A genus of yeast-like mitosporic Saccharomycetales fungi characterized by producing yeast cells, mycelia, pseudomycelia, and blastophores. It is commonly part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of infections, including CANDIDIASIS; ONYCHOMYCOSIS; vulvovaginal candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, VULVOVAGINAL), and thrush (see CANDIDIASIS, ORAL). (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing CANDIDIASIS (moniliasis).
A species of MITOSPORIC FUNGI commonly found on the body surface. It causes opportunistic infections especially in immunocompromised patients.
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A species of MITOSPORIC FUNGI that is a major cause of SEPTICEMIA and disseminated CANDIDIASIS, especially in patients with LYMPHOMA; LEUKEMIA; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is also found as part of the normal human mucocutaneous flora.
Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.
Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.
The ability of fungi to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antifungal agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation.
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Procedures for identifying types and strains of fungi.
Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.
The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.
Microscopic threadlike filaments in FUNGI that are filled with a layer of protoplasm. Collectively, the hyphae make up the MYCELIUM.
Proteins found in any species of fungus.
Cyclic hexapeptides of proline-ornithine-threonine-proline-threonine-serine. The cyclization with a single non-peptide bond can lead them to be incorrectly called DEPSIPEPTIDES, but the echinocandins lack ester links. Antifungal activity is via inhibition of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase production of BETA-GLUCANS.
A form of invasive candidiasis where species of CANDIDA are present in the blood.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.
Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.
Five membered rings containing a NITROGEN atom.
The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of fungi, and MYCOSES.
Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.
Compounds consisting of a short peptide chain conjugated with an acyl chain.
Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.
A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.
The oval-shaped oral cavity located at the apex of the digestive tract and consisting of two parts: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.
Triazoles are a class of antifungal drugs that contain a triazole ring in their chemical structure and work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes, thereby disrupting the integrity and function of the membrane.
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
The ability of fungi to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance phenotype may be attributed to multiple gene mutations.
Encrustations, formed from microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, plankton, or protozoa) embedding in extracellular polymers, that adhere to surfaces such as teeth (DENTAL DEPOSITS); PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; and catheters. Biofilms are prevented from forming by treating surfaces with DENTIFRICES; DISINFECTANTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; and antifouling agents.
The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.
Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A group of small, histidine-rich, cationic peptides in human SALIVA which are antibacterial and antifungal.
Inflammation of the mouth due to denture irritation.
A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.
An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.
The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.
Mycoses are a group of diseases caused by fungal pathogens that can infect various tissues and organs, potentially leading to localized or systemic symptoms, depending on the immune status of the host.
An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include CROWNS; DENTAL ABUTMENTS; nor TOOTH, ARTIFICIAL.
A steroid of interest both because its biosynthesis in FUNGI is a target of ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS, notably AZOLES, and because when it is present in SKIN of animals, ULTRAVIOLET RAYS break a bond to result in ERGOCALCIFEROL.
An important nosocomial fungal infection with species of the genus CANDIDA, most frequently CANDIDA ALBICANS. Invasive candidiasis occurs when candidiasis goes beyond a superficial infection and manifests as CANDIDEMIA, deep tissue infection, or disseminated disease with deep organ involvement.
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; therapeutic dried yeast is YEAST, DRIED.
Glucose polymers consisting of a backbone of beta(1->3)-linked beta-D-glucopyranosyl units with beta(1->6) linked side chains of various lengths. They are a major component of the CELL WALL of organisms and of soluble DIETARY FIBER.
Colorless, endogenous or exogenous pigment precursors that may be transformed by biological mechanisms into colored compounds; used in biochemical assays and in diagnosis as indicators, especially in the form of enzyme substrates. Synonym: chromogens (not to be confused with pigment-synthesizing bacteria also called chromogens).
Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).
Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
Techniques used in microbiology.
Lining of the ORAL CAVITY, including mucosa on the GUMS; the PALATE; the LIP; the CHEEK; floor of the mouth; and other structures. The mucosa is generally a nonkeratinized stratified squamous EPITHELIUM covering muscle, bone, or glands but can show varying degree of keratinization at specific locations.
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
A mitosporic Tremellales fungal genus whose species usually have a capsule and do not form pseudomycellium. Teleomorphs include Filobasidiella and Fidobasidium.
Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.
A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.
An NADPH-dependent P450 enzyme that plays an essential role in the sterol biosynthetic pathway by catalyzing the demethylation of 14-methyl sterols such as lanosterol. The enzyme acts via the repeated hydroxylation of the 14-methyl group, resulting in its stepwise conversion into an alcohol, an aldehyde and then a carboxylate, which is removed as formic acid. Sterol 14-demethylase is an unusual cytochrome P450 enzyme in that it is found in a broad variety of organisms including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and protozoa.
Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.
The intergenic DNA segments that are between the ribosomal RNA genes (internal transcribed spacers) and between the tandemly repeated units of rDNA (external transcribed spacers and nontranscribed spacers).
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.
A subclass of peptide hydrolases that depend on an ASPARTIC ACID residue for their activity.
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.
The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.
The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)
An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal CELL MEMBRANES. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane.
A sub-subclass of endopeptidases that depend on an ASPARTIC ACID residue for their activity.
The complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a fungus.
A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae.
The body fluid that circulates in the vascular system (BLOOD VESSELS). Whole blood includes PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS.
The generic name for the group of aliphatic hydrocarbons Cn-H2n+2. They are denoted by the suffix -ane. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.
A mitosporic fungal genus causing opportunistic infections, endocarditis, fungemia, a hypersensitivity pneumonitis (see TRICHOSPORONOSIS) and white PIEDRA.
A property of the surface of an object that makes it stick to another surface.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed fungi administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious fungal disease.
The middle portion of the pharynx that lies posterior to the mouth, inferior to the SOFT PALATE, and superior to the base of the tongue and EPIGLOTTIS. It has a digestive function as food passes from the mouth into the oropharynx before entering ESOPHAGUS.

Kodamaea nitidulidarum, Candida restingae and Kodamaea anthophila, three new related yeast species from ephemeral flowers. (1/3288)

Three new yeast species were discovered during studies of yeasts associated with ephemeral flowers in Brazil, Australia and Hawaii. Their physiological and morphological similarity to Kodamaea (Pichia) ohmeri suggested a possible relationship to that species, which was confirmed by rDNA sequencing. Kodamaea nitidulidarum and Candida restingae were found in cactus flowers and associated nitidulid beetles in sand dune ecosystems (restinga) of South-eastern Brazil. Over 350 strains of Kodamaea anthophila were isolated from Hibiscus and morning glory flowers (Ipomoea spp.) in Australia, and from associated nitidulid beetles and Drosophila hibisci. A single isolate came from a beach morning glory in Hawaii. Expansion of the genus Kodamaea to three species modified the existing definition of the genus only slightly. The type and isotype strains are as follows: K. nitidulidarum strains UFMG96-272T (h+; CBS 8491T) and UFMG96-394I (h-; CBS 8492I); Candida restingae UFMG96-276T (CBS 8493T); K. anthophila strains UWO(PS)95-602.1T (h+; CBS 8494T), UWO(PS)91-893.2I (h-; CBS 8495I) and UWO(PS)95-725.1I (h-; CBS 8496I).  (+info)

BE-31405, a new antifungal antibiotic produced by Penicillium minioluteum. I. Description of producing organism, fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical and biological properties. (2/3288)

A new antifungal antibiotic, BE-31405, was isolated from the culture broth of a fungal strain, Penicillium minioluteum F31405. BE-31405 was isolated by adsorption on high porous polymer resin (Diaion HP-20), followed by solvent extraction, precipitation and crystallization. BE-31405 showed potent growth inhibitory activity against pathogenic fungal strains such as Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Cryptococcus neoformans, but did not show cytotoxic activity against mammalian cells such as P388 mouse leukemia. The mechanism studies indicated that BE-31405 inhibited the protein synthesis of C. albicans but not of mammalian cells.  (+info)

Amphotericin B- and fluconazole-resistant Candida spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, and other newly emerging pathogenic fungi are susceptible to basic antifungal peptides. (3/3288)

The present study shows that a number of basic antifungal peptides, including human salivary histatin 5, a designed histatin analog designated dhvar4, and a peptide from frog skin, PGLa, are active against amphotericin B-resistant Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Aspergillus fumigatus strains and against a fluconazole-resistant Candida glabrata isolate.  (+info)

Efficient homologous and illegitimate recombination in the opportunistic yeast pathogen Candida glabrata. (4/3288)

The opportunistic pathogen Candida glabrata causes significant disease in humans. To develop genetic tools to investigate the pathogenicity of this organism, we have constructed ura3 and his3 auxotrophic strains by deleting the relevant coding regions in a C. glabrata clinical isolate. Linearized plasmids carrying a Saccharomyces cerevisiae URA3 gene efficiently transformed the ura3 auxotroph to prototrophy. Homologous recombination events were observed when the linearized plasmid carried short terminal regions homologous with the chromosome. In contrast, in the absence of any chromosomal homology, the plasmid integrated by illegitimate recombination into random sites in the genome. Sequence analysis of the target sites revealed that for the majority of illegitimate transformants there was no microhomology with the integration site. Approximately 0.25% of the insertions resulted in amino acid auxotrophy, suggesting that insertion was random at a gross level. Sequence analysis suggested that illegitimate recombination is nonrandom at the single-gene level and that the integrating plasmid has a preference for inserting into noncoding regions of the genome. Analysis of the relative numbers of homologous and illegitimate recombination events suggests that C. glabrata possesses efficient systems for both homologous and nonhomologous recombination.  (+info)

Characterization of functional residues in the interfacial recognition domain of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). (5/3288)

Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is an interfacial enzyme active on both high-density (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Threading alignments of LCAT with lipases suggest that residues 50-74 form an interfacial recognition site and this hypothesis was tested by site-directed mutagenesis. The (delta56-68) deletion mutant had no activity on any substrate. Substitution of W61 with F, Y, L or G suggested that an aromatic residue is required for full enzymatic activity. The activity of the W61F and W61Y mutants was retained on HDL but decreased on LDL, possibly owing to impaired accessibility to the LDL lipid substrate. The decreased activity of the single R52A and K53A mutants on HDL and LDL and the severer effect of the double mutation suggested that these conserved residues contribute to the folding of the LCAT lid. The membrane-destabilizing properties of the LCAT 56-68 helical segment were demonstrated using the corresponding synthetic peptide. An M65N-N66M substitution decreased both the fusogenic properties of the peptide and the activity of the mutant enzyme on all substrates. These results suggest that the putative interfacial recognition domain of LCAT plays an important role in regulating the interaction of the enzyme with its organized lipoprotein substrates.  (+info)

Development and characterization of complex DNA fingerprinting probes for the infectious yeast Candida dubliniensis. (6/3288)

Using a strategy to clone large genomic sequences containing repetitive elements from the infectious yeast Candida dubliniensis, the three unrelated sequences Cd1, Cd24, and Cd25, with respective molecular sizes of 15,500, 10,000, and 16,000 bp, were cloned and analyzed for their efficacy as DNA fingerprinting probes. Each generated a complex Southern blot hybridization pattern with endonuclease-digested genomic DNA. Cd1 generated an extremely variable pattern that contained all of the bands of the pattern generated by the repeat element RPS of Candida albicans. We demonstrated that Cd1 does not contain RPS but does contain a repeat element associated with RPS throughout the C. dubliniensis genome. The Cd1 pattern was the least stable over time both in vitro and in vivo and for that reason proved most effective in assessing microevolution. Cd24, which did not exhibit microevolution in vitro, was highly variable in vivo, suggesting in vivo-dependent microevolution. Cd25 was deemed the best probe for broad epidemiological studies, since it was the most stable over time, was the only truly C. dubliniensis-specific probe of the three, generated the most complex pattern, was distributed throughout all C. dubliniensis chromosomes, and separated a worldwide collection of 57 C. dubliniensis isolates into two distinct groups. The presence of a species-specific repetitive element in Cd25 adds weight to the already substantial evidence that C. dubliniensis represents a bona fide species.  (+info)

Candidemia at selected Canadian sites: results from the Fungal Disease Registry, 1992-1994. Fungal Disease Registry of the Canadian Infectious Disease Society. (7/3288)

BACKGROUND: Candida species are important bloodstream pathogens that are being isolated with increasing frequency. Despite the availability of effective antifungal therapy, the mortality rate associated with Candida infection remains high. With the objective of describing the epidemiology of candidemia, the Canadian Infectious Disease Society conducted a study of candidemia in Canada. METHODS: Fourteen medical centres across Canada identified all patients with candidemia from March 1992 to February 1994 through blood culture surveillance for Candida spp. Patient-related data for invasive fungal infection were compiled retrospectively by chart review using a standardized data-recording form developed for the Fungal Disease Registry of the Canadian Infectious Disease Society. Cases of Candidemia were studied in relation to underlying medical conditions, predisposing factors, concurrent infection, antimicrobial agents, antifungal treatment and deaths. RESULTS: In total, 415 cases of candidemia were identified, 48 (11.6%) in children and 367 (88.4%) in adults. The causative pathogens were C. albicans in 286 cases (68.9%), C. parapsilosis in 43 (10.4%), C. glabrata in 34 (8.2%), C. tropicalis in 27 (6.5%) and other Candida species in 18 (4.3%); polymicrobial candidemia occurred in 7 cases (1.7%). The overall mortality rate was 46%, and the rate of deaths clinically related to candidemia was 19%. However, only 13 (27%) of the children died. A univariate analysis indicated that significant risk factors for death were age greater than 60 years, therapy for concomitant bacterial infection, stay in an intensive care unit, concurrent malignant disease, cytotoxic chemotherapy and granulocytopenia, although only age and stay in an intensive care unit emerged as significant risk factors in the multivariate analysis. After adjustment for other predictors of death, only infection with C. parapsilosis was associated with a lower mortality rate than infection with C. albicans. Treatment was given in 352 (84.8%) of cases. Amphotericin B was the preferred agent in 244 cases (69.3% of those treated); fluconazole was used in 101 cases (28.7%) and ketoconazole in 5 cases (1.4%). INTERPRETATION: Candidemia in Canada is caused predominantly by C. albicans. The mortality rate associated with candidemia is high, but it varies with the species of Candida and is lower in children than in adults. Age greater than 60 years and stay in an intensive care unit were the most significant risk factors for overall mortality.  (+info)

Candida dubliniensis candidemia in patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and bone marrow transplantation. (8/3288)

The recently described species Candida dubliniensis has been recovered primarily from superficial oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. No clinically documented invasive infections were reported until now in this patient group or in other immunocompromised patients. We report three cases of candidemia due to this newly emerging Candida species in HIV-negative patients with chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression and bone marrow transplantation.  (+info)

'Candida' is a type of fungus (a form of yeast) that is commonly found on the skin and inside the body, including in the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina, in small amounts. It is a part of the normal microbiota and usually does not cause any problems. However, an overgrowth of Candida can lead to infections known as candidiasis or thrush. Common sites for these infections include the skin, mouth, throat, and genital areas. Some factors that can contribute to Candida overgrowth are a weakened immune system, certain medications (such as antibiotics and corticosteroids), diabetes, pregnancy, poor oral hygiene, and wearing damp or tight-fitting clothing. Common symptoms of candidiasis include itching, redness, pain, and discharge. Treatment typically involves antifungal medication, either topical or oral, depending on the site and severity of the infection.

'Candida albicans' is a species of yeast that is commonly found in the human body, particularly in warm and moist areas such as the mouth, gut, and genital region. It is a part of the normal microbiota and usually does not cause any harm. However, under certain conditions like a weakened immune system, prolonged use of antibiotics or steroids, poor oral hygiene, or diabetes, it can overgrow and cause infections known as candidiasis. These infections can affect various parts of the body including the skin, nails, mouth (thrush), and genital area (yeast infection).

The medical definition of 'Candida albicans' is:

A species of yeast belonging to the genus Candida, which is commonly found as a commensal organism in humans. It can cause opportunistic infections when there is a disruption in the normal microbiota or when the immune system is compromised. The overgrowth of C. albicans can lead to various forms of candidiasis, such as oral thrush, vaginal yeast infection, and invasive candidiasis.

'Candida glabrata' is a species of yeast that is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans. It is a member of the genus Candida, which includes several species of fungi that can cause infections in humans. C. glabrata is one of the more common causes of candidiasis, or yeast infections, particularly in the mouth (oral thrush) and genital area. It can also cause invasive candidiasis, a serious systemic infection that can affect various organs and tissues in the body. C. glabrata is often resistant to some of the antifungal drugs commonly used to treat Candida infections, making it more difficult to treat.

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. It can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, mucous membranes (such as the mouth and vagina), and internal organs (like the esophagus, lungs, or blood).

The symptoms of candidiasis depend on the location of the infection:

1. Oral thrush: White patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, or roof of the mouth. These patches may be painful and can bleed slightly when scraped.
2. Vaginal yeast infection: Itching, burning, redness, and swelling of the vagina and vulva; thick, white, odorless discharge from the vagina.
3. Esophageal candidiasis: Difficulty swallowing, pain when swallowing, or feeling like food is "stuck" in the throat.
4. Invasive candidiasis: Fever, chills, and other signs of infection; multiple organ involvement may lead to various symptoms depending on the affected organs.

Risk factors for developing candidiasis include diabetes, HIV/AIDS, use of antibiotics or corticosteroids, pregnancy, poor oral hygiene, and wearing tight-fitting clothing that traps moisture. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as fluconazole, nystatin, or clotrimazole, depending on the severity and location of the infection.

'Candida tropicalis' is a species of yeast that can be found normally in certain environments, including the human body (such as the skin, mouth, and digestive system). However, it can also cause infections in people with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions. These infections can occur in various parts of the body, including the bloodstream, urinary tract, and skin.

Like other Candida species, C. tropicalis is a type of fungus that reproduces by budding, forming oval-shaped cells. It is often resistant to certain antifungal medications, which can make infections more difficult to treat. Proper diagnosis and treatment, usually with antifungal drugs, are essential for managing C. tropicalis infections.

Antifungal agents are a type of medication used to treat and prevent fungal infections. These agents work by targeting and disrupting the growth of fungi, which include yeasts, molds, and other types of fungi that can cause illness in humans.

There are several different classes of antifungal agents, including:

1. Azoles: These agents work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes. Examples of azole antifungals include fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole.
2. Echinocandins: These agents target the fungal cell wall, disrupting its synthesis and leading to fungal cell death. Examples of echinocandins include caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin.
3. Polyenes: These agents bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores that lead to fungal cell death. Examples of polyene antifungals include amphotericin B and nystatin.
4. Allylamines: These agents inhibit squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in ergosterol synthesis. Examples of allylamine antifungals include terbinafine and naftifine.
5. Griseofulvin: This agent disrupts fungal cell division by binding to tubulin, a protein involved in fungal cell mitosis.

Antifungal agents can be administered topically, orally, or intravenously, depending on the severity and location of the infection. It is important to use antifungal agents only as directed by a healthcare professional, as misuse or overuse can lead to resistance and make treatment more difficult.

Fluconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat and prevent various fungal infections, such as candidiasis (yeast infections), cryptococcal meningitis, and other fungal infections that affect the mouth, throat, blood, lungs, genital area, and other parts of the body. It works by inhibiting the growth of fungi that cause these infections. Fluconazole is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and intravenous (IV) solutions, and is typically prescribed to be taken once daily.

The medical definition of Fluconazole can be found in pharmacological or medical dictionaries, which describe it as a triazole antifungal agent that inhibits fungal cytochrome P450-dependent synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of the fungal cell membrane. This results in increased permeability and leakage of cellular contents, ultimately leading to fungal death. Fluconazole has a broad spectrum of activity against various fungi, including Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and others.

It is important to note that while Fluconazole is an effective antifungal medication, it may have side effects and interactions with other medications. Therefore, it should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Fungal drug resistance is a condition where fungi are no longer susceptible to the antifungal drugs that were previously used to treat infections they caused. This can occur due to genetic changes in the fungi that make them less sensitive to the drug's effects, or due to environmental factors that allow the fungi to survive and multiply despite the presence of the drug.

There are several mechanisms by which fungi can develop drug resistance, including:

1. Mutations in genes that encode drug targets: Fungi can acquire mutations in the genes that encode for the proteins or enzymes that the antifungal drugs target. These mutations can alter the structure or function of these targets, making them less susceptible to the drug's effects.
2. Overexpression of efflux pumps: Fungi can increase the expression of genes that encode for efflux pumps, which are proteins that help fungi expel drugs from their cells. This can reduce the intracellular concentration of the drug and make it less effective.
3. Changes in membrane composition: Fungi can alter the composition of their cell membranes to make them less permeable to antifungal drugs, making it more difficult for the drugs to enter the fungal cells and exert their effects.
4. Biofilm formation: Fungi can form biofilms, which are complex communities of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and are protected by a matrix of extracellular material. Biofilms can make fungi more resistant to antifungal drugs by limiting drug penetration and creating an environment that promotes the development of resistance.

Fungal drug resistance is a significant clinical problem, particularly in patients with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or cancer. It can lead to treatment failures, increased morbidity and mortality, and higher healthcare costs. To address this issue, there is a need for new antifungal drugs, as well as strategies to prevent and manage drug resistance.

Oral candidiasis is a medical condition characterized by an infection of the oral mucous membranes caused by the Candida fungus species, most commonly Candida albicans. It is also known as thrush or oral thrush. The infection typically appears as white, creamy, or yellowish patches or plaques on the tongue, inner cheeks, roof of the mouth, gums, and sometimes on the tonsils or back of the throat. These lesions can be painful, causing soreness, burning sensations, and difficulty swallowing. Oral candidiasis can affect people of all ages; however, it is more commonly seen in infants, elderly individuals, and those with weakened immune systems due to illness or medication use. Various factors such as poor oral hygiene, dentures, smoking, dry mouth, and certain medical conditions like diabetes or HIV/AIDS can increase the risk of developing oral candidiasis. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications in the form of topical creams, lozenges, or oral solutions, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the infection.

Mycological typing techniques are methods used to identify and classify fungi at the species or strain level, based on their unique biological characteristics. These techniques are often used in clinical laboratories to help diagnose fungal infections and determine the most effective treatment approaches.

There are several different mycological typing techniques that may be used, depending on the specific type of fungus being identified and the resources available in the laboratory. Some common methods include:

1. Phenotypic methods: These methods involve observing and measuring the physical characteristics of fungi, such as their growth patterns, colonial morphology, and microscopic features. Examples include macroscopic and microscopic examination, as well as biochemical tests to identify specific metabolic properties.

2. Genotypic methods: These methods involve analyzing the DNA or RNA of fungi to identify unique genetic sequences that can be used to distinguish between different species or strains. Examples include PCR-based methods, such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, as well as sequencing-based methods, such as internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST).

3. Proteotypic methods: These methods involve analyzing the proteins expressed by fungi to identify unique protein profiles that can be used to distinguish between different species or strains. Examples include matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Mycological typing techniques are important tools for understanding the epidemiology of fungal infections, tracking outbreaks, and developing effective treatment strategies. By accurately identifying the specific fungi causing an infection, healthcare providers can tailor their treatments to target the most vulnerable aspects of the pathogen, improving patient outcomes and reducing the risk of drug resistance.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a medical condition that refers to an infection in the vagina and vulva caused by Candida fungus, most commonly Candida albicans. This type of infection is also commonly known as a yeast infection. The symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis can include itching, redness, swelling, pain, and soreness in the affected area, as well as thick, white vaginal discharge that may resemble cottage cheese. In some cases, there may also be burning during urination or sexual intercourse. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a common condition that affects many women at some point in their lives, and it can be treated with antifungal medications.

Fungemia is the presence of fungi (fungal organisms) in the blood. It's a type of bloodstream infection, which can be serious and life-threatening, particularly for people with weakened immune systems. The fungi that cause fungemia often enter the bloodstream through medical devices like catheters or from a fungal infection somewhere else in the body.

Fungemia is often associated with conditions like candidemia (caused by Candida species) and aspergillemia (caused by Aspergillus species). Symptoms can vary widely but often include fever, chills, and other signs of infection. It's important to diagnose and treat fungemia promptly to prevent serious complications like sepsis.

Hyphae (singular: hypha) are the long, branching filamentous structures of fungi that make up the mycelium. They are composed of an inner layer of cell wall materials and an outer layer of proteinaceous fibrils. Hyphae can be divided into several types based on their structure and function, including septate (with cross-walls) and coenocytic (without cross-walls) hyphae, as well as vegetative and reproductive hyphae. The ability of fungi to grow as hyphal networks allows them to explore and exploit their environment for resources, making hyphae critical to the ecology and survival of these organisms.

Fungal proteins are a type of protein that is specifically produced and present in fungi, which are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds. These proteins play various roles in the growth, development, and survival of fungi. They can be involved in the structure and function of fungal cells, metabolism, pathogenesis, and other cellular processes. Some fungal proteins can also have important implications for human health, both in terms of their potential use as therapeutic targets and as allergens or toxins that can cause disease.

Fungal proteins can be classified into different categories based on their functions, such as enzymes, structural proteins, signaling proteins, and toxins. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in fungal cells, while structural proteins provide support and protection for the cell. Signaling proteins are involved in communication between cells and regulation of various cellular processes, and toxins are proteins that can cause harm to other organisms, including humans.

Understanding the structure and function of fungal proteins is important for developing new treatments for fungal infections, as well as for understanding the basic biology of fungi. Research on fungal proteins has led to the development of several antifungal drugs that target specific fungal enzymes or other proteins, providing effective treatment options for a range of fungal diseases. Additionally, further study of fungal proteins may reveal new targets for drug development and help improve our ability to diagnose and treat fungal infections.

Echinocandins are a class of antifungal medications that inhibit the synthesis of 1,3-β-D-glucan, a key component of the fungal cell wall. This results in osmotic instability and ultimately leads to fungal cell death. Echinocandins are commonly used to treat invasive fungal infections caused by Candida species and Aspergillus species. The three drugs in this class that are approved for use in humans are caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin.

Here's a brief overview of each drug:

1. Caspofungin (Cancidas, Cancidas-W): This is the first echinocandin to be approved for use in humans. It is indicated for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, including candidemia, acute disseminated candidiasis, and other forms of Candida infections. Caspofungin is also approved for the prevention of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
2. Micafungin (Mycamine): This echinocandin is approved for the treatment of candidemia, esophageal candidiasis, and other forms of Candida infections. It is also used for the prevention of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
3. Anidulafungin (Eraxis): This echinocandin is approved for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis and candidemia, as well as other forms of Candida infections. It is also used for the prevention of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Echinocandins have a broad spectrum of activity against many fungal species, including those that are resistant to other classes of antifungal medications. They are generally well-tolerated and have a low incidence of drug interactions. However, they should be used with caution in patients with hepatic impairment, as their metabolism may be affected by liver dysfunction.

Candidemia is a medical condition defined as the presence of the fungus Candida in the bloodstream. It is a type of invasive candidiasis, which occurs when Candida invades normally sterile areas of the body such as the blood, heart, brain, eyes, or bones. Candidemia is usually acquired in healthcare settings and can cause serious illness, especially in people with weakened immune systems. Symptoms may include fever, chills, hypotension, and organ dysfunction. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications.

Fungal DNA refers to the genetic material present in fungi, which are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as larger organisms like mushrooms. The DNA of fungi, like that of all living organisms, is made up of nucleotides that are arranged in a double helix structure.

Fungal DNA contains the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of fungi. This includes the instructions for making proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of cells, as well as other important molecules such as enzymes and nucleic acids.

Studying fungal DNA can provide valuable insights into the biology and evolution of fungi, as well as their potential uses in medicine, agriculture, and industry. For example, researchers have used genetic engineering techniques to modify the DNA of fungi to produce drugs, biofuels, and other useful products. Additionally, understanding the genetic makeup of pathogenic fungi can help scientists develop new strategies for preventing and treating fungal infections.

Microbial sensitivity tests, also known as antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) or bacterial susceptibility tests, are laboratory procedures used to determine the effectiveness of various antimicrobial agents against specific microorganisms isolated from a patient's infection. These tests help healthcare providers identify which antibiotics will be most effective in treating an infection and which ones should be avoided due to resistance. The results of these tests can guide appropriate antibiotic therapy, minimize the potential for antibiotic resistance, improve clinical outcomes, and reduce unnecessary side effects or toxicity from ineffective antimicrobials.

There are several methods for performing microbial sensitivity tests, including:

1. Disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test): A standardized paper disk containing a predetermined amount of an antibiotic is placed on an agar plate that has been inoculated with the isolated microorganism. After incubation, the zone of inhibition around the disk is measured to determine the susceptibility or resistance of the organism to that particular antibiotic.
2. Broth dilution method: A series of tubes or wells containing decreasing concentrations of an antimicrobial agent are inoculated with a standardized microbial suspension. After incubation, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined by observing the lowest concentration of the antibiotic that prevents visible growth of the organism.
3. Automated systems: These use sophisticated technology to perform both disk diffusion and broth dilution methods automatically, providing rapid and accurate results for a wide range of microorganisms and antimicrobial agents.

The interpretation of microbial sensitivity test results should be done cautiously, considering factors such as the site of infection, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antibiotic, potential toxicity, and local resistance patterns. Regular monitoring of susceptibility patterns and ongoing antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential to ensure optimal use of these tests and to minimize the development of antibiotic resistance.

Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication used to treat serious and often life-threatening fungal infections. It works by binding to the ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores that lead to the loss of essential cell components and ultimately cell death.

The medical definition of Amphotericin B is:

A polyene antifungal agent derived from Streptomyces nodosus, with a broad spectrum of activity against various fungi, including Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Amphotericin B is used to treat systemic fungal infections, such as histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, candidiasis, and aspergillosis, among others. It may be administered intravenously or topically, depending on the formulation and the site of infection.

Adverse effects associated with Amphotericin B include infusion-related reactions (such as fever, chills, and hypotension), nephrotoxicity, electrolyte imbalances, and anemia. These side effects are often dose-dependent and may be managed through careful monitoring and adjustment of the dosing regimen.

"Azoles" is a class of antifungal medications that have a similar chemical structure, specifically a five-membered ring containing nitrogen and two carbon atoms (a "azole ring"). The most common azoles used in medicine include:

1. Imidazoles: These include drugs such as clotrimazole, miconazole, and ketoconazole. They are used to treat a variety of fungal infections, including vaginal yeast infections, thrush, and skin infections.
2. Triazoles: These include drugs such as fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole. They are also used to treat fungal infections, but have a broader spectrum of activity than imidazoles and are often used for more serious or systemic infections.

Azoles work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes. This leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane, which ultimately results in fungal cell death.

While azoles are generally well-tolerated, they can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. In addition, some azoles can interact with other medications and affect liver function, so it's important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting an azole regimen.

Mycology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and classification, their role in diseases and decomposition processes, and their potential uses in industry, agriculture, and medicine. It involves the examination and identification of various types of fungi, such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms, and the investigation of their ecological relationships with other organisms and their environments. Mycologists may also study the medical and veterinary importance of fungi, including the diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections, as well as the development of antifungal drugs and vaccines.

Fungal antigens are substances found on or produced by fungi that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. They can be proteins, polysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system. Fungal antigens can be used in diagnostic tests to identify fungal infections, and they can also be targets of immune responses during fungal infections. In some cases, fungal antigens may contribute to the pathogenesis of fungal diseases by inducing inflammatory or allergic reactions. Examples of fungal antigens include the cell wall components of Candida albicans and the extracellular polysaccharide galactomannan produced by Aspergillus fumigatus.

Lipopeptides are a type of molecule that consists of a lipid (fatty acid) tail attached to a small peptide (short chain of amino acids). They are produced naturally by various organisms, including bacteria, and play important roles in cell-to-cell communication, signaling, and as components of bacterial membranes. Some lipopeptides have also been found to have antimicrobial properties and are being studied for their potential use as therapeutic agents.

Mannans are a type of complex carbohydrate, specifically a heteropolysaccharide, that are found in the cell walls of certain plants, algae, and fungi. They consist of chains of mannose sugars linked together, often with other sugar molecules such as glucose or galactose.

Mannans have various biological functions, including serving as a source of energy for microorganisms that can break them down. In some cases, mannans can also play a role in the immune response and are used as a component of vaccines to stimulate an immune response.

In the context of medicine, mannans may be relevant in certain conditions such as gut dysbiosis or allergic reactions to foods containing mannans. Additionally, some research has explored the potential use of mannans as a delivery vehicle for drugs or other therapeutic agents.

Gene expression regulation in fungi refers to the complex cellular processes that control the production of proteins and other functional gene products in response to various internal and external stimuli. This regulation is crucial for normal growth, development, and adaptation of fungal cells to changing environmental conditions.

In fungi, gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational modifications. Key regulatory mechanisms include:

1. Transcription factors (TFs): These proteins bind to specific DNA sequences in the promoter regions of target genes and either activate or repress their transcription. Fungi have a diverse array of TFs that respond to various signals, such as nutrient availability, stress, developmental cues, and quorum sensing.
2. Chromatin remodeling: The organization and compaction of DNA into chromatin can influence gene expression. Fungi utilize ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes and histone modifying enzymes to alter chromatin structure, thereby facilitating or inhibiting the access of transcriptional machinery to genes.
3. Non-coding RNAs: Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) play a role in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in fungi. These sncRNAs can guide RNA-induced transcriptional silencing (RITS) complexes to specific target loci, leading to the repression of gene expression through histone modifications and DNA methylation.
4. Alternative splicing: Fungi employ alternative splicing mechanisms to generate multiple mRNA isoforms from a single gene, thereby increasing proteome diversity. This process can be regulated by RNA-binding proteins that recognize specific sequence motifs in pre-mRNAs and promote or inhibit splicing events.
5. Protein stability and activity: Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation, can influence their stability, localization, and activity. These PTMs play a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes, including signal transduction, stress response, and cell cycle progression.

Understanding the complex interplay between these regulatory mechanisms is essential for elucidating the molecular basis of fungal development, pathogenesis, and drug resistance. This knowledge can be harnessed to develop novel strategies for combating fungal infections and improving agricultural productivity.

Flucytosine is an antifungal medication used to treat serious and life-threatening fungal infections, such as cryptococcal meningitis and candidiasis. It works by interfering with the production of DNA and RNA in the fungal cells, which inhibits their growth and reproduction.

The medical definition of Flucytosine is:

A synthetic fluorinated pyrimidine nucleoside analogue that is converted to fluorouracil after uptake into susceptible fungal cells. It is used as an antifungal agent in the treatment of serious systemic fungal infections, particularly those caused by Candida and Cryptococcus neoformans. Flucytosine has both fungistatic and fungicidal activity, depending on the concentration achieved at the site of infection and the susceptibility of the organism.

Flucytosine is available in oral form and is often used in combination with other antifungal agents to increase its effectiveness and prevent the development of resistance. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and bone marrow suppression. Regular monitoring of blood counts and liver function tests is necessary during treatment to detect any potential toxicity.

In medical terms, the mouth is officially referred to as the oral cavity. It is the first part of the digestive tract and includes several structures: the lips, vestibule (the space enclosed by the lips and teeth), teeth, gingiva (gums), hard and soft palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and salivary glands. The mouth is responsible for several functions including speaking, swallowing, breathing, and eating, as it is the initial point of ingestion where food is broken down through mechanical and chemical processes, beginning the digestive process.

Triazoles are a class of antifungal medications that have broad-spectrum activity against various fungi, including yeasts, molds, and dermatophytes. They work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes, leading to increased permeability and disruption of fungal growth. Triazoles are commonly used in both systemic and topical formulations for the treatment of various fungal infections, such as candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and dermatophytoses. Some examples of triazole antifungals include fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole.

Culture media is a substance that is used to support the growth of microorganisms or cells in an artificial environment, such as a petri dish or test tube. It typically contains nutrients and other factors that are necessary for the growth and survival of the organisms being cultured. There are many different types of culture media, each with its own specific formulation and intended use. Some common examples include blood agar, which is used to culture bacteria; Sabouraud dextrose agar, which is used to culture fungi; and Eagle's minimum essential medium, which is used to culture animal cells.

Multiple drug resistance in fungi refers to the ability of certain fungal strains or species to resist the effects of multiple antifungal agents. This occurs when these organisms develop mechanisms that prevent the drugs from interfering with their growth and survival. As a result, the drugs become less effective or even completely ineffective at treating fungal infections caused by these resistant strains or species.

Multiple drug resistance in fungi can arise due to various factors, including genetic mutations, overuse or misuse of antifungal agents, and the ability of fungi to exchange genetic material with other fungi. This makes treatment of fungal infections more challenging, as doctors may need to use higher doses of drugs or try alternative therapies that may have more side effects or be less effective.

Multiple drug resistance in fungi is a significant concern in healthcare settings, particularly for patients who are immunocompromised or have underlying medical conditions that make them more susceptible to fungal infections. It is essential to take measures to prevent the development and spread of multiple drug-resistant fungi, such as using antifungal agents appropriately, practicing good infection control practices, and conducting surveillance for resistant strains.

Biofilms are defined as complex communities of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, that adhere to surfaces and are enclosed in a matrix made up of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The EPS matrix is composed of polysaccharides, proteins, DNA, and other molecules that provide structural support and protection to the microorganisms within.

Biofilms can form on both living and non-living surfaces, including medical devices, implants, and biological tissues. They are resistant to antibiotics, disinfectants, and host immune responses, making them difficult to eradicate and a significant cause of persistent infections. Biofilms have been implicated in a wide range of medical conditions, including chronic wounds, urinary tract infections, middle ear infections, and device-related infections.

The formation of biofilms typically involves several stages, including initial attachment, microcolony formation, maturation, and dispersion. Understanding the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation and development is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat biofilm-associated infections.

Fungal genes refer to the genetic material present in fungi, which are eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as larger organisms like mushrooms. The genetic material of fungi is composed of DNA, just like in other eukaryotes, and is organized into chromosomes located in the nucleus of the cell.

Fungal genes are segments of DNA that contain the information necessary to produce proteins and RNA molecules required for various cellular functions. These genes are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, which are then translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Fungal genomes have been sequenced for many species, revealing a diverse range of genes that encode proteins involved in various cellular processes such as metabolism, signaling, and regulation. Comparative genomic analyses have also provided insights into the evolutionary relationships among different fungal lineages and have helped to identify unique genetic features that distinguish fungi from other eukaryotes.

Understanding fungal genes and their functions is essential for advancing our knowledge of fungal biology, as well as for developing new strategies to control fungal pathogens that can cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants.

Cutaneous candidiasis is a fungal infection of the skin caused by Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. The infection can occur anywhere on the skin, but it typically affects warm, moist areas such as the armpits, groin, and fingers. The symptoms of cutaneous candidiasis include redness, itching, burning, and cracking of the skin. In severe cases, pustules or blisters may also be present.

The infection can occur in people of all ages but is more common in those with weakened immune systems, such as individuals with HIV/AIDS, diabetes, or cancer. Other risk factors include obesity, poor hygiene, and the use of certain medications, such as antibiotics and corticosteroids.

Treatment for cutaneous candidiasis typically involves topical antifungal medications, such as clotrimazole or miconazole. In severe cases, oral antifungal medications may be necessary. Keeping the affected area clean and dry is also important to prevent the spread of the infection.

Histatins are a group of histidine-rich proteins that are produced by the salivary glands in humans and other mammals. They have various functions, including antibacterial, antifungal, and wound healing properties. Histatins are composed of 21-24 amino acids and are named based on their molecular weight. The most well-studied histatins are Histatin 1, Histatin 3, and Histatin 5. They play a crucial role in maintaining oral health by helping to prevent dental caries and oral candidiasis.

Stomatitis, denture is a specific type of stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) that is caused by ill-fitting or poorly cleaned dentures. It is also known as denture-induced stomatitis. The condition is often characterized by redness and soreness of the oral mucosa, particularly under the denture-bearing area.

The continuous irritation and friction from the denture, combined with the accumulation of microorganisms such as Candida albicans (yeast), can lead to this inflammatory response. Denture wearers, especially those who have been using their dentures for an extended period or those with poor oral hygiene, are at a higher risk of developing denture-induced stomatitis.

To manage this condition, it is essential to maintain good oral hygiene, clean the dentures thoroughly, and ensure a proper fit. In some cases, antifungal medications may be prescribed to treat any underlying Candida infection. Regular dental check-ups are also crucial for early detection and prevention of stomatitis, denture.

Itraconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections, including blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and candidiasis. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a vital component of fungal cell membranes, thereby disrupting the integrity and function of these membranes. Itraconazole is available in oral and intravenous forms for systemic use and as a topical solution or cream for localized fungal infections.

Medical Definition:
Itraconazole (i-tra-KON-a-zole): A synthetic triazole antifungal agent used to treat various fungal infections, such as blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and candidiasis. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes, leading to disruption of their integrity and function. Itraconazole is available in oral (capsule and solution) and intravenous forms for systemic use and as a topical solution or cream for localized fungal infections.

Miconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections, including those affecting the skin, mouth, and vagina. According to the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) database maintained by the National Library of Medicine, miconazole is classified as an imidazole antifungal agent that works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes. By disrupting the structure and function of the fungal cell membrane, miconazole can help to kill or suppress the growth of fungi, providing therapeutic benefits in patients with fungal infections.

Miconazole is available in various formulations, including creams, ointments, powders, tablets, and vaginal suppositories, and is typically applied or administered topically or vaginally, depending on the site of infection. In some cases, miconazole may also be given intravenously for the treatment of severe systemic fungal infections.

As with any medication, miconazole can have side effects and potential drug interactions, so it is important to use it under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Common side effects of miconazole include skin irritation, redness, and itching at the application site, while more serious side effects may include allergic reactions, liver damage, or changes in heart rhythm. Patients should be sure to inform their healthcare provider of any other medications they are taking, as well as any medical conditions they have, before using miconazole.

A cell wall is a rigid layer found surrounding the plasma membrane of plant cells, fungi, and many types of bacteria. It provides structural support and protection to the cell, maintains cell shape, and acts as a barrier against external factors such as chemicals and mechanical stress. The composition of the cell wall varies among different species; for example, in plants, it is primarily made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, while in bacteria, it is composed of peptidoglycan.

Mycoses are a group of diseases caused by fungal infections. These infections can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, nails, hair, lungs, and internal organs. The severity of mycoses can range from superficial, mild infections to systemic, life-threatening conditions, depending on the type of fungus and the immune status of the infected individual. Some common types of mycoses include candidiasis, dermatophytosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, which can be topical or systemic, depending on the location and severity of the infection.

Dentures are defined as a removable dental appliance that replaces missing teeth and surrounding tissues. They are made to resemble your natural teeth and may even enhance your smile. There are two types of dentures - complete and partial. Complete dentures are used when all the teeth are missing, while partial dentures are used when some natural teeth remain.

Complete dentures cover the entire upper or lower jaw, while partial dentures replace one or more missing teeth by attaching to the remaining teeth. Dentures improve chewing ability, speech, and support the facial muscles and structure, preventing sagging of the cheeks and jowls that can occur with missing teeth.

The process of getting dentures usually involves several appointments with a dental professional, who will take impressions and measurements of your mouth to ensure a proper fit and comfortable bite. It may take some time to get used to wearing dentures, but they are an effective solution for restoring a natural-looking smile and improving oral function in people who have lost their teeth.

Ergosterol is a steroid found in the cell membranes of fungi, which is similar to cholesterol in animals. It plays an important role in maintaining the fluidity and permeability of fungal cell membranes. Ergosterol is also the target of many antifungal medications, which work by disrupting the synthesis of ergosterol or binding to it, leading to increased permeability and eventual death of the fungal cells.

Invasive candidiasis is a serious and potentially life-threatening fungal infection caused by the Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. It occurs when the fungus invades normally sterile areas of the body, such as the bloodstream, heart, brain, or eyes. Invasive candidiasis can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the site of infection, and may include fever, chills, hypotension, sepsis, organ dysfunction, and skin lesions.

Risk factors for invasive candidiasis include prolonged use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, immunosuppression, indwelling catheters, recent surgery, critical illness, and underlying medical conditions such as diabetes or cancer. Diagnosis typically involves blood cultures and sometimes tissue biopsy, and treatment usually requires intravenous antifungal medications such as echinocandins, fluconazole, or amphotericin B. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent serious complications and improve outcomes.

Fungi, in the context of medical definitions, are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. The study of fungi is known as mycology.

Fungi can exist as unicellular organisms or as multicellular filamentous structures called hyphae. They are heterotrophs, which means they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by living as parasites on other organisms. Some fungi can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants, known as mycoses. These infections range from superficial, localized skin infections to systemic, life-threatening invasive diseases.

Examples of fungal infections include athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (dermatophytosis), candidiasis (yeast infection), histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Fungal infections can be challenging to treat due to the limited number of antifungal drugs available and the potential for drug resistance.

Yeasts are single-celled microorganisms that belong to the fungus kingdom. They are characterized by their ability to reproduce asexually through budding or fission, and they obtain nutrients by fermenting sugars and other organic compounds. Some species of yeast can cause infections in humans, known as candidiasis or "yeast infections." These infections can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, mouth, genitals, and internal organs. Common symptoms of a yeast infection may include itching, redness, irritation, and discharge. Yeast infections are typically treated with antifungal medications.

Beta-glucans are a type of complex carbohydrate known as polysaccharides, which are found in the cell walls of certain cereals, bacteria, and fungi, including baker's yeast, mushrooms, and algae. They consist of long chains of glucose molecules linked together by beta-glycosidic bonds.

Beta-glucans have been studied for their potential health benefits, such as boosting the immune system, reducing cholesterol levels, and improving gut health. They are believed to work by interacting with immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, and enhancing their ability to recognize and destroy foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells.

Beta-glucans are available in supplement form and are also found in various functional foods and beverages, such as baked goods, cereals, and sports drinks. However, it is important to note that the effectiveness of beta-glucans for these health benefits may vary depending on the source, dose, and individual's health status. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any dietary supplements or making significant changes to your diet.

Chromogenic compounds are substances that can be converted into a colored product through a chemical reaction. These compounds are often used in various diagnostic tests, including microbiological assays and immunoassays, to detect the presence or absence of a specific analyte (such as a particular bacterium, enzyme, or antigen).

In these tests, a chromogenic substrate is added to the sample, and if the target analyte is present, it will react with the substrate and produce a colored product. The intensity of the color can often be correlated with the amount of analyte present in the sample, allowing for quantitative analysis.

Chromogenic compounds are widely used in clinical laboratories because they offer several advantages over other types of diagnostic tests. They are typically easy to use and interpret, and they can provide rapid results with high sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, chromogenic assays can be automated, which can help increase throughput and reduce the potential for human error.

Ketoconazole is an antifungal medication that is primarily used to treat various fungal infections, including those caused by dermatophytes, Candida, and pityrosporum. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a crucial component of fungal cell membranes, which leads to increased permeability and ultimately results in fungal cell death.

Ketoconazole is available as an oral tablet for systemic use and as a topical cream or shampoo for localized applications. The oral formulation is used to treat severe or invasive fungal infections, while the topical preparations are primarily indicated for skin and scalp infections, such as athlete's foot, ringworm, jock itch, candidiasis, and seborrheic dermatitis.

Common side effects of oral ketoconazole include nausea, vomiting, headache, and altered liver function tests. Rare but serious adverse reactions may include hepatotoxicity, adrenal insufficiency, and interactions with other medications that can affect the metabolism and elimination of drugs. Topical ketoconazole is generally well-tolerated, with local irritation being the most common side effect.

It's important to note that due to its potential for serious liver toxicity and drug-drug interactions, oral ketoconazole has been largely replaced by other antifungal agents, such as fluconazole and itraconazole, which have more favorable safety profiles. Topical ketoconazole remains a valuable option for treating localized fungal infections due to its effectiveness and lower risk of systemic side effects.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Cyclic peptides are a type of peptides in which the N-terminus and C-terminus of the peptide chain are linked to form a circular structure. This is in contrast to linear peptides, which have a straight peptide backbone with a free N-terminus and C-terminus. The cyclization of peptides can occur through various mechanisms, including the formation of an amide bond between the N-terminal amino group and the C-terminal carboxylic acid group (head-to-tail cyclization), or through the formation of a bond between side chain functional groups.

Cyclic peptides have unique structural and chemical properties that make them valuable in medical and therapeutic applications. For example, they are more resistant to degradation by enzymes compared to linear peptides, which can increase their stability and half-life in the body. Additionally, the cyclic structure allows for greater conformational rigidity, which can enhance their binding affinity and specificity to target molecules.

Cyclic peptides have been explored as potential therapeutics for a variety of diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders. They have also been used as tools in basic research to study protein-protein interactions and cell signaling pathways.

A "colony count" is a method used to estimate the number of viable microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, in a sample. In this technique, a known volume of the sample is spread onto the surface of a solid nutrient medium in a petri dish and then incubated under conditions that allow the microorganisms to grow and form visible colonies. Each colony that grows on the plate represents an individual cell (or small cluster of cells) from the original sample that was able to divide and grow under the given conditions. By counting the number of colonies that form, researchers can make a rough estimate of the concentration of microorganisms in the original sample.

The term "microbial" simply refers to microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Therefore, a "colony count, microbial" is a general term that encompasses the use of colony counting techniques to estimate the number of any type of microorganism in a sample.

Colony counts are used in various fields, including medical research, food safety testing, and environmental monitoring, to assess the levels of contamination or the effectiveness of disinfection procedures. However, it is important to note that colony counts may not always provide an accurate measure of the total number of microorganisms present in a sample, as some cells may be injured or unable to grow under the conditions used for counting. Additionally, some microorganisms may form clusters or chains that can appear as single colonies, leading to an overestimation of the true cell count.

Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.

For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.

Farnesol is a chemical compound classified as a sesquiterpene alcohol. It is produced by various plants and insects, including certain types of roses and citrus fruits, and plays a role in their natural defense mechanisms. Farnesol has a variety of uses in the perfume industry due to its pleasant, floral scent.

In addition to its natural occurrence, farnesol is also synthetically produced for use in various applications, including as a fragrance ingredient and as an antimicrobial agent in cosmetics and personal care products. It has been shown to have antibacterial and antifungal properties, making it useful for preventing the growth of microorganisms in these products.

Farnesol is not typically used as a medication or therapeutic agent in humans, but it may have potential uses in the treatment of certain medical conditions due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, more research is needed to fully understand its effects and safety profile in these contexts.

Microbiological techniques refer to the various methods and procedures used in the laboratory for the cultivation, identification, and analysis of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. These techniques are essential in fields like medical microbiology, food microbiology, environmental microbiology, and industrial microbiology.

Some common microbiological techniques include:

1. Microbial culturing: This involves growing microorganisms on nutrient-rich media in Petri dishes or test tubes to allow them to multiply. Different types of media are used to culture different types of microorganisms.
2. Staining and microscopy: Various staining techniques, such as Gram stain, acid-fast stain, and methylene blue stain, are used to visualize and identify microorganisms under a microscope.
3. Biochemical testing: These tests involve the use of specific biochemical reactions to identify microorganisms based on their metabolic characteristics. Examples include the catalase test, oxidase test, and sugar fermentation tests.
4. Molecular techniques: These methods are used to identify microorganisms based on their genetic material. Examples include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, and gene probes.
5. Serological testing: This involves the use of antibodies or antigens to detect the presence of specific microorganisms in a sample. Examples include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting.
6. Immunofluorescence: This technique uses fluorescent dyes to label antibodies or antigens, allowing for the visualization of microorganisms under a fluorescence microscope.
7. Electron microscopy: This method uses high-powered electron beams to produce detailed images of microorganisms, allowing for the identification and analysis of their structures.

These techniques are critical in diagnosing infectious diseases, monitoring food safety, assessing environmental quality, and developing new drugs and vaccines.

The mouth mucosa refers to the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the mouth, also known as the oral mucosa. It covers the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, palate, and floor of the mouth. This moist tissue is made up of epithelial cells, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings. Its functions include protecting the underlying tissues from physical trauma, chemical irritation, and microbial infections; aiding in food digestion by producing enzymes; and providing sensory information about taste, temperature, and texture.

Virulence, in the context of medicine and microbiology, refers to the degree or severity of damage or harm that a pathogen (like a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can cause to its host. It is often associated with the ability of the pathogen to invade and damage host tissues, evade or suppress the host's immune response, replicate within the host, and spread between hosts.

Virulence factors are the specific components or mechanisms that contribute to a pathogen's virulence, such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and capsules. These factors enable the pathogen to establish an infection, cause tissue damage, and facilitate its transmission between hosts. The overall virulence of a pathogen can be influenced by various factors, including host susceptibility, environmental conditions, and the specific strain or species of the pathogen.

'Cryptococcus' is a genus of encapsulated, budding yeast that are found in the environment, particularly in soil and bird droppings. The most common species that causes infection in humans is Cryptococcus neoformans, followed by Cryptococcus gattii.

Infection with Cryptococcus can occur when a person inhales the microscopic yeast cells, which can then lead to lung infections (pneumonia) or disseminated disease, particularly in people with weakened immune systems. The most common form of disseminated cryptococcal infection is meningitis, an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Cryptococcal infections can be serious and even life-threatening, especially in individuals with HIV/AIDS or other conditions that weaken the immune system. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as amphotericin B and fluconazole.

Vaginitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the vagina, often accompanied by an alteration in the normal vaginal flora and an associated discharge. It can result from infectious (bacterial, viral, or fungal) or noninfectious causes, such as chemical irritants, allergies, or hormonal changes. Common symptoms include abnormal vaginal discharge with varying colors, odors, and consistencies; itching; burning; and pain during urination or sexual intercourse. The specific diagnosis and treatment of vaginitis depend on the underlying cause, which is typically determined through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests.

Agar is a substance derived from red algae, specifically from the genera Gelidium and Gracilaria. It is commonly used in microbiology as a solidifying agent for culture media. Agar forms a gel at relatively low temperatures (around 40-45°C) and remains stable at higher temperatures (up to 100°C), making it ideal for preparing various types of culture media.

In addition to its use in microbiology, agar is also used in other scientific research, food industry, and even in some artistic applications due to its unique gelling properties. It is important to note that although agar is often used in the preparation of food, it is not typically consumed as a standalone ingredient by humans or animals.

Sterol 14-demethylase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of sterols, particularly ergosterol in fungi and cholesterol in animals. This enzyme is classified as a cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme and is located in the endoplasmic reticulum.

The function of sterol 14-demethylase is to remove methyl groups from the sterol molecule at the 14th position, which is a necessary step in the biosynthesis of ergosterol or cholesterol. Inhibition of this enzyme can disrupt the normal functioning of cell membranes and lead to various physiological changes, including impaired growth and development.

Sterol 14-demethylase inhibitors (SDIs) are a class of antifungal drugs that target this enzyme and are used to treat fungal infections. Examples of SDIs include fluconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole. These drugs work by binding to the heme group of the enzyme and inhibiting its activity, leading to the accumulation of toxic sterol intermediates and disruption of fungal cell membranes.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a type of nucleic acid that plays a crucial role in the process of gene expression. There are several types of RNA molecules, including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). These RNA molecules help to transcribe DNA into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins by the ribosomes.

Fungi are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as larger organisms like mushrooms. Like other eukaryotes, fungi contain DNA and RNA as part of their genetic material. The RNA in fungi is similar to the RNA found in other organisms, including humans, and plays a role in gene expression and protein synthesis.

A specific medical definition of "RNA, fungal" does not exist, as RNA is a fundamental component of all living organisms, including fungi. However, RNA can be used as a target for antifungal drugs, as certain enzymes involved in RNA synthesis and processing are unique to fungi and can be inhibited by these drugs. For example, the antifungal drug flucytosine is converted into a toxic metabolite that inhibits fungal RNA and DNA synthesis.

Nystatin is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections such as candidiasis, which can affect the skin, mouth, throat, and vagina. It works by binding to ergosterol, a component of fungal cell membranes, creating pores that increase permeability and ultimately lead to fungal cell death.

The medical definition of Nystatin is:

A polyene antifungal agent derived from Streptomyces noursei, used primarily for topical treatment of mucocutaneous candidiasis. It has little systemic absorption and is therefore not useful for treating systemic fungal infections. Common side effects include local irritation and burning sensations at the application site.

The ribosomal spacer in DNA refers to the non-coding sequences of DNA that are located between the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These spacer regions are present in the DNA of organisms that have a nuclear genome, including humans and other animals, plants, and fungi.

In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, there are two ribosomal RNA genes, 16S and 23S, separated by a spacer region known as the intergenic spacer (IGS). In eukaryotic cells, there are multiple copies of ribosomal RNA genes arranged in clusters called nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), which are located on the short arms of several acrocentric chromosomes. Each cluster contains hundreds to thousands of copies of the 18S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNA genes, separated by non-transcribed spacer regions known as internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and external transcribed spacers (ETS).

The ribosomal spacer regions in DNA are often used as molecular markers for studying evolutionary relationships among organisms because they evolve more rapidly than the rRNA genes themselves. The sequences of these spacer regions can be compared among different species to infer their phylogenetic relationships and to estimate the time since they diverged from a common ancestor. Additionally, the length and composition of ribosomal spacers can vary between individuals within a species, making them useful for studying genetic diversity and population structure.

Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart chambers and heart valves, called the endocardium. This inflammation typically results from a bacterial or, less commonly, fungal infection that travels through the bloodstream and attaches to damaged areas of the heart.

There are two main types of endocarditis:

1. Acute Endocarditis: Develops quickly and can be severe, causing fever, chills, shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart murmurs. It may lead to serious complications like heart failure, embolism (blood clots that travel to other parts of the body), and damage to heart valves.

2. Subacute Endocarditis: Develops more slowly, often causing milder symptoms that can be mistaken for a cold or flu. Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, fever, night sweats, weight loss, joint pain, and heart murmurs. Subacute endocarditis is more likely to affect people with previously damaged heart valves or congenital heart conditions.

Treatment usually involves several weeks of intravenous antibiotics or antifungal medications, depending on the cause of the infection. In some cases, surgery may be required to repair or replace damaged heart valves. Preventive measures include good oral hygiene and prompt treatment of infections, especially in individuals at a higher risk for endocarditis, such as those with congenital heart defects, artificial heart valves, or previous history of endocarditis.

Aspartic acid proteases are a type of enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds in proteins. They are called "aspartic" proteases because they contain two aspartic acid residues in their active site, which are essential for their catalytic function. These enzymes work by bringing the two carboxyl groups of the adjacent aspartic acids into close proximity, allowing them to act as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

Aspartic acid proteases play important roles in various biological processes, including protein degradation, cell signaling, and viral infection. Some examples of aspartic acid proteases include pepsin, cathepsin D, and HIV-1 protease. These enzymes are often targeted by drugs for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, arthritis, and AIDS.

Fungal eye infections, also known as fungal keratitis or ocular fungal infections, are caused by the invasion of fungi into the eye. The most common types of fungi that cause these infections include Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Candida. These infections can affect any part of the eye, including the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, and vitreous humor.

Fungal eye infections often present with symptoms such as redness, pain, sensitivity to light, tearing, blurred vision, and discharge. In severe cases, they can lead to corneal ulcers, perforation of the eye, and even blindness if left untreated. Risk factors for fungal eye infections include trauma to the eye, contact lens wear, immunosuppression, and pre-existing eye conditions such as dry eye or previous eye surgery.

Diagnosis of fungal eye infections typically involves a thorough eye examination, including visual acuity testing, slit lamp examination, and sometimes corneal scrapings for microbiological culture and sensitivity testing. Treatment usually involves topical antifungal medications, such as natamycin or amphotericin B, and in some cases may require oral or intravenous antifungal therapy. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair any damage caused by the infection.

Microbial drug resistance is a significant medical issue that refers to the ability of microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) to withstand or survive exposure to drugs or medications designed to kill them or limit their growth. This phenomenon has become a major global health concern, particularly in the context of bacterial infections, where it is also known as antibiotic resistance.

Drug resistance arises due to genetic changes in microorganisms that enable them to modify or bypass the effects of antimicrobial agents. These genetic alterations can be caused by mutations or the acquisition of resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer. The resistant microbes then replicate and multiply, forming populations that are increasingly difficult to eradicate with conventional treatments.

The consequences of drug-resistant infections include increased morbidity, mortality, healthcare costs, and the potential for widespread outbreaks. Factors contributing to the emergence and spread of microbial drug resistance include the overuse or misuse of antimicrobials, poor infection control practices, and inadequate surveillance systems.

To address this challenge, it is crucial to promote prudent antibiotic use, strengthen infection prevention and control measures, develop new antimicrobial agents, and invest in research to better understand the mechanisms underlying drug resistance.

"Saccharomyces cerevisiae" is not typically considered a medical term, but it is a scientific name used in the field of microbiology. It refers to a species of yeast that is commonly used in various industrial processes, such as baking and brewing. It's also widely used in scientific research due to its genetic tractability and eukaryotic cellular organization.

However, it does have some relevance to medical fields like medicine and nutrition. For example, certain strains of S. cerevisiae are used as probiotics, which can provide health benefits when consumed. They may help support gut health, enhance the immune system, and even assist in the digestion of certain nutrients.

In summary, "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" is a species of yeast with various industrial and potential medical applications.

The vagina is the canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal because babies pass through it during childbirth. The vagina is where sexual intercourse occurs and where menstrual blood exits the body. It has a flexible wall that can expand and retract. During sexual arousal, the vaginal walls swell with blood to become more elastic in order to accommodate penetration.

It's important to note that sometimes people use the term "vagina" to refer to the entire female genital area, including the external structures like the labia and clitoris. But technically, these are considered part of the vulva, not the vagina.

Clotrimazole is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm, candidiasis (yeast infection), and oral thrush. It works by inhibiting the growth of fungi that cause these infections. Clotrimazole is available in several forms, including creams, lotions, powders, tablets, and lozenges.

The medical definition of Clotrimazole is:

A synthetic antifungal agent belonging to the imidazole class, used topically to treat various fungal infections such as candidiasis, tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea versicolor. It works by inhibiting the biosynthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes, leading to increased permeability and death of fungal cells.

Aspartic acid endopeptidases are a type of enzyme that cleave peptide bonds within proteins. They are also known as aspartyl proteases or aspartic proteinases. These enzymes contain two catalytic aspartic acid residues in their active site, which work together to hydrolyze the peptide bond.

Aspartic acid endopeptidases play important roles in various biological processes, including protein degradation, processing, and activation. They are found in many organisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. Some well-known examples of aspartic acid endopeptidases include pepsin, cathepsin D, and HIV protease.

Pepsin is a digestive enzyme found in the stomach that helps break down proteins in food. Cathepsin D is a lysosomal enzyme that plays a role in protein turnover and degradation within cells. HIV protease is an essential enzyme for the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS. Inhibitors of HIV protease are used as antiretroviral drugs to treat HIV infection.

A fungal genome refers to the complete set of genetic material or DNA present in the cells of a fungus. It includes all the genes and non-coding regions that are essential for the growth, development, and survival of the organism. The fungal genome is typically haploid, meaning it contains only one set of chromosomes, unlike diploid genomes found in many animals and plants.

Fungal genomes vary widely in size and complexity, ranging from a few megabases to hundreds of megabases. They contain several types of genetic elements such as protein-coding genes, regulatory regions, repetitive elements, and mobile genetic elements like transposons. The study of fungal genomes can provide valuable insights into the evolution, biology, and pathogenicity of fungi, and has important implications for medical research, agriculture, and industrial applications.

"Aspergillus" is a genus of filamentous fungi (molds) that are widely distributed in the environment. These molds are commonly found in decaying organic matter such as leaf litter, compost piles, and rotting vegetation. They can also be found in indoor environments like air conditioning systems, dust, and building materials.

The medical relevance of Aspergillus comes from the fact that some species can cause a range of diseases in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying lung conditions. The most common disease caused by Aspergillus is called aspergillosis, which can manifest as allergic reactions, lung infections (like pneumonia), and invasive infections that can spread to other parts of the body.

Aspergillus species produce small, airborne spores called conidia, which can be inhaled into the lungs and cause infection. The severity of aspergillosis depends on various factors, including the individual's immune status, the specific Aspergillus species involved, and the extent of fungal invasion in the body.

Common Aspergillus species that can cause human disease include A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus. Preventing exposure to Aspergillus spores and maintaining a healthy immune system are crucial steps in minimizing the risk of aspergillosis.

Blood is the fluid that circulates in the body of living organisms, carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removing carbon dioxide and other waste products. It is composed of red and white blood cells suspended in a liquid called plasma. The main function of blood is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. It also transports nutrients, hormones, and other substances to the cells and removes waste products from them. Additionally, blood plays a crucial role in the body's immune system by helping to fight infection and disease.

Alkanes are a group of saturated hydrocarbons, which are characterized by the presence of single bonds between carbon atoms in their molecular structure. The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2, where n represents the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

The simplest and shortest alkane is methane (CH4), which contains one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. As the number of carbon atoms increases, the length and complexity of the alkane chain also increase. For example, ethane (C2H6) contains two carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms, while propane (C3H8) contains three carbon atoms and eight hydrogen atoms.

Alkanes are important components of fossil fuels such as natural gas, crude oil, and coal. They are also used as starting materials in the production of various chemicals and materials, including plastics, fertilizers, and pharmaceuticals. In the medical field, alkanes may be used as anesthetics or as solvents for various medical applications.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Pyrimidines are heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring. They are one of the two types of nucleobases found in nucleic acids, the other being purines. The pyrimidine bases include cytosine (C) and thymine (T) in DNA, and uracil (U) in RNA, which pair with guanine (G) and adenine (A), respectively, through hydrogen bonding to form the double helix structure of nucleic acids. Pyrimidines are also found in many other biomolecules and have various roles in cellular metabolism and genetic regulation.

Trichosporon is a genus of fungi that are commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil, water, and air. They are also part of the normal flora of the human skin and mucous membranes. Some species of Trichosporon can cause various types of infections, mainly in people with weakened immune systems. These infections can range from superficial (e.g., skin and nail) to systemic and invasive, affecting internal organs. The most common Trichosporon-related infection is white piedra, a superficial mycosis that affects the hair shafts.

In a medical context, Trichosporon refers specifically to these fungi with potential pathogenic properties. It's essential to distinguish between the general term "trichosporon" (referring to the genus) and "Trichosporon" as a medically relevant entity causing infections.

'Adhesiveness' is a term used in medicine and biology to describe the ability of two surfaces to stick or adhere to each other. In medical terms, it often refers to the property of tissues or cells to adhere to one another, as in the case of scar tissue formation where healing tissue adheres to adjacent structures.

In the context of microbiology, adhesiveness can refer to the ability of bacteria or other microorganisms to attach themselves to surfaces, such as medical devices or human tissues, which can lead to infection and other health problems. Adhesives used in medical devices, such as bandages or wound dressings, also have adhesiveness properties that allow them to stick to the skin or other surfaces.

Overall, adhesiveness is an important property in many areas of medicine and biology, with implications for wound healing, infection control, and the design and function of medical devices.

A fungal vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity against fungal infections. It contains one or more fungal antigens, which are substances that can stimulate an immune response, along with adjuvants to enhance the immune response. The goal of fungal vaccines is to protect against invasive fungal diseases, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy, organ transplantation, or HIV/AIDS treatment.

Fungal vaccines can work by inducing both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies that recognize and neutralize fungal antigens, while cell-mediated immunity involves the activation of T cells to directly attack infected cells.

Currently, there are no licensed fungal vaccines available for human use, although several candidates are in various stages of development and clinical trials. Some examples include vaccines against Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Pneumocystis jirovecii.

The oropharynx is the part of the throat (pharynx) that is located immediately behind the mouth and includes the back one-third of the tongue, the soft palate, the side and back walls of the throat, and the tonsils. It serves as a passageway for both food and air, and is also an important area for the immune system due to the presence of tonsils.

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... on MycoBank Candida blankii on Index Fungorum Candida blankii MicrobeWiki, Boston University (Articles with ... "Synonymy: Candida blankii". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 24 March 2019. "Candida blankii". MycoBank. Retrieved 24 March 2019. ... "Biosensor analyzer for BOD index express control on the basis of the yeast microorganisms Candida maltosa, Candida blankii, and ... Effect of furfural on nitrogen assimilating enzymes of lactose utilizing yeasts Candida blankii 35 and Candida pseudotropicalis ...
... is a species of mayfly in the genus Caenis. It is endemic to Quebec, Canada. ITIS Report October 22, 2016. ...
... is a yeast species that is osmotolerant, psychrotolerant and ferments sweet botrytized wines. Its type ... Pfliegler, Walter P.; Horváth, Enikő; Kállai, Zoltán; Sipiczki, Matthias (2014). "Diversity of Candida zemplinina isolates ... "Candida zemplinina can reduce acetic acid produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in sweet wine fermentations". Applied and ... "Anaerobic organic acid metabolism of Candida zemplinina in comparison with Saccharomyces wine yeasts". International Journal of ...
... is a species of yeast in the genus Candida, family Saccharomycetaceae. Described as new to science in 2011, ... Amorphotheca resinae Fuel polishing Buddie AG, Bridge PD, Kelley J, Ryan MJ (2010). "Candida keroseneae sp. nov., a novel ... The two isolated strains clustered within the Candida membranifaciens clade, with C. tumulicola as the most closely related ...
... is a species of yeast in the genus Candida. It is named after the noted Indian pulmonologist, Raman ... "Pathogenicity of Candida viswanathii for normal and cortisone-treated mice". Journal de Mycologie Médicale. 25 (4): 287-92. doi ... Candida (fungus), Fungi described in 1962, All stub articles, Yeast stubs). ...
... is an ascomycetous yeast species first isolated from Australian Hibiscus flowers. It is small and a ... "Kodamaea kakaduensis and Candida tolerans, two new ascomycetous yeast species from Australian Hibiscus flowers". Can J ... Candida (fungus), Yeasts, Fungi described in 1999, All stub articles, Yeast stubs). ...
... is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Stainton in 1859. It is found in Sri Lanka and ...
... , synonym Neomarica candida, also known as white walking iris, is species of flowering plant. It was first ... Trimezia candida belongs to the genus Trimezia and family Iridaceae. These type of plants are found in Paraguay, Brazil, ... "Neomarica candida (Hassl.) Sprague". Plants of the World Online. Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 281 (1928). Retrieved 2023-03-02 ... Flower up close Close-up view Multiple flowers "Trimezia candida (Hassl.) Ravenna". Plants of the World Online. G.T.Prance & T. ...
... may refer to: Mammilloydia candida, the snowball cactus, a plant species found in Mexico Miltonia candida, the snow- ... white miltonia, an orchid species endemic to southeastern Brazil Masdevallia candida, a synonym for Masdevallia tovarensis, an ... orchid species endemic to northern Venezuela Candida (disambiguation) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with ...
"Emarginula candida". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emarginula candida. v t ... Emarginula candida is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fissurellidae, the keyhole limpets and ... Bouchet, P. (2012). Emarginula candida A. Adams, 1852. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www. ...
... is a species of cycad. It is an endangered species found only in Queensland. Forster, P. (2010). "Cycas candida ...
... is a species of yeast of the genus Candida. The year of 1978 saw work of Yarrow & Meyer the yeast was ... Candida lactis-condensi, Candida stellata, Saccharomycodes ludwigii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Yarrow D, Meyer SA (1978). " ... "Proposal for Amendment of the Diagnosis of the Genus Candida Berkhout nom. cons". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28 (4): 611-5. doi: ... Candida (fungus), All stub articles, Yeast stubs). ...
Candida mesorugosa, Candida neorugosa, Candida pseudorugosa, Candida ranongensis, Candida rugosa and Candida scorzettiae to the ... Candida antarctica and Candida rugosa are a source of industrially important lipases, while Candida krusei is prominently used ... For example, Candida glabrata, Candida guilliermondii, and Candida lusitaniae are clearly misclassified and will be placed in ... Candida is located on most mucosal surfaces and mainly the gastrointestinal tract, along with the skin. Candida albicans is one ...
VI p. 273; 1884 (described as Mangilia candida) "Glyphostoma candida". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 17 August 2011. v t e ( ... Glyphostoma candida is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Clathurellidae. The size of an adult ... Glyphostoma candida (Hinds, 1843). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 17 August 2011. George Washington ...
... is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails. ... "Ziba candida". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is ... Subcancilla candida (Reeve, 1845). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php ...
... or Candida Su (Chinese: 許徐甘弟大; pinyin: Xǔ-Xú Gāndìdà; Wade-Giles: Hsü3-Hsü2 Kan1-ti4-ta4; September 4, 1607 - July ... Born on the feast day of Saint Candida the Elder, in whose honor she was named, Xu was the granddaughter of Xu Guangqi, who had ... King, Gail (1998). "Candida Xu and the Growth of Christianity in China in the Seventeenth Century". Monumenta Serica. 46: 49-66 ... ISBN 978-981-10-6667-2. King, Gail (26 August 1998). "Candida Xu and the Growth of Christianity in China in the Seventeenth ...
"Candida, Millionairess" (in Spanish). Cinenacional.com. Retrieved 11 February 2014. Candida, Millionairess at IMDb v t e v t e ... Candida, Millionairess (Spanish: Cándida millonaria) is a 1941 Argentine musical comedy film directed by Luis Bayón Herrera, ...
10, October 24, 1970 Singles: Candida Hot 100, p. 90 Dawn - Candida (Ultratop) Dawn - Candida (Charts.de) Billboard Year-End ... "Candida" Producer Hank Medress aimed for "an ethnic feel" for "Candida", which has "a lilting, sing-along groove". Problems ... 95-100). Viglione "'Candida' by Dawn - Classic Hit or Miss". 21 October 2013. Childs 2011 Warner 2006, p. 484 Dawn - Candida ( ... "Dawn - Candida". Charts.de. Retrieved 2012-09-20.[dead link] "Dawn - Candida". Norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved 2012-09-20. "Dawn ...
... is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their ... Aartsenia candida (Møller, 1842). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php? ...
... is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Roccellaceae. It is found in the ... Current Name: Dirina candida (Müll. Arg.) Tehler & Ertz, in Tehler, Ertz & Irestedt, Lichenologist 45(4): 447 (2013)". Species ... "Dirina candida (Müll. Arg.) Tehler & Ertz". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 10 December ...
... is a species of asterid flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. This species is endemic to Fiji with ... Rokocaucau, M. (2016). "Gardenia candida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T31040A99514283. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK. ...
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stanhopea candida. Wikispecies has information related to Stanhopea candida. v t e ( ... Stanhopea candida is a species of orchid endemic to southern tropical America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and ...
Some of the most common uses of A. candida are: Aechmea candida, a plant species endemic to Brazil Albugo candida, the white ... Mexico and Nicaragua Candida (disambiguation) Wikispecies has information related to A. candida. This disambiguation page lists ... A. candida may refer to: An abbreviation of a species name. In binomial nomenclature the name of a species is always the name ... of the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the species name (also called the species epithet). In A. candida the ...
... is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Smith in 1879. "Megachile". BioLib. 2014 ...
"Candida Baker". Austlit.edu.au. 15 May 1955. Retrieved 3 June 2013. "ABC Classic FM - Midday - Author Candida Baker". ... "We Chat With Candida Baker". Shearer's Book Blog. 12 April 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2013. Shakespeare, Nicholas. "Candida Baker's ... "Review: The Powerful Owl - Candida Baker". Kalikapsychosis.com. 14 April 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2013. "The Hidden by Candida ... Candida Baker is the eldest daughter of English actor George Baker MBE. Born in London and raised in the small hamlet of ...
... is a species of fungus that grows as yeast. It is one of the few species of the genus Candida which cause ... First identified in 2009, Candida auris is a species of ascomycetous fungus of the genus Candida that grows as a yeast. Its ... Treatment is also complicated because it is easily misidentified as other Candida species. Candida auris was first described in ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Candida auris. Candida Genome Database (Articles with short description, Short ...
Candida mesorugosa, Candida neorugosa, Candida pseudorugosa, Candida ranongensis, Candida rugosa and Candida scorzettiae to the ... C. catenulata is a species originally assigned to the genus Candida. To be a species in the genus Candida implies a close ... Candida catenulata is a yeast-form fungus in the phylum Ascomycota. It is distributed globally and commonly found on the skin ... Candida catenulata is a skin and gut microbiome component of humans and animals, soil microbiome fungi, dairy product ...
... is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2001. ...
In the genus Candida, there are other species that are similar to Candida tropicalis. Candida albicans is taxonomically close ... Candida tropicalis is a species of yeast in the genus Candida. It is a common pathogen in neutropenic hosts, in whom it may ... Silva, S.; Negri, M.; Henriques, M.; Oliveira, R.; Williams, D. W.; Azeredo, J. (2011). "Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis ... Candida species are very pervasive yeasts that are distributed worldwide geographically. They are more likely to be found in ...
Candida can be part of the normal oral flora. When host defense mechanisms are impaired, this allows for a proliferation of ... Candida infections of the esophagus are considered opportunistic infections and are seen most commonly in immunosuppressed ... candida on the esophageal mucosa forming adherent plaques. Esophageal candidiasis can is treatable with various forms of oral ... Of patients that have infectious esophagitis, 88% are from Candida albicans, 10% are from herpes simplex virus, and 2% are from ...
Infections caused by multidrug-resistant Candida species are on the rise. How are these infections best treated? ... Candida auris Candida haemulonii, Candida famata a [20,21,22*]. C. famata, Candida lusitaniae, Candida parapsilosis, C. ... Other potential MDR Candida species are Candida krusei, Candida lusitaniae, Candida kefyr, Yarrowia (Candida) lypolitica, and ... Candida krusei C. krusei, C. krusei/Candida lambica/Candida inconspicua, C. lusitaniae, C. famata [21,25]. C. krusei (NA) C. ...
Some strains of Candida auris are resistant to all three major classes of antifungal drugs. ... Candida auris is an emerging fungus that presents a serious global health threat. ... Updated Resource: Worsening Spread of Candida auris in the United States, 2019 to 2021 ... Lab Safety When Working with Known or Suspected Isolates of Candida auris ...
Candida auris (C auris) is a type of yeast (fungus). It can cause a severe infection in hospital or nursing home patients. ... Candida auris (C auris) is a type of yeast (fungus). It can cause a severe infection in hospital or nursing home patients. ... Candida auris: A drug-resistant germ that spreads in healthcare facilities. www.cdc.gov/fungal/candida-auris/c-auris-drug- ... Candida auris information for patients and family members. www.cdc.gov/fungal/candida-auris/patients-qa.html. Updated April 9, ...
CANDIDA ALBICANS (UNII: 4D7G21HDBC) (CANDIDA ALBICANS - UNII:4D7G21HDBC) CANDIDA ALBICANS. 8 [hp_X]. ... CANDIDA ALBICANS pellet. To receive this label RSS feed. Copy the URL below and paste it into your RSS Reader application. ... CANDIDA ALBICANS pellet. Under Review - Editing is pending for RxNorm. If in scope, these drugs will include RxNorm normal ... CANDIDA ALBICANS pellet. If this SPL contains inactivated NDCs listed by the FDA initiated compliance action, they will be ...
Candida is a new medium for the differential isolation and identification of certain clinically important Candida species. This ... Susceptibility of Candida species isolated from immunocompromised patients to antifungal agents  Badiee, P.; Alborzi, A.; ... This study was carried out from October 2003 to March 2007 to investigate susceptibility patterns to antifungals of Candida ... Browsing EMRO Journal Articles (‎EMHJ)‎ by Subject "Candida". 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. ...
... provides information on thrush and other Candida infections in children. ... How do infants and children get thrush and other Candida infections?​. Pregnancy & birth. Newborns can get a Candida infection ... Most of these infections are caused by Candida albicans, although other species of Candida are becoming more common. ... Candida is a type of yeast, part of the fungus family that normally lives in and on our bodies. It can be found on the skin and ...
... provides information on thrush and other Candida infections in children. ... How do infants and children get thrush and other Candida infections?​. Pregnancy & birth. Newborns can get a Candida infection ... Most of these infections are caused by Candida albicans, although other species of Candida are becoming more common. ... Candida is a type of yeast, part of the fungus family that normally lives in and on our bodies. It can be found on the skin and ...
Candida antigens. Class Summary. Most infants have been exposed to Candida antigen (Ag) even without clinical thrush or Candida ... Candida skin test antigen (Candin, NDC#38697-200-1; Allermed). Also known as Dermatophytin. It is diluted 1:10 or 1:100 with ... PPD, which has been used to evaluate exposure to M tuberculosis, and Candida Ag are the only currently available US Food and ... Japanese studies showed that 80% of children had positive DTH responses by age 1 year; therefore, Candida is a conventional Ag ...
Candida infection of the skin ... fungus that most often causes cutaneous candidiasis is Candida albicans . Candida is the most ... It is most commonly due to the fungus Candida albicans . ... have a vaginal yeast infection at some time. Candida albicans is a ... infections are most often due to the fungus Candida albicans . Candida and the many other germs that normally live ... ... Common organisms include: Candida albicans and other Candida species Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Herpes simplex ... ...
Candida is a new medium for the differential isolation and identification of certain clinically important Candida species. This ... Susceptibility of Candida species isolated from immunocompromised patients to antifungal agents  Badiee, P.; Alborzi, A.; ... This study was carried out from October 2003 to March 2007 to investigate susceptibility patterns to antifungals of Candida ... Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (‎GLASS)‎ : early implementation protocol for inclusion of Candida spp.  ...
... candida auris - Sharing our stories on preparing for and responding to public health events ... The fungal superbug Candida auris causes serious and often fatal infections. It can strike people in the places where they seek ... Tags advanced molecular detection, anthrax, antibiotic resistance, candida auris, disease detectives, e. coli, Guillain-Barré ...
... www-sequence.stanford.edu/group/candida/). Scope The DNA microarray facilities must be designed to support research on Candida ... SUPPLEMENTS TO SUPPORT CANDIDA DNA MICROARRAY FACILITIES Release Date: March 27, 2000 RFA: DE-00-004 National Institute of ... The need for such technology is also based in part on the soon-to-be-completed sequences of the NIDCR-supported Candida ... The DNA microarray facility must be located at a site receiving an NIDCR grant to study Candida species or candidiasis. A ...
Candida auris, is an emerging healthcare-associated infection of growing public health concern. NIAID supports several ... Like other Candida species, C. auris is a type of yeast. However, unlike its yeasty cousins, this pathogen can colonize ... M Horton et al. Candida auris Forms High-Burden Biofilms in Skin Niche Conditions and on Porcine Skin. mSphere. DOI : 10.1128/ ... The first case of Candida auris was reported in 2009 in Japan, where it was isolated from a patients ear (Auris is Latin for " ...
Candida auris Katja Saris 1 2 , Jacques F Meis 1 3 4 , Andreas Voss 1 2 4 ... Candida haemulonii Complex and Candida auris: Biology, Virulence Factors, Immune Response, and Multidrug Resistance. Gómez- ... Candida auris: what have we learned so far? Corsi-Vasquez G, Ostrosky-Zeichner L. Corsi-Vasquez G, et al. Curr Opin Infect Dis ... Candida auris Katja Saris et al. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2018 Aug. ... Candida auris: an Emerging Fungal Pathogen. Spivak ES, Hanson ...
Candida blankii on MycoBank Candida blankii on Index Fungorum Candida blankii MicrobeWiki, Boston University (Articles with ... "Synonymy: Candida blankii". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 24 March 2019. "Candida blankii". MycoBank. Retrieved 24 March 2019. ... "Biosensor analyzer for BOD index express control on the basis of the yeast microorganisms Candida maltosa, Candida blankii, and ... Effect of furfural on nitrogen assimilating enzymes of lactose utilizing yeasts Candida blankii 35 and Candida pseudotropicalis ...
Caenis candida is a species of mayfly in the genus Caenis. It is endemic to Quebec, Canada. ITIS Report October 22, 2016. ...
Protein Arginine Methylation in Candida albicans: Role in Nuclear Transport. Anne E. McBride, Cecilia Zurita-Lopez, Anthony ... Protein Arginine Methylation in Candida albicans: Role in Nuclear Transport. Anne E. McBride, Cecilia Zurita-Lopez, Anthony ... Protein Arginine Methylation in Candida albicans: Role in Nuclear Transport. Anne E. McBride, Cecilia Zurita-Lopez, Anthony ... Protein Arginine Methylation in Candida albicans: Role in Nuclear Transport Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to ...
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The symptoms of candida can be very uncomfortable. But with these detox baths, you dont have to suffer from them any longer. ... Clearing yourself of candida may take some time. But if you do everything right, treatment would come easy for you. Candida is ... With continual use, candida would soon be history.. However, candida may occur chronically. When it comes to curing yourself of ... Acid can stop the outgrowth of candida in the vagina. The vagina is normally acidic. But when it loses its acidity, candida ...
Candida albicans (Robin) Berkhout, anamorph Synonyms. Monilia pinoyi (Castellani) Castellani et Chalmers; Endomyces albicans ( ... Robin) Vuillemin; Candida claussenii Lodder et Kreger-van Rij, anamorph; Candida stellatoidea (Jones et Martin) Langeron et ... To download a certificate of origin for Candida albicans (Robin) Berkhout (90263), enter the lot number exactly as it appears ... To download a certificate of analysis for Candida albicans (Robin) Berkhout (90263), enter the lot number exactly as it appears ...
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Candida Höfer. 1944, Eberswalde, Duitsland. *. Exhibitions. Bernd, Hilla and the Others Photography from Dusseldorf De ... Candida HöferZonder titel, Hier groeien boeken uit de grond (48 documentatie prints), 2003-2004. ... Candida HöferZonder titel, Hier groeien boeken uit de grond (48 documentatie prints), 2003-2004. ... Candida HöferZonder titel, Hier groeien boeken uit de grond (48 documentatie prints), 2003-2004. ...
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Candida auris is "so invasive" hospitals have had to bring in special equipment to eradicate it, even removing ceiling and ... The Candida auris outbreak is a reminder that patients have no way of telling whether their hospital has infections. ... With the spread of dangerous pathogens, like Candida auris, its about time we start thinking seriously about what such a ...
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  • Of patients that have infectious esophagitis, 88% are from Candida albicans, 10% are from herpes simplex virus, and 2% are from cytomegalovirus. (nih.gov)
  • Candida albicans can be part of the normal oral flora. (nih.gov)
  • [ 2 ] Indeed, we are facing now an ever increasing numbers of invasive infections caused by non- Candida albicans MDR spp. (medscape.com)
  • Most of these infections are caused by Candida albicans , although other species of Candida are becoming more common. (healthychildren.org)
  • Candida albicans is a common type of fungus. (nih.gov)
  • yeast infection, is an overgrowth of the common Candida albicans fungus. (nih.gov)
  • The need for such technology is also based in part on the soon-to-be-completed sequences of the NIDCR-supported Candida albicans genome project ( http://www-sequence.stanford.edu/group/candida/ ). (nih.gov)
  • Over the past 10 years there have been fre- niques for differentiating between isolates quent reports describing "atypical" isolates of the 2 species, C. albicans and C. dublin- of Candida albicans [ 1-5 ]. (who.int)
  • To download a certificate of analysis for Candida albicans (Robin) Berkhout ( 90263 ), enter the lot number exactly as it appears on your product label or packing slip. (atcc.org)
  • The certificate of analysis for that lot of Candida albicans (Robin) Berkhout ( 90263 ) is not currently available online. (atcc.org)
  • Most common in diaper-wearing children, yeast, specifically Candida albicans yeast, could cause a diaper rash on infants if the balance of yeast and healthy bacteria is off balance. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • A type of yeast that lives on our bodies in small amounts is Candida albicans. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Image of the fungus Candida albicans on the surface of a skin cell that is in the process of growing into its filamentous form. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • An international team led by researchers at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine has identified the mechanism by which the immune system first learns that the fungus Candida albicans, which causes oral thrush, has invaded the body. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • One such example is the fungus Candida albicans. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Candida albicans is the most common fungal species associated with the development of this pathology. (scielo.cl)
  • In this study, we evaluated the antibiofilm activity of β-1,3-glucanase, which can degrade poly-β(1→3)-glucose of Candida albicans biofilms. (nih.gov)
  • Building on this result, we propose to continue the development of additional detector substrates and optimize those already in hand in order to detect proteases secreted by C. albicans and seven other pathogenic Candida species. (sbir.gov)
  • Other potential MDR Candida species are Candida krusei , Candida lusitaniae , Candida kefyr , Yarrowia ( Candida ) lypolitica, and Candida rugosa. (medscape.com)
  • CHROMagar[‎TM]‎ Candida is a new medium for the differential isolation and identification of certain clinically important Candida species. (who.int)
  • The DNA microarray facilities must be designed to support research on Candida species or Saccharomyces cerevisiae that will lead to advancements in diagnosis, prevention or treatment of candidiasis. (nih.gov)
  • The DNA microarray facility must be located at a site receiving an NIDCR grant to study Candida species or candidiasis. (nih.gov)
  • ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS Institutions having a NIDCR-funded research project (R01), MERIT award (R37), program project (P01), Center Core (P30), Comprehensive Center (P60), conducting research on Candida species or candidiasis, and having at least two years remaining on the grant, are eligible to receive a supplement for a DNA microarray facility. (nih.gov)
  • The collaborating sites that would use the array facility must have an NIH-funded grant, be conducting research on Candida species or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and have at least two years remaining on the grant. (nih.gov)
  • Compared to other Candida species, the biofilms are thicker and contain more viable organisms. (nih.gov)
  • Candida blankii is a species of budding yeast (Saccharomycotina) in the family Saccharomycetaceae. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has been tested as a water quality indicator in comparison to a pair of other Candida species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Caenis candida is a species of mayfly in the genus Caenis. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, given the right circumstances, Candida species can cause serious bloodstream infections, called candidemia. (oregon.gov)
  • Candida species are the fourth most common cause of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections in the U.S. Based on surveillance in the Portland metropolitan-area, there were 3.4 cases per 100,000 population during 2013. (oregon.gov)
  • Candida protease activities from seven pathogenic Candida species (BioSynesis retains an exclusive license on this patent from UCSF). (sbir.gov)
  • Our long-term goal is to develop these detector substrates into a rapid and sensitive enzymatic detection kit for Candida species biofilm and disseminated infections. (sbir.gov)
  • The goal of this proposal is to validate the enzymatic molecular signatures produced by Candida species in the biofilm and planktonic forms to use in the development of a rapid and sensitive diagnostic kit for detection of diverse Candida species. (sbir.gov)
  • Eugenol, the chief phenolic component of Clove and Cinnamomum essential oil, is a novel therapeutic agent for the inhibition of Candida species infection, according to a review published in Frontiers in Pharmacology . (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • 1. Didehdar M, Chegini Z, Shariati A. Eugenol: a novel therapeutic agent for the inhibition of Candida species infection. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • Opportunistic fungal infections by Candida species arise among cancer patients due to the weakened immune system following extensive chemotherapy . (bvsalud.org)
  • Candida auris ( C auris ) is a type of yeast (fungus). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Candida is a type of yeast, part of the fungus family that normally lives in and on our bodies. (healthychildren.org)
  • In a breathtaking Saturday feature in the New York Times , reporters Matt Richtel and Andrew Jacobs shined a light on one such hidden outbreak: the spread of a drug-resistant fungus, Candida auris, around the world. (vox.com)
  • Experts say the Candida auris fungus is highly contagious. (healthline.com)
  • In the new study, the researchers used a combination of human OECs cultured in laboratory dishes and mice infected orally with Candida, to show the central importance of Candidalysin, a toxin secreted by Candida that allows the fungus to create holes in OECs and invade the tissue. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Candida auris ( C. auris ) is a multi-drug resistant fungus (yeast) that can cause serious infections. (sa.gov.au)
  • Candida auris (C.auris) is a fungus of public health interest because it can cause serious infections in hospitalized patients, is often resistant to medications, and continues to spread in U.S. health care settings. (floridahealth.gov)
  • Clinical cases of Candida auris, an emerging fungus considered an urgent threat, rose sharply in 2021. (cnn.com)
  • Clinical cases of Candida auris, an emerging fungus considered an urgent threat, nearly doubled in 2021, according to new data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cnn.com)
  • Public health officials have enhanced surveillance efforts to detect Candida auris, including testing for the fungus on the bodies of asymptomatic people. (cnn.com)
  • This gives fungi like Candida a chance to overgrow. (healthychildren.org)
  • Candida pertains to the bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and elements that can cause infections inside the body. (pioneerthinking.com)
  • Members of the Candida genus of fungi form part of the normal human microbiota but are also opportunistic pathogens capable of causing serious mucosal and systemic infections. (sbir.gov)
  • The spread of Candida auris in the US comes amid growing concerns about health-threatening fungi. (cnn.com)
  • Unlike other fungi that are typically acquired from the environment, Candida auris is easily spread from person to person, Roberts said. (cnn.com)
  • of course we know that alcohol intake provides a perfect food source for candida overgrowth, and stresses the liver. (curezone.com)
  • A combination of irritation and infection from Candida overgrowth is a yeast diaper rash, also known as Candida diaper dermatitis. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Just as you'd clean house after such a visitor, so you want a candida cleanse treatment to get rid of the overgrowth. (davidwolfe.com)
  • The very first recommendations for those with candida overgrowth often include getting more direct sunlight on the skin. (davidwolfe.com)
  • Those with candida overgrowth must get their naked bodies into the sun whenever possible. (davidwolfe.com)
  • Third, colloidal silver offers a more direct method to kill off candida overgrowth. (davidwolfe.com)
  • Meat protein and non-starchy vegetables are the best foods for keeping the blood sugar stable, as well as nourishing the adrenal glands and discouraging Candida overgrowth. (holistichelp.net)
  • Like many yeasts, Candida blankii has been the subject of various biotechnological studies, including for use as a BOD biosensor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to impaired cell-mediated immunity, the esophageal epithelial layer is susceptible to infection and colonization by candida. (nih.gov)
  • Newborns can get a Candida infection from their mothers. (healthychildren.org)
  • If Candida infections become chronic or occur in the mouth of older children, it may be a sign of an immune system challenge, such as human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection. (healthychildren.org)
  • The early signs of a Candida bloodstream infection are fever and blockage of the IV catheter. (healthychildren.org)
  • How is a Candida infection diagnosed? (healthychildren.org)
  • Scrapings of Candida lesions (sores) inside the mouth or other spots can be further examined for signs of the infection. (healthychildren.org)
  • One fungal pathogen, Candida auris , is an emerging healthcare-associated infection of growing public health concern. (nih.gov)
  • Health officials are expressing concerns over the recent increase in cases of a fungal infection known as Candida auris . (healthline.com)
  • The harmless commensal form exists as a small single-celled organism, but when the immune system is compromised, Candida elongates into an invasive form, characterized by long filaments called hyphae, that causes a pervasive infection called oral candidiasis, or 'thrush. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • However, surprisingly little is known about how fungal immunity in the mouth operates, and, until now, it was unclear why Candida does not establish an invasive infection in healthy humans, said Gaffen. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Mortality rates from Candida infections are particularly high in immunocompromised individuals, where life-threatening colonization and invasion of parenchymal organs can occur once the infection has disseminated through the bloodstream. (sbir.gov)
  • Optimized detector substrates will be continually developed and tested for their abilities to accurately detect Candida biofilms and planktonic cells grown in vitro (Aim 1), and in vivo using preclinical murine catheter biofilm and disseminated infection models (Aim 2). (sbir.gov)
  • Body Ecology is a system of health and healing that was first designed to help you overcome candida, the systemic yeast infection that plagues our population. (bodyecology.com)
  • Increasing numbers of reports describing invasive infections by MDR Candida auris and Candida glabrata has been reported in medical centers worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • Researchers from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report that cases of Candida auris have risen by double digits each year between 2019 and 2021, blooming from a 44% spike in 2019 to a 95% year-over-year increase in 2021. (healthline.com)
  • For information on the occurrence of C. auris in Florida and in the United States visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Tracking Candida auris webpage . (floridahealth.gov)
  • Candida cells grow and divide in suspension (planktonic) cultures, but they also form resilient and drug resistant biofilms - organized, tightly- packed communities of cells that attach to surfaces. (sbir.gov)
  • The compound also inhibited the formation of biofilms and eliminated Candida biofilms on a variety of surfaces. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • being described worldwide, most of them involving Candida glabrata and Candida auris strains. (medscape.com)
  • This study was carried out from October 2003 to March 2007 to investigate susceptibility patterns to antifungals of Candida strains isolated from 410 immunocompromised patients in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. (who.int)
  • A recently published study in the journal Molecules found that eugenol could increase the efficacy of fluconazole against clinical Candida strains.2 For the study, the essential oil and methanolic and ethanolic extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Ocimum campechianum Mill. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • syringae and a moderate effect against clinical Candida strains, along with potential synergism with fluconazole. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • Candida auris itself first appeared as four strains on four continents between 2009 and 2015. (cnn.com)
  • Symptoms are different for children who get Candida infections while receiving chemotherapy​ treatment, or other long-term home medications delivered through an IV catheter. (healthychildren.org)
  • The symptoms of candida can be very uncomfortable. (pioneerthinking.com)
  • Since it is not going thru the proper digestive process and into the blood stream instead (where it causes a lot of symptoms of food intolerances ) it then has to be handled by the liver, and this can hamper the liver's ability to help you deal with candida. (curezone.com)
  • Symptoms of the Candida auris vary, but they can include fever and chills. (healthline.com)
  • I had no idea what candida was back then ,but now with this episode , I look back and realized that all of the symptoms I have now, I also used to have occurrences of back in those yrs, but just chalked it up to being fatigued, bloating from food etc,allergies,stuffy nose/sinus, etc. (curezone.com)
  • An excess of candida can cause or contribute to candida symptoms . (davidwolfe.com)
  • If you have these symptoms regularly, you may have candida. (davidwolfe.com)
  • Therefore, candida symptoms may decrease with heavy metal cleansing. (davidwolfe.com)
  • Late last year, the World Health Organization released its first list of " fungal priority pathogens ," including Candida auris. (cnn.com)
  • To describe the epidemiology, strategies for early detection, and clinical management of infections caused by the most commonly found multidrug-resistant (MDR) Candida spp. (medscape.com)
  • We checked all papers published along the last 10 years describing epidemiological, diagnostic, and clinical aspects of infections by MDR Candida spp. (medscape.com)
  • The present study focuses on the epidemiology, detection, and clinical management of infections caused by the most commonly found MDR Candida spp. (medscape.com)
  • Most infants have been exposed to Candida antigen (Ag) even without clinical thrush or Candida diaper dermatitis. (medscape.com)
  • Candida auris Clinical Isolates Associated with Outbreak in Neonatal Unit of Tertiary Academic. (yahoo.com)
  • With this article the authors intend to do a revision of oral infections by Candida spp (Candidosis), presenting its classification, different clinical forms, diagnosis and treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • ABSTRACT Candida dubliniensis is an emerging yeast pathogen isolated mainly from immunocompromised patients. (who.int)
  • Candida auris: a worrisome, globally emerging pathogen. (nih.gov)
  • Houston, Texas- Candida auris, an emerging fungal pathogen resistant to many antimicrobial agents, continues to threaten U.S. public health. (asm.org)
  • Candida haemulonii complex isolates with poor susceptibility to azoles and amphotericin B have been isolated in superficial and deep-seated infections, whereas Candida guilliiermondii complex isolates with poor susceptibility to azoles and echinocandins have been recovered from catheter-related bloodstream infections. (medscape.com)
  • Those most risk of bloodstream infections with Candida include premature or very low birthweight infants, children with long-term intravenous (IV) catheters, and children with weakened immune systems caused by cancers​ or medicines. (healthychildren.org)
  • Evidence of genotypic diversity among Candida auris isolates by multilocus sequence typing, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and amplified fragment length polymorphism. (cdc.gov)
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  • Code unit number xg0019114 saw Proven Competitor To Viagra Cialis Levitra wanted you presentations pharmacy also to diflucan for candida onychomycosis . (terminally-incoherent.com)
  • Viagra is indicated for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men how long should you take diflucan for candida . (apsia.org)
  • That is part of r now how long should you take diflucan for candida . (apsia.org)
  • Avène, Bioderma, Oenobiol, Nuxe, Dodie how long should you take diflucan for candida how long should you take diflucan for candida. (apsia.org)
  • In nature, Candida blankii forms symbiotic relationships with other organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • High-quality, high parts per million (ppm) colloidal silver also works well, as silver ions kill Candida and related infectious organisms. (davidwolfe.com)
  • C auris infections often do not get better with the antifungal medicines that usually treat candida infections. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It's a good thing that there are many ways to treat candida. (pioneerthinking.com)
  • The combined use of eugenol with various antifungals, especially fluconazole, might also be helpful in treating infections caused by drug-resistant Candida . (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • The antibiotic nystatin is often prescribed for children with infections such as oral thrush or a Candida -related diaper rash, for example. (healthychildren.org)
  • therefore, Candida is a conventional Ag used as a positive control for tuberculin skin testing in individuals who are immunocompromised or when disseminated tuberculosis is suspected. (medscape.com)
  • Conventional diets high in cooked starches (bread, baked/fried potatoes, cakes, cookies, pasta), diets loaded with refined carbohydrates (high fructose corn syrup, cane sugar, alcohol) and/or diets rich in fruit sugars (bananas, oranges, melons) all feed candida. (davidwolfe.com)
  • RÉSUMÉ Candida dubliniensis est un nouvelle levure pathogène isolée principalement chez des patients immunodéprimés. (who.int)
  • Until few years ago, the term multidrug-resistant (MDR) Candida spp. (medscape.com)
  • The CDC has called Candida auris an "urgent threat" because it is often multidrug-resistant, easily spreads through health care facilities and can cause deadly disease. (cnn.com)
  • Antibiotics eliminate much of the good intestinal bacteria and allow candida to spread. (davidwolfe.com)
  • Diet intestinal candida intolerance is an conflicting response compensation to feed which does not entail the body s immune system. (nutrihealth.org)
  • digest milk properly (lactose mal digestion ) , by feed poisoning such as ingesting contaminated or spoiled fish, intestinal candida or a food idiosyncrasy such as sulfite-induced asthma. (nutrihealth.org)
  • Milk sugar enzyme An intestinal enzyme intestinal candida that is needed to digest lactose. (nutrihealth.org)
  • Candida Lobes is a humanitarian aid worker specialised in communications and advocacy, working with Doctors without Borders (MSF) since 2017. (aljazeera.com)
  • Candida infections of the esophagus are considered opportunistic infections and are seen most commonly in immunosuppressed patients. (nih.gov)
  • Prophylaxis with antifungal agents have developed the resistance of Candida spp. (bvsalud.org)
  • Infections by fungal pathogens from the Candida clade can be life-threatening in humans, but no diagnostics are available for the rapid detection of Candida in biofilm or planktonic forms. (sbir.gov)
  • Would I then have chronic candida,however after feeding the bacteria so well for those 5 or 6 yrs? (curezone.com)
  • Sometimes outside factors disrupt the balance of Candida and healthy bacteria (microbiome), causing a rash to form in the diaper area of our baby's skin. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • β-1,3-glucan plays a role in Candida biofilm formation and survival of biofilm-forming Candida to stresses. (nih.gov)
  • Because of the potent anti-biofilm capacity of eugenol against Candida , coating medical implant devices with this compound may be practical in preventing implant-associated Candida infections. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • β-1,3-glucanase had no effect on Candida planktonic growth as well as adhesion. (nih.gov)
  • Candida auris is "so invasive" hospitals have had to bring in special equipment to eradicate it, even removing ceiling and floor tiles. (vox.com)
  • Candida diseases include common "yeast infections" that typically do not spread from person to person. (healthline.com)
  • Those suffering from candida typically have had a history of antibiotic and birth control pill use. (davidwolfe.com)
  • Performance of commercial methods for the identification of Candida spp. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Scott Roberts, an infectious-disease specialist at the Yale School of Medicine who was not involved with the new study, warns that the increased prevalence and drug resistance of Candida auris is a serious health threat. (cnn.com)
  • A candida cleanse diet is a more ancestral type of diet, such as a modified raw food or Mediterranean diet. (davidwolfe.com)
  • This candida diet should, without exception, be organic . (davidwolfe.com)
  • Another important point to be aware of - once someone starts the Candida Diet and reduces sugar and carb intake, then other health problems you had but were not aware of will become more apparent. (holistichelp.net)
  • The most clinically informative Ags used for DTH responses are Candida and tetanus Ags, because most individuals are exposed to these Ags as infants. (medscape.com)
  • Also, whose immune system lacks development/nourishment and whose tissues have become acidic due to a prolonged dietary lack of alkaline mineral salts (which come through our food from a healthy soil or ocean), then candida proliferates. (davidwolfe.com)
  • Candida is a modest text font which retains its legibility even in smaller point sizes. (linotype.com)
  • The authors noted that by disrupting fungal cell integrity, eugenol might boost the entry of the antifungal drugs into the Candida cell and enhance treatment efficacy. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • The candida proliferates and adheres to the esophageal mucosa forming white-yellow plaques. (nih.gov)