C(23)-steroids with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a five-membered lactone at C-17. They are aglycone constituents of CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES and must have at least one double bond in the molecule. The class includes cardadienolides and cardatrienolides. Members include DIGITOXIN and DIGOXIN and their derivatives and the STROPHANTHINS.
A plant genus of the family APOCYNACEAE. It is a very poisonous plant that contains cardioactive agents.
The dogbane family of the order Gentianales. Members of the family have milky, often poisonous juice, smooth-margined leaves, and flowers in clusters. Asclepiadacea (formerly the milkweed family) has been included since 1999 and before 1810.
The milkweed plant family of the order Gentianales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. It includes many tropical herbs and shrubby climbers; most with milky juice. Flowers have five united petals. Fruits are podlike, usually with tufted seeds.
The aglycone constituents of CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES. The ring structure is basically a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus attached to a lactone ring at the C-17 position.
A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Plantaginaceae which yield cardiotonic DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDES. The most useful species are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea.
A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. Members contain cardenolide oligoglycosides such as adoniside, adonisidum and alepposide.
A plant family of the order Celastrales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.
Cyclopentanophenanthrenes with a 6-membered lactone ring attached at the 17-position and SUGARS attached at the 3-position. They are found in BUFONIDAE and often possess cardiotonic properties.
One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)
A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665)
Cyclopentanophenanthrenes with a 5- or 6-membered lactone ring attached at the 17-position and SUGARS attached at the 3-position. Plants they come from have long been used in congestive heart failure. They increase the force of cardiac contraction without significantly affecting other parameters, but are very toxic at larger doses. Their mechanism of action usually involves inhibition of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE and they are often used in cell biological studies for that purpose.
A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666)
An enzyme that catalyzes the active transport system of sodium and potassium ions across the cell wall. Sodium and potassium ions are closely coupled with membrane ATPase which undergoes phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, thereby providing energy for transport of these ions against concentration gradients.
A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.
Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often PROTEINS, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants (PLANTS, TOXIC), or ANIMALS.
Alpha- or beta-acetyl derivatives of DIGOXIN or lanatoside C from Digitalis lanata. They are better absorbed and longer acting than digoxin and are used in congestive heart failure.
Cardioactive derivatives of lanatoside A or of DIGITOXIN. They are used for fast digitalization in congestive heart failure.
Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)

A probable relationship between an endogenous digitalis-like substance and concentric cardiac hypertrophy in primary aldosteronism. (1/165)

A 44-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital due to severe hypertension. An electrocardiogram (ECG) and an echocardiogram showed severe left ventricular hypertrophy. Her plasma aldosterone level was elevated. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a small mass in the right adrenal gland. Before removal of the tumor, plasma endogenous digitalis-like substance (EDLS) levels were elevated. After removal of the tumor, EDLS levels quickly returned to the normal level. A series of echocardiograms and ECGs over a 6- year period after removal of the tumor showed marked regression of cardiac hypertrophy. These findings suggest that EDLS may be closely related to the development of concentric cardiac hypertrophy in primary aldosteronism.  (+info)

Increases in plasma ouabainlike immunoreactivity during surgical extirpation of pheochromocytoma. (2/165)

The ouabainlike factor (OLF) is thought to be an important modulator of salt and water metabolism. Plasma OLF could be derived from the central nervous system and/or the adrenal gland. Since the adrenal medulla is of neural origin, the cytology of pheochromocytoma of adrenomedullary origin resembles that of neuronal cells. Ouabainlike immunoreactivity (OLI) is, in fact, present in the adrenal medulla as shown by immunohistochemistry. The plasma levels of catecholamines and OLI were significantly elevated during surgical extirpation of pheochromocytoma in this case. To clarify the origin of circulating OLI in a patient with pheochromocytoma, the relationship between plasma OLI and catecholamines during adrenalectomy was investigated. Plasma catecholamine levels exceeded the normal reference interval, and plasma OLI was positively correlated with the patient's plasma level of norepinephrine. The peak level during operation was about 10 times higher than the baseline level. Both levels reached a maximum when the tumor was mechanically pressed, and then gradually decreased thereafter. The level of OLI in the tumor was higher than that of the normal adrenal cortex. When OLI in the tumor was characterized by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, the retention time of OLI corresponded with that of authentic ouabain. These results suggest that the circulating OLI in this patients was derived mainly from the pheochromocytoma of adrenomedullary origin.  (+info)

Brain "ouabain" and angiotensin II contribute to cardiac dysfunction after myocardial infarction. (3/165)

In chronic heart failure (CHF), sympathetic activity increases in parallel with the impairment of left ventricle (LV) function, and sympathetic hyperactivity has been postulated to contribute to the progression of heart failure. In the brain, compounds with ouabain-like activity ("ouabain," for brevity) and the renin-angiotensin system contribute to sympathetic hyperactivity in rats with CHF after myocardial infarction (MI). In the present studies, we assessed whether, in rats, chronic blockade of brain "ouabain" or the brain renin-angiotensin system inhibits the post-MI LV dysfunction. In rats, an MI was induced by acute coronary artery ligation. At either 0.5 or 4 wk post-MI, chronic treatment with Fab fragments for blocking brain "ouabain" or with losartan for blocking brain AT(1) receptors was started and continued until 8 wk post-MI using osmotic minipumps connected to intracerebroventricular cannulas. At 8 wk post-MI, in conscious rats, LV pressures were measured at rest and in response to volume and pressure overload, followed by LV passive pressure-volume curves in vitro. At 8 wk post-MI, control MI rats exhibited clear increases in LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) at rest and in response to pressure and volume overload. LV pressure-volume curves in vitro showed a marked shift to the right. Intravenous administration of the Fab fragments or losartan at rates used for central blockade did not affect these parameters. In contrast, chronic central blockade with either Fab fragments or losartan significantly lowered LVEDP at rest (only in 0.5- to 8-wk groups) and particularly in response to pressure or volume overload. LV dilation, as assessed from LV pressure-volume curves, was also significantly inhibited. These results indicate that chronic blockade of brain "ouabain" or brain AT(1) receptors substantially inhibits development of LV dilation and dysfunction in rats post-MI.  (+info)

Sodium pump inhibition and regional expression of sodium pump alpha-isoforms in lens. (4/165)

Both hypertension and cataract formation have been associated with reductions in sodium pump activity, possibly as a result of an endogenous inhibitor. The objective of the present study was to answer 4 closely related questions: (1) Is the lens sodium pump effectively inhibited by a labile, digitalis-like factor we have identified in the peritoneal dialysate from hypertensive patients in end-stage renal failure? (2) How does that inhibition compare to that induced by ouabain? (3) Does sodium pump isoform distribution determine the degree of lens sodium pump inhibition? (This question was precipitated by the unanticipated finding that the labile DLF was more effective in inhibiting lens sodium pump than was anticipated.) (4) Is sodium pump activity altered in lens in response to increased salt intake, a maneuver known to increase endogenous digitalis-like factor? We found that whereas ouabain produced equivalent or significantly less inhibition of lens Na(+), K(+)-ATPase from calf or rabbit, respectively, compared with brain, labile digitalis-like factor preferentially inhibited lens compared with brain. Analysis of whole-lens preparations from rabbit, calf, and normal human lens revealed substantial alpha2- and alpha3-isoforms of the sodium pump but little alpha1-isoform. Ouabain inhibition of whole-lens Na(+),K(+)-ATPase from rabbit and calf were comparable: for rabbit lens, K(i)=5.2x10(-7) mol/L; for calf lens, K(i)=1.0x10(-6) mol/L. Limited quantities of labile digitalis-like factor prohibited similar determinations; however, its concentration-activity profile paralleled that of ouabain. Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity, measured in the 3 major anatomic regions of lens and normalized to nucleus, was greatest in epithelium (56. 9+/-17.9) compared with cortex (5.8+/-1.4) and nucleus (1.0+/-0.0; P=0.01). Immunohistochemistry of rabbit lens found abundant alpha2- and alpha3-isoforms in epithelium and limited alpha3 but undetectable alpha1 in cortex and nucleus. Finally, rats randomized to a high Na diet showed significantly reduced lens Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity compared with those on a low Na diet, consistent with the effects of a sodium pump inhibitor. In conclusion, the present study suggests that digitalis-like factor may provide a link between hypertension and cataract formation.  (+info)

Recent aspects in the genetic renal mechanisms involved in hypertension. (5/165)

The kidney plays an important role in the blood pressure regulation primarily by modulating tubular sodium reabsorption. Various hormones, vasoactive peptides, autacoids and transporters or channels in renal tubules are involved in this process. Genes associated with renal tubular sodium handling are possibly related to the development of hypertension. Genes of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are thought to be especially important as causal genes of hypertension. Na-K-ATPase, biochemically equal to Na pump, exists on the basolateral membrane of renal epithelial cells. It plays a central role in Na reabsorption and creates a driving force for transepithelial transport. Na-K-ATPase activity is regulated by adducin, a membrane-bound skeletal protein, as well as by several hormones such as dopamine, endogenous ouabain-like factor or cytochrome P450 metabolites. Genes of these factors involved in Na-K-ATPase regulation should be related to the development of hypertension. The endothelin system, atrial natriuretic peptide and nitric oxide regulate the tonus of blood vessels as well as renal sodium excretion. Several reports have indicated that genes of these substances are crucial in the pathogenesis of hypertension.  (+info)

Increased digitalis-like immunoreactive substances in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. (6/165)

AIMS: Although increased digitalis-like immunoreactive substances have been found in cases of hypertension and heart failure, no information is available about digitalis-like immunoreactive substances in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. We investigated digitalis-like immunoreactive substances in the plasma and biopsied specimens of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 40 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (27 with the non-obstructive type and 13 with the obstructive type), the plasma concentration of digitalis-like immunoreactive substances was studied by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy specimens were analysed immunohistochemically, using a monoclonal antibody against digoxin. An increase in digitalis-like immunoreactive substances of more than 0.2 ng. ml(-1)in plasma was found in six of 27 patients with non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (22.2%) and five of 13 with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (38.4%). Under light microscopy, positive staining against the antibody was observed heterogeneously on some cardiocytes. In non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, digitalis-like immunoreactive substances in the plasma correlated with the left atrial dimension and inversely with the cardiac index. In obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, plasma and myocardial digitalis-like immunoreactive substances were positively correlated; they also correlated with left ventricular end-diastolic pressures. Under electron microscopy, digitalis-like immunoreactive substances were detected at the sarcolemma in the free wall, T-tubules, intercalated discs and Z-bands of cardiocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Increased digitalis-like immunoreactive substances in plasma and cardiocytes, which may have been caused by pressure and/or volume overload, were found in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Digitalis-like immunoreactive substances may act on the sarcolemma of cardiocytes and be transported into the cytoplasm.  (+info)

Interleukin-13 prevents diaphragm muscle deterioration in a septic animal model. (7/165)

The effects of an intravenous injection of Interleukin-13 (IL-13) after endotoxin administration on diaphragm muscle were studied using Wistar rats. Two treatment groups, a control (saline+endotoxin) group and an IL-13 (IL-13+endotoxin) group were studied. E. coli endotoxin (10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 5 minutes after saline or IL-13 (0.25 microg) injection. The force-frequency curves, twitch kinetics and fatigability were measured at 0 and 4 hours after endotoxin injection. The force-frequency curves and twitch tension in the control group were significantly lower at 4 hours than those at 0 hour due to endotoxin. On the other hand, IL-13 prevented the decrement of the force-frequency curves and twitch tension induced by endotoxin. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase histochemistry showed positive staining at 4 hours due to endotoxin in the control group; however, IL-13 also blocked NADPH diaphorase staining at 4 hours. Furthermore, the positive muscle fibers detected by the NADPH diaphorase staining were classified as type I (slow twitch) muscle fibers by ATPase staining. We conclude that IL-13 prevents the deterioration of contraction induced by endotoxin by inhibiting nitric oxide production in the diaphragm muscle, mainly the type I muscle fibers.  (+info)

Cardiac glycosides stimulate Ca2+ increases and apoptosis in androgen-independent, metastatic human prostate adenocarcinoma cells. (8/165)

Cardiac glycosides are used clinically to increase contractile force in patients with cardiac disorders. Their mechanism of action is well established and involves inhibition of the plasma membrane Na+/K+-ATPase, leading to alterations in intracellular K+ and Ca(2+) levels. Here, we report that the cardiac glycosides oleandrin, ouabain, and digoxin induce apoptosis in androgen-independent human prostate cancer cell lines in vitro. Cell death was associated with early release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, followed by proteolytic processing of caspases 8 and 3. Oleandrin also promoted caspase activation, detected by cleavage poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and hydrolysis of a peptide substrate (DEVD-pNA). Comparison of the rates of apoptosis in poorly metastatic PC3 M-Pro4 and highly metastatic PC3 M-LN4 subclones demonstrated that cell death was delayed in the latter because of a delay in mitochondrial cytochrome c release. Single-cell imaging of intracellular Ca(2+) fluxes demonstrated that the proapoptotic effects of the cardiac glycosides were linked to their abilities to induce sustained Ca(2+) increases in the cells. Our results define a novel activity for cardiac glycosides that could prove relevant to the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.  (+info)

Cardenolides are a type of steroid compound that are found in certain plants and animals. These compounds have a characteristic structure that includes a five-membered lactone ring, which is attached to a steroid nucleus. Cardenolides are well known for their toxicity to many organisms, including humans, and they have been used for both medicinal and poisonous purposes.

One of the most famous cardenolides is digitoxin, which is derived from the foxglove plant (Digitalis purpurea). Digitoxin has been used as a medication to treat heart conditions such as congestive heart failure, as it can help to strengthen heart contractions and regulate heart rhythm. However, because of its narrow therapeutic index and potential for toxicity, digitoxin is not commonly used today.

Other cardenolides include ouabain, which is found in the seeds of the African plant Acokanthera ouabaio, and bufadienolides, which are found in the skin and parotid glands of toads. These compounds have also been studied for their potential medicinal uses, but they are not widely used in clinical practice due to their toxicity.

It is important to note that cardenolides can be highly toxic to humans and animals, and exposure to these compounds can cause a range of symptoms including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, and even death. As such, it is essential to use caution when handling or coming into contact with plants or animals that contain cardenolides.

I am not aware of a specific medical definition for "Nerium." However, Nerium is a genus of plants in the dogwood family, and its most common species is Nerium oleander, also known as oleander. Oleander is a toxic plant that can cause serious health problems if ingested or touched. Its symptoms include nausea, vomiting, seizures, irregular heartbeat, and even death in severe cases. It's essential to keep oleander away from children, pets, and livestock and seek immediate medical attention if any part of the plant is accidentally ingested.

Apocynaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes shrubs, trees, and vines. It's also known as the dogbane or milkweed family. The plants in this family have milky sap and contain toxic compounds, which can be harmful or even fatal to animals and humans if ingested. Some well-known members of Apocynaceae include the various species of milkweeds (Asclepias spp.), oleander (Nerium oleander), and periwinkle (Vinca spp.).

The family is characterized by having opposite leaves, flowers with five petals and five sepals, and a superior ovary. The fruits are usually paired follicles that contain numerous seeds with tufts of hair to aid in wind dispersal. Many species in this family have medicinal or toxic properties, and some have economic importance as ornamental plants, sources of fiber, or for their use in traditional medicine.

Asclepiadaceae is a former family of flowering plants that is now considered to be part of the larger family Apocynaceae. It was named after Asclepius, the Greek god of medicine and healing, due to the medicinal properties of some of its members. The plants in this family are primarily tropical or subtropical vines, shrubs, and trees that have milky sap and opposite leaves. They are known for their unique flower structure, which includes a corona of fleshy, modified stamens surrounding the central reproductive structures. Some examples of plants that were once classified in Asclepiadaceae include milkweeds (Asclepias spp.), periwinkles (Catharanthus roseus), and mandevillas (Mandevilla spp.).

Cardanolides are a type of steroid compound that are found in certain plants, particularly in the family Apocynaceae. These compounds have a characteristic structure that includes a five-membered lactone ring attached to a steroid nucleus, and they are known for their ability to inhibit the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase) in animal cells. This property makes cardanolides toxic to many organisms, including humans, and they have been used as heart poisons and insecticides.

One of the most well-known cardanolides is ouabain, which is found in the seeds of several African plants and has been used traditionally as a medicine for various purposes, including as a heart stimulant and a poison for hunting. Other examples of cardanolides include digoxin and digitoxin, which are derived from the foxglove plant (Digitalis purpurea) and are used in modern medicine to treat heart failure and atrial arrhythmias.

It's worth noting that while cardanolides have important medical uses, they can also be highly toxic if ingested or otherwise introduced into the body in large amounts. Therefore, it's essential to use these compounds only under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.

'Digitalis' is a medication that is derived from the foxglove plant (Digitalis purpurea). It contains cardiac glycosides, primarily digoxin and digitoxin, which have positive inotropic effects on the heart muscle, increasing its contractility. Digitalis is primarily used to treat various types of heart failure and atrial arrhythmias. It works by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump in heart muscle cells, leading to an increase in intracellular calcium and enhanced cardiac muscle contraction.

It's important to note that digitalis has a narrow therapeutic index, meaning that the difference between a therapeutic and toxic dose is small. Therefore, it requires careful monitoring of serum drug levels and clinical response to ensure safe and effective use. Common side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, as well as visual disturbances and cardiac arrhythmias.

I have searched through several medical dictionaries and resources, but I could not find a specific medical definition for the term "Adonis." In general usage, "Adonis" is a name derived from Greek mythology, referring to a handsome young man. It is sometimes used metaphorically to describe an attractive or handsome person. However, it does not have a direct application in medical terminology.

Celastraceae is a family of flowering plants, also known as the staff tree or bittersweet family. It includes trees, shrubs, and woody climbers that are found in tropical and temperate regions around the world. The plants in this family have simple, opposite leaves and small, usually greenish-white flowers. Many species in Celastraceae produce brightly colored fruits, such as berries or capsules, which contain seeds that are dispersed by birds and other animals. Some well-known members of this family include the bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), staff tree (Celastrus articulatus), and crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica).

Bufanolides are a type of chemical compound that are found naturally in certain plants and animals, particularly in the skin secretions of toads from the genus Bufo. These compounds have a steroid-like structure and can have various pharmacological effects, such as diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and cardiotonic activities. Some bufanolides are also known to have toxic or hallucinogenic properties.

In medical contexts, bufanolides may be studied for their potential therapeutic uses, but they are not currently used as medications in clinical practice due to their narrow therapeutic index and potential toxicity. It is important to note that the use of toad secretions or products containing bufanolides as alternative medicine or recreational drugs can be dangerous and is not recommended.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Madagascar" is not a medical term. It is actually the fourth-largest island country in the world, located in the Indian Ocean, off the southeastern coast of Africa. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I'd be happy to help answer those!

Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside drug that is derived from the foxglove plant (Digitalis lanata). It is used in the treatment of various heart conditions, particularly congestive heart failure and certain types of arrhythmias. Digitoxin works by increasing the force of heart muscle contractions and slowing the heart rate, which helps to improve the efficiency of the heart's pumping action.

Like other cardiac glycosides, digitoxin inhibits the sodium-potassium pump in heart muscle cells, leading to an increase in intracellular calcium levels and a strengthening of heart muscle contractions. However, digitoxin has a longer half-life than other cardiac glycosides such as digoxin, which means that it stays in the body for a longer period of time and may require less frequent dosing.

Digitoxin is available in tablet form and is typically prescribed at a low dose, with regular monitoring of blood levels to ensure safe and effective use. Common side effects of digitoxin include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and dizziness. In rare cases, it can cause more serious side effects such as arrhythmias or toxicity, which may require hospitalization and treatment with medications or other interventions.

Cardiac glycosides are a group of naturally occurring compounds that have a toxic effect on the heart. They are found in certain plants, including foxglove and lily of the valley, as well as in some toads and beetles. The most well-known cardiac glycoside is digoxin, which is derived from the foxglove plant and is used as a medication to treat heart failure and atrial arrhythmias.

Cardiac glycosides work by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump in heart muscle cells, leading to an increase in intracellular calcium levels. This increases the force of heart contractions, which can be beneficial in treating heart failure. However, if the dose is too high, cardiac glycosides can also cause dangerous arrhythmias and even death.

It's important for healthcare professionals to carefully monitor patients taking cardiac glycosides, as the therapeutic and toxic doses are very close together. Additionally, certain medications and medical conditions can interact with cardiac glycosides and increase the risk of toxicity.

Digoxin is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called cardiac glycosides. It is used to treat various heart conditions, such as heart failure and atrial fibrillation, by helping the heart beat stronger and more regularly. Digoxin works by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump in heart muscle cells, which leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and a strengthening of heart contractions. It is important to monitor digoxin levels closely, as too much can lead to toxicity and serious side effects.

Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase (also known as Na+/K+ ATPase) is a type of active transporter found in the cell membrane of many types of cells. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the electrochemical gradient and membrane potential of animal cells by pumping sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and potassium ions (K+) into the cell, using energy derived from ATP hydrolysis.

This transporter is composed of two main subunits: a catalytic α-subunit that contains the binding sites for Na+, K+, and ATP, and a regulatory β-subunit that helps in the proper targeting and functioning of the pump. The Na+/K+ ATPase plays a critical role in various physiological processes, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and kidney function.

In summary, Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase is an essential membrane protein that uses energy from ATP to transport sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane, thereby maintaining ionic gradients and membrane potentials necessary for normal cellular function.

Ouabain is defined as a cardiac glycoside, a type of steroid, that is found in the seeds and roots of certain plants native to Africa. It is used in medicine as a digitalis-like agent to increase the force of heart contractions and slow the heart rate, particularly in the treatment of congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Ouabain functions by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase) in the cell membrane, leading to an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium ions, which ultimately enhances cardiac muscle contractility. It is also known as g-strophanthin or ouabaine.

Biological toxins are poisonous substances that are produced by living organisms such as bacteria, plants, and animals. They can cause harm to humans, animals, or the environment. Biological toxins can be classified into different categories based on their mode of action, such as neurotoxins (affecting the nervous system), cytotoxins (damaging cells), and enterotoxins (causing intestinal damage).

Examples of biological toxins include botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria, tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria, ricin toxin from the castor bean plant, and saxitoxin produced by certain types of marine algae.

Biological toxins can cause a range of symptoms depending on the type and amount of toxin ingested or exposed to, as well as the route of exposure (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, skin contact). They can cause illnesses ranging from mild to severe, and some can be fatal if not treated promptly and effectively.

Prevention and control measures for biological toxins include good hygiene practices, vaccination against certain toxin-producing bacteria, avoidance of contaminated food or water sources, and personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling or working with potential sources of toxins.

Acetyldigoxin is not a recognized or commonly used term in medicine or pharmacology. It's possible that you may have misspelled or misremembered the name of a specific medication. One possibility is that you are referring to "digoxin," which is a medication derived from the digitalis plant and is used to treat heart conditions such as congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation.

If you have any further questions or concerns about medications or medical terms, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional or using a reliable medical reference source.

Acetyldigitoxins are a group of cardiac glycosides that are derived from the digitalis plant. They are formed by the acetylation of digitoxins, which are the toxic principles found in the leaves of the digitalis purpurea (foxglove) plant. Acetyldigitoxins have similar pharmacological effects as digitoxins and are used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and certain cardiac arrhythmias.

The acetylation of digitoxins results in the formation of several compounds, including acetyldigitoxin, diacetyldigitoxin, and triacetyldigitoxin. These compounds have slightly different chemical structures but similar biological activities. They act by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump in heart muscle cells, which leads to an increase in intracellular calcium levels and a strengthening of heart contractions.

Like other cardiac glycosides, acetyldigitoxins must be used with caution due to their narrow therapeutic index. They can cause serious adverse effects, including nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, visual disturbances, and cardiac arrhythmias, if the dosage is not carefully monitored.

Glycosides are organic compounds that consist of a glycone (a sugar component) linked to a non-sugar component, known as an aglycone, via a glycosidic bond. They can be found in various plants, microorganisms, and some animals. Depending on the nature of the aglycone, glycosides can be classified into different types, such as anthraquinone glycosides, cardiac glycosides, and saponin glycosides.

These compounds have diverse biological activities and pharmacological effects. For instance:

* Cardiac glycosides, like digoxin and digitoxin, are used in the treatment of heart failure and certain cardiac arrhythmias due to their positive inotropic (contractility-enhancing) and negative chronotropic (heart rate-slowing) effects on the heart.
* Saponin glycosides have potent detergent properties and can cause hemolysis (rupture of red blood cells). They are used in various industries, including cosmetics and food processing, and have potential applications in drug delivery systems.
* Some glycosides, like amygdalin found in apricot kernels and bitter almonds, can release cyanide upon hydrolysis, making them potentially toxic.

It is important to note that while some glycosides have therapeutic uses, others can be harmful or even lethal if ingested or otherwise introduced into the body in large quantities.

A cardenolide is a type of steroid. Many plants contain derivatives, collectively known as cardenolides, including many in the ... Cardenolides are a class of steroids (or aglycones if viewed as cardiac glycoside constituents), and cardenolides are a subtype ... The cardenolide content in butterflies deters most vertebrate predators, except a few which have evolved to become cardenolide- ... form of cardenolide glycosides (cardenolides that contain structural groups derived from sugars). Cardenolide glycosides are ...
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Hugentobler, U.; Renwick, J. A. A. (1995). "Effects of plant nutrition on the balance of insect relevant cardenolides and ... Grafting experiments and genetic crosses indicate that cardenolides are produced in the leaves of E. cheiranthoides and are ... Cardenolides reported in E. cheiranthoides seeds include strophanthidin, digitoxigenin, cannogenol, erychroside, erysimoside, ... Pieris rapae tarsal sensilla respond to both glucosinolates and cardenolides, indicating that these compounds are detected on ...
Singh, Bhagirath; Rastogi, R.P. (February 1970). "Cardenolides-glycosides and genins". Phytochemistry. 9 (2): 315-331. doi: ... "Cardenolides, toxicity, and the costs of sequestration in the coevolutionary interaction between monarchs and milkweeds". ...
... , a cardenolide, is the aglycone of digitoxin. Digitoxigenin can be used to prepare actodigin. In Lednicer's book ... "Synthetic Cardenolides and Related Products. III. Isocardenolides". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 52 (9): 1652-1661. doi: ... Cardenolides, Diols, All stub articles, Steroid stubs). ...
Many insects acquire toxins from their food plants; Danaus caterpillars accumulate toxic cardenolides from milkweeds ( ...
... is a cardenolide glycoside extracted from Convallaria majalis. Viqar Uddin Ahmad & Anwer Basha (2006). ... ISBN 978-0-387-31162-3. Komissarenko, N. F.; Stupakova, E. P. (1986). "Neoconvalloside - a cardenolide glycoside from plants of ... Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides: Cardenolides and Pregnanes. Vol. 4. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-39576-0_386. ... Cardenolides, Aldehydes, Rhamnosides, All stub articles, Steroid stubs). ...
... produces cardenolide chemicals. Digitalis minor is endemic to the eastern Balearic Islands, where it occurs on ... Sales, Ester; Muñoz-Bertomeu, Jesús; Arrillaga, Isabel; Segura, Juan (June 2007). "Enhancement of cardenolide and phytosterol ... and expression of the new gene resulted in an increased sterol and cardenolide production in the resultant plants. "Digitalis ...
The bulbs contain alkaloids and cardenolides, which are toxic. Ornithogalum has been listed as one of the 38 plants used to ...
3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and ... 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and ... Many species of milkweed contain toxic cardiac glycosides (cardenolides). Monarch caterpillars deter predators by incorporating ...
The evolution of novel chemical defenses in plants, such as cardenolides in the genus Erysimum, is predicted to allow escape ... Makarevich, I. F.; Zhernoklev, K. V.; Slyusarskaya, T. V.; Yarmolenko, G. N. (May 1994). "Cardenolide-containing plants of the ... and Phyllotreta sp., were deterred from feeding by cardenolides that were applied to their preferred food plants. Consistent ... Sachdev-Gupta, K.; Radke, Cd.; Renwick, J. A. A.; Dimock, M. B. (1993). "Cardenolides from Erysimum cheiranthoides: Feeding ...
Cardenolide Cardiac glycoside Phytochemical Hostettmann, K.; A. Marston (1995). Saponins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ...
1992). "Effectiveness of cardenolides as feeding deterrents to Peromyscus mice". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 18 (9): 1559-1575 ... Unusually, they are able to tolerate very bitter cardenolide chemicals, allowing them to consume relatively large quantities of ...
All parts of E. crepidifolium are toxic due to their cardenolide content. There are at least 20 different cardenolides in the ... Among 48 tested Erysimum species, E. crepidifolium had the highest cardenolide content in the leaves, at least three-fold ... Progesterone 5β-reductase, which was initially proposed as an enzyme of cardenolide biosynthesis in Digitalis, also has been ... Makarevich, I. F.; Zhernoklev, K. V.; Slyusarskaya, T. V.; Yarmolenko, G. N. (1994). "Cardenolide-containing plants of the ...
It is a common feeder on Apocynum cannabinum (dogbane, Indian hemp) which produces a milky latex containing cardenolides, toxic ... Cycnia tenera tenera Cycnia tenera sciurus (Boisduval, 1869) James A. Cohen & Lincoln P. Brower (1983). "Cardenolide ...
"Toxic cardenolides: chemical ecology and coevolution of specialized plant-herbivore interactions". New Phytologist. 194 (1): 28 ... "Cytotoxic Cardenolide and Sterols from Calotropis Gigantea". Natural Product Communications. 6 (6): 803-806. doi:10.1177/ ...
... from 5β-cardenolide-free and 5β-cardenolide-producing angiosperms". Phytochemistry. 71 (13): 1495-1505. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem ... Cardenolides such as calotropin inhibit the sodium-potassium pump, Na+/K+-ATPase. This enzyme is responsible for active ... However, it is believed that many cardenolides are synthesized in plants by a similar process, but this process is not yet well ... Calotropin is a toxic compound and is classified as a cardenolide-type cardiac glycoside. These molecules are related to ...
"Functional receptor mapping for modified cardenolides: Use of the PROPHET system." 1979. 259-279. Weeks, Charles M., et al. " ...
Further, it is one of the very lowest Asclepias species in cardenolide content, making it a poor source of protection from bird ... Though cardenolides are considered to be characteristic constituents of Asclepias spp. together with pregnane glycosides, we ... 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and ... 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and ...
It has been found that monarchs are able to sequester cardenolides most effectively from plants of intermediate cardenolide ... Monarchs and other cardenolide-resistant insects rely on a resistant form of the Na+/ K+-ATPase enzyme to tolerate ... The latex of A. tuberosa seems to be different from other Asclepias species due to the fact that even though cardenolides are ... As a result, these orioles and grosbeaks periodically have high levels of cardenolides in their bodies, and they are forced to ...
Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutions in the Na,K-ATPase. Proceedings ... "Predictability in the evolution of Orthopteran cardenolide insensitivity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of ... neofunctionalization of Atpα1 have been observed in insects that are adapted to cardiotonic steroid toxins such as cardenolides ...
Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutions in the Na,K-ATPase. Proceedings ... "Predictability in the evolution of Orthopteran cardenolide insensitivity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of ...
Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutions in the Na,K-ATPase. Proceedings ... "Predictability in the evolution of Orthopteran cardenolide insensitivity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of ...
The cardenolide syriogenin was isolated from the root. English: snakewort, tusilla French: herbe aux serpents, racine de ...
Digitalis purpurea L.). As the plant contains cardenolides, all parts are toxic. Its leaves contain 0.2% glycosides of the ...
Research indicates that the very high cardenolide content of this species reduces the impact of the OE parasite, Ophryocystis ... By contrast, some species of Asclepias are extremely poor sources of cardenolides. Morris, Gail M.; Kline, Christopher; Morris ...
These cardenolides are not destroyed by drying or heating and they are very similar to digoxin from Digitalis purpurea. They ... The main toxins are the cardenolides called thevetin A and thevetin B; others include peruvoside, neriifolin, thevetoxin and ...
Common defenses include cardiac glycosides (or cardenolides), pyrrolizidine alkaloids, pyrazines, and histamines. Larvae ...
If threatened, the beetle can secrete the cardenolides as a defense mechanism. Cardenolides bind to and block the Na+/K+-ATPase ... Plants in this genus contain toxins (cardenolides) that, when ingested, are fatal to many organisms, including humans, causing ... However, the dogbane beetle is able to consume the plant and compartmentalize the cardenolides into glands. ... especially because this same mutation has been shown in the cardenolide-insensitive monarch butterfly. Adult male and female ...
Stuhlemmer U, Kreis W (1996). "Cardenolide formation and activity of pregnane-modifying enzymes in cell suspension cultures, ... Seitz HU, Gaertner DE (1994). "Enzymes in cardenolide-accumulating shoot cultures of Digitalis purpurea". Plant Cell. 38: 337- ...
A cardenolide is a type of steroid. Many plants contain derivatives, collectively known as cardenolides, including many in the ... Cardenolides are a class of steroids (or aglycones if viewed as cardiac glycoside constituents), and cardenolides are a subtype ... The cardenolide content in butterflies deters most vertebrate predators, except a few which have evolved to become cardenolide- ... form of cardenolide glycosides (cardenolides that contain structural groups derived from sugars). Cardenolide glycosides are ...
... in Jena are investigating the previously largely unknown biosynthetic pathway that leads to the formation of cardenolides in ... "Tracking down the formation of cardenolides in plants." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com. /. releases. /. 2023. /. 09. /. ... "In addition to their effect on the contractility of the heart, cardenolides have been used with great success in recent years ... "The tissue-specific localization of the cardenolides was crucial for using the genetic data sets in a way that allowed the ...
Researchers study the formation of cardenolides in plants. By Isabel. 12/10/2023 News, Plant Science ... "In addition to their effect on the contractility of the heart, cardenolides have been used with great success in recent years ... "The tissue-specific localization of the cardenolides was crucial for using the genetic data sets in a way that allowed the ... Since the second half of the 19th century, cardenolides, cardiac glycosides from plants, have been used to treat of heart ...
Cardenolides Are Toxic to Many Animals. Cardenolides are found in a number of flowering plants. The plants are poisonous to ...
Tracking down the formation of cardenolides in plants. 22.09.2023. / Life Sciences and Chemistry ...
Cardenolides / pharmacology* * Cardiac Glycosides / pharmacology* * Cell Proliferation / drug effects* * Enzyme Inhibitors / ...
Constituents: Cardenolides based on digitoxigenin Alkaloids such as asparagine & atropurpurine Sterols; euonysterol, ...
What were reading: GWA with low coverage and rare variants, cardenolide resistance, and felony experimentation. Posted on 3 ... Stepwise evolution of resistance to toxic cardenolides via genetic substitutions in the Na+/K+-ATPase of milkweed butterflies ( ...
Antidotes for acute cardenolide (cardiac glycoside) poisoning. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18. CD005490. [QxMD MEDLINE ...
Title: MILKWEED SEEDMEAL, CARDENOLIDE EXTRACTION AND USE AS A NEMATOCIDE Author. Harry O Kuru, Rogers ... Cardiac glycosides (cardenolides) are endemic in milkweed plants, Asclepias, spp., and may hinder utilization of the seed as an ... A procedure for separating the cardenolides from milkweed seedmeal has also been developed. ...
Singh, Bhagirath; Rastogi, R.P. (February 1970). "Cardenolides-glycosides and genins". Phytochemistry. 9 (2): 315-331. doi: ... "Cardenolides, toxicity, and the costs of sequestration in the coevolutionary interaction between monarchs and milkweeds" ...
Antidotes for acute cardenolide (cardiac glycoside) poisoning. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18. CD005490. [QxMD MEDLINE ...
Milkweeds are rich in cardenolides and other secondary metabolites, placing strong selective pressure on their herbivores71,72 ... Jones, P. L., Petschenka, G., Flacht, L. & Agrawal, A. A. Cardenolide intake, sequestration, and excretion by the monarch ... It remains unclear whether cardenolide tolerance confers cross-resistance to clothianidin. However, a direct comparison between ... tropical and swamp milkweeds are notable for having extremely high and low levels of cardenolides, respectively51. Similarly, ...
Administration, Oral, Blood Proteins/metabolism, Cardenolides, Cosyntropin/administration & dosage, Dexamethasone/ ... Cardenolides; Cosyntropin/administration & dosage; Dexamethasone/administration & dosage; Digoxin; Humans; Hydrocortisone/blood ...
Yellow oleander contains the cardenolide thevetin B, which has the same clinical effects as other cardenolides, such as digoxin ... A repeat ECG 12 hours later again demonstrated evidence of cardenolide toxicity. The patient received a second dose of FAB, and ... and scooped ST segments consistent with cardenolide toxicity. At the direction of NJPIES, a serum digoxin assay was obtained ...
Researchers study the formation of cardenolides in plants. Sep 18, 2023. Global guidelines to improve the quality of microscopy ...
Predictability in the evolution of Orthopteran cardenolide insensitivity.. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 374(1777): ...
Cardenolide glycosides and derivatives are compounds containing a carbohydrate glycosidically bound to the cardenolide moiety. ... Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cardenolide glycosides and derivatives. ...
Grosbeaks eat the entire abdomen and can tolerate higher levels of cardenolides. These two bird account for over 60 percent of ... 1968). Being distasteful due to ingestion by larvae and sequestration by adults of cardenolides that are toxic to birds, ... Evolutionary and ecological implications of cardenolide sequestration in the monarch butterfly. Cellular and Molecular Life ... since it was shown that monarch females prefer plants with intermediate cardenolide level, rejecting higher and lower level- ...
"Cardenolide Fingerprint of Monarch Butterflies Reared on Common Milkweed, Asclepias Syriaca L." Journal of Chemical Ecology 15 ... "Milkweed Cardenolides and Their Comparative Processing by Monarch Butterflies (Danaus Plexippus L.)." In Biochemical ... "Birds Can Overcome the Cardenolide Defence of Monarch Butterflies in Mexico." Nature 291, no. 5810 (1981): 67-70.Malcolm, S. B ... "Palatability Dynamics of Cardenolides in the Monarch Butterfly." Nature 249, no. 5454 (1974): 280-283. ...
The authors wrote that cardenolides do their damage by inserting themselves into a specific binding pocket on a protein pump ... Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutions in the Na,K-ATPase. Proceedings ... Alongside many other plants, its leaf tissues contain cardenolide poisons as a natural defense. ... scientists dug deep into the genetics and biochemistry of 18 different kinds of insects that all live on cardenolide-producing ...
Cardenolides are a class of medically valuable steroids obtained from plants. They have been used to treat heart failure and ... The research team plans to continue studying the downstream steps of cardenolide biosynthesis and hope to solve this complex ... both plants produce high levels of cardenolides. The researchers used comparative analysis of genomic, transcriptomic, and ... Ecology have made significant progress in understanding the biosynthetic pathway responsible for the formation of cardenolides ...
Antidotes for acute cardenolide (cardiac glycoside) poisoning (review). The Cochrane Collaboration 2007 ...
Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides Volume 3: Spirostanes, Bufanolides, Cardenolides (Ahmad). 348.00. ... Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides Volume 4: Cardenolides and Pregnanes (Ahmad). 384.00. ...
Cardenolides are the toxins found in milkweed and make monarch butterflies poisonous to predators. ... These toxins, which are called cardenolides, make the monarch butterfly poisonous to most predators. But, there are some ... One significant limitation is that not all species of milkweed contain the same concentration of cardenolides. For example, the ... Despite their poisonous nature, some predators have developed a resistance to cardenolides. Two notable examples are the black- ...
Promiscuous CYP87A enzyme activity initiates cardenolide biosynthesis in plants. Nature Plants (2023) ...
Cingoz, G.S.; Gurel, E. Effects of salicylic acid on thermotolerance and cardenolide accumulation under high temperature stress ...
The butterflies lay their eggs on the soft underside of these leaves, which contain natural cardiac glycosides or cardenolides ...
A chemical investigation of Digitalis purpurea seeds led to the isolation of three new cardenolide glycosides (1, 8 and 11), ... New Cardenolide Glycosides from the Seeds of Digitalis purpurea and Their Cytotoxic Activity ... together with 12 known cardenolide glycosides (2-7, 9, 10 and 12-15). The structures of 1, 8 and 11 were determined by 1D and ...
  • The cardenolide content in butterflies deters most vertebrate predators, except a few which have evolved to become cardenolide-tolerant, such as the black-backed orioles (Icterus abeillei Lesson) and black-headed grosbeaks (Pheucticus melanocephalus Swainson) that account for 60% of monarch butterfly mortalities in the overwintering sites in central Mexico. (wikipedia.org)
  • They note that Monarchs, however, have evolved to become cardenolide-tolerant up to a certain point. (tughilltomorrowlandtrust.org)
  • Despite belonging to different plant families, both plants produce high levels of cardenolides. (expresshealthcaremgmt.com)
  • By laying their eggs on milkweed plants that contain levels of cardenolides that are toxic for their predators, Monarchs protect their caterpillar offspring from being eaten. (tughilltomorrowlandtrust.org)
  • We identified the candidate genes involved in cardenolide biosynthesis by comparative analysis of the two plant species. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The research team plans to continue studying the downstream steps of cardenolide biosynthesis and hope to solve this complex puzzle soon. (expresshealthcaremgmt.com)
  • Promiscuous CYP87A enzyme activity initiates cardenolide biosynthesis in plants. (mpg.de)
  • Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutions in the Na,K-ATPase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Stepwise evolution of resistance to toxic cardenolides via genetic substitutions in the Na+/K+-ATPase of milkweed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danaini). (molecularecologist.com)
  • Cardenolides are a class of steroids (or aglycones if viewed as cardiac glycoside constituents), and cardenolides are a subtype of this class (see MeSH D codes list). (wikipedia.org)
  • Antidotes for acute cardenolide (cardiac glycoside) poisoning. (medscape.com)
  • Milkweed is named for its milky juice, which contains alkaloids, latex, and several other complex compounds including cardenolides. (shakuhachi.net)
  • Members of this genus are extremely poisonous as the bulbs contain deadly alkaloids and cardenolides that sometimes result in the death of livestock. (thegardener.co.za)
  • After hatching and chowing down on milkweed leaves, the caterpillars are full of cardenolides that make them taste nasty to most predators, such as birds. (tughilltomorrowlandtrust.org)
  • Monarch butterflies only lay their eggs on milkweed, which contains the cardenolides - a type of toxin - that makes the caterpillars poisonous to would-be predators. (ebcnps.org)
  • Many plants contain derivatives, collectively known as cardenolides, including many in the form of cardenolide glycosides (cardenolides that contain structural groups derived from sugars). (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to milkweeds and other members of the Apocynaceae, plants in at least 12 botanical families have convergently evolved cardenolides, used as a chemical defense mechanism against herbivores. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Jena are investigating the previously largely unknown biosynthetic pathway that leads to the formation of cardenolides in plants. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Well-known examples of this class of substances obtained from plants are cardenolides. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Since the second half of the 19th century, cardenolides, cardiac glycosides from plants, have been used to treat of heart failure or arrhythmia because of their effect on the heart muscle. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Although these two plants belong to different plant families, they both produce large amounts of cardenolides. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The structures of the cardenolides in these plants have both overlapping and divergent profiles. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This was the first step in the cardenolide biosynthetic pathway in these two only distantly related plants. (globalplantcouncil.org)
  • Cardenolides are found in a number of flowering plants. (vetinfo.com)
  • Cardiac glycosides (cardenolides) are endemic in milkweed plants, Asclepias, spp. (usda.gov)
  • Alongside many other plants, its leaf tissues contain cardenolide poisons as a natural defense. (icr.org)
  • To find some answers, scientists dug deep into the genetics and biochemistry of 18 different kinds of insects that all live on cardenolide-producing plants. (icr.org)
  • The researchers discovered that, in creatures that can eat such plants, specific mutations change the shape of that binding pocket so that it excludes the cardenolide. (icr.org)
  • Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology have made significant progress in understanding the biosynthetic pathway responsible for the formation of cardenolides in plants. (expresshealthcaremgmt.com)
  • Cardenolides are a class of medically valuable steroids obtained from plants. (expresshealthcaremgmt.com)
  • The monarchs acquire the cardenolide, a type of cardiac poison, from the milkweed plants during the caterpillar stage of the monarch's life cycle. (worldatlas.com)
  • The butterflies lay their eggs on the soft underside of these leaves , which contain natural cardiac glycosides or cardenolides. (naturehills.com)
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG) results demonstrated sinus bradycardia, frequent premature ventricular complexes, and scooped ST segments consistent with cardenolide toxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • A repeat ECG 12 hours later again demonstrated evidence of cardenolide toxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells Exhibit Differential Sensitivity to Cardenolides from Calotropis gigantea . (bvsalud.org)
  • Calotropis procera, cardenolides, cardiovascular effects. (wjpr.net)
  • 1968). Being distasteful due to ingestion by larvae and sequestration by adults of cardenolides that are toxic to birds, monarch serves as a model for several mimetic species and is frequently confused with the viceroy ( Limenitis archippus (Cramer, 1776)) and queen ( Danaus gilippus (Cramer, 1775)) butterflies. (ufl.edu)
  • Photographic analysis of color and HPLC analysis are underway to determine the extent of color change and whether that change corresponds to an increase in cardenolide sequestration. (bugguide.net)
  • These cardenolide-resistant insect species convergently evolved this resistance through similar amino-acid substitutions in the alpha subunit of the enzyme Na+/K+‐ATPase. (wikipedia.org)
  • It contains a chemical compound called cardenolide , which is toxic to most would-be predators. (modernfarmer.com)
  • Milkweed cardenolides, physiologically active compounds related to digitalis, are of interest for their powerful emetic and cardiotonic properties. (swbiodiversity.org)
  • Species such as the monarch, queen, and plain tiger ingest the cardenolides contained in the milkweeds (Asclepias) that they mostly feed on and sequester as larvae for defense as adults. (wikipedia.org)
  • Luckily, California milkweed contains less cardenolides in its plant tissues than the late-blooming species, which means it is potentially less toxic to livestock and therefore more attractive for planting in rangelands. (ebcnps.org)
  • Some plant and animal species use cardenolides as defense mechanisms, notably the milkweed butterflies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cardenolides are toxic to animals through inhibition of the enzyme Na+/K+‐ATPase, which is responsible for maintaining the sodium and potassium ion gradients across the cell membranes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Yellow oleander contains the cardenolide thevetin B, which has the same clinical effects as other cardenolides, such as digoxin, and can be highly toxic. (cdc.gov)
  • Cardenolides are C(23)-steroids with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a five-membered lactone (specifically a butenolide) at C-17. (wikipedia.org)
  • The tissue-specific localization of the cardenolides was crucial for using the genetic data sets in a way that allowed the selection of 13 candidate genes. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Herbivorous insects in six different orders have evolved resistance to the toxic effects of cardenolides in the food sources that they use. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biotransformation of cardenolides by plant cell cultures indicate a new possibility of making better use of these by-products. (nzdl.org)
  • The phytochemical study revealed the presence of numerous chemical groups including cardenolides. (wjpr.net)
  • These cardenolides remain in a concentrated form in the body of both the caterpillar and the adult butterfly and lends a distasteful taste to the bodies of these butterflies. (worldatlas.com)
  • In addition to their effect on the contractility of the heart, cardenolides have been used with great success in recent years for the treatment of various cancers. (sciencedaily.com)