were located in the foothills and at the base of the Sarawat Mountains. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
- Through a review of literature and data from the hantavirus surveillance registry of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA, we have summarized the spectrum and distribution of human hantavirus infections in the United States through July 9, 2013. (medscape.com)
Diagnosis1
- however, serologic testing and necropsy are required for definitive diagnosis of viral infection and subsequent encephalomyelitis. (msdvetmanual.com)
Serologically2
- Hantaviral N protein was detected in tubular and glomerular cells and cell-to-cell contact structures were changed in biopsy samples of patients with serologically confirmed PUUV infections [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- All animals were clinically, serologically and virologically examined before and after challenge infection with SBV. (biomedcentral.com)
Seroprevalence3
- Seroprevalence and risk factors related to small ruminant lentivirus infections in Belgian sheep and goats. (sciensano.be)
- In addition, to determine if other moderate or subclinical infections had occurred, we conducted seroprevalence studies in the patients village and 5 other Zhejiang Province districts. (woofahs.com)
- To investigate if additional moderate subclinical infections occurred, we, with the support of the local disease control department, conducted a seroprevalence study in the patients village in Pujiang district. (woofahs.com)
Mechanisms2
- The increasing number of reports on new emerging bunyaviruses and infection episodes makes it essential that we obtain a comprehensive understanding of bunyaviruses and their infection mechanisms. (vromansbookstore.com)
- Despite the medical relevance of arena- and bunyaviruses, very little is known about their detailed three-dimensional structures and infection mechanisms. (ox.ac.uk)
Ebola1
- The live recombinant vaccine has shown effectiveness of 97.5% in preventing infection among 90,000 individuals in an active Ebola virus outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo. (medscape.com)
Fetal1
- A transplancental infection in the tetragonic determination phase causes embryonal/fetal malformation between 28 and 36 days in sheep, between 30 and 50 days in goats, and between 75 and 110 days in cattle. (huveta.hu)
Infants2
- Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children and the second most common viral cause of pneumonia in adults. (medscape.com)
- Severe Parechovirus 3 Infections in Young Infants-Kansas and Missouri, 2014. (childrensmercy.org)
Toscana4
- In south-western Europe, Toscana virus infection accounts for the most frequent cause of aseptic meningitis together with enteroviruses and herpesviruses [2]. (europa.eu)
- Toscana virus infection is not a notifiable disease at the EU/EEA level and there is no EU case definition. (europa.eu)
- However, Toscana virus infection case definitions have been proposed in the literature [3]. (europa.eu)
- Serological data such as seroconversion or a four-fold increase in paired sera would also be applicable to Toscana virus as well as the presence of IgM in a unique serum sample is indicative of a probable case of infection. (europa.eu)
Species2
- Infection of kidney cells with hantavirus species PUUV and HTNV causes a significant reduction of migration capacity. (biomedcentral.com)
- Noting that HRTV infection was recently described in two Missouri famers, Harry M. Savage, PhD, from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, CO, and colleagues collected 56,428 ticks representing three species at 12 sites, including the patients' farms. (empr.com)
Susceptible1
- However, SBV infection of susceptible pregnant animals can be associated with congental malformations or stillbirth in lambs and calves. (gla.ac.uk)