Carotid Artery Thrombosis
Bleeding Time
Carotid Arteries
Platelet Aggregation
Carotid Artery Diseases
Carotid Artery, Internal
Carotid Artery, Common
Carotid Stenosis
Blood Platelets
Hepatic Artery
Carotid Artery, External
Endarterectomy, Carotid
Coronary Thrombosis
Liver Transplantation
Intracranial Thrombosis
Basilar Artery
Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Carotid Artery, Internal, Dissection
Carotid Body
Tunica Intima
Carotid Sinus
Vitronectin inhibits the thrombotic response to arterial injury in mice. (1/264)
Vitronectin (VN) binds to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and integrins and may play an important role in the vascular response to injury by regulating fibrinolysis and cell migration. However, the role of VN in the earliest response to vascular injury, thrombosis, is not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that variation in vitronectin expression alters the thrombotic response to arterial injury in mice. Ferric chloride (FeCl3) injury was used to induce platelet-rich thrombi in mouse carotid arteries. Wild-type (VN +/+, n = 14) and VN-deficient (VN -/-, n = 15) mice, matched for age and gender, were studied. Time to occlusion after FeCl3 injury was determined by application of a Doppler flowprobe to the carotid artery. Occlusion times of VN -/- mice were significantly shorter than those of VN +/+ mice (6.0 +/- 1.2 minutes v 17.8 +/- 2.3 minutes, respectively, P < .001). Histologic analysis of injured arterial segments showed that thrombi from VN +/+ and VN -/- mice consisted of dense platelet aggregates. In vitro studies of murine VN +/+ and VN -/- platelets showed no significant differences in ADP-induced aggregation, but a trend towards increased thrombin-induced aggregation in VN -/- platelets. Purified, denatured VN inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, whereas native VN did not. Thrombin times of plasma from VN -/- mice (20.5 +/- 2.1 seconds, n = 4) were significantly shorter than those of VN +/+ mice (34.2 +/- 6.7 seconds, n = 4, P < .01), and the addition of purified VN to VN -/- plasma prolonged the thrombin time into the normal range, suggesting that VN inhibits thrombin-fibrinogen interactions. PAI-1-deficient mice (n = 6) did not demonstrate significantly enhanced arterial thrombosis compared with wild-type mice (n = 6), excluding a potential indirect antithrombin function of VN mediated by interactions with PAI-1 as an explanation for the accelerated thrombosis observed in VN -/- mice. These results suggest that vitronectin plays a previously unappreciated antithrombotic role at sites of arterial injury and that this activity may be mediated, at least in part, by inhibiting platelet-platelet interactions and/or thrombin procoagulant activity. (+info)Transcranial Doppler directed dextran therapy in the prevention of carotid thrombosis: three hour monitoring is as effective as six hours. (2/264)
BACKGROUND: Six hours' monitoring by transcranial Doppler (TCD) has been successful in directing Dextran therapy in patients at high risk of thrombotic stroke after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). OBJECTIVES: Is 3 h of routine monitoring as effective as 6 h in the prevention of early postoperative thrombotic stroke? DESIGN: Prospective, consecutive study in all patients with an accessible cranial window. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-six patients undergoing CEA underwent 3 h of postoperative monitoring by TCD. Any patient with > 25 emboli detected in any 10 min period or those with emboli that distorted the arterial waveform were commenced on an incremental infusion of dextran 40. RESULTS: The majority of patients destined to embolise will do so within the first 2 postoperative hours. Dextran therapy was instituted in nine patients (5%) and rapidly controlled this phase of embolisation although the dose had to be increased in three (33%). No patient suffered a postoperative carotid thrombosis but one suffered a minor stroke on day 5 and was found to have profuse embolisation on TCD; high dose dextran therapy was again instituted, the embolus count rate fell rapidly and he made a good recovery thereafter. Overall, the death and disabling stroke rate was 1.2% and the death/any stroke rate was 2.4%. CONCLUSION: Three hours of postoperative TCD monitoring is as effective as 6 h in the prevention of postoperative carotid thrombosis. (+info)Inhibitory effects of nimodipine on platelet aggregation and thrombosis. (3/264)
AIM: To study the inhibitory effects of nimodipine (Nim) on rat platelet aggregation and arterial thrombosis in vivo. METHODS: The aggregation rate of platelets induced by ADP and inhibition rate of Nim were measured by the change of light transmission. Effect of Nim on arterial occlusion time was measured by electric stimulation. Effect of Nim on the contents of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TXB2 in serum was measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Nim 4.5, 9, 18, and 36 mg.kg-1.d-1 ig for 4 d restrained the platelet aggregation. The IC50 (95% confidence limits) was 26 (9-44) mg.kg-1. Nim 4.5, 9, and 18 mg.kg-1.d-1 ig for 4 d markedly prolonged the time of thrombotic occlusion in carotid artery induced by electric stimulation. Nim 9 and 18 mg.kg-1.d-1 improved the imbalance of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha/TXB2 in serum after thrombosis. CONCLUSION: Nim was a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation, which was partially concerned with the improved balance of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha/TXB2. (+info)Recently occluded intracranial and extracranial carotid arteries. Relevance of the unstable atherosclerotic plaque. (4/264)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: It is now widely accepted that thrombotic coronary artery occlusion usually follows rupture of an unstable atherosclerotic plaque. The significance of such instability in arteries supplying the brain is less well appreciated. We therefore describe the clinical and pathological features of recent, symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion to examine the pathogenetic role of plaque instability at both extracranial and intracranial sites. METHODS: Cases were selected from a consecutive series of 188 adult neuropathology autopsies. In 90 of these, the principal neuropathological abnormality was cerebral infarction, in 14 cases due to recent occlusion of 1 or more segments of the internal carotid artery. In each case, a full systemic, cardiovascular, and neuropathological autopsy was performed. Plaque instability was assessed by the presence or absence of a large, necrotic, lipid core; a thin, fibrous cap; and superficial inflammation. RESULTS: Of the 14 cases, 3 showed extracranial (carotid sinus), 7 intracranial, and 4 both extracranial and intracranial carotid artery occlusion. In 6 of the 7 occluded carotid sinuses, thrombus overlay an ulcerated, unstable, atherosclerotic plaque. In 1 extracranial and all 11 intracranial occlusions, there was either no atheroma or a mildly stenotic, stable, fibrous plaque, and in these cases, the cause of occlusion was embolism (8 cases), giant-cell arteritis (1 case), and unknown (3 cases). CONCLUSIONS: Coronary-type rupture of an unstable atherosclerotic plaque is the usual cause of fatal occlusion of the carotid sinus, but other causes usually underlie intracranial carotid occlusion. The nature and consequences of intracranial atherosclerosis require further study. (+info)Asymptomatic embolization predicts stroke and TIA risk in patients with carotid artery stenosis. (5/264)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Improved methods of identifying patients at high risk of thromboembolism would allow improved targeting of therapy. One such situation is carotid artery stenosis. This is associated with an increased risk of stroke, which can be reduced by carotid endarterectomy. However, the risk-benefit ratio is low in patients with tight asymptomatic stenosis and moderate symptomatic stenosis. Most stroke in patients with carotid stenosis is believed to be embolic. Therefore, the detection of asymptomatic cerebral emboli using Doppler ultrasound may allow identification of a high-risk group. METHODS: Transcranial Doppler ultrasound was used to record for 1 hour the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery in 111 patients with >60% carotid artery stenosis (69 symptomatic, 42 asymptomatic). The Doppler audio signal was recorded onto digital audio tape for later analysis for embolic signals (ES) by an individual blinded to clinical details. In 67 subjects the relationship between ES and angiographically determined plaque ulceration was investigated. All subjects were followed up prospectively, and the relationship between ES and risk of future ipsilateral carotid artery territory ischemic events (TIA and stroke) was determined. RESULTS: ES were detected in 41(36.9%) subjects. In symptomatic patients there was a significant inverse relationship between the number of ES per hour and time elapsed since last symptoms (Spearman's rho=-0.2558, P=0.034). ES were more common in subjects with plaque ulceration, with a relative risk of 4. 94 (95% CI, 1.23 to 19.84; P=0.025) after controlling for both symptomatic status and degree of stenosis. The presence of ES at entry was predictive of TIA and stroke risk during follow up in both symptomatic (P=0.02) and asymptomatic patients (P=0.007). Considering all 111 patients, the presence of asymptomatic embolization was predictive of a further ischemic event, with an adjusted OR of 8.10 (95% CI, 1.58 to 41.57; P=0.01) after controlling for other cardiovascular risk factors, degree of stenosis, symptomatic status, and aspirin or warfarin use. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic embolization in patients with carotid artery stenosis correlates with known markers of increased stroke risk and is an independent predictor of future stroke risk in patients with both symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis. It may allow identification of a high-risk group of patients who will particularly benefit from carotid endarterectomy. A large multicenter study is now required to confirm these findings. (+info)Effects of citicoline combined with thrombolytic therapy in a rat embolic stroke model. (6/264)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We sought to evaluate the effects of the combination of cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine (citicoline) and thrombolysis on infarct size, clinical outcome, and mortality in a rat embolic stroke model. METHODS: Eighty-three Sprague-Dawley rats were embolized in the carotid territory with a single fibrin embolus and randomly assigned to the following treatment groups: (1) control (saline), (2) citicoline 250 mg/kg, (3) citicoline 500 mg/kg, (4) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) 5 mg/kg, (5) rtPA 5 mg/kg plus citicoline 250 mg/kg, and (6) rtPA 5 mg/kg plus citicoline 500 mg/kg. rtPA was administered as a continuous intravenous infusion over 45 minutes starting 45 minutes after embolization; citicoline was given intraperitoneally 30 minutes and 24, 48, and 72 hours after embolization. At 96 hours, the brains were fixed and stained by hematoxylin-eosin, and infarct volumes were measured. Neurological scores were determined daily. RESULTS: The median infarct size, measured as percentage of the affected hemisphere, in the control group was 37% (interquartile range, 26% to 69%) compared with 22% (5% to 52%; P=NS) in group 2, 11% (5% to 34%; P=NS) in group 3, 24% (12% to 31%; P=NS) in group 4, 11% (3% to 22%; P=0.02) in the combined group 5, and 19% (9% to 51%; P=NS) in group 6. The infarct size was significantly reduced in the combined citicoline+rtPA-treated groups to a median of 13% (5% to 30%; P<0.01). Citicoline 500 mg/kg and citicoline combined with rtPA also promoted functional recovery. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that the combination of low-dose citicoline and rtPA significantly reduced infarct size in this focal ischemia model. (+info)Delayed hypovolemic hypotension exacerbates the hemodynamic and histopathologic consequences of thromboembolic stroke in rats. (7/264)
Abnormalities in cerebrovascular reactivity or hemodynamic reserve are risk factors for stroke. The authors determined whether hemodynamic reserve is reduced in an experimental model of thromboembolic stroke. Nonocclusive common carotid artery thrombosis (CCAT) was produced in rats by a rose bengal-mediated photochemical insult, and moderate hypotension (60 mm Hg/30 min) was induced 1 hour later by hemorrhage. Alterations in local cerebral blood flow (ICBF) were assessed immediately after the hypotensive period by 14C-iodoantipyrine autoradiography, and histopathologic outcome was determined 3 days after CCAT. Compared to normotensive CCAT rats (n = 5), induced hypotension after CCAT (n = 7) led to enlarged regions of severe ischemia (i.e., mean ICBF < 0.24 mL/g/min) in the ipsilateral hemisphere. For example, induced hypotension increased the volume of severely ischemic sites from 16 +/- 4 mm3 (mean +/- SD) to 126 +/- 99 mm3 (P < 0.05). Histopathologic data also showed a larger volume of ischemic damage with secondary hypotension (n = 7) compared to normotension (22 +/- 15 mm3 versus 5 +/- 5 mm3, P < .05). Both hypotension-induced decreases in ICBF and ischemic pathology were commonly detected within cortical anterior and posterior borderzone areas and within the ipsilateral striatum and hippocampus. In contrast to CCAT, mechanical ligation of the common carotid artery plus hypotension (n = 8) did not produce significant histopathologic damage. Nonocclusive CCAT with secondary hypotension therefore predisposes the post-thrombotic brain to hemodynamic stress and structural damage. (+info)Brief myocardial ischemia attenuates platelet thrombosis in remote, damaged, and stenotic carotid arteries. (8/264)
BACKGROUND: Brief antecedent periods of coronary artery occlusion improve subsequent vessel patency in damaged and stenotic coronary arteries via release of adenosine from ischemic/reperfused myocardium and resultant adenosine receptor stimulation. However, the site of receptor stimulation-circulating blood-borne elements (ie, platelets) versus vessel-wall components of the culprit artery-remains unclear. If platelet adenosine receptors are involved, then the benefits of brief coronary occlusion (1) should be manifested systemically and improve patency at a remote site and (2) should be inhibited by an antagonist of adenosine A(2) receptors, whereas, in contrast, (3) brief vascular occlusion not associated with appreciable adenosine release should be ineffective in improving vessel patency. METHODS AND RESULTS: In Protocol 1, anesthetized rabbits received 5 minutes of transient coronary occlusion, 5 minutes of transient bilateral carotid occlusion (purported to cause negligible adenosine release from the brain), or no intervention. All rabbits then underwent injury plus stenosis of the left carotid artery, resulting in repeated cyclic variations in carotid blood flow (CFVs). Carotid patency during the initial 2 hours after stenosis (assessed by quantifying the nadir of the CFVs and area of the flow-time profile) was significantly enhanced with antecedent coronary-but not carotid-occlusion versus controls. In Protocol 2, improvement in carotid patency after brief coronary occlusion was corroborated in anesthetized dogs. However, the benefits of brief coronary occlusion were abrogated by the A(2)/A(1) antagonist CGS 15943. CONCLUSIONS: Brief antecedent coronary artery occlusion enhanced vessel patency in remote, damaged, and stenotic carotid arteries, largely due to adenosine receptor stimulation on circulating elements. (+info)Carotid artery thrombosis is a medical condition characterized by the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside the carotid artery, which is one of the major blood vessels that supplies oxygenated blood to the head and neck. This condition can lead to serious complications such as a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), also known as a "mini-stroke," if the clot dislodges and travels to the brain, blocking the flow of blood and oxygen.
Carotid artery thrombosis can result from various factors, including atherosclerosis (the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in the artery walls), hypertension (high blood pressure), diabetes, smoking, and genetic predisposition. Symptoms may include neck pain or stiffness, weakness or numbness in the face or limbs, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, and sudden severe headaches. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT angiography, or MRI angiography. Treatment options may include anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications, endovascular procedures to remove the clot, or surgery to clean out the artery (carotid endarterectomy).
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a clot forms in an artery, it can cut off the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues served by that artery, leading to damage or tissue death. If a thrombus forms in the heart, it can cause a heart attack. If a thrombus breaks off and travels through the bloodstream, it can lodge in a smaller vessel, causing blockage and potentially leading to damage in the organ that the vessel supplies. This is known as an embolism.
Thrombosis can occur due to various factors such as injury to the blood vessel wall, abnormalities in blood flow, or changes in the composition of the blood. Certain medical conditions, medications, and lifestyle factors can increase the risk of thrombosis. Treatment typically involves anticoagulant or thrombolytic therapy to dissolve or prevent further growth of the clot, as well as addressing any underlying causes.
Bleeding time is a medical test that measures the time it takes for a small blood vessel to stop bleeding after being cut. It's used to evaluate platelet function and the effectiveness of blood clotting. The most common method used to measure bleeding time is the Ivy method, which involves making a standardized incision on the forearm and measuring the time it takes for the bleeding to stop. A normal bleeding time ranges from 2 to 9 minutes, but this can vary depending on the specific method used. Prolonged bleeding time may indicate an impairment in platelet function or clotting factor deficiency.
The carotid arteries are a pair of vital blood vessels in the human body that supply oxygenated blood to the head and neck. Each person has two common carotid arteries, one on each side of the neck, which branch off from the aorta, the largest artery in the body.
The right common carotid artery originates from the brachiocephalic trunk, while the left common carotid artery arises directly from the aortic arch. As they ascend through the neck, they split into two main branches: the internal and external carotid arteries.
The internal carotid artery supplies oxygenated blood to the brain, eyes, and other structures within the skull, while the external carotid artery provides blood to the face, scalp, and various regions of the neck.
Maintaining healthy carotid arteries is crucial for overall cardiovascular health and preventing serious conditions like stroke, which can occur when the arteries become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque or fatty deposits (atherosclerosis). Regular check-ups with healthcare professionals may include monitoring carotid artery health through ultrasound or other imaging techniques.
Platelet aggregation is the clumping together of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood, which is an essential step in the process of hemostasis (the stopping of bleeding) after injury to a blood vessel. When the inner lining of a blood vessel is damaged, exposure of subendothelial collagen and tissue factor triggers platelet activation. Activated platelets change shape, become sticky, and release the contents of their granules, which include ADP (adenosine diphosphate).
ADP then acts as a chemical mediator to attract and bind additional platelets to the site of injury, leading to platelet aggregation. This forms a plug that seals the damaged vessel and prevents further blood loss. Platelet aggregation is also a crucial component in the formation of blood clots (thrombosis) within blood vessels, which can have pathological consequences such as heart attacks and strokes if they obstruct blood flow to vital organs.
Carotid artery diseases refer to conditions that affect the carotid arteries, which are the major blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the head and neck. The most common type of carotid artery disease is atherosclerosis, which occurs when fatty deposits called plaques build up in the inner lining of the arteries.
These plaques can cause the arteries to narrow or become blocked, reducing blood flow to the brain and increasing the risk of stroke. Other carotid artery diseases include carotid artery dissection, which occurs when there is a tear in the inner lining of the artery, and fibromuscular dysplasia, which is a condition that affects the muscle and tissue in the walls of the artery.
Symptoms of carotid artery disease may include neck pain or pulsations, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or "mini-strokes," and strokes. Treatment options for carotid artery disease depend on the severity and type of the condition but may include lifestyle changes, medications, endarterectomy (a surgical procedure to remove plaque from the artery), or angioplasty and stenting (procedures to open blocked arteries using a balloon and stent).
The internal carotid artery is a major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain. It originates from the common carotid artery and passes through the neck, entering the skull via the carotid canal in the temporal bone. Once inside the skull, it branches into several smaller vessels that supply different parts of the brain with blood.
The internal carotid artery is divided into several segments: cervical, petrous, cavernous, clinoid, and supraclinoid. Each segment has distinct clinical significance in terms of potential injury or disease. The most common conditions affecting the internal carotid artery include atherosclerosis, which can lead to stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and dissection, which can cause severe headache, neck pain, and neurological symptoms.
It's important to note that any blockage or damage to the internal carotid artery can have serious consequences, as it can significantly reduce blood flow to the brain and lead to permanent neurological damage or even death. Therefore, regular check-ups and screening tests are recommended for individuals at high risk of developing vascular diseases.
Fibrinolytic agents are medications that dissolve or break down blood clots by activating plasminogen, which is converted into plasmin. Plasmin is a proteolytic enzyme that degrades fibrin, the structural protein in blood clots. Fibrinolytic agents are used medically to treat conditions such as acute ischemic stroke, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and myocardial infarction (heart attack) by restoring blood flow in occluded vessels. Examples of fibrinolytic agents include alteplase, reteplase, and tenecteplase. It is important to note that these medications carry a risk of bleeding complications and should be administered with caution.
The common carotid artery is a major blood vessel in the neck that supplies oxygenated blood to the head and neck. It originates from the brachiocephalic trunk or the aortic arch and divides into the internal and external carotid arteries at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage. The common carotid artery is an important structure in the circulatory system, and any damage or blockage to it can have serious consequences, including stroke.
Carotid stenosis is a medical condition that refers to the narrowing or constriction of the lumen (inner space) of the carotid artery. The carotid arteries are major blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the head and neck. Carotid stenosis usually results from the buildup of plaque, made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances, on the inner walls of the artery. This process is called atherosclerosis.
As the plaque accumulates, it causes the artery to narrow, reducing blood flow to the brain. Severe carotid stenosis can increase the risk of stroke, as a clot or debris from the plaque can break off and travel to the brain, blocking a smaller blood vessel and causing tissue damage or death.
Carotid stenosis is typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT angiography, or MRI angiography. Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications (such as quitting smoking, controlling blood pressure, and managing cholesterol levels), medications to reduce the risk of clots, or surgical procedures like endarterectomy or stenting to remove or bypass the blockage.
Blood platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that play an essential role in normal blood clotting. They are formed in the bone marrow from large cells called megakaryocytes and circulate in the blood in an inactive state until they are needed to help stop bleeding. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets become activated and change shape, releasing chemicals that attract more platelets to the site of injury. These activated platelets then stick together to form a plug, or clot, that seals the wound and prevents further blood loss. In addition to their role in clotting, platelets also help to promote healing by releasing growth factors that stimulate the growth of new tissue.
The hepatic artery is a branch of the celiac trunk or abdominal aorta that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver. It typically divides into two main branches, the right and left hepatic arteries, which further divide into smaller vessels to supply different regions of the liver. The hepatic artery also gives off branches to supply other organs such as the gallbladder, pancreas, and duodenum.
It's worth noting that there is significant variability in the anatomy of the hepatic artery, with some individuals having additional branches or variations in the origin of the vessel. This variability can have implications for surgical procedures involving the liver and surrounding organs.
Venous thrombosis is a medical condition characterized by the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the deep veins, often in the legs (deep vein thrombosis or DVT), but it can also occur in other parts of the body such as the arms, pelvis, or lungs (pulmonary embolism).
The formation of a venous thrombus can be caused by various factors, including injury to the blood vessel wall, changes in blood flow, and alterations in the composition of the blood. These factors can lead to the activation of clotting factors and platelets, which can result in the formation of a clot that blocks the vein.
Symptoms of venous thrombosis may include swelling, pain, warmth, and redness in the affected area. In some cases, the clot can dislodge and travel to other parts of the body, causing potentially life-threatening complications such as pulmonary embolism.
Risk factors for venous thrombosis include advanced age, obesity, smoking, pregnancy, use of hormonal contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy, cancer, recent surgery or trauma, prolonged immobility, and a history of previous venous thromboembolism. Treatment typically involves the use of anticoagulant medications to prevent further clotting and dissolve existing clots.
The external carotid artery is a major blood vessel in the neck that supplies oxygenated blood to the structures of the head and neck, excluding the brain. It originates from the common carotid artery at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, then divides into several branches that supply various regions of the head and neck, including the face, scalp, ears, and neck muscles.
The external carotid artery has eight branches:
1. Superior thyroid artery: Supplies blood to the thyroid gland, larynx, and surrounding muscles.
2. Ascending pharyngeal artery: Supplies blood to the pharynx, palate, and meninges of the brain.
3. Lingual artery: Supplies blood to the tongue and floor of the mouth.
4. Facial artery: Supplies blood to the face, nose, lips, and palate.
5. Occipital artery: Supplies blood to the scalp and muscles of the neck.
6. Posterior auricular artery: Supplies blood to the ear and surrounding muscles.
7. Maxillary artery: Supplies blood to the lower face, nasal cavity, palate, and meninges of the brain.
8. Superficial temporal artery: Supplies blood to the scalp, face, and temporomandibular joint.
The external carotid artery is an essential structure for maintaining adequate blood flow to the head and neck, and any damage or blockage can lead to serious medical conditions such as stroke or tissue necrosis.
Carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove plaque buildup (atherosclerosis) from the carotid arteries, which are the major blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the brain. The surgery involves making an incision in the neck, opening the carotid artery, and removing the plaque from the inside of the artery wall. The goal of the procedure is to restore normal blood flow to the brain and reduce the risk of stroke caused by the narrowing or blockage of the carotid arteries.
Coronary thrombosis is a medical condition that refers to the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a coronary artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. The development of a thrombus can partially or completely obstruct blood flow, leading to insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle. This can cause chest pain (angina) or a heart attack (myocardial infarction), depending on the severity and duration of the blockage.
Coronary thrombosis often results from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, a buildup of cholesterol, fat, calcium, and other substances in the inner lining (endothelium) of the coronary artery. The ruptured plaque exposes the underlying tissue to the bloodstream, triggering the coagulation cascade and resulting in the formation of a thrombus.
Immediate medical attention is crucial for managing coronary thrombosis, as timely treatment can help restore blood flow, prevent further damage to the heart muscle, and reduce the risk of complications such as heart failure or life-threatening arrhythmias. Treatment options may include medications, such as antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, and thrombolytic drugs, or interventional procedures like angioplasty and stenting to open the blocked artery. In some cases, surgical intervention, such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), may be necessary.
Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. They have thick, muscular walls that can withstand the high pressure of blood being pumped out of the heart. Arteries branch off into smaller vessels called arterioles, which further divide into a vast network of tiny capillaries where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs between the blood and the body's cells. After passing through the capillary network, deoxygenated blood collects in venules, then merges into veins, which return the blood back to the heart.
Liver transplantation is a surgical procedure in which a diseased or failing liver is replaced with a healthy one from a deceased donor or, less commonly, a portion of a liver from a living donor. The goal of the procedure is to restore normal liver function and improve the patient's overall health and quality of life.
Liver transplantation may be recommended for individuals with end-stage liver disease, acute liver failure, certain genetic liver disorders, or liver cancers that cannot be treated effectively with other therapies. The procedure involves complex surgery to remove the diseased liver and implant the new one, followed by a period of recovery and close medical monitoring to ensure proper function and minimize the risk of complications.
The success of liver transplantation has improved significantly in recent years due to advances in surgical techniques, immunosuppressive medications, and post-transplant care. However, it remains a major operation with significant risks and challenges, including the need for lifelong immunosuppression to prevent rejection of the new liver, as well as potential complications such as infection, bleeding, and organ failure.
Intracranial thrombosis refers to the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within the intracranial vessels, which supply blood to the brain. This condition can occur in any of the cerebral arteries or veins and can lead to serious complications such as ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), or venous sinus thrombosis.
The formation of an intracranial thrombus can be caused by various factors, including atherosclerosis, cardiac embolism, vasculitis, sickle cell disease, hypercoagulable states, and head trauma. Symptoms may vary depending on the location and extent of the thrombosis but often include sudden onset of headache, weakness or numbness in the face or limbs, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision changes, and loss of balance or coordination.
Diagnosis of intracranial thrombosis typically involves imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) angiography, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), or digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Treatment options may include anticoagulation therapy, thrombolysis, endovascular intervention, or surgical intervention, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.
The basilar artery is a major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the brainstem and cerebellum. It is formed by the union of two vertebral arteries at the lower part of the brainstem, near the junction of the medulla oblongata and pons.
The basilar artery runs upward through the center of the brainstem and divides into two posterior cerebral arteries at the upper part of the brainstem, near the midbrain. The basilar artery gives off several branches that supply blood to various parts of the brainstem, including the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain, as well as to the cerebellum.
The basilar artery is an important part of the circle of Willis, a network of arteries at the base of the brain that ensures continuous blood flow to the brain even if one of the arteries becomes blocked or narrowed.
1. Intracranial Embolism: This is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot or other particle (embolus) formed elsewhere in the body, travels through the bloodstream and lodges itself in the intracranial blood vessels, blocking the flow of blood to a part of the brain. This can lead to various neurological symptoms such as weakness, numbness, speech difficulties, or even loss of consciousness, depending on the severity and location of the blockage.
2. Intracranial Thrombosis: This is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms within the intracranial blood vessels. The clot can partially or completely obstruct the flow of blood, leading to various symptoms such as headache, confusion, seizures, or neurological deficits, depending on the severity and location of the thrombosis. Intracranial thrombosis can occur due to various factors including atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and other medical conditions that increase the risk of blood clot formation.
Arterial occlusive diseases are medical conditions characterized by the blockage or narrowing of the arteries, which can lead to a reduction in blood flow to various parts of the body. This reduction in blood flow can cause tissue damage and may result in serious complications such as tissue death (gangrene), organ dysfunction, or even death.
The most common cause of arterial occlusive diseases is atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the inner lining of the artery walls. Over time, this plaque can harden and narrow the arteries, restricting blood flow. Other causes of arterial occlusive diseases include blood clots, emboli (tiny particles that travel through the bloodstream and lodge in smaller vessels), inflammation, trauma, and certain inherited conditions.
Symptoms of arterial occlusive diseases depend on the location and severity of the blockage. Common symptoms include:
* Pain, cramping, or fatigue in the affected limb, often triggered by exercise and relieved by rest (claudication)
* Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected limb
* Coldness or discoloration of the skin in the affected area
* Slow-healing sores or wounds on the toes, feet, or legs
* Erectile dysfunction in men
Treatment for arterial occlusive diseases may include lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet. Medications to lower cholesterol, control blood pressure, prevent blood clots, or manage pain may also be prescribed. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery may be necessary to restore blood flow.
A carotid artery, internal, dissection is a medical condition that affects the internal carotid artery, which is a major blood vessel in the neck that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain. In this condition, there is a separation (dissection) of the layers of the artery wall, causing blood to accumulate in the space between the layers. This can lead to narrowing or blockage of the artery, reducing blood flow to the brain and increasing the risk of stroke. Internal carotid artery dissection can be caused by trauma, high blood pressure, connective tissue disorders, or spontaneously. Symptoms may include neck pain, headache, facial pain, visual disturbances, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, and dizziness or loss of balance.
The femoral artery is the major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lower extremity of the human body. It is a continuation of the external iliac artery and becomes the popliteal artery as it passes through the adductor hiatus in the adductor magnus muscle of the thigh.
The femoral artery is located in the femoral triangle, which is bound by the sartorius muscle anteriorly, the adductor longus muscle medially, and the biceps femoris muscle posteriorly. It can be easily palpated in the groin region, making it a common site for taking blood samples, measuring blood pressure, and performing surgical procedures such as femoral artery catheterization and bypass grafting.
The femoral artery gives off several branches that supply blood to the lower limb, including the deep femoral artery, the superficial femoral artery, and the profunda femoris artery. These branches provide blood to the muscles, bones, skin, and other tissues of the leg, ankle, and foot.
The carotid body is a small chemoreceptor organ located near the bifurcation of the common carotid artery into the internal and external carotid arteries. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of respiration, blood pressure, and pH balance by detecting changes in the chemical composition of the blood, particularly oxygen levels, carbon dioxide levels, and hydrogen ion concentration (pH).
The carotid body contains specialized nerve endings called glomus cells that are sensitive to changes in these chemical parameters. When there is a decrease in oxygen or an increase in carbon dioxide or hydrogen ions, the glomus cells release neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine, which activate afferent nerve fibers leading to the brainstem's nucleus tractus solitarius. This information is then integrated with other physiological signals in the brainstem, resulting in appropriate adjustments in breathing rate, depth, and pattern, as well as changes in heart rate and blood vessel diameter to maintain homeostasis.
Dysfunction of the carotid body can lead to various disorders, such as hypertension, sleep apnea, and chronic lung disease. In some cases, overactivity of the carotid body may result in conditions like primary breathing pattern disorders or pseudohypoxia, where the body responds as if it is experiencing hypoxia despite normal oxygen levels.
Tunica intima, also known as the intima layer, is the innermost layer of a blood vessel, including arteries and veins. It is in direct contact with the flowing blood and is composed of simple squamous endothelial cells that form a continuous, non-keratinized, stratified epithelium. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by regulating the passage of molecules and immune cells between the blood and the vessel wall, as well as contributing to the maintenance of blood fluidity and preventing coagulation.
The tunica intima is supported by a thin layer of connective tissue called the basement membrane, which provides structural stability and anchorage for the endothelial cells. Beneath the basement membrane lies a loose network of elastic fibers and collagen, known as the internal elastic lamina, that separates the tunica intima from the middle layer, or tunica media.
In summary, the tunica intima is the innermost layer of blood vessels, primarily composed of endothelial cells and a basement membrane, which regulates various functions to maintain vascular homeostasis.
The carotid sinus is a small, dilated area located at the bifurcation (or fork) of the common carotid artery into the internal and external carotid arteries. It is a baroreceptor region, which means it contains specialized sensory nerve endings that can detect changes in blood pressure. When the blood pressure increases, the walls of the carotid sinus stretch, activating these nerve endings and sending signals to the brain. The brain then responds by reducing the heart rate and relaxing the blood vessels, which helps to lower the blood pressure back to normal.
The carotid sinus is an important part of the body's autonomic nervous system, which regulates various involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis and preventing excessive increases in blood pressure that could potentially damage vital organs.
Angiography is a medical procedure in which an x-ray image is taken to visualize the internal structure of blood vessels, arteries, or veins. This is done by injecting a radiopaque contrast agent (dye) into the blood vessel using a thin, flexible catheter. The dye makes the blood vessels visible on an x-ray image, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat various medical conditions such as blockages, narrowing, or malformations of the blood vessels.
There are several types of angiography, including:
* Cardiac angiography (also called coronary angiography) - used to examine the blood vessels of the heart
* Cerebral angiography - used to examine the blood vessels of the brain
* Peripheral angiography - used to examine the blood vessels in the limbs or other parts of the body.
Angiography is typically performed by a radiologist, cardiologist, or vascular surgeon in a hospital setting. It can help diagnose conditions such as coronary artery disease, aneurysms, and peripheral arterial disease, among others.
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Deep Venous Thr1
- A Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot that forms in the deep veins in the body. (southnassau.org)
Disease34
- It is ranked as the third most common cause of death in the United States, after heart disease and cancer, and about one third of all strokes are related to carotid occlusive disease. (medscape.com)
- The process of carotid arterial narrowing represents a long-term chronic disease. (medscape.com)
- The clincial management of coronary artery disease , peripheral arterial stenosis, and hypertension are likely to delay the development of carotid artery stenosis. (medscape.com)
- Peripheral Artery Disease, commonly referred to as PAD, is a chronic condition. (southnassau.org)
- Just like in coronary artery disease, plaque narrows the arteries and leaves less room for blood to flow through. (medicinenet.com)
- If you have carotid artery disease, plaque builds up and narrows these arteries, so less blood gets through. (medicinenet.com)
- A 61-year-old female patient, who had coronary artery disease with a recent headache, tinnitus and dizziness visited our medical center. (neurointervention.org)
- Atherosclerosis is a diffuse, degenerative disease of the arteries that results in the formation of plaques composed of necrotic cells, lipids, and cholesterol crystals. (medscape.com)
- Treatment of atherosclerosis of the carotid artery is dependent on the severity and degree of the disease. (medscape.com)
- He has an abundance of medical interests, but some on his special medical interests consist of, aortic aneurysm surgery, carotid and aortic surgery, carotid occlusive disease, peripheral aneurysms, minimally invasive endovascular lower extremity treatment and bypass surgery. (clevelandclinic.org)
- These buildups of plaque can lead to aneurysm, stroke, kidney disease and serious problems in your legs and arms, including peripheral artery disease. (ochsner.org)
- But vascular disease is more than just the hardening of arteries outside of your heart. (ochsner.org)
- Many types of vascular disease can affect your veins and arteries. (scripps.org)
- The purpose of this analysis was to assess potential predictors of intra-cranial bleeding (ICB) and gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD) in UK primary care. (thieme-connect.com)
- Secondary prevention and mortality in peripheral artery disease: National Health and Nutrition Examination Study, 1999 to 2004. (thieme-connect.com)
- 4 Cea Soriano L, Fowkes FGR, Johansson S, Allum AM, GarcĂa Rodriguez LA. Cardiovascular outcomes for patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease: a cohort study in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) in the UK. (thieme-connect.com)
- 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. (thieme-connect.com)
- ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery diseases: document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries: the Task Force on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Artery Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). (thieme-connect.com)
- Is carotid artery disease always symptomatic? (brainscape.com)
- What % of ischaemic strokes are due to carotid artery disease? (brainscape.com)
- How can carotid artery disease cause ischaemic strokes? (brainscape.com)
- What is carotid artery disease usually classified based on? (brainscape.com)
- What is considered to be mild carotid artery disease? (brainscape.com)
- Her research interests include peripheral artery disease, fibromuscular dysplasia, and cardiovascular disease prevention among firefighters. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Ratchford EV, Carson KA, Jones SR, Ashen MD. Usefulness of coronary and carotid imaging rather than traditional atherosclerotic risk factors to identify firefighters at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Dr. Garrido is a vascular surgeon with Advanced Vascular and Vein Associates , a private practice outside of Jackson, Miss. He treats all types of vein and artery conditions - from deep vein thrombosis and peripheral artery disease to chronic venous insufficiency and diabetic vascular disease, including diabetic wounds. (24-7pressrelease.com)
- The practice also sees patients with comorbidities linked to a high risk of complex vascular and vein disease including those with diabetes, hypertension, and other conditions as a specialist to aid in preventive care, and conducts regular peripheral artery disease, carotid artery disease, and abdominal aortic aneurysm screenings for early detection. (24-7pressrelease.com)
- State-of-the-art technology and improvement in techniques allow effective management of patients with coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease with minimally invasive procedures. (weillcornell.org)
- From a clinical standpoint, Dr. Kim specializes in percutaneous interventions of coronary arteries as well as endovascular treatment of peripheral vascular disease including carotid artery disease and aortic aneurysms. (weillcornell.org)
- Vascular ultrasound, on the other hand, assesses blood flow and detects conditions like deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and carotid artery disease. (eyeonapologetics.com)
- Moyamoya disease is an idiopathic, nonatherosclerotic, noninflammatory, chronic progressive cerebrovascular disease characterized by bilateral stenosis or occlusion of the arteries around the circle of Willis, typically the supraclinoid internal carotid arteries, followed by extensive collateralization, which are prone to thrombosis, aneurysm, and hemorrhage. (jpgmonline.com)
- The vascular diseases refer to any pathological condition that affects natural blood circulatory system, such as peripheral artery disease (PAD). (researchandmarkets.com)
- The vascular diseases include stroke, peripheral artery disease (PAD), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), carotid artery disease (CAD), arteriovenous malformation (AVM), critical limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), pulmonary embolism (blood clots), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), and varicose veins. (researchandmarkets.com)
- The cardiac catheterization is used to diagnose and evaluate common heart and blood vessel problems such as chest pain or an abnormal stress test due to coronary artery disease, heart valve conditions like a leaky or narrowed valve, a high blood pressure condition in the lungs, or blood clots. (researchandmarkets.com)
Aneurysms8
- They include stroke, narrowed blood vessels, aneurysms (weakened arteries), and abnormal clusters of blood vessels called vascular malformations. (medicinenet.com)
- Currently, the stent has been used widely in various diseases such as cervical carotid stenosis, intracranial stenosis, dissecting aneurysms and intracranial wide-neck aneurysms, where stents are placed across the neck of an aneurysm to allow for coil deployment into the aneurysm without compromising the parent vessel. (neurointervention.org)
- Unfortunately, the physiologic mechanism of these serious procedure-related complications, such as instent stenosis or subacute in stent thrombosis after stenting and coiling of aneurysms, and their influence on overall long-term outcomes is unknown. (neurointervention.org)
- Lateral carotid artery aneurysms with immediately induced thrombosis were created in 31 swine for a time-course study. (thejns.org)
- With interest, we read the article of Lanzino et al 1 about the use of flow diverters for proximal internal carotid artery aneurysms in 21 patients. (ajnr.org)
- 11% (22 of 197) of aneurysms treated with a flow diverter, the parent artery became occluded. (ajnr.org)
- There are reports on various other risks like rhinoliquorrhea, brain damage, fistulas between sinus-cavernosus and carotid artery, aneurysms and thrombosis of the cavernous sinus. (egms.de)
- We offer state-of-the-art treatment for virtually every vascular or circulatory problem including aneurysms, arterial blockages in the arms, neck (carotid artery), legs, and blood vessels that supply kidneys and intestines, varicose veins, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), chronic venous insufficiency, and dialysis difficulties. (utah.edu)
Atherosclerosis3
- [ 1 ] About 15% of acute ischemic strokes are associated with extracranial carotid stenosis resulting from atherosclerosis. (medscape.com)
- Atherosclerosis has a predilection for certain arteries, including the extracranial carotid artery. (medscape.com)
- Atherosclerosis is a diffuse process with a predilection for certain arteries. (medscape.com)
Aneurysm3
- An aneurysm is a bulging of the artery caused by the weakening of the walls of the artery. (southnassau.org)
- We present a 61-year-old female with an unruptured intracranial aneurysm on the left superior hypophyseal artery. (neurointervention.org)
- In addition, at follow-up, there remains a certain risk for delayed aneurysm rupture and delayed in-stent thrombosis. (ajnr.org)
Occlusion2
- Multiple embolic infarction and total occlusion of the left internal carotid artery (ICA) was occurred one day later. (neurointervention.org)
- Necrosis of eye-lids by infections and blindness by central artery occlusion are known. (egms.de)
Angioplasty1
- Common procedures performed include carotid endarterectomy, angioplasty and stenting, amputation prevention, dialysis access creation and maintenance, endovascular stenting, laser therapy, endovascular and surgical treatment of arterial occlusions, and median arcuate limb syndrome. (24-7pressrelease.com)
Stenting2
- However, subacute in-stent thrombosis after stenting procedures is a rare complication, which was reported in only one of 146 procedures in previous reports. (neurointervention.org)
- Plan a step-by-step carotid artery stenting procedure. (incathlab.com)
Endarterectomy2
- Atherosclerotic plaque removed at time of carotid endarterectomy (areas of ulceration with thrombus and intraplaque hemorrhage are present). (medscape.com)
- Here we show that near-infrared autofluorescence is associated with the presence of intraplaque hemorrhage and heme degradation products, particularly bilirubin by using our recently created mouse model, which uniquely reflects plaque instability as seen in humans, and human carotid endarterectomy samples. (nature.com)
Left internal caroti1
- Angiography revealed a severe ulcerated stenosis of the left internal carotid artery. (incathlab.com)
Extracranial1
- This article describes the history and impact of this process as it occurs in the extracranial carotid artery. (medscape.com)
Common caroti3
- Gentle Catheterization of the ostium of the left common carotid artery. (incathlab.com)
- Advance the 0.035" Guidewire towards the common carotid artery. (incathlab.com)
- Advance the guiding catheter to the distal part of the common carotid artery with the tip oriented towards the internal carotid ostium. (incathlab.com)
Ultrasound2
- [ 7 , 9 ] Duplex carotid ultrasound remains useful in the initial evaluation of symptomatic patients who present with nonspecific symptoms that may be related to stenotic or embolic carotid stenosis. (medscape.com)
- Carotid duplex ultrasound: An ultrasound that measures the velocity of blood flow in the carotid arteries. (southnassau.org)
Arterial4
- Coagulation disorders that predispose to strokes remain poorly defined but have been implicated in venous strokes (cerebral venous thrombosis) rather than arterial strokes. (medscape.com)
- In general, however, factor V Leiden correlates more with venous mechanisms of thrombosis than arterial ones. (medscape.com)
- Factor V Leiden is suspected, therefore, to be associated with paradoxical emboli or with venous sinus thrombosis more than with arterial mechanisms of stroke. (medscape.com)
- Cerebral vein thrombosis is a more frequent presentation than arterial stroke. (medscape.com)
Significant carotid stenosis2
- The detection of a clinically significant carotid stenosis represents an important first step in the prevention of cerebral infarction. (medscape.com)
- Ratchford EV , Jin Z, Di Tullio M, Homma S, Salameh M, Gan R, Boden-Albala B, Sacco RL, Rundek T. Carotid bruit for detection of hemodynamically significant carotid stenosis: The Northern Manhattan Study. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Magnetic resonance a1
- Carotid duplex ultrasonography, computed tomographic angiography (CTA), or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the carotid artery may be most appropriate in a specific case (see the images below). (medscape.com)
Stroke2
- The factors that determine the risk of a carotid plaque resulting in a stroke include luminal stenosis, plaque composition, and plaque morphology. (medscape.com)
- 4,000) independently predicted incident (3 years) thrombosis (heart attack, stroke) risk. (nih.gov)
Plaque9
- Bost US and MRI offer insight into the nature of carotid plaques based on the amount of lipid material in the plaque and the presence of ulcerations. (medscape.com)
- Noninvasive modalities that can identify carotid plaque include ultrasonography, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. (medscape.com)
- You have this condition when sticky fat called plaque builds up in the walls of your coronary arteries -- vessels that supply your heart with blood. (medicinenet.com)
- Plaque narrows the arteries, slowing blood flow to the heart. (medicinenet.com)
- When a piece of plaque breaks off and lodges in an artery, it can block blood flow completely and cause a heart attack. (medicinenet.com)
- In PAD, plaque builds up in artery walls. (medicinenet.com)
- Carotid plaque. (medscape.com)
- Other conditions may require surgery or a procedure, such as cleaning the plaque from a blocked artery, using a stent to reinforce a weak spot in an artery or treating a varicose vein with a laser light. (providence.org)
- A modified version of the AHA classification was developed by our laboratory to include important pathologic lesions responsible for luminal thrombosis other than plaque rupture, such as plaque erosion and calcified nodule. (medscape.com)
Hemorrhage2
- The earliest pathologic descriptions of atherosclerotic lesions focused on morphologies of fatty streaks to fibroatheromas (FAs) and advanced plaques complicated by hemorrhage, calcification, ulceration, and thrombosis. (medscape.com)
- and type VI, complicated plaques with surface defects, and/or hematoma-hemorrhage, and/or thrombosis. (medscape.com)
Intracranial1
- Because of its complex neurovascular anatomic relationship, cavernous sinus thrombosis is the most important of any intracranial septic thrombosis. (medscape.com)
Diseases1
- Diseases of the arteries, veins and lymph vessels, as well as blood disorders that affect circulation, are considered vascular diseases. (goshenhealth.com)
Middle cerebr1
- Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the brain [Figure 1] showed loss of normal flow void signal in the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) with multiple flow voids in the region of lenticulostriate branches. (jpgmonline.com)
Patients3
- Although duplex imaging helps in the detection of carotid lesions in asymptomatic patients, the cost and risk associated with potentially unnecessary follow-up testing and the risk of unnecessary surgical procedures are arguments againt the wider application of carotid sonography in asymptomatic indivduals. (medscape.com)
- The usefulness of carotid artery screening has been demonstrated in patients prior to elective surgery. (medscape.com)
- This occurs in 5-7% of the normal population, 20% of patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and 60% with recurrent DVT. (medscape.com)
Veins4
- Your arteries and veins have a big job to do. (medicinenet.com)
- Sometimes your arteries or veins get narrowed or blocked, and blood can't go through them as easily. (medicinenet.com)
- It can slow blood flow through your arteries and veins. (medicinenet.com)
- Our surgeons are highly skilled in the treatment of veins and arteries. (providence.org)
Cavernous sinus5
- Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is usually a late complication of an infection of the central face or paranasal sinuses. (medscape.com)
- Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) was initially described by Bright in 1831 as a complication of epidural and subdural infections. (medscape.com)
- Cavernous sinus thrombosis is generally a fulminant process with high rates of morbidity and mortality. (medscape.com)
- Fortunately, the incidence of cavernous sinus thrombosis has been decreased greatly with the advent of effective antimicrobial agents. (medscape.com)
- The internal carotid artery with its surrounding sympathetic plexus passes through the cavernous sinus. (medscape.com)
Duplex3
- The use of carotid duplex ultrasonography has been widely recommended as a screening examination. (medscape.com)
- However, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force U.S. Preventive Services Task Force has recommended against the usefulness of carotid duplex ultrasonography as a screening test in asymptomatic individuals. (medscape.com)
- The detection of a carotid bruit is a common physical examination finding that may lead to a referral for carotid duplex ultrasonography. (medscape.com)
Ischemic1
- Hematologic abnormalities lead to thrombosis in the cerebral vasculature, causing ischemic cerebrovascular events. (medscape.com)
Plaques3
- Stenosis, or stiffening, of the carotid arteries occurs when fatty deposits, or plaques, adhere to the walls of the arteries that supply blood to the brain. (southnassau.org)
- These plaques can cause stenosis (see the image below), embolization, and thrombosis. (medscape.com)
- Significant efforts have been made to characterize and risk stratify carotid and coronary atherosclerotic plaques using various imaging technologies. (nature.com)