Cat-Scratch Disease
Bartonella henselae
Bartonella
Angiomatosis, Bacillary
Bartonella quintana
Bartonella Infections
Cats
Rickettsiaceae
Cat Diseases
Trench Fever
Splenic Diseases
Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
Immunocompetence
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Lymph Nodes
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Immunoglobulin M
Sensitivity and Specificity
Cat-scratch disease with paravertebral mass and osteomyelitis. (1/178)
The case of a 9-year-old girl with cat-scratch disease (CSD) complicated by development of a paravertebral mass and osteomyelitis is presented. Following multiple scratches and inguinal lymphadenopathy, she developed back pain, and imaging demonstrated a paravertebral mass with evidence of osteomyelitis involving vertebra T9. The diagnosis was made on the basis of detection of Bartonella henselae by use of molecular techniques on an aspirate from the vertebral column and supportive serology for infection with B. henselae. Eleven other cases of this unusual manifestation associated with CSD have been reported in the literature and are reviewed. The patient was treated with gentamicin, followed by rifampicin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, orally and made a favorable recovery over 7 months. This is comparable with other case reports, regardless of the choice of antibiotic therapy. CSD in immunocompetent hosts is not always self-limiting, and tissues beyond the lymph nodes can be involved. (+info)Detection of Bartonella henselae DNA by two different PCR assays and determination of the genotypes of strains involved in histologically defined cat scratch disease. (2/178)
Cat scratch disease (CSD) is a common cause of subacute regional lymphadenopathy, not only in children but also in adults. Serological and molecular studies demonstrated that Bartonella henselae is the etiologic agent in most cases of CSD. Amplification of B. henselae DNA in affected tissue and detection of antibodies to B. henselae are the two mainstays in the laboratory diagnosis of CSD. We designed a retrospective study and investigated formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lymph nodes from 60 patients (25 female, 35 male) with histologically suspected CSD by PCR amplification. The sensitivities of two different PCR assays were compared. The first primer pair amplified a 296-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene in 36 of the 60 samples, corresponding to a sensitivity of 60%. The second primer pair amplified a 414-bp fragment of the htrA gene in 26 of the 60 lymph nodes, corresponding to a sensitivity of 43.3%. Bartonella DNA could be detected in a total of 39 (65%) of the 60 lymph nodes investigated. However, histopathologic findings are typical but not specific for CSD and cannot be considered as a "gold standard" for diagnosis of CSD. The sensitivity of the PCR assays increased from 65 to 87% if two criteria (histology and serology) were used in combination for diagnosis of CSD. Two genotypes (I and II) of B. henselae are described as being involved in CSD. Genotype I was found in 23 (59%) and genotype II was found in 9 (23%) of the 39 PCR-positive lymph nodes. Seven (18%) lymph nodes were negative in both type-specific PCR assays. Thirty (50%) of our 60 patients were younger than 20 years old (15 were younger than 10 years), 20 (33%) were between 21 and 40 years old, and 10 (17%) patients were between 41 and 84 years old. Our data suggest that detection of Bartonella DNA in patients' samples might confirm the histologically suspected diagnosis of CSD. (+info)Clinical and pathologic evaluation of chronic Bartonella henselae or Bartonella clarridgeiae infection in cats. (3/178)
Human Bartonella infections result in diverse medical presentations, whereas many cats appear to tolerate chronic bacteremia without obvious clinical abnormalities. Eighteen specific-pathogen-free cats were inoculated with Bartonella henselae- and/or Bartonella clarridgeiae-infected cat blood and monitored for 454 days. Relapsing bacteremia did not correlate with changes in protein profiles or differences in antigenic protein recognition. Intradermal skin testing did not induce a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to cat scratch disease skin test antigen. Thirteen cats were euthanatized at the end of the study. Despite persistent infection, clinical signs were minimal and gross necropsy results were unremarkable. Histopathology revealed peripheral lymph node hyperplasia (in all of the 13 cats), splenic follicular hyperplasia (in 9 cats), lymphocytic cholangitis/pericholangitis (in 9 cats), lymphocytic hepatitis (in 6 cats), lymphoplasmacytic myocarditis (in 8 cats), and interstitial lymphocytic nephritis (in 4 cats). Structures suggestive of Bartonella were visualized in some Warthin-Starry stained sections, and Bartonella DNA was amplified from the lymph node (from 6 of the 13 cats), liver (from 11 cats) heart (from 8 cats), kidney (from 9 cats), lung (from 2 cats), and brain (from 9 cats). This study indicates that B. henselae or B. clarridgeiae can induce chronic infection following blood transfusion in specific-pathogen-free cats and that Bartonella DNA can be detected in blood, brain, lymph node, myocardium, liver, and kidney tissues of both blood culture-positive cats and blood culture-negative cats. Detection of histologic changes in these cats supports a potential etiologic role for Bartonella species in several idiopathic disease processes in cats. (+info)Culture of Bartonella quintana and Bartonella henselae from human samples: a 5-year experience (1993 to 1998). (4/178)
Bartonella quintana and Bartonella henselae are fastidious gram-negative bacteria responsible for bacillary angiomatosis, trench fever, cat scratch disease, and endocarditis. During a 5-year period, we received 2,043 samples for culture of Bartonella sp. We found Bartonella sp. to be the etiologic agent in 38 cases of endocarditis, 78 cases of cat scratch disease, 16 cases of bacteremia in homeless people, and 7 cases of bacillary angiomatosis. We correlated the results of positive cultures with the clinical form of the disease, type of sample, culture procedure, PCR-based genomic detection, and antibody determination. Seventy-two isolates of B. quintana and nine isolates of B. henselae from 43 patients were obtained. Sixty-three of the B. quintana isolates and two of the B. henselae isolates, obtained from patients with no prior antibiotic therapy, were stably subcultured. The sensitivity of culture was low when compared with that of PCR-based detection methods in valves of patients with endocarditis (44 and 81%, respectively), skin biopsy samples of patients with bacillary angiomatosis (43 and 100%, respectively), and lymph nodes of cat scratch disease (13 and 30%, respectively). Serological diagnosis was also more sensitive in cases of endocarditis (97%) and cat scratch disease (90%). Among endocarditis patients, the sensitivity of the shell vial culture assay was 28% when inoculated with blood samples and 44% when inoculated with valvular biopsy samples, and the sensitivity of both was significantly higher than that of culture on agar (5% for blood [P = 0.045] and 4% for valve biopsy samples [P < 0.0005]). The most efficient culture procedure was the subculture of blood culture broth into shell vials (sensitivity, 71%). For patients with endocarditis, previous antibiotic therapy significantly affected results of blood culture; no patient who had been administered antibiotics yielded a positive blood culture, whereas 80% of patients with no previous antibiotic therapy yielded positive blood cultures (P = 0.0006). Previous antibiotic therapy did not, however, prevent isolation of Bartonella sp. from cardiac valves but did prevent the establishment of strains, as none of the 15 isolates from treated patients could be successfully subcultured. For the diagnosis of B. quintana bacteremia in homeless people, the efficiency of systematic subculture of blood culture broth onto agar was higher than that of direct blood plating (respective sensitivities, 98 and 10% [P < 10(-7)]). Nevertheless, both procedures are complementary, since when used together their sensitivity reached 100%. All homeless people with positive blood cultures had negative serology. The isolation rate of B. henselae from PCR-positive lymph nodes, in patients with cat scratch disease, was significantly lower than that from valves of endocarditis patients and skin biopsy samples from bacillary angiomatosis patients (13 and 33%, respectively [P = 0.084]). In cases of bacillary angiomatosis for which an agent was identified to species level, the isolation rate of B. henselae was lower than the isolation rate of B. quintana (28 and 64%, respectively [P = 0.003]). If culture is to be considered an efficient tool for the diagnosis of several Bartonella-related diseases, methodologies need to be improved, notably for the recovery of B. henselae from lymph nodes of patients with cat scratch disease. (+info)Acute clinical disease in cats following infection with a pathogenic strain of Bartonella henselae (LSU16). (5/178)
Bartonella henselae is the causative agent of human cat scratch disease as well as several serious sequelae of infections, including bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis. Conflicting reports describe the pathogenesis of B. henselae in the cat. In this study, we characterized a strain of B. henselae termed LSU16. This strain was isolated on rabbit blood agar from a naturally infected 10-month-old female cat during a recurrent episode of bacteremia. The bacterial species was confirmed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Nine cats were infected intradermally with 5 x 10(7) CFU of LSU16, and clinical signs, antibody responses, and bacteremia were monitored. All nine cats developed raised, erythematous areas at the site of inoculation within 72 h postinoculation; the swelling peaked at 14 days postinfection and was not palpable by 28 days postinfection. Fever developed in all nine cats between 6 and 16 days postinfection and lasted for 1 to 8 days. Between 6 and 16 days postinfection, all nine cats experienced lethargy which persisted 5 to 18 days. Seven of nine cats were bacteremic by day 7, and all nine cats had become bacteremic by 14 days postinfection. Bacteremia peaked at 14 to 28 days postinfection in all cats. In six of the nine infected cats, bacterial numbers reached nondetectable levels during the 7th week postinfection; however, a single animal maintained bacteremia to 18 weeks postinfection. All nine cats developed strong antibody responses to B. henselae, as determined by Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Subsequently, three naive cats were injected intradermally with blood from cats infected with LSU16 from a pure culture, and five naive cats were injected with feces from fleas which had been feeding on cats infected with a pure culture of LSU16. These cats developed signs similar to those described in the previous experiment and were euthanized at 5 weeks postinfection. We conclude that B. henselae LSU16 is a virulent strain of B. henselae in cats and propose that the virulence of B. henselae in cats is strain dependent. (+info)Presumed ocular bartonellosis. (6/178)
BACKGROUND: The spectrum of diseases caused by Bartonella henselae continues to expand and ocular involvement during this infection is being diagnosed with increasing frequency. METHODS: The clinical features and visual prognosis for 13 patients with intraocular inflammatory disease and laboratory evidence of bartonellosis were investigated. There were nine patients with neuroretinitis and four with panuveitis with positive antibody titres against B henselae determined by an enzyme immunoassay (IgG exceeding 1:900 and/or IgM exceeding 1:250). RESULTS: Positive IgG levels were found for eight patients and positive IgM levels for five. Despite animal exposure of 10 patients, only two (IgG positive) cases had systemic symptoms consistent with the diagnosis of cat scratch disease. Pathological fluorescein leakage of the optic disc was observed in all affected eyes. At 6 months' follow up, 3/18 (17%) affected eyes had a visual acuity of less than 20/100, owing to optic disc atrophy and cystoid macular oedema. 12 patients (17 eyes) were treated with antibiotics; visual acuity improved two or more Snellen lines for 9/17 (53%) eyes. CONCLUSIONS: The possibility of B henselae infection should be considered in patients with neuroretinitis and panuveitis (especially in cases with associated optic nerve involvement) even in the absence of systemic symptoms typical for cat scratch disease. (+info)Identification of Bartonella-specific immunodominant antigens recognized by the feline humoral immune system. (7/178)
The seroreactivities of both naturally and experimentally infected cats to Bartonella henselae was examined. Serum samples collected weekly from nine cats experimentally infected with B. henselae LSU16 were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot analysis. The magnitude and isotype of the antibody response were investigated by ELISA. Western blot analysis allowed the identification of at least 24 Bartonella-specific antigens recognized by the cats during infection. Antibody titers to specific antigens, as determined by Western blot analysis, ranged from 10 to 640 and varied among the different antibody-antigen interactions. Absorption of sera from an experimentally infected cat, using whole cells and cell lysates of various Bartonella species and other bacteria that commonly colonize cats, supported the identification of those Bartonella-specific antigens recognized by the experimentally infected cats. Furthermore, a number of possible species- and type-specific antigens were identified. Finally, sera obtained from cats at local animal shelters were screened for the presence of antibodies directed against the Bartonella-specific bands identified in the experimentally infected cats. A number of Bartonella-specific antigens have been identified to which strong antibody responses are generated in both experimentally and naturally infected cats, some of which may be useful in diagnosing species- and/or type-specific infections. In addition, the results from these experiments will lead to the development of monoclonal antibodies targeted against those genus-, species-, and type-specific antigens. (+info)Characterization of Bartonella henselae-specific immunity in BALB/c mice. (8/178)
BALB/c mice were inoculated with Bartonella henselae by both systemic and mucosal routes. Culture analysis of tissues from mice infected intraperitoneally with a high dose of B. henselae yielded positive results 24 hr after infection. However, culture analysis of blood taken between 6 hr and 7 days after infection from groups receiving live B. henselae were negative. Following intraperitoneal infection, B. henselae was detected by polymerase chain reaction in liver and mesenteric lymph nodes by 6 hr and up to 7 days after infection in liver, kidney and spleen tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of serum samples collected as early as 13 days after infection indicated humoral immune responses to B. henselae. Specific humoral responses remained through week 6. Analysis of faecal samples revealed induction of B. henselae-specific immunoglobulin A by day 28 after infection. In addition, B. henselae-specific cellular responses were indicated by a positive delayed-type hypersensitivity and a T helper 1 (Th1) (CD4+ T cell)-type cytokine response following in vitro stimulation of splenocytes. The significance and implications of these data in relation to B. henselae infections are discussed. (+info)Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is a bacterial infection caused by Bartonella henselae. It is typically transmitted through contact with a cat, especially when the animal scratches or bites a person and then introduces the bacteria into the wound. The incubation period for CSD is usually 7-14 days after exposure.
The most common symptoms of CSD include:
* A small, raised bump (called a papule) that develops at the site of the scratch or bite within a few days of being scratched or bitten by a cat. This bump may be tender and can sometimes form a crust or pustule.
* Swollen lymph nodes (also called lymphadenopathy) near the site of the infection, which usually develop 1-2 weeks after the initial scratch or bite. These swollen lymph nodes are often painful and may be warm to the touch.
* Fatigue, fever, headache, and muscle aches are also common symptoms of CSD.
In most cases, cat-scratch disease is a mild illness that resolves on its own within a few weeks or months. However, in some cases, it can cause more severe complications, such as infection of the heart valves (endocarditis), inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), or damage to the eyes (retinitis).
Treatment for cat-scratch disease typically involves supportive care, such as pain relief and anti-inflammatory medications. Antibiotics may be prescribed in some cases, particularly if the infection is severe or if the patient has a weakened immune system. Preventive measures include washing hands after handling cats, avoiding rough play with cats, and promptly treating cat bites and scratches.
'Bartonella henselae' is a gram-negative bacterium that is the primary cause of cat scratch disease (CSD) in humans. The bacteria are transmitted through the scratch or bite of an infected cat, or more rarely, through contact with cat saliva on a wound or mucous membrane.
Infected individuals may experience mild to severe symptoms, including fever, headache, fatigue, and lymph node swelling near the site of infection. In some cases, the bacteria can spread to other parts of the body, causing more serious complications such as endocarditis (inflammation of the inner lining of the heart), encephalopathy (brain damage), or neurological symptoms.
Diagnosis of Bartonella henselae infection typically involves a combination of clinical symptoms, serological testing, and sometimes molecular methods such as PCR. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics, with doxycycline being the first-line therapy for adults and macrolides for children. In severe cases, intravenous antibiotics may be necessary.
Preventive measures include avoiding contact with cats' claws and saliva, particularly if you have a weakened immune system, and practicing good hygiene after handling cats or their litter boxes.
"Bartonella" is a genus of gram-negative bacteria that are facultative intracellular pathogens, meaning they can live and multiply inside host cells. They are the cause of several emerging infectious diseases in humans and animals. Some species of Bartonella are associated with clinical syndromes such as cat scratch disease, trench fever, and Carrion's disease. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bites or feces of insect vectors (such as fleas, lice, and sandflies) or through contact with infected animals. Once inside the host, Bartonella can evade the immune system and cause chronic infection, which can lead to a variety of clinical manifestations, including fever, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, endocarditis, and neurological symptoms.
The medical definition of 'Bartonella' is: A genus of fastidious, gram-negative bacteria that are facultative intracellular pathogens. Bartonella species are the cause of several emerging infectious diseases in humans and animals. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bites or feces of insect vectors (such as fleas, lice, and sandflies) or through contact with infected animals. Bartonella species can evade the immune system and cause chronic infection, leading to a variety of clinical manifestations, including fever, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, endocarditis, and neurological symptoms.
Bacillary angiomatosis is a medical condition caused by infection with the bacteria Bartonella henselae or Bartonella quintana. It is characterized by the growth of blood vessel tissue in various parts of the body, leading to the formation of lesions or tumors. These lesions can appear as red papules or nodules on the skin, and can also affect internal organs such as the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.
The condition is typically seen in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, and can be treated with antibiotics. It is important to note that bacillary angiomatosis should not be confused with other forms of angiomatosis or vascular tumors, which have different causes and treatments.
Bartonella quintana is a gram-negative, aerobic bacillus that is the causative agent of trench fever, a disease first described during World War I. The bacterium is primarily transmitted to humans through the feces of body lice, and it can also cause endocarditis and other systemic infections.
The name "quintana" refers to the characteristic fever pattern of the disease, which features recurring episodes every fifth day. Other symptoms of trench fever include headache, muscle pain, and a rash. The disease is typically treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or azithromycin.
Bartonella quintana is also known to cause cat scratch disease in immunocompromised individuals. It can be transmitted through the scratches or bites of cats infected with the bacterium. The symptoms of cat scratch disease include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue.
Overall, Bartonella quintana is a significant public health concern, particularly in populations with poor hygiene and crowded living conditions, such as homeless individuals and refugees.
Bartonella infections are a group of diseases caused by bacteria belonging to the Bartonella genus. These gram-negative bacteria can infect humans and animals, causing various symptoms depending on the specific Bartonella species involved. Some common Bartonella infections include:
1. Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae): This is the most common Bartonella infection, usually transmitted through contact with a cat's scratch or saliva. The primary symptom is a tender, swollen lymph node near the site of the scratch. Other symptoms may include fever, fatigue, and headache.
2. Trench fever (Bartonella quintana): This infection was first identified during World War I among soldiers living in trenches, hence its name. It is primarily transmitted through the feces of body lice. Symptoms include fever, severe headaches, muscle pain, and a rash.
3. Carrion's disease (Bartonella bacilliformis): This infection is endemic to South America, particularly in the Andean regions of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. It is transmitted through the bite of sandflies. The acute phase of the disease, known as Oroya fever, is characterized by high fever, severe anemia, and potentially life-threatening complications. The chronic phase, known as verruga peruana, presents with skin lesions resembling warts or boils.
Diagnosis of Bartonella infections typically involves blood tests to detect antibodies against the bacteria or direct detection of the bacterial DNA using PCR techniques. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics such as azithromycin, doxycycline, or rifampin, depending on the specific infection and severity of symptoms.
"Cat" is a common name that refers to various species of small carnivorous mammals that belong to the family Felidae. The domestic cat, also known as Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus, is a popular pet and companion animal. It is a subspecies of the wildcat, which is found in Europe, Africa, and Asia.
Domestic cats are often kept as pets because of their companionship, playful behavior, and ability to hunt vermin. They are also valued for their ability to provide emotional support and therapy to people. Cats are obligate carnivores, which means that they require a diet that consists mainly of meat to meet their nutritional needs.
Cats are known for their agility, sharp senses, and predatory instincts. They have retractable claws, which they use for hunting and self-defense. Cats also have a keen sense of smell, hearing, and vision, which allow them to detect prey and navigate their environment.
In medical terms, cats can be hosts to various parasites and diseases that can affect humans and other animals. Some common feline diseases include rabies, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and toxoplasmosis. It is important for cat owners to keep their pets healthy and up-to-date on vaccinations and preventative treatments to protect both the cats and their human companions.
Rickettsiaceae is a family of Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria that are primarily parasitic in arthropods and mammals. They are the causative agents of several important human diseases, including typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and rickettsialpox. These bacteria are typically transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods such as ticks, fleas, or lice.
The bacteria in Rickettsiaceae are small, non-motile, and have a unique bipolar appearance with tapered ends. They can only replicate inside host cells, where they manipulate the host cell's machinery to create a protective niche for themselves. This makes them difficult to culture and study outside of their hosts.
Rickettsiaceae bacteria are divided into several genera based on their genetic and antigenic characteristics, including Rickettsia, Orientia, and Coxiella. Each genus contains several species that can cause different diseases in humans. For example, Rickettsia rickettsii is the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, while Rickettsia prowazekii causes epidemic typhus.
Overall, Rickettsiaceae bacteria are important pathogens that can cause serious and sometimes fatal diseases in humans. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with appropriate antibiotics is essential for a successful outcome.
There are many diseases that can affect cats, and the specific medical definitions for these conditions can be quite detailed and complex. However, here are some common categories of feline diseases and examples of each:
1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Examples include:
* Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), also known as feline parvovirus, which can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms and death in kittens.
* Feline calicivirus (FCV), which can cause upper respiratory symptoms such as sneezing and nasal discharge.
* Feline leukemia virus (FeLV), which can suppress the immune system and lead to a variety of secondary infections and diseases.
* Bacterial infections, such as those caused by Pasteurella multocida or Bartonella henselae, which can cause abscesses or other symptoms.
2. Neoplastic diseases: These are cancerous conditions that can affect various organs and tissues in cats. Examples include:
* Lymphoma, which is a common type of cancer in cats that can affect the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other organs.
* Fibrosarcoma, which is a type of soft tissue cancer that can arise from fibrous connective tissue.
* Squamous cell carcinoma, which is a type of skin cancer that can be caused by exposure to sunlight or tobacco smoke.
3. Degenerative diseases: These are conditions that result from the normal wear and tear of aging or other factors. Examples include:
* Osteoarthritis, which is a degenerative joint disease that can cause pain and stiffness in older cats.
* Dental disease, which is a common condition in cats that can lead to tooth loss, gum inflammation, and other problems.
* Heart disease, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which is a thickening of the heart muscle that can lead to congestive heart failure.
4. Hereditary diseases: These are conditions that are inherited from a cat's parents and are present at birth or develop early in life. Examples include:
* Polycystic kidney disease (PKD), which is a genetic disorder that causes cysts to form in the kidneys and can lead to kidney failure.
* Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in some cats.
* Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), which is a group of genetic disorders that cause degeneration of the retina and can lead to blindness.
Trench fever is a historical medical condition that primarily affected soldiers during World War I. It is caused by Bartonella quintana, a type of bacterium that is transmitted through the feces of body lice. The name "trench fever" comes from the fact that it was common among soldiers living in trenches, where poor hygiene and crowded conditions facilitated the spread of the disease.
Symptoms of trench fever include sudden onset of fever, severe headache, muscle pain, and a rash. The fever typically lasts for about five days and then recurs every four to six days, which is why it was also known as "five-day fever" or "recrudescence fever." Other symptoms can include fatigue, anemia, and swelling of the spleen and liver.
Trench fever is treated with antibiotics such as doxycycline or azithromycin. Prevention measures include good personal hygiene, such as regular bathing and changing clothes, as well as environmental controls to reduce louse populations, such as delousing stations and insecticides.
While trench fever is no longer a major public health concern, it remains an important historical medical condition that highlights the importance of hygiene and infection control in military settings.
Siphonaptera is the scientific order that includes fleas. Fleas are small, wingless insects with laterally compressed bodies and strong legs adapted for jumping. They are external parasites, living by hematophagy off the blood of mammals and birds. Fleas can be a nuisance to their hosts, and some people and animals have allergic reactions to flea saliva. Fleas can also transmit diseases, such as bubonic plague and murine typhus, and parasites like tapeworms.
Lymphatic diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the lymphatic system, which is an important part of the immune and circulatory systems. The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels, organs, and tissues that help to transport lymph fluid throughout the body, fight infection, and remove waste products.
Lymphatic diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. Some common types of lymphatic diseases include:
1. Lymphedema: A condition that causes swelling in the arms or legs due to a blockage or damage in the lymphatic vessels.
2. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, including Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
3. Infections: Certain bacterial and viral infections can affect the lymphatic system, such as tuberculosis, cat-scratch disease, and HIV/AIDS.
4. Autoimmune disorders: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and scleroderma can cause inflammation and damage to the lymphatic system.
5. Congenital abnormalities: Some people are born with abnormalities in their lymphatic system, such as malformations or missing lymph nodes.
Symptoms of lymphatic diseases may vary depending on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or radiation therapy. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of a lymphatic disease, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes.
Splenic diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or health of the spleen. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, which plays a vital role in filtering the blood and fighting infections. Some common splenic diseases include:
1. Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen due to various causes such as infections, liver disease, blood disorders, or cancer.
2. Hypersplenism: Overactivity of the spleen leading to excessive removal of blood cells from circulation, causing anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia.
3. Splenic infarction: Partial or complete blockage of the splenic artery or its branches, resulting in tissue death and potential organ dysfunction.
4. Splenic rupture: Traumatic or spontaneous tearing of the spleen capsule, causing internal bleeding and potentially life-threatening conditions.
5. Infections: Bacterial (e.g., sepsis, tuberculosis), viral (e.g., mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus), fungal (e.g., histoplasmosis), or parasitic (e.g., malaria) infections can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
6. Hematologic disorders: Conditions such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hemolytic anemias, lymphomas, leukemias, or myeloproliferative neoplasms can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement or dysfunction.
7. Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or vasculitis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
8. Cancers: Primary (e.g., splenic tumors) or secondary (e.g., metastatic cancer from other organs) malignancies can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement, dysfunction, or rupture.
9. Vascular abnormalities: Conditions such as portal hypertension, Budd-Chiari syndrome, or splenic vein thrombosis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
10. Trauma: Accidental or intentional injuries to the spleen can lead to bleeding, infection, or organ dysfunction.
Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.
The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT), Indirect is a type of immunofluorescence assay used to detect the presence of specific antigens in a sample. In this method, the sample is first incubated with a primary antibody that binds to the target antigen. After washing to remove unbound primary antibodies, a secondary fluorescently labeled antibody is added, which recognizes and binds to the primary antibody. This indirect labeling approach allows for amplification of the signal, making it more sensitive than direct methods. The sample is then examined under a fluorescence microscope to visualize the location and amount of antigen based on the emitted light from the fluorescent secondary antibody. It's commonly used in diagnostic laboratories for detection of various bacteria, viruses, and other antigens in clinical specimens.
Immunocompetence is the condition of having a properly functioning immune system that can effectively respond to the presence of foreign substances, such as pathogens (like bacteria, viruses, and parasites) and other potentially harmful agents. It involves the ability of the immune system to recognize, attack, and eliminate these foreign substances while also maintaining tolerance to self-tissues and promoting tissue repair.
Immunocompetence is essential for overall health and wellbeing, as it helps protect the body from infections and diseases. Factors that can affect immunocompetence include age, genetics, stress, nutrition, sleep, and certain medical conditions or treatments (like chemotherapy or immunosuppressive drugs) that can weaken the immune system.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.
The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.
In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.
Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.
Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the immune system. They are found throughout the body, especially in the neck, armpits, groin, and abdomen. Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid, which carries waste and unwanted substances such as bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells. They contain white blood cells called lymphocytes that help fight infections and diseases by attacking and destroying the harmful substances found in the lymph fluid. When an infection or disease is present, lymph nodes may swell due to the increased number of immune cells and fluid accumulation as they work to fight off the invaders.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid. It is the first antibody to be produced in response to an initial exposure to an antigen, making it an important part of the body's primary immune response. IgM antibodies are large molecules that are composed of five basic units, giving them a pentameric structure. They are primarily found on the surface of B cells as membrane-bound immunoglobulins (mlgM), where they function as receptors for antigens. Once an mlgM receptor binds to an antigen, it triggers the activation and differentiation of the B cell into a plasma cell that produces and secretes large amounts of soluble IgM antibodies.
IgM antibodies are particularly effective at agglutination (clumping) and complement activation, which makes them important in the early stages of an immune response to help clear pathogens from the bloodstream. However, they are not as stable or long-lived as other types of antibodies, such as IgG, and their levels tend to decline after the initial immune response has occurred.
In summary, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the primary immune response to antigens by agglutination and complement activation. It is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid, and it is produced by B cells after they are activated by an antigen.
Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.
* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.
In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.
It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
IgG has several important functions:
1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.
IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.
Cat-scratch disease
Cat bite
List of infectious diseases causing flu-like syndrome
Bartonellosis
Lymphadenopathy
Onychectomy
Bartonella henselae
Afipia felis
Pierre Mollaret
Afipia clevelandensis
Bartonella
Afipia broomeae
Carrion's disease
Cat play and toys
Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome
Rats in New York City
Bartonella clarridgeiae
Interferon
Cat
Granuloma
Warthin-Starry stain
Nitrobacteraceae
Sporotrichosis
Human interaction with cats
Bartonella apis
Zoonosis
Progressive transformation of germinal centres
William A. Petri
Clarithromycin
Cardiolipin
Cat-scratch disease - Wikipedia
Cat-scratch disease: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Cat Scratch Disease | Healthy Pets, Healthy People | CDC
Cat Scratch Disease (for Parents) - Aetna Better Health of Virginia (Medicaid)
Cat Scratch Disease
Cat Scratch Disease - CFSPH
Causes, symptoms and treatment for cat-scratch disease | Canadian Living
Cat Scratch Disease (Cat Scratch Fever): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Cat Scratch Disease - The Bartonella hensalae Virus
Cat-scratch disease
Encephalitis Associated with Cat Scratch Disease -- Broward and ..
Seasonality of Cat-Scratch Disease, France, 1999-2009 - Volume 17, Number 4-April 2011 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal -...
Cat scratch disease - Therapeutics in Dermatology
Cat-scratch disease - including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health
Cat Scratch Disease
Seasonality of Cat-Scratch Disease, France, 1999-2009
Child care: Cat scratch disease
Pet Health and You: Diseases You Can Get From Your Pets
Cat Scratch Disease Meanings - Whichever Meanings
Cat Scratch Disease - 1273 Words | Cram
Pediatric Lymph Node Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology
Cat-scratch disease - including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health
What You Need to Know About Cat Scratch Disease | Wellnessbin
Can a Canine Catch Cat Scratch Disease? | Dog Care - Daily Puppy
6 Health Risks of Keeping a Dirty Litter Box: Vet-Approved Sickness Signs - Catster
Take Action Now To Prevent Cat Scratch Disease - Doctor TV Channel
BRAO d/t cat scratch disease - LE fundus photograph - Retina Image Bank
What To Do If A Cat Scratches You - Wound Care Society
Cat-Scratch Disease - Infections - MSD Manual Consumer Version
Find out what disease can you get from cat scratch and their treatment
Bartonella42
- In silico analyses and design of chimeric proteins containing epitopes of Bartonella henselae antigens for the control of cat scratch disease. (nih.gov)
- Cat-scratch disease is caused by the bacterium Bartonella henselae which is believed to be spread by the cat's saliva. (wikipedia.org)
- You do not need to test or treat a healthy cat for Bartonella . (cdc.gov)
- Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is the most common human infection caused by Bartonella species. (aafp.org)
- The diagnosis of cat-scratch disease is usually confirmed by a history of cat exposure and antibodies to Bartonella henselae . (aafp.org)
- Cat scratch disease (CSD) is an illness caused by the bacterium Bartonella henselae. (medlineplus.gov)
- Etiology of catscratch disease: a comparison of polymerase chain reaction detection of Bartonella and Afipia felis DNA with serology and skin tests. (medscape.com)
- Cat-scratch disease is caused by an organism called Bartonella henselae, which is transmitted to humans by cats (usually kittens) that appear healthy, but are infected with this bacteria. (healthychildren.org)
- A single treatment for all Bartonella -related diseases has not been identified, so treatment must be tailored to specific situations. (medscape.com)
- Bartonella henselae is the causative agent of cat-scratch disease (CSD), the most common cause of lymphadenopathy in adults and children ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- Bartonella organisms remain viable in flea feces, and transmission to humans results in inoculation of B. henselae -contaminated flea feces into the skin through a scratch ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
- Bartonella henselae and transmitted by a scratch or bite from an infected cat, often causing a crusted bump and swollen lymph nodes. (msdmanuals.com)
- Fleas transmit the Bartonella bacteria from one cat to another. (msdmanuals.com)
- Until scientists began their most recent research on the Bartonella bacteria, it was assumed when the disease was identified in 1992 that it was transmitted primarily by the scratches and bites of cats contaminated with flea feces. (dogsmith.com)
- Cat scratch disease is caused by the bacterium Bartonella henselae , and it's a common (and probably commonly missed or misdiagnosed) disease. (wormsandgermsblog.com)
- The agent that causes cat-scratch disease is a rickettsial (bacteria-like) organism called Bartonella henselae . (hawaii.gov)
- Cat scratch fever (cat scratch disease) is a disease caused by bacteria called bartonella henselae that is spread by the saliva of cats. (familyeducation.com)
- Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) is a bacterial disease caused by Bartonella henselae. (thelymphnodes.com)
- Bartonella henselae, the bacterium that causes Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) is found in places all over the world. (thelymphnodes.com)
- The domestic cat is both the reservoir and vector for Bartonella henselae. (clinlabnavigator.com)
- Because tissue staining and serology are nonspecific and may be falsely negative in early stages of disease, real time PCR testing for the citrate synthase gene of Bartonella species has become the preferred test. (clinlabnavigator.com)
- Prolonged bartonella bacteremia in cats associated with cat-scratch disease patients. (ncsu.edu)
- Cat-scratch disease is caused by Bartonella henselae and transmitted to humans via the cats. (hippokratia.gr)
- Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is an infection caused by the gram-negative bacillus Bartonella henselae and is transmitted to humans via animal scratches or bites, especially from cats. (hippokratia.gr)
- You can get the cat scratch fever from a scratch or bite of a cat that is infected with the bacterium called Bartonella henselae . (findatopdoc.com)
- Clinical utility of indirect fluorescent assay for IgA class antibodies against Bartonella henselae in serodiagnosis of cat scratch disease in its early stage. (bvsalud.org)
- The utility of IgA class antibodies for the serodiagnosis of cat scratch disease (CSD) was evaluated by developing an indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) using an antigen obtained by co-cultivating Bartonella henselae ATCC 49882 with Vero cells . (bvsalud.org)
- The patient had recently adopted a cat and was subsequently diagnosed with Bartonella neuroretinitis, which is a form of Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) that presents with ocular symptoms such as central scotoma, rather than the typical lymphadenopathy of CSD. (pictures-of-cats.org)
- The patient was diagnosed with grade 3 optic disc edema with small disc hemorrhages bilaterally without lymphadenopathy, and Bartonella henselae serologies returned positive for the disease. (pictures-of-cats.org)
- The bacteria delivered the human with cat scratch fever, Bartonella henselae, is the leading cause of infectious neuroretinitis. (pictures-of-cats.org)
- 3. [Cat-scratch disease and other infections caused by Bartonella species]. (nih.gov)
- 9. [Bartonella henselae, an ubiquitous agent of proteiform zoonotic disease]. (nih.gov)
- 10. [Bartonella (Rochalimaea) infections: cat-scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis]. (nih.gov)
- 11. Bartonella henselae-mediated disease in solid organ transplant recipients: two pediatric cases and a literature review. (nih.gov)
- 12. Beyond cat scratch disease: widening spectrum of Bartonella henselae infection. (nih.gov)
- 20. Bartonella (Rochalimaea) infections: beyond cat scratch. (nih.gov)
- Bartonella is transmitted between cats primarily through fleas, although most naturally infected cats display no clinical disease. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
- Because Bartonella is a zoonotic disease, particular care should be used to avoid being bitten or scratched while administering antibiotic therapy. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
- If the results of Bartonella tests are negative in a clinically ill cat, the organism is not likely the cause of the clinical syndrome unless the infection was peracute and serological testing was used as the diagnostic test. (vin.com)
- Bartonellosis is an infectious disease produced by bacteria of the genus Bartonella . (mdwiki.org)
- [3] Bartonella species cause diseases such as Carrión's disease , trench fever , cat-scratch disease , bacillary angiomatosis , peliosis hepatis , chronic bacteremia , endocarditis , chronic lymphadenopathy , and neurological disorders. (mdwiki.org)
- A self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph nodes caused by AFIPIA felis, a gram-negative bacterium recently identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and by BARTONELLA HENSELAE . (bvsalud.org)
Infection31
- Cat-scratch disease is a common infection that usually presents as tender lymphadenopathy. (aafp.org)
- Cat scratch disease (CSD) is a bacterial infection spread by cats. (cdc.gov)
- About three to 14 days after the skin is broken, a mild infection can occur at the site of the scratch or bite. (cdc.gov)
- Contact your doctor if you develop any symptoms of cat scratch disease or infection. (cdc.gov)
- Most cats with B. henselae infection show NO signs of illness, but on rare occasions this disease can cause inflammation of the heart-making cats very sick with labored breathing. (cdc.gov)
- A common bacterial infection called cat-scratch disease (CSD) can make your youngster sick for weeks or even months, all because, as the name suggests, a cat has bitten or scratched him. (healthychildren.org)
- Cat-scratch disease is self-limited, meaning that the infection and the lymph node swelling will usually go away on their own in 2 to 4 months, even without treatment. (healthychildren.org)
- People become infected by a cat bite or scratch, which does not need to be severe for infection to occur. (msdmanuals.com)
- The Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses offers information relating to zoonotic diseases (diseases transmitted from animals to people), including aspects of human and pet health, infection prevention and control, and vaccination. (wormsandgermsblog.com)
- Cat scratch disease is a bacterial infection carried in cat saliva. (orovillehospital.com)
- Cat-scratch disease is an infection you can get after a cat scratches, bites, or licks you. (familydoctor.org)
- Cirrhosis and portal hypertension is a form of liver disease caused by alcoholism, poor diet, or infection. (familydoctor.org)
- When a cat with CSD bites or scratches a human hard enough to break the skin, it can pass the infection to them. (lymemexico.com)
- You may contract a bacterial infection if you are bitten or scratched by either infected animal. (lymemexico.com)
- An infection from a parasite found in cat poop usually causes no symptoms in healthy people but can cause serious problems for pregnant women and their unborn babies. (kidshealth.org)
- The most common causes of splenomegaly in the United States are liver disease, malignancy, and infection. (aafp.org)
- Aside from the infected cat's scratch, you can also acquire the infection if the cat's saliva comes into contact with an open wound or your sclera (the white of the eye). (findatopdoc.com)
- After approximately 14 days from the cat's scratch or bite, a mild infection usually occurs at the site of the scratch or bite. (findatopdoc.com)
- The infection spreads to humans when cats infected with B. henselae scratch or bite individuals deep enough to pierce their skin. (findatopdoc.com)
- It may signify that your cat became a carrier of the infection at some point in its life. (findatopdoc.com)
- Natural News) After his pet cat scratched him, a teenage boy developed a bacterial infection that caused rapid-onset schizophrenia. (naturalnews.com)
- The infection, which rarely causes disease in cats, is transmitted between cats by fleas. (kingcounty.gov)
- This leads the cat to do vigorous scratching and there is subsequent inflammation of the skin and secondary infection. (cathealth.com)
- This heavy "coffee ground" debris can often lead to a secondary bacterial ear infection because the kitty scratches so aggressively at the ears that the skin is disrupted, allowing infection to invade. (cathealth.com)
- Most people with CSD have been bitten or scratched by a cat and developed a mild infection at the point of injury. (proteinlounge.com)
- Human infection is generally called Cat Scratch Disease (CSD). (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
- infection of cats has also been associated directly or indirectly with a variety of clinical manifestations like fever, lethargy, lymphadenopathy, uveitis, gingivitis, and neurological diseases. (vin.com)
- Cats that are culture-negative or PCR-negative and antibody-negative and cats that are culture-negative or PCR-negative and antibody-positive are probably not a source of flea, cat, or human infection. (vin.com)
- Administration of doxycycline, amoxicillin-clavulanate, erythromycin, or fluoroquinolones can limit bacteremia but does not cure infection in all cats and has not been shown to lessen the risk of cat scratch disease. (vin.com)
- Cat-scratch disease is due to an infection by B. henselae and manifests as gradual regional lymph nodes enlargement ( armpit , groin , neck ) which may last 2-3 months or longer and a distal scratch and/or red-brown skin papule (not always seen at the time of the disease). (mdwiki.org)
- Information from this analysis can aid economic evaluations of interventions that prevent infection and advances in disease detection. (cdc.gov)
Fever30
- People with cat-scratch disease have a red, painless bump at the site of the scratch, and some have a fever, headache, poor appetite, or swollen lymph nodes. (msdmanuals.com)
- That's a pretty typical presentation of this disease - low grade fever, enlarged lymph nodes and a bump at the scratch site are most common. (wormsandgermsblog.com)
- Contact your physician if you have a wound from a cat and you suspect you have cat scratch fever. (hawaii.gov)
- Risk of cat scratch fever is possible for people who have contact with kittens or cats that are infected with the bacteria. (hawaii.gov)
- If you have cats in your home you might be at risk of getting cat scratch fever. (familyeducation.com)
- What are the symptoms of cat scratch fever? (familyeducation.com)
- How is cat scratch fever transmitted? (familyeducation.com)
- If your child has been diagnosed with cat scratch fever, they cannot spread it to another person. (familyeducation.com)
- A single episode of cat scratch fever usually makes the person immune to it for life. (familyeducation.com)
- Can you get cat scratch fever from an indoor cat? (familyeducation.com)
- Yes, it is possible to get cat scratch fever from an indoor cat. (familyeducation.com)
- How long does cat scratch fever last? (familyeducation.com)
- When should I be concerned about cat scratch fever? (familyeducation.com)
- For healthy people, cat scratch fever isn't typically a serious illness and symptoms tend to go away on their own without intervention. (familyeducation.com)
- A person with cat scratch disease may experience fever, headaches, fatigue, chills, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite and inflammation and soreness of the lymph nodes (lymphadenitis). (thelymphnodes.com)
- Most cases of cat scratch fever are diagnosed by talking with your doctor about recent encounters with a possibly infected cat. (lymemexico.com)
- We report a rare case of an isolated splenic cat-scratch disease in an immunocompetent 27-year-old woman who presented with prolonged fever and multifocal splenic lesions. (hippokratia.gr)
- Isolated splenic lesions and fever is a rare manifestation of the cat-scratch disease. (hippokratia.gr)
- An individual infected with the cat scratch disease may also develop fever, weakness, headaches , or loss of appetite. (findatopdoc.com)
- Children are more prone to becoming infected with cat scratch fever than adults. (findatopdoc.com)
- Most patients infected with cat scratch fever are younger than 21 years old. (findatopdoc.com)
- For humans infected with cat scratch fever, specific testing might be required to identify as well as isolate the causative agent ( B. henselae ). (findatopdoc.com)
- Blood Culture - The most reliable diagnostic test for cat scratch fever is culturing or growing the causative bacterium from a patient's blood sample. (findatopdoc.com)
- People with weak immune systems are at increased risk of getting seriously ill with cat scratch fever. (kingcounty.gov)
- It is about cat scratch fever (disease) causing partial blindness in a Texas man, aged 47. (pictures-of-cats.org)
- Apparently, cat scratch fever infects about 12,000 Americans annually. (pictures-of-cats.org)
- First of all, let's look at a condition made famous by former rocker Ted Nugent, cat scratch fever . (cathealth.com)
- Rickettsial and chlamydial diseases include Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Q-fever, and ornithosis. (cdc.gov)
- Her current work focuses on teaching physicians in other areas of the country about Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), a potentially lethal, tickborne rickettsial disease. (cdc.gov)
- This branch conducts research, investigates outbreaks, and implements public health interventions related to RMSF and other diseases such as ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, Q fever, typhus, and cat scratch disease. (cdc.gov)
Fleas22
- However, fleas serve as a vector for transmission of B. henselae among cats, and viable B. henselae are excreted in the feces of Ctenocephalides felis, the cat flea. (wikipedia.org)
- If you are getting a cat, make sure it's at least a year old, in good health, and free of fleas. (cdc.gov)
- Cat fleas are responsible for horizontal transmission of the disease from cat to cat, and on occasion, arthropod vectors (fleas or ticks) may transmit the disease to humans. (aafp.org)
- By scratching and biting at the fleas, cats pick up the infected flea dirt under their nails and between their teeth. (cdc.gov)
- Check for fleas by using a flea comb on your cat to inspect for flea dirt. (cdc.gov)
- The disease spreads from cat to cat by fleas, but cannot be transmitted from person to person. (healthychildren.org)
- People typically get exposed through fleas that feed off the cat, ingest the bacterium from the cat's blood, and then pass the bacterium in their feces ("flea dirt") which then comes in contact with people. (wormsandgermsblog.com)
- Cat owners should use products to prevent fleas. (orovillehospital.com)
- For instance, your cat is bitten by fleas or comes into contact with flea droppings. (familyeducation.com)
- When cats scratch or bite fleas, the bacteria infect their teeth and their nails. (familyeducation.com)
- Immediately treat your cat for fleas if fleas are a problem. (thelymphnodes.com)
- Fleas are more common than others to carry cat scratch disease, but ticks and others can also be a host. (lymemexico.com)
- Flea is the everyday name and an umbrella term for the Siphonaptera order that covers over 2.500 species (including cat fleas, dog fleas, rat fleas, human fleas, etc. (catsofaustralia.com)
- What Are Cat Fleas? (catsofaustralia.com)
- Cat fleas are reddish-brown to black tiny insects - an adult flea is less than â…› inch (4 millimeters) long, meaning they are smaller than a grain of rice. (catsofaustralia.com)
- Cat fleas classify as a holometabolous species, which means they undergo full metamorphosis (which lasts between 30-75 days). (catsofaustralia.com)
- Why Are Cat Fleas Dangerous? (catsofaustralia.com)
- Cat fleas are a health hazard on several levels. (catsofaustralia.com)
- They get it through scratching or biting infected fleas. (findatopdoc.com)
- Fleas aren't that picky, and if a cat isn't available, they will bite human beings. (cathealth.com)
- Infected cats are more commonly found in warmer climates-fleas transmit the bacteria from cat to cat. (cathealth.com)
- Thus, cat claws and teeth may be contaminated with the organism by ingesting fleas or flea feces during grooming and then transmit the organisms to people by bites. (vin.com)
Bitten10
- The symptoms usually begin 3 to 14 days after being scratched or bitten by an infected cat. (hawaii.gov)
- Call your child's healthcare provider if your child develops swollen lymph nodes after being scratched or bitten by a cat. (orovillehospital.com)
- Most people get it by playing with cats or kittens and get bitten or scratched by them. (thelymphnodes.com)
- Avoid being scratched or bitten. (thelymphnodes.com)
- This one might seem obvious (who actually tries to get bitten or scratched), it more about having awareness of known the signs of your cat when it is about to become irritated. (thelymphnodes.com)
- In the United States alone about 22,000 cases are diagnosed annually, most often in the fall and winter seasons and usually in children, because they are more likely than adults to play with kittens and cats and are more easily bitten or scratched. (thelymphnodes.com)
- Symptoms can take up to two weeks, including a bump where you were bitten or scratched. (lymemexico.com)
- The bitten or scratched area may become swollen with raised lesions and pus. (findatopdoc.com)
- Have you been bitten, scratched, stung by bugs (ex. (ubiehealth.com)
- Have you been bitten or scratched by an animal? (ubiehealth.com)
Henselae7
- As a consequence, a likely means of transmission of B. henselae from cats to humans may be inoculation with flea feces containing B. henselae through a contaminated cat scratch wound or by cat saliva transmitted in a bite. (wikipedia.org)
- Disseminated catscratch disease: detection of R.henselae in affected tissue. (medscape.com)
- However, transmission of B. henselae from cats to humans through scratches is rare ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
- If the cat's saliva is infected with b artonella henselae , it can transmit the disease. (familyeducation.com)
- Namely, it may develop when a cat infected with B. henselae bites or scratches a person. (catsofaustralia.com)
- B. henselae causes CSD (Cat Scratch Disease). (proteinlounge.com)
- B. henselae and B. quintana can cause bacillary angiomatosis, a vascular proliferative disease involving mainly the skin, and other organs. (mdwiki.org)
Bite or scratch10
- Cat-scratch disease commonly presents as tender, swollen lymph nodes near the site of the inoculating bite or scratch or on the neck, and is usually limited to one side. (wikipedia.org)
- If the bite or scratch gets infected or if you have symptoms of CSD, call your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
- The germ spreads to people when infected cats bite or scratch a person hard enough to break their skin. (cdc.gov)
- At the site of a cat bite or scratch, a red, painless bump develops within about 3 to 10 days. (msdmanuals.com)
- You can get cat-scratch disease when infected cats (usually kittens) bite or scratch the handler. (hawaii.gov)
- It is passed from a cat bite or scratch to a human. (orovillehospital.com)
- If your child does get a cat bite or scratch, wash the area right away with soap and water. (orovillehospital.com)
- It is only spread from a bite or scratch of an infected animal. (familyeducation.com)
- But some types of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi that pets can carry can make people sick though a bite or scratch, or if someone has contact with an animal's waste, saliva, or dander. (kidshealth.org)
- Later on, the individual's lymph nodes, which are nearest to the site of bite or scratch usually become painful or swollen. (findatopdoc.com)
Centers for Diseas3
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
- Joanna Regan, MD, MPH, FAAP is a pediatrician who currently works as a medical epidemiologist in the Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
Cats25
- Kittens are more likely to carry the bacteria in their blood, so may be more likely to transmit the disease than adult cats. (wikipedia.org)
- Most infections usually occur after scratches from domestic or feral cats, especially kittens. (cdc.gov)
- The best way to avoid CSD is to avoid rough play with cats that could lead to scratches or bites. (medlineplus.gov)
- Cat scratch disease is a cutaneous and systemic bacterial zoonotic disease that is carried in cats and affects humans. (iastate.edu)
- A child should never try to take food away from a cat and should avoid teasing, petting, or trying to capture stray cats. (healthychildren.org)
- Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is an uncommon illness that can be transmitted to people by cats. (hawaii.gov)
- The number one way to prevent getting cat scratch disease is to avoid being around cats. (thelymphnodes.com)
- This disease typically affects cats aged 7 years or older, and both male and female cats can become hyperthyroid. (pethealthnetwork.com)
- However, most carrier cats do not display any signs or symptoms of the disease. (findatopdoc.com)
- Kittens and young cats are also more likely to scratch or bite while they are playing and learning how to attack their prey. (findatopdoc.com)
- Ginsburg et al note that approximately 450,000 cat bites occur annually in the United States, nearly all of which are inflicted by household cats. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
- This article will focus on the diseases that can move between people and cats. (cathealth.com)
- Cats can also carry Sarcoptes scabiei, another scabies mite, but it is usually cleared quickly by the cat. (cathealth.com)
- Chiggers , which are larvae of the genera Trombiculidae , and cat fur mites ( Lynxacarus radosky -seen in FL, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii) are other skin parasites that can cause skin lesions on cats. (cathealth.com)
- Some zoonotic diseases of cats are transmitted by animal bites, scratches, or lesions such as draining, oozing wounds. (cathealth.com)
- The most common way humans get this disease is, just as the name implies, from scratches of cats, most frequently kittens. (cathealth.com)
- Cats usually won't exhibit serious clinical signs of this disease. (cathealth.com)
- Azithromycin in combination with other drugs has been suggested as a treatment for systemic non-tubercular mycobacterial disease of dogs and cats. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
- Cats can also be infected with B. clarridgeiae , an organism that has also been associated with cat scratch disease. (vin.com)
- that infect cats are common or associated with human or feline disease. (vin.com)
- antibodies in feline sera were not significantly different for cats with and without disease. (vin.com)
- While serologic testing can be used to determine whether an individual cat has been exposed, both seropositive and seronegative cats can be bacteremic, limiting the diagnostic utility of serologic testing. (vin.com)
- Feeding dry food to cats contributes to gum disease as well as plaque and tartar formation. (catnutrition.org)
- Moreover, I have grown so suspicious of what "the experts" told me for years on so many areas of cat care, that it was easy to tell myself that their admonitions about the need for regular professional dental exams were not to be taken anymore seriously than their advice on how to feed cats. (catnutrition.org)
- And most cats eat dry food - so obviously, dry food isn't helping prevent periodontal disease. (catnutrition.org)
Humans8
- The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis , is the vector responsible for horizontal transmission of the disease from cat to cat, and its bite can also infect humans. (aafp.org)
- Bartonellosis, also known as the 'cat scratch disease,' is currently under study to better understand its potential to damage the health of both humans and animals. (dogsmith.com)
- How Do Humans Get Cat Scratch Disease? (lymemexico.com)
- The bacillus is transmitted to humans by domestic cat scratches, bites, or licks. (clinlabnavigator.com)
- In fact, the cat flea is the most common type of flea infesting dogs and humans. (catsofaustralia.com)
- A zoonosis is a disease of animals that can be spread to and infect humans. (cathealth.com)
- Compared with disease in humans, disease in animals is generally identified at a later stage. (merckvetmanual.com)
- The organism is the most common cause of cat scratch disease as well as bacillary angiomatosis, and bacillary peliosis, common disorders in humans with AIDS. (vin.com)
Kittens3
- Kittens are also more likely to scratch and bite while they play and learn how to attack prey. (cdc.gov)
- Reduce contact with kittens and activities that may result in scratches or bites. (hawaii.gov)
- Young kittens less than 1 year of age are more likely to scratch. (orovillehospital.com)
Diagnosis of Cat Scratch2
- Molecular Diagnosis of Cat Scratch Disease: a 25-Year Retrospective Comparative Analysis of Various Clinical Specimens and Different PCR Assays. (nih.gov)
- Avidor B, Kletter Y, Abulafia S, Golan Y, Ephros M, Giladi M. Molecular diagnosis of cat scratch disease: a two-step approach. (medscape.com)
Bites or scratches a person1
- The disease spreads when an infected cat licks a person's open wound, or bites or scratches a person hard enough to break the surface of the skin. (cdc.gov)
Infections7
- Cat scratches are often linked to human infections, not because the bacterium is living on the cat's claws, but because claws create an opening for the bacterium to get into the body through this exposure to flea dirt, or if there are flea feces on the cat's claws from grooming or scratching itself. (wormsandgermsblog.com)
- However, in more severe or recurring infections, complications can occur and a doctor can prescribe antibiotics to treat the disease. (hawaii.gov)
- One of the most common co-infections is CSD and Lyme disease. (lymemexico.com)
- First, self-inflicted scratches and bites can get infected (secondary bacterial infections). (catsofaustralia.com)
- In the United States, the most common etiologies of splenomegaly are chronic liver disease, malignancies, and infections. (aafp.org)
- However, in severe infections, a veterinarian will collect a blood sample from the cat for further examination. (findatopdoc.com)
- Infected flea droppings on the cat's fur or claws are the source of human infections, which are spread from the cat to a person by a cat bite, scratch or lick. (kingcounty.gov)
Swollen lymph2
- The pediatrician will look for a small bump where the cat scratch has occurred and evaluate any swollen lymph nodes that may be present. (healthychildren.org)
- Symptoms include a cat scratch or bite that doesn't heal, painful or swollen lymph nodes, flu-like symptoms, or a body rash. (orovillehospital.com)
Cat's3
- If your child rubs their eyes after petting a cat's fur, this can also spread cat scratch disease. (orovillehospital.com)
- Having a thyroid level included in your cat's annual labwork from the age of 7 onward will help diagnose this disease in the early stages. (pethealthnetwork.com)
- And if a cat is scratching their caregiver, it is because of something that the caregiver is doing such as waving their hand around in front of the cat's face. (pictures-of-cats.org)
Bacterium2
- Flea and cat bites can also lead to injection of the bacterium into people. (cathealth.com)
- Tuberculosis (TB) is a known lung disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (naturalpedia.com)
Lymphadenopathy4
- Cat-scratch disease should be included in the differential diagnosis in any patient with lymphadenopathy. (aafp.org)
- If an antibiotic is chosen to treat cat-scratch disease, azithromycin (Zithromax) appears to be effective at reducing the duration of lymphadenopathy. (aafp.org)
- Cat scratch disease begins as a cutaneous pustule that develops during the first week after contact with a cat, followed by regional lymphadenopathy. (clinlabnavigator.com)
- Lymphadenopathy is not a disease or illness, but it may be a symptom. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Bacillary3
- Infrequently, cat-scratch disease may present in a more disseminated form with hepatosplenomegaly or meningoencephalitis, or with bacillary angiomatosis in patients with AIDS. (aafp.org)
- Regnery R, Tappero J. Unraveling mysteries associated with cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, and related syndromes . (cdc.gov)
- 19. [Cat-scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis. (nih.gov)
Occur7
- About 500 hospitalizations occur every year resulting from complications of cat scratch disease. (familyeducation.com)
- If the larvae pass into the bowel, symptoms mimicking Crohn's disease may occur after 1-2 weeks. (kingcounty.gov)
- Avian (or bird) influenza refers to diseases caused by avian influenza A viruses that occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry. (kingcounty.gov)
- Symptoms in people vary, but serious disease can occur. (kingcounty.gov)
- [19] Severe, progressive and disseminated disease may occur in HIV patients. (mdwiki.org)
- An estimated 300,000 cases of Lyme disease occur in the United States annually. (cdc.gov)
- Based on extrapolation to the U.S. population, we estimate that 2,196 Lyme disease-related hospitalizations in persons under 65 years of age occur annually with an estimated annual cost of $25,826,237. (cdc.gov)
Wash8
- Promptly wash any cat scratches or bites with soap and water. (cdc.gov)
- If you do get a scratch or bite, wash it well with soap and water. (medlineplus.gov)
- Wash cat bites and scratches well with soap and running water. (cdc.gov)
- Wash your hands with soap and running water after playing with your cat, especially if you live with young children or people with weakened immune systems. (cdc.gov)
- If a cat scratches or bites your child, immediately wash the area with soap and water. (healthychildren.org)
- It is important to wash the area right away with soap and water if a cat scratches or bites your child. (orovillehospital.com)
- After touching your cat or kitten, wash hands with warm soapy water. (thelymphnodes.com)
- Make sure to properly wash cat scratches or bites using soap and water. (findatopdoc.com)
Bartonellosis2
- Bartonellosis can be as debilitating and difficult to diagnose as Lyme disease, and has in fact been misdiagnosed as Lyme disease by some physicians. (dogsmith.com)
- Unfortunately, many Bartonellosis symptoms are also seen in a wide variety of more common and better understood diseases. (dogsmith.com)
Site of the scratch2
- Within 2 weeks of being scratched, the lymph nodes closest to the site of the scratch may become swollen. (hawaii.gov)
- It usually arises one or more weeks following a feline scratch, with raised inflammatory nodules at the site of the scratch being the primary symptom. (bvsalud.org)
Symptoms of cat scratch2
- What are the symptoms of cat scratch disease in a child? (orovillehospital.com)
- The symptoms of cat scratch disease may not appear for more than a week after the child is scratched. (orovillehospital.com)
Neuroretinitis1
- 15. Cat-scratch neuroretinitis. (nih.gov)
Infectious6
- Cat-scratch disease (CSD) or felinosis is an infectious disease that most often results from a scratch or bite of a cat. (wikipedia.org)
- Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Br, Div of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC. (cdc.gov)
- Work with a specialist in infectious diseases to ensure your symptoms are diagnosed and treated correctly. (lymemexico.com)
- Tuberculosis (TB) (see the image below), a multisystemic disease with myriad presentations and manifestations, is the most common cause of infectious disease-related mortality worldwide. (medscape.com)
- See 11 Travel Diseases to Consider Before and After the Trip, a Critical Images slideshow, to help identify and manage infectious travel diseases. (medscape.com)
- An old and a new infectious disease with common etiology? (nih.gov)
Tuberculosis2
- Less commonly, tuberculosis and cat scratch disease can lead to lymphadenitis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Tuberculosis is a communicable disease with high morbidity and mortality rates in developing countries. (scielo.br)
Soap and w2
- Clean scratch wounds with soap and water. (cdc.gov)
- Promptly cleanse any minor cat scratches or bites with soap and water immediately. (hawaii.gov)
Manifestations3
- A Case Series of Cat-Scratch Disease with Ocular Manifestations: Clinical Findings and Treatment Approach. (nih.gov)
- The disease is commonly seen in children and young adults with a variety of clinical manifestations which depend on the immune response of the host. (hippokratia.gr)
- Atypical manifestations that can be severe and difficult to diagnosis develop in 5%-20% of patients with cat-scratch disease. (cdc.gov)
Azithromycin1
- Sometimes doctors also give antibiotics such as azithromycin to reduce swelling in the lymph nodes and to keep the disease from spreading. (msdmanuals.com)
Commonly3
- Cat-scratch disease is commonly diagnosed in children, but adults can present with it as well. (aafp.org)
- CSD is commonly diagnosed in children, but adults may also present with the disease. (aafp.org)
- This disease occurs commonly among adults and rarely in the paediatric population, especially children under 2 years of age [2,3]. (who.int)
Zoonotic disease1
- It is a zoonotic disease. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
Wounds4
- An enlarged lymph node in the armpit region of a person with cat scratch disease, and partially healed wounds from a cat scratch on the hand. (cdc.gov)
- Don't allow the cat to lick any open wounds. (thelymphnodes.com)
- Apparently, none of the physicians or nurses were familiar with wounds from cat and dog bites. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
- Contact of cat saliva with open skin wounds may also lead to transmission. (cathealth.com)
Rabies3
- Interestingly, there's no mention about the child being given rabies post-exposure prophylaxis, which is surprising after a bite with a stray cat. (wormsandgermsblog.com)
- Or perhaps the stray cat was captured and they were able to keep it under observation for 10 days to rule out rabies shedding at the time of the bite. (wormsandgermsblog.com)
- Rabies is a deadly viral disease that can spread to people and animals through bites or scratches from infected animals. (ubiehealth.com)
Antibiotics2
- Antibiotics speed healing and are recommended in those with severe disease or immune problems. (wikipedia.org)
- Treatment may include antibiotics but, in most cases, cat scratch disease will go away on its own. (orovillehospital.com)
Flea feces1
- The bite likely wasn't the issue in this case, but was an indicator that he had close contact with the cat, and presumably was exposed to flea feces. (wormsandgermsblog.com)
Licks an open wound3
- A person can get infected if an infected cat scratches their skin deep enough to break the surface or licks an open wound. (familyeducation.com)
- Cat scratch disease occurs when an infected cat bites, licks an open wound or scab or scratches the skin deeply enough to break the surface. (familyeducation.com)
- Also, if a cat licks an open wound on a person, it may transmit CSD. (lymemexico.com)
Ticks1
- Tick-borne diseases can happen when ticks attach to pets outdoors. (kidshealth.org)
Antibiotic1
- Most cases of cat-scratch disease are self-limited and do not require antibiotic treatment. (aafp.org)
Lesions1
- One week prior to discovery of the child's new lesions, the mother observed the kitten "attacking" the child's leg and causing scratches in addition to claw and bite punctures. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
Saliva1
- The disease can also be transmitted if the infected saliva contacts a person's eye or an open wound or scab. (familyeducation.com)
Signs2
- Physical examination should also assess for signs of systemic illness, liver disease, and anemia or other hematologic issues. (aafp.org)
- It allows the optometrist to obtain a better view of the fundus of you eye and to look for signs of eye disease such as diabetes, retinal detachment, and other retinal issues. (pictures-of-cats.org)
Rickettsial Diseases1
- As a native of North Carolina, she developed a strong interest in rickettsial diseases while living, training, and practicing in a highly endemic area. (cdc.gov)
Tender3
- Later, the person's lymph nodes near the original scratch or bite can become swollen, tender, or painful. (cdc.gov)
- Affected lymph nodes usually are proximal to the site of a cat scratch or bite, frequently are tender, and may suppurate. (cdc.gov)
- Within 2 weeks (sometimes after the scratch has healed), nearby lymph nodes swell and become tender and filled with pus. (msdmanuals.com)
Complications2
- What are possible complications of cat scratch disease in a child? (orovillehospital.com)
- Healthy children usually do not have a severe disease or complications from cat scratch disease. (orovillehospital.com)
Antibodies2
- To diagnose cat-scratch disease, doctors measure antibodies to the bacteria in the blood. (msdmanuals.com)
- However, if antibodies are present, it does not necessarily mean that your cat is currently infected with the disease. (findatopdoc.com)
Clinical4
- 1. Cat-scratch disease and related clinical syndromes. (nih.gov)
- Clinical symptoms in the cat include intense pruritus (itching). (cathealth.com)
- We analysed 2005-2014 data from the Truven Health Analytics MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Databases to identify inpatient records associated with Lyme disease based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes. (cdc.gov)
- and clinical images of the diseases he studied as manifested in their hosts. (nih.gov)
Severe4
- People are only tested for CSD when the disease is severe and the doctor suspects CSD based on the patient's symptoms. (cdc.gov)
- However, someone with a weakened immune system can have some severe problems with this disease. (thelymphnodes.com)
- If Lyme disease goes untreated, new and more debilitating symptoms may appear, such as cognitive dysfunction, sleep disturbances, mental health disorders, arthritis, severe fatigue, and inflammation around the heart or brain. (lymemexico.com)
- Her other recent projects include an investigation of zoonotic diseases in the Great Smokey Mountains National Park, an RMSF prevention project in Arizona, and a chart review of severe and fatal cases of RMSF. (cdc.gov)
Promptly1
- There is need of high suspicion index by the physicians to diagnose the disease promptly without invasive methods. (hippokratia.gr)
Viral1
- Viral diseases likely encountered on the job include animal respiratory viruses, poxviruses, enteroviruses, and arboviruses. (cdc.gov)
Feline1
- Thanks to two very time-generous website visitors, the page about feline periodontal disease is now available with a Korean translation. (catnutrition.org)
Lymph node b2
- Lymph node biopsy specimens and diagnosis of catscratch disease: discussion. (medscape.com)
- To assess the seasonality of the disease in France, we analyzed lymph node biopsy specimens collected during 1999-2009. (cdc.gov)
Infrequently1
- Abstract Cat scratch disease (CSD) infrequently mimics malignancy. (canlyme.com)
Inflammation1
- Cat-scratch disease is characterized by granulomatous inflammation on histological examination of the lymph nodes. (wikipedia.org)