Cataract
Lens, Crystalline
Phacoemulsification
gamma-Crystallins
Lens Implantation, Intraocular
Visual Acuity
Lens Cortex, Crystalline
Lens Capsule, Crystalline
Crystallins
Blindness
Ophthalmology
Capsulorhexis
Lens Diseases
Genes, Dominant
alpha-Crystallin A Chain
Vision Disorders
Pedigree
Anterior Chamber
Visually Impaired Persons
Anesthesia, Local
Eye Proteins
Glaucoma
Refractive Errors
Aqueous Humor
India
Eye Injuries
alpha-Crystallins
Sodium Selenite
Aging
Vitrectomy
Corneal Opacity
Postoperative Complications
Astigmatism
Vitreous Body
Vision, Low
Lod Score
Aldehyde Reductase
Connexins
Aphakia
Eyeglasses
Galactosemias
Myopia
Molecular chaperones: small heat shock proteins in the limelight. (1/2726)
Small heat shock proteins have been the Cinderellas of the molecular chaperone world, but now the crystal structure of a small heat shock protein has been solved and mutation of two human homologues implicated in genetic disease. Intermediate filaments appear to be one of the key targets of their chaperone activity. (+info)Modifications to rat lens major intrinsic protein in selenite-induced cataract. (2/2726)
PURPOSE: To identify modifications to rat lens major intrinsic protein (MIP) isolated from selenite-induced cataract and to determine whether m-calpain (EC 3.4.22.17) is responsible for cleavage of MIP during cataractogenesis. METHODS: Cataracts were induced in rats by a single injection of sodium selenite. Control and cataract lenses were harvested on day 16 and dissected into cortical and nuclear regions. Membranes were washed with urea buffer followed by NaOH. The protein was reduced/alkylated, delipidated, and cleaved with cyanogen bromide (CNBr). Cleavage products were fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and peptides were characterized by mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. MIP cleavage by m-calpain was carried out by incubation with purified enzyme, and peptides released from the membrane were analyzed by Edman sequencing. RESULTS: The intact C terminus, observed in the control nuclear and cataractous cortical membranes, was not observed in the cataractous nuclear membranes. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed heterogeneous cleavage of the C terminus of MIP in control and cataract nuclear regions. The major site of cleavage was between residues 238 and 239, corresponding to the major site of in vitro cleavage by m-calpain. However, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometric analysis indicated that in vivo proteolysis during cataract formation also included sites closer to the C terminus not produced by m-calpain in vitro. Evidence for heterogeneous N-terminal cleavage was also observed at low levels with no differences between control and cataractous lenses. The major site of phosphorylation was determined to be at serine 235. CONCLUSIONS: Specific sites of MIP N- and C-terminal cleavage in selenite-induced cataractous lenses were identified. The heterogeneous cleavage pattern observed suggests that m-calpain is not the sole enzyme involved in MIP C-terminal processing in rat lens nuclei. (+info)Anterior polar cataracts in CS rats: a predictor of mature cataract formation. (3/2726)
PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to characterize the morphology of the anterior opacities formed during recovery from posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) in Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats. METHODS: Lenses from RCS rats at 8 and 12 weeks postnatal (n = 14 and 12, respectively) were examined under a dissecting microscope for the presence of anterior opacities. Lenses with anterior opacities were fixed, embedded in epoxy resin, and sectioned along the optic axis for light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS: At eight weeks postnatal, 21.5% of animals (3/14) had anterior cataracts. Light microscopy of 1- to 2-microm-thick sections revealed an anomalous layer of material located at the epithelium-fiber interface, which was identified as a zone of liquefaction by TEM. Epithelial cells had minor structural defects but were not necrotic. Anterior portions of elongating and cortical fibers under the zone of liquefaction were undisrupted, whereas their posterior portions had numerous vacuoles. The anterior opacities were classified as anterior polar cataracts (APCs) based on the location and type of morphologic damage in the affected lenses. At twelve weeks postnatal, 25% of animals (3/12) had APCs that involved prominent vesiculation of the anterior cortex. Ultrastructural examination showed that large vesicles were located between and inside anterior fibers and that most extracellular spaces were abnormally widened. Posteriorly, internalization of the PSC by new fiber growth was disordered and displayed vesiculation and density variations. In the bow region, LM revealed minor structural irregularities that were identified as groups of apparently degenerating fibers by TEM. CONCLUSIONS: APCs in RCS rats are caused by degeneration of elongating fibers in the bow region and subsequent damage in the superficial anterior cortex. The percentage of animals with APCs (25%) was consistent with the percentage of animals in which mature cataracts eventually develop. The morphologic changes, time of onset, and percentage of animals affected suggest that APC is the initial manifestation of mature cataract formation in RCS rats. (+info)Effect of dietary taurine supplementation on GSH and NAD(P)-redox status, lipid peroxidation, and energy metabolism in diabetic precataractous lens. (4/2726)
PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in glutathione and NAD(P)-redox status, taurine and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, glucose utilization, and energy metabolism in diabetic precataractous lenses and to assess whether these changes can be prevented with dietary taurine supplementation. METHODS: The experimental groups included control and streptozotocin-diabetic rats with a 3-week duration of diabetes fed unsupplemented or taurine (1% or 5%)-supplemented diets. The levels of glucose, sorbitol, fructose, myo-inositol, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), glycolytic intermediates, malate, alpha-glycerophosphate, and adenine nucleotides were assayed in individual lenses spectrofluorometrically by enzymatic methods, reduced glutathione (GSH) spectrofluorometrically with O-phthaldialdehyde, MDA colorimetrically with N-methyl-2-phenylindole, and taurine by high-performance liquid chromatography. Free cytosolic NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH ratios were calculated from the lactate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme systems. RESULTS: Sorbitol pathway metabolites and MDA were increased, and GSH and taurine levels were reduced in diabetic rats versus controls. The profile of glycolytic intermediates (an increase in glucose 6-phosphate, no change in fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate, an increase in dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a decrease in 3-phosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and pyruvate, and no change in lactate), and a 9.2-fold increase in alpha-glycerophosphate suggest diabetes-induced inhibition of glycolysis. Free cytosolic NAD+/NADH ratios, ATP levels, ATP/ADP, and adenylate charge were reduced, whereas free cytosolic NADP+/NADPH ratios were elevated. Lens taurine levels in diabetic rats were not affected by supplementation with 1% taurine. With 5% taurine supplementation, they were increased approximately 2.2-fold higher than those in untreated diabetics but remained 3.4-fold lower than in controls. Lens GSH levels were similar in diabetic rats fed unsupplemented and 5% taurine-supplemented diets, whereas GSSG and MDA levels and GSSG/GSH ratios were reduced by 5% taurine supplementation. The decrease in free cytosolic NAD+/NADH, ATP/ADP, and adenylate energy charge were ameliorated by 5% taurine supplementation, whereas accumulation of sorbitol pathway intermediates, depletion of myoinositol, inhibition of glycolysis, a decrease in ATP and total adenine nucleotide, and an increase in free cytosolic NADP+/NADPH were not prevented. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary taurine supplementation ameliorates MDA levels, GSSG/GSH, and NAD+/NADH and fails to prevent the osmotically mediated depletion of GSH and taurine and the decrease in glucose utilization and ATP levels in diabetic precataractous lens. Dietary taurine supplementation cannot be regarded as an alternative to aldose reductase inhibition in eliminating antioxidant and metabolic deficits contributing to diabetes-associated cataractogenesis. (+info)Cardiac involvement in proximal myotonic myopathy. (5/2726)
Proximal myotonic myopathy (PROMM) is a recently described autosomal dominantly inherited disorder resulting in proximal muscles weakness, myotonia, and cataracts. A few patients with cardiac involvement (sinus bradycardia, supraventricular bigeminy, conduction abnormalities) have been reported. The cases of three relatives with PROMM (weakness of neck flexors and proximal extremity muscles, calf hypertrophy, myotonia, cataracts) are reported: a 54 year old man, his 73 year old mother, and 66 year old aunt. All three presented with conduction abnormalities and one had repeated, life threatening, sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. This illustrates that severe cardiac involvement may occur in PROMM. (+info)Changing trends in barriers to cataract surgery in India. (6/2726)
Cataract is a major cause of blindness in Asia. Efforts in India to provide cataract surgical services have had limited success in reaching the cataract-blind population. Earlier studies identified the major barriers to cataract surgery as poverty, lack of transportation or felt need, or sex related; and the critical barriers in rural areas as lack of awareness, difficult access, and cost. Compared with these earlier data, the results of the present study in Karnataka State indicate a shift in the character of the barriers. They now appear to be more related to case selection and service provision. These shifts are analysed and alternative strategies to increase the uptake to cataract surgery are recommended. (+info)Deamidation of alpha-A crystallin from nuclei of cataractous and normal human lenses. (7/2726)
PURPOSE: To quantitate the extent of deamidation of asparagine-101, glutamine-50, and glutamine-6 of alpha-A crystallin in the nucleus from human cataractous and normal lenses. METHODS: Reverse phase chromatography was used to prepare alpha-A crystallin from total proteins of the nucleus from cataractous and age-matched normal human lenses. Synthetic peptides were made corresponding to the expected amidated and deamidated tryptic fragments containing asparagine-101, glutamine-50, and glutamine-6. The peptides were used to identify and quantitate amidated and deamidated forms of tryptic fragments from alpha-A crystallin eluting from a reverse phase column. RESULTS: Significant amounts of deamidation of asparagine-101 and glutamine-50, but not glutamine-6, were present in alpha-A crystallin from nuclear sections of both cataractous and age-matched normal lenses. Quantitative analysis of tryptic peptides containing these residues indicated no statistical difference in deamidation in cataractous versus normal lenses. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in the extent of deamidation of asparagine-101, glutamine-50, and glutamine-6 for alpha-A crystallin, purified from the nucleus of cataractous versus age-matched normal lenses. These results strongly suggest that deamidation of these residues does not play a role in the biogenesis of human nuclear cataract. (+info)Management of phacolytic glaucoma: experience of 135 cases. (8/2726)
We retrospectively analyzed 135 eyes with phacolytic glaucoma. A trabeculectomy was added to standard cataract surgery if symptoms endured for more than seven days, or if preoperative control of intraocular pressure (IOP) with maximal medical treatment was inadequate. In the early postoperative period, IOP was significantly lower in the combined surgery group (89 eyes) compared to the cataract surgery group (46 eyes) (p < 0.001). At 6 months there was no difference in IOP or visual acuity between the two groups. There were no serious complications related to trabeculectomy. It is reasonable to conclude that in eyes with a long duration of phacolytic glaucoma, addition of a trabeculectomy to cataract surgery is safe, prevents postoperative rise in intraocular pressure and decreases the need for systemic hypotensive medications. A randomized trial is on to further address this question. (+info)A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens in the eye that affects vision. This clouding can cause vision to become blurry, faded, or dim, making it difficult to see clearly. Cataracts are a common age-related condition, but they can also be caused by injury, disease, or medication use. In most cases, cataracts develop gradually over time and can be treated with surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial one.
Cataract extraction is a surgical procedure that involves removing the cloudy lens (cataract) from the eye. This procedure is typically performed to restore vision impairment caused by cataracts and improve overall quality of life. There are two primary methods for cataract extraction:
1. Phacoemulsification: This is the most common method used today. It involves making a small incision in the front part of the eye (cornea), inserting an ultrasonic probe to break up the cloudy lens into tiny pieces, and then removing those pieces with suction. After removing the cataract, an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) is inserted to replace the natural lens and help focus light onto the retina.
2. Extracapsular Cataract Extraction: In this method, a larger incision is made on the side of the cornea, allowing the surgeon to remove the cloudy lens in one piece without breaking it up. The back part of the lens capsule is left intact to support the IOL. This technique is less common and typically reserved for more advanced cataracts or when phacoemulsification cannot be performed.
Recovery from cataract extraction usually involves using eye drops to prevent infection and inflammation, as well as protecting the eye with a shield or glasses during sleep for a few weeks after surgery. Most people experience improved vision within a few days to a week following the procedure.
The crystalline lens is a biconvex transparent structure in the eye that helps to refract (bend) light rays and focus them onto the retina. It is located behind the iris and pupil and is suspended by small fibers called zonules that connect it to the ciliary body. The lens can change its shape to accommodate and focus on objects at different distances, a process known as accommodation. With age, the lens may become cloudy or opaque, leading to cataracts.
The lens nucleus, also known as the crystalline lens nucleus, is the central part of the crystalline lens in the eye. The crystalline lens is a biconvex structure located behind the iris and pupil, which helps to refract (bend) light rays and focus them onto the retina.
The lens nucleus is composed of densely packed lens fibers that have lost their nuclei and cytoplasm during differentiation. It is surrounded by the lens cortex, which consists of younger lens fiber cells that are still metabolically active. The lens nucleus is relatively avascular and receives its nutrients through diffusion from the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye.
The lens nucleus plays an important role in the accommodation process, which allows the eye to focus on objects at different distances. During accommodation, the ciliary muscles contract and release tension on the lens zonules, allowing the lens to become thicker and increase its curvature. This results in a decrease in the focal length of the lens and enables the eye to focus on nearby objects. The lens nucleus is more rigid than the cortex and helps maintain the shape of the lens during accommodation.
Changes in the lens nucleus are associated with several age-related eye conditions, including cataracts and presbyopia. Cataracts occur when the lens becomes cloudy or opaque, leading to a decrease in vision clarity. Presbyopia is a condition that affects the ability to focus on near objects and is caused by a hardening of the lens nucleus and a loss of elasticity in the lens fibers.
Phacoemulsification is a surgical procedure used in cataract removal. It involves using an ultrasonic device to emulsify (break up) the cloudy lens (cataract) into small pieces, which are then aspirated or sucked out through a small incision. This procedure allows for smaller incisions and faster recovery times compared to traditional cataract surgery methods. After the cataract is removed, an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) is typically implanted to replace the natural lens and restore vision.
Gamma-crystallins are a type of structural protein found in the lens of the eye. They are part of the crystallin family, which also includes alpha- and beta-crystallins. These proteins are responsible for maintaining the transparency and refractive properties of the lens, allowing light to pass through and focus on the retina. Mutations in the genes that encode gamma-crystallins have been associated with various forms of cataracts, which are clouding of the lens that can impair vision. Gamma-crystallins are primarily expressed during embryonic development and decrease in expression after birth.
Intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is a surgical procedure that involves placing a small artificial lens inside the eye to replace the natural lens that has been removed. This procedure is typically performed during cataract surgery, where the cloudy natural lens is removed and replaced with an IOL to restore clear vision.
During the procedure, a small incision is made in the eye, and the cloudy lens is broken up and removed using ultrasound waves or laser energy. Then, the folded IOL is inserted through the same incision and positioned in the correct place inside the eye. Once in place, the IOL unfolds and is secured into position.
There are several types of IOLs available, including monofocal, multifocal, toric, and accommodating lenses. Monofocal lenses provide clear vision at one distance, while multifocal lenses offer clear vision at multiple distances. Toric lenses correct astigmatism, and accommodating lenses can change shape to focus on objects at different distances.
Overall, intraocular lens implantation is a safe and effective procedure that can help restore clear vision in patients with cataracts or other eye conditions that require the removal of the natural lens.
Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision. It is usually tested by reading an eye chart from a specific distance, such as 20 feet (6 meters). The standard eye chart used for this purpose is called the Snellen chart, which contains rows of letters that decrease in size as you read down the chart.
Visual acuity is typically expressed as a fraction, with the numerator representing the testing distance and the denominator indicating the smallest line of type that can be read clearly. For example, if a person can read the line on the eye chart that corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/20, it means they have normal vision at 20 feet. If their visual acuity is 20/40, it means they must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 40 feet.
It's important to note that visual acuity is just one aspect of overall vision and does not necessarily reflect other important factors such as peripheral vision, depth perception, color vision, or contrast sensitivity.
The crystalline lens in the eye is composed of three main parts: the capsule, the cortex, and the nucleus. The lens cortex is the outer layer of the lens, located between the capsule and the nucleus. It is made up of proteins and water, and its primary function is to help refract (bend) light rays as they pass through the eye, contributing to the focusing power of the eye.
The cortex is more flexible than the central nucleus, allowing it to change shape and adjust the focus of the eye for different distances. However, with age, the lens cortex can become less elastic, leading to presbyopia, a common age-related condition that affects the ability to focus on close objects. Additionally, changes in the lens cortex have been associated with cataracts, a clouding of the lens that can impair vision.
The crystalline lens of the eye is covered by a transparent, elastic capsule known as the lens capsule. This capsule is made up of collagen and forms the continuous outer layer of the lens. It is highly resistant to both physical and chemical insults, which allows it to protect the lens fibers within. The lens capsule is important for maintaining the shape and transparency of the lens, which are essential for proper focusing of light onto the retina.
Crystallins are the major proteins found in the lens of the eye in vertebrates. They make up about 90% of the protein content in the lens and are responsible for maintaining the transparency and refractive properties of the lens, which are essential for clear vision. There are two main types of crystallins, alpha (α) and beta/gamma (β/γ), which are further divided into several subtypes. These proteins are highly stable and have a long half-life, which allows them to remain in the lens for an extended period of time. Mutations in crystallin genes have been associated with various eye disorders, including cataracts and certain types of glaucoma.
Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are artificial lens implants that are placed inside the eye during ophthalmic surgery, such as cataract removal. These lenses are designed to replace the natural lens of the eye that has become clouded or damaged, thereby restoring vision impairment caused by cataracts or other conditions.
There are several types of intraocular lenses available, including monofocal, multifocal, toric, and accommodative lenses. Monofocal IOLs provide clear vision at a single fixed distance, while multifocal IOLs offer clear vision at multiple distances. Toric IOLs are designed to correct astigmatism, and accommodative IOLs can change shape and position within the eye to allow for a range of vision.
The selection of the appropriate type of intraocular lens depends on various factors, including the patient's individual visual needs, lifestyle, and ocular health. The implantation procedure is typically performed on an outpatient basis and involves minimal discomfort or recovery time. Overall, intraocular lenses have become a safe and effective treatment option for patients with vision impairment due to cataracts or other eye conditions.
Blindness is a condition of complete or near-complete vision loss. It can be caused by various factors such as eye diseases, injuries, or birth defects. Total blindness means that a person cannot see anything at all, while near-complete blindness refers to having only light perception or the ability to perceive the direction of light, but not able to discern shapes or forms. Legal blindness is a term used to define a certain level of visual impairment that qualifies an individual for government assistance and benefits; it usually means best corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye, or a visual field no greater than 20 degrees in diameter.
Aphakia, postcataract is a medical condition that refers to the absence of the lens in the eye after cataract surgery. A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens inside the eye that can cause vision loss. During cataract surgery, the cloudy lens is removed and replaced with an artificial lens implant. However, if there is a complication during the procedure and the artificial lens is not placed in the eye or if it becomes dislocated after surgery, then the patient will develop aphakia, postcataract.
Patients with aphakia, postcataract have poor vision and may experience symptoms such as blurry vision, glare, and halos around lights. They are also at an increased risk of developing glaucoma and retinal detachment. To correct the vision in patients with aphakia, they can wear special contact lenses or glasses with high-powered lenses, or undergo a secondary surgical procedure to implant an artificial lens in the eye.
Pseudophakia is a medical term that refers to the condition where a person's natural lens in the eye has been replaced with an artificial one. This procedure is typically performed during cataract surgery, where the cloudy, natural lens is removed and replaced with a clear, artificial lens to improve vision. The prefix "pseudo" means false or fake, and "phakia" refers to the natural lens of the eye, hence the term "Pseudophakia" implies a false or artificial lens.
Beta-crystallin A chain is a protein that is a component of the beta-crystallin complex, which is a major structural element of the vertebrate eye lens. The beta-crystallins are organized into two subfamilies, called beta-A and beta-B, based on their primary structures.
The beta-crystallin A chain is a polypeptide chain that contains approximately 100 amino acids and has a molecular weight of around 12 kilodaltons. It is encoded by the CRYBA1 gene in humans. The protein is characterized by four conserved domains, called Greek key motifs, which are involved in the formation of the quaternary structure of the beta-crystallin complex.
Mutations in the CRYBA1 gene have been associated with various forms of congenital cataracts, which are clouding of the eye lens that can lead to visual impairment or blindness. The precise function of beta-crystallins is not fully understood, but they are thought to play a role in maintaining the transparency and refractive properties of the eye lens.
Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and disorders of the eye and visual system. It is a surgical specialty, and ophthalmologists are medical doctors who complete additional years of training to become experts in eye care. They are qualified to perform eye exams, diagnose and treat eye diseases, prescribe glasses and contact lenses, and perform eye surgery. Some subspecialties within ophthalmology include cornea and external disease, glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology, retina and vitreous, and oculoplastics.
Eye diseases are a range of conditions that affect the eye or visual system, causing damage to vision and, in some cases, leading to blindness. These diseases can be categorized into various types, including:
1. Refractive errors: These include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia, which affect the way light is focused on the retina and can usually be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.
2. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens inside the eye that leads to blurry vision, glare, and decreased contrast sensitivity. Cataract surgery is the most common treatment for this condition.
3. Glaucoma: A group of diseases characterized by increased pressure in the eye, leading to damage to the optic nerve and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes medications, laser therapy, or surgery.
4. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive condition that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, causing blurry vision and, in advanced stages, loss of central vision. Treatment may include anti-VEGF injections, laser therapy, or nutritional supplements.
5. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina, leading to bleeding, leakage, and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes laser therapy, anti-VEGF injections, or surgery.
6. Retinal detachment: A separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly with surgery.
7. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye does not develop normal vision, often due to a misalignment or refractive error in childhood. Treatment includes correcting the underlying problem and encouraging the use of the weaker eye through patching or other methods.
8. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A misalignment of the eyes that can lead to amblyopia if not treated promptly with surgery, glasses, or other methods.
9. Corneal diseases: Conditions that affect the transparent outer layer of the eye, such as keratoconus, Fuchs' dystrophy, and infectious keratitis, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
10. Uveitis: Inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, which can cause vision loss if not treated promptly with anti-inflammatory medications or surgery.
Beta-crystallin B chain is a protein that forms part of the beta-crystallin complex, which is a major structural component of the vertebrate eye lens. The beta-crystallins are organized into two subgroups, beta-A and beta-B, based on their structural and genetic characteristics.
The beta-B crystallin proteins are encoded by four genes (CRYBB1, CRYBB2, CRYBB3, and CRYBB4) that are located in a cluster on chromosome 22 in humans. These proteins have a molecular weight of approximately 25 kDa and are composed of four distinct domains: an N-terminal domain, two Greek key motifs, and a C-terminal domain.
The beta-crystallin B chain proteins play important roles in maintaining the transparency and refractive properties of the eye lens. Mutations in these genes have been associated with various forms of cataracts, which are clouding of the eye lens that can lead to vision loss.
Capsulorhexis is a surgical procedure that is commonly performed during cataract surgery. It involves creating a circular opening in the front part of the lens capsule, which is a clear membrane that surrounds and holds the lens in place inside the eye. This opening allows the cloudy lens material (cataract) to be removed and replaced with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL).
The procedure is typically performed using a specialized instrument called a cystotome or a femtosecond laser, which creates a small tear in the capsule that can be carefully enlarged to the desired size. The capsulorhexis is crucial for the successful removal of the cataract and the proper placement of the IOL. If the capsulorhexis is not performed correctly, it can lead to complications such as posterior capsular opacification (PCO), which is a thickening and clouding of the back part of the lens capsule that can cause visual symptoms similar to those of a cataract.
Lens diseases refer to conditions that affect the lens of the eye, which is a transparent structure located behind the iris and pupil. The main function of the lens is to focus light onto the retina, enabling clear vision. Here are some examples of lens diseases:
1. Cataract: A cataract is a clouding of the lens that affects vision. It is a common age-related condition, but can also be caused by injury, disease, or medication.
2. Presbyopia: This is not strictly a "disease," but rather an age-related change in the lens that causes difficulty focusing on close objects. It typically becomes noticeable in people over the age of 40.
3. Lens dislocation: This occurs when the lens slips out of its normal position, usually due to trauma or a genetic disorder. It can cause vision problems and may require surgical intervention.
4. Lens opacity: This refers to any clouding or opacification of the lens that is not severe enough to be considered a cataract. It can cause visual symptoms such as glare or blurred vision.
5. Anterior subcapsular cataract: This is a type of cataract that forms in the front part of the lens, often as a result of injury or inflammation. It can cause significant visual impairment.
6. Posterior subcapsular cataract: This is another type of cataract that forms at the back of the lens, often as a result of diabetes or certain medications. It can also cause significant visual impairment.
Overall, lens diseases can have a significant impact on vision and quality of life, and may require medical intervention to manage or treat.
Dominant genes refer to the alleles (versions of a gene) that are fully expressed in an individual's phenotype, even if only one copy of the gene is present. In dominant inheritance patterns, an individual needs only to receive one dominant allele from either parent to express the associated trait. This is in contrast to recessive genes, where both copies of the gene must be the recessive allele for the trait to be expressed. Dominant genes are represented by uppercase letters (e.g., 'A') and recessive genes by lowercase letters (e.g., 'a'). If an individual inherits one dominant allele (A) from either parent, they will express the dominant trait (A).
Alpha-Crystallin A Chain is a protein that is part of the alpha-crystallin family, which are small heat shock proteins. These proteins play a role in protecting cells from stress and aggregation of other proteins. Alpha-Crystallin A Chain is found in various tissues, including the eye lens, where it helps maintain lens transparency and prevent cataracts. Mutations in the gene that encodes alpha-Crystallin A Chain have been associated with certain inherited forms of cataracts.
Vision disorders refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the visual system and result in various symptoms, such as blurry vision, double vision, distorted vision, impaired depth perception, and difficulty with visual tracking or focusing. These disorders can be categorized into several types, including:
1. Refractive errors: These occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, resulting in blurry vision. Examples include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Strabismus: Also known as crossed eyes or walleye, strabismus is a misalignment of the eyes where they point in different directions, which can lead to double vision or loss of depth perception.
3. Amblyopia: Often called lazy eye, amblyopia is a condition where one eye has reduced vision due to lack of proper visual development during childhood. It may be caused by strabismus, refractive errors, or other factors that interfere with normal visual development.
4. Accommodative disorders: These involve problems with the focusing ability of the eyes, such as convergence insufficiency (difficulty focusing on close objects) and accommodative dysfunction (inability to maintain clear vision at different distances).
5. Binocular vision disorders: These affect how the eyes work together as a team, leading to issues like poor depth perception, eye strain, and headaches. Examples include convergence insufficiency, divergence excess, and suppression.
6. Ocular motility disorders: These involve problems with eye movement, such as nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), strabismus, or restricted extraocular muscle function.
7. Visual processing disorders: These affect the brain's ability to interpret and make sense of visual information, even when the eyes themselves are healthy. Symptoms may include difficulty with reading, recognizing shapes and objects, and understanding spatial relationships.
8. Low vision: This term refers to significant visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected with glasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery. It includes conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts.
9. Blindness: Complete loss of sight in both eyes, which can be caused by various factors such as injury, disease, or genetic conditions.
I must clarify that the term "pedigree" is not typically used in medical definitions. Instead, it is often employed in genetics and breeding, where it refers to the recorded ancestry of an individual or a family, tracing the inheritance of specific traits or diseases. In human genetics, a pedigree can help illustrate the pattern of genetic inheritance in families over multiple generations. However, it is not a medical term with a specific clinical definition.
The anterior chamber is the front portion of the eye, located between the cornea (the clear front "window" of the eye) and the iris (the colored part of the eye). It is filled with a clear fluid called aqueous humor that provides nutrients to the structures inside the eye and helps maintain its shape. The anterior chamber plays an important role in maintaining the overall health and function of the eye.
Medical definitions for visual impairment often vary, but according to the World Health Organization (WHO), visually impaired persons are those who have a best-corrected visual acuity of less than 0.3 (6/12) in their better eye or a visual field of less than 20 degrees in their better eye. This includes people who are blind, as well as those with partial sight.
Visual impairment can range from mild to severe and may result from a variety of causes, including genetic disorders, diseases, trauma, or aging. It is important to note that visual impairment does not necessarily mean total blindness; many visually impaired individuals have some remaining vision and can benefit from low vision services and assistive devices.
Local anesthesia is a type of anesthesia that numbs a specific area of the body, blocking pain signals from that particular region while allowing the person to remain conscious and alert. It is typically achieved through the injection or application of a local anesthetic drug, which works by temporarily inhibiting the function of nerve fibers carrying pain sensations. Common examples of local anesthetics include lidocaine, prilocaine, and bupivacaine.
Local anesthesia is commonly used for minor surgical procedures, dental work, or other medical interventions where only a small area needs to be numbed. It can also be employed as part of a combined anesthetic technique, such as in conjunction with sedation or regional anesthesia, to provide additional pain relief and increase patient comfort during more extensive surgeries.
The duration of local anesthesia varies depending on the type and dosage of the anesthetic agent used; some last for just a few hours, while others may provide numbness for up to several days. Overall, local anesthesia is considered a safe and effective method for managing pain during various medical procedures.
Eye proteins, also known as ocular proteins, are specific proteins that are found within the eye and play crucial roles in maintaining proper eye function and health. These proteins can be found in various parts of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and other structures. They perform a wide range of functions, such as:
1. Structural support: Proteins like collagen and elastin provide strength and flexibility to the eye's tissues, enabling them to maintain their shape and withstand mechanical stress.
2. Light absorption and transmission: Proteins like opsins and crystallins are involved in capturing and transmitting light signals within the eye, which is essential for vision.
3. Protection against damage: Some eye proteins, such as antioxidant enzymes and heat shock proteins, help protect the eye from oxidative stress, UV radiation, and other environmental factors that can cause damage.
4. Regulation of eye growth and development: Various growth factors and signaling molecules, which are protein-based, contribute to the proper growth, differentiation, and maintenance of eye tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
5. Immune defense: Proteins involved in the immune response, such as complement components and immunoglobulins, help protect the eye from infection and inflammation.
6. Maintenance of transparency: Crystallin proteins in the lens maintain its transparency, allowing light to pass through unobstructed for clear vision.
7. Neuroprotection: Certain eye proteins, like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), support the survival and function of neurons within the retina, helping to preserve vision.
Dysfunction or damage to these eye proteins can contribute to various eye disorders and diseases, such as cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and others.
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often caused by an abnormally high pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure). This damage can lead to permanent vision loss or even blindness if left untreated. The most common type is open-angle glaucoma, which has no warning signs and progresses slowly. Angle-closure glaucoma, on the other hand, can cause sudden eye pain, redness, nausea, and vomiting, as well as rapid vision loss. Other less common types of glaucoma also exist. While there is no cure for glaucoma, early detection and treatment can help slow or prevent further vision loss.
Refractive errors are a group of vision conditions that include nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), astigmatism, and presbyopia. These conditions occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, causing blurred or distorted vision.
Myopia is a condition where distant objects appear blurry while close-up objects are clear. This occurs when the eye is too long or the cornea is too curved, causing light to focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it.
Hyperopia, on the other hand, is a condition where close-up objects appear blurry while distant objects are clear. This happens when the eye is too short or the cornea is not curved enough, causing light to focus behind the retina.
Astigmatism is a condition that causes blurred vision at all distances due to an irregularly shaped cornea or lens.
Presbyopia is a natural aging process that affects everyone as they get older, usually around the age of 40. It causes difficulty focusing on close-up objects and can be corrected with reading glasses, bifocals, or progressive lenses.
Refractive errors can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam and are typically corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery such as LASIK.
Aqueous humor is a clear, watery fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary processes in the posterior chamber and circulates through the pupil into the anterior chamber, where it provides nutrients to the cornea and lens, maintains intraocular pressure, and helps to shape the eye. The aqueous humor then drains out of the eye through the trabecular meshwork and into the canal of Schlemm, eventually reaching the venous system.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!
Eye injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the eye or its surrounding structures. These injuries can vary in severity and may include:
1. Corneal abrasions: A scratch or scrape on the clear surface of the eye (cornea).
2. Chemical burns: Occurs when chemicals come into contact with the eye, causing damage to the cornea and other structures.
3. Eyelid lacerations: Cuts or tears to the eyelid.
4. Subconjunctival hemorrhage: Bleeding under the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye.
5. Hyphema: Accumulation of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, which is the space between the cornea and iris.
6. Orbital fractures: Breaks in the bones surrounding the eye.
7. Retinal detachment: Separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
8. Traumatic uveitis: Inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye, caused by trauma.
9. Optic nerve damage: Damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain.
Eye injuries can result from a variety of causes, including accidents, sports-related injuries, violence, and chemical exposure. It is important to seek medical attention promptly for any suspected eye injury to prevent further damage and potential vision loss.
Microphthalmos is a medical condition where one or both eyes are abnormally small due to developmental anomalies in the eye. The size of the eye may vary from slightly smaller than normal to barely visible. This condition can occur in isolation or as part of a syndrome with other congenital abnormalities. It can also be associated with other ocular conditions such as cataracts, retinal disorders, and orbital defects. Depending on the severity, microphthalmos may lead to visual impairment or blindness.
Alpha-crystallins are small heat shock proteins found in the lens of the eye. They are composed of two subunits, alpha-A and alpha-B, which can form homo- or hetero-oligomers. Alpha-crystallins have chaperone-like activity, helping to prevent protein aggregation and maintain transparency of the lens. Additionally, they play a role in maintaining the structural integrity of the lens and protecting it from oxidative stress. Mutations in alpha-crystallin genes have been associated with certain forms of cataracts and other eye diseases.
Sodium Selenite is not a medical term per se, but it is a chemical compound with the formula Na2SeO3. It is used in medicine as a dietary supplement and also in veterinary medicine. Medically, it is used to treat selenium deficiency, which is rare.
Selenium is an essential trace element for human health, playing a crucial role in various physiological processes, such as antioxidant defense systems, thyroid hormone metabolism, and DNA synthesis. Sodium Selenite serves as a source of selenium in these medical applications.
Please note that supplementation with sodium selenite should be under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as excessive selenium intake can lead to selenosis, a condition characterized by symptoms like nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and neurological damage.
Aging is a complex, progressive and inevitable process of bodily changes over time, characterized by the accumulation of cellular damage and degenerative changes that eventually lead to increased vulnerability to disease and death. It involves various biological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that contribute to the decline in physical and mental functions. The medical field studies aging through the discipline of gerontology, which aims to understand the underlying mechanisms of aging and develop interventions to promote healthy aging and extend the human healthspan.
A vitrectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of some or all of the vitreous humor, which is the clear gel-like substance filling the center of the eye. This surgery is often performed to treat various retinal disorders such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, macular hole, and vitreous hemorrhage.
During a vitrectomy, the ophthalmologist makes small incisions in the sclera (the white part of the eye) to access the vitreous cavity. The surgeon then uses specialized instruments to remove the cloudy or damaged vitreous and may also repair any damage to the retina or surrounding tissues. Afterward, a clear saline solution is injected into the eye to maintain its shape and help facilitate healing.
In some cases, a gas bubble or silicone oil may be placed in the eye after the vitrectomy to help hold the retina in place while it heals. These substances will gradually be absorbed or removed during follow-up appointments. The body naturally produces a new, clear vitreous to replace the removed material over time.
Vitrectomy is typically performed under local anesthesia and may require hospitalization or outpatient care depending on the individual case. Potential risks and complications include infection, bleeding, cataract formation, retinal detachment, and increased eye pressure. However, with proper care and follow-up, most patients experience improved vision after a successful vitrectomy procedure.
Corneal opacity refers to a condition in which the cornea, the clear front part of the eye, becomes cloudy or opaque. This can occur due to various reasons such as injury, infection, degenerative changes, or inherited disorders. As a result, light is not properly refracted and vision becomes blurred or distorted. In some cases, corneal opacity can lead to complete loss of vision in the affected eye. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medication, corneal transplantation, or other surgical procedures.
Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:
1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.
Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.
Astigmatism is a common eye condition that occurs when the cornea or lens has an irregular shape, causing blurred or distorted vision. The cornea and lens are typically smooth and curved uniformly in all directions, allowing light to focus clearly on the retina. However, if the cornea or lens is not smoothly curved and has a steeper curve in one direction than the other, it causes light to focus unevenly on the retina, leading to astigmatism.
Astigmatism can cause blurred vision at all distances, as well as eye strain, headaches, and fatigue. It is often present from birth and can be hereditary, but it can also develop later in life due to eye injuries or surgery. Astigmatism can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery such as LASIK.
The vitreous body, also known simply as the vitreous, is the clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina in the eye. It is composed mainly of water, but also contains collagen fibers, hyaluronic acid, and other proteins. The vitreous helps to maintain the shape of the eye and provides a transparent medium for light to pass through to reach the retina. With age, the vitreous can become more liquefied and may eventually separate from the retina, leading to symptoms such as floaters or flashes of light.
Low vision is a term used to describe significant visual impairment that cannot be corrected with standard glasses, contact lenses, medication or surgery. It is typically defined as visual acuity of less than 20/70 in the better-seeing eye after best correction, or a visual field of less than 20 degrees in the better-seeing eye.
People with low vision may have difficulty performing everyday tasks such as reading, recognizing faces, watching television, driving, or simply navigating their environment. They may also experience symptoms such as sensitivity to light, glare, or contrast, and may benefit from the use of visual aids, assistive devices, and rehabilitation services to help them maximize their remaining vision and maintain their independence.
Low vision can result from a variety of causes, including eye diseases such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, or cataracts, as well as congenital or inherited conditions, brain injuries, or aging. It is important for individuals with low vision to receive regular eye examinations and consult with a low vision specialist to determine the best course of treatment and management.
Iris diseases refer to a variety of conditions that affect the iris, which is the colored part of the eye that regulates the amount of light reaching the retina by adjusting the size of the pupil. Some common iris diseases include:
1. Iritis: This is an inflammation of the iris and the adjacent tissues in the eye. It can cause pain, redness, photophobia (sensitivity to light), and blurred vision.
2. Aniridia: A congenital condition characterized by the absence or underdevelopment of the iris. This can lead to decreased visual acuity, sensitivity to light, and an increased risk of glaucoma.
3. Iris cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the iris. They are usually benign but can cause vision problems if they grow too large or interfere with the function of the eye.
4. Iris melanoma: A rare type of eye cancer that develops in the pigmented cells of the iris. It can cause symptoms such as blurred vision, floaters, and changes in the appearance of the iris.
5. Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome (ICE): A group of rare eye conditions that affect the cornea and the iris. They are characterized by the growth of abnormal tissue on the back surface of the cornea and can lead to vision loss.
It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of iris diseases, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and preserve your vision.
A LOD (Logarithm of Odds) score is not a medical term per se, but rather a statistical concept that is used in genetic research and linkage analysis to determine the likelihood of a gene or genetic marker being linked to a particular disease or trait. The LOD score compares the odds of observing the pattern of inheritance of a genetic marker in a family if the marker is linked to the disease, versus the odds if the marker is not linked. A LOD score of 3 or higher is generally considered evidence for linkage, while a score of -2 or lower is considered evidence against linkage.
The postoperative period is the time following a surgical procedure during which the patient's response to the surgery and anesthesia is monitored, and any complications or adverse effects are managed. This period can vary in length depending on the type of surgery and the individual patient's needs, but it typically includes the immediate recovery phase in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) or recovery room, as well as any additional time spent in the hospital for monitoring and management of pain, wound healing, and other aspects of postoperative care.
The goals of postoperative care are to ensure the patient's safety and comfort, promote optimal healing and rehabilitation, and minimize the risk of complications such as infection, bleeding, or other postoperative issues. The specific interventions and treatments provided during this period will depend on a variety of factors, including the type and extent of surgery performed, the patient's overall health and medical history, and any individualized care plans developed in consultation with the patient and their healthcare team.
Aldehyde reductase is an enzyme that belongs to the family of alcohol dehydrogenases. Its primary function is to catalyze the reduction of a wide variety of aldehydes into their corresponding alcohols, using NADPH as a cofactor. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the detoxification of aldehydes generated from various metabolic processes, such as lipid peroxidation and alcohol metabolism. It is widely distributed in different tissues, including the liver, kidney, and brain. In addition to its detoxifying function, aldehyde reductase has been implicated in several physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as neuroprotection, cancer, and diabetes.
Connexins are a family of proteins that form the structural units of gap junctions, which are specialized channels that allow for the direct exchange of small molecules and ions between adjacent cells. These channels play crucial roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis, coordinating cellular activities, and enabling communication between cells. In humans, there are 21 different connexin genes that encode for these proteins, with each isoform having unique properties and distributions within the body. Mutations in connexin genes have been linked to a variety of human diseases, including hearing loss, skin disorders, and heart conditions.
Aphakia is a medical condition that refers to the absence of the lens in the eye. This can occur naturally, but it's most commonly the result of surgery to remove a cataract, a cloudy lens that can cause vision loss. In some cases, the lens may not be successfully removed or may be accidentally lost during surgery, leading to aphakia. People with aphakia typically have significant vision problems and may require corrective measures such as glasses, contact lenses, or an intraocular lens implant to improve their vision.
Eyeglasses are a medical device used to correct vision problems. Also known as spectacles, they consist of frames that hold one or more lenses through which a person looks to see clearly. The lenses may be made of glass or plastic and are designed to compensate for various visual impairments such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, or presbyopia. Eyeglasses can be custom-made to fit an individual's face and prescription, and they come in a variety of styles, colors, and materials. Some people wear eyeglasses all the time, while others may only need to wear them for certain activities such as reading or driving.
Galactosemia is a rare metabolic disorder that affects the body's ability to metabolize the simple sugar galactose, which is found in milk and other dairy products. It is caused by deficiency or complete absence of one of the three enzymes needed to convert galactose into glucose:
1. Galactokinase (GALK) deficiency - also known as Galactokinase galactosemia, is a milder form of the disorder.
2. Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) deficiency - the most common and severe form of classic galactosemia.
3. Galactose epimerase (GALE) deficiency - also known as Epimerase deficiency galactosemia, is a rare and milder form of the disorder.
The most severe form of the disorder, GALT deficiency, can lead to serious health problems such as cataracts, liver damage, mental retardation, and sepsis if left untreated. Treatment typically involves removing galactose from the diet, which requires avoiding all milk and dairy products. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes in individuals with galactosemia.
Vision tests are a series of procedures used to assess various aspects of the visual system, including visual acuity, accommodation, convergence, divergence, stereopsis, color vision, and peripheral vision. These tests help healthcare professionals diagnose and manage vision disorders, such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, amblyopia, strabismus, and eye diseases like glaucoma, cataracts, and macular degeneration. Common vision tests include:
1. Visual acuity test (Snellen chart or letter chart): Measures the sharpness of a person's vision at different distances.
2. Refraction test: Determines the correct lens prescription for glasses or contact lenses by assessing how light is bent as it passes through the eye.
3. Color vision test: Evaluates the ability to distinguish between different colors and color combinations, often using pseudoisochromatic plates or Ishihara tests.
4. Stereopsis test: Assesses depth perception and binocular vision by presenting separate images to each eye that, when combined, create a three-dimensional effect.
5. Cover test: Examines eye alignment and the presence of strabismus (crossed eyes or turned eyes) by covering and uncovering each eye while observing eye movements.
6. Ocular motility test: Assesses the ability to move the eyes in various directions and coordinate both eyes during tracking and convergence/divergence movements.
7. Accommodation test: Evaluates the ability to focus on objects at different distances by using lenses, prisms, or dynamic retinoscopy.
8. Pupillary response test: Examines the size and reaction of the pupils to light and near objects.
9. Visual field test: Measures the peripheral (side) vision using automated perimetry or manual confrontation techniques.
10. Slit-lamp examination: Inspects the structures of the front part of the eye, such as the cornea, iris, lens, and anterior chamber, using a specialized microscope.
These tests are typically performed by optometrists, ophthalmologists, or other vision care professionals during routine eye examinations or when visual symptoms are present.
DNA Mutational Analysis is a laboratory test used to identify genetic variations or changes (mutations) in the DNA sequence of a gene. This type of analysis can be used to diagnose genetic disorders, predict the risk of developing certain diseases, determine the most effective treatment for cancer, or assess the likelihood of passing on an inherited condition to offspring.
The test involves extracting DNA from a patient's sample (such as blood, saliva, or tissue), amplifying specific regions of interest using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then sequencing those regions to determine the precise order of nucleotide bases in the DNA molecule. The resulting sequence is then compared to reference sequences to identify any variations or mutations that may be present.
DNA Mutational Analysis can detect a wide range of genetic changes, including single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, duplications, and rearrangements. The test is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluations to provide a comprehensive assessment of a patient's genetic profile.
It is important to note that not all mutations are pathogenic or associated with disease, and the interpretation of DNA Mutational Analysis results requires careful consideration of the patient's medical history, family history, and other relevant factors.
Ocular refraction is a medical term that refers to the bending of light as it passes through the optical media of the eye, including the cornea and lens. This process allows the eye to focus light onto the retina, creating a clear image. The refractive power of the eye is determined by the curvature and transparency of these structures.
In a normal eye, light rays are bent or refracted in such a way that they converge at a single point on the retina, producing a sharp and focused image. However, if the curvature of the cornea or lens is too steep or too flat, the light rays may not converge properly, resulting in a refractive error such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), or astigmatism.
Ocular refraction can be measured using a variety of techniques, including retinoscopy, automated refraction, and subjective refraction. These measurements are used to determine the appropriate prescription for corrective lenses such as eyeglasses or contact lenses. In some cases, ocular refractive errors may be corrected surgically through procedures such as LASIK or PRK.
Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is a common refractive error of the eye. It occurs when the eye is either too long or the cornea (the clear front part of the eye) is too curved. As a result, light rays focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it, causing distant objects to appear blurry while close objects remain clear.
Myopia typically develops during childhood and can progress gradually or rapidly until early adulthood. It can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery such as LASIK. Regular eye examinations are essential for people with myopia to monitor any changes in their prescription and ensure proper correction.
While myopia is generally not a serious condition, high levels of nearsightedness can increase the risk of certain eye diseases, including cataracts, glaucoma, retinal detachment, and myopic degeneration. Therefore, it's crucial to manage myopia effectively and maintain regular follow-ups with an eye care professional.
Ophthalmic solutions are sterile, single-use or multi-dose preparations in a liquid form that are intended for topical administration to the eye. These solutions can contain various types of medications, such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, antihistamines, or lubricants, which are used to treat or prevent ocular diseases and conditions.
The pH and osmolarity of ophthalmic solutions are carefully controlled to match the physiological environment of the eye and minimize any potential discomfort or irritation. The solutions may be packaged in various forms, including drops, sprays, or irrigations, depending on the intended use and administration route.
It is important to follow the instructions for use provided by a healthcare professional when administering ophthalmic solutions, as improper use can lead to eye injury or reduced effectiveness of the medication.
Cataract
Congenital cataract
Cataract Dam
Cataract Group
Cataract Peak
Glassblower's cataract
Cataract bog
Galactosemic cataract
Cataract (disambiguation)
Cataract Falls
Cataract (band)
Cataract City
Cataract surgery
Childhood cataract
Cataract Canyon
Cataract, Indiana
Cataract Gorge
Cataract Lake
Cataract Mountain
Cataract River
Cataract House
Cataract, Wisconsin
Cataract (beam engine)
Denmark Strait cataract
Old Cataract Hotel
Cataract River (Tenterfield)
Himalayan Cataract Project
Cataract River (Wollondilly)
Cataract River (Michigan)
Cataract (Walkabouts album)
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Cataract Surgery
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Surgery151
- By age 80, more than half of all Americans either have a cataract or have had cataract surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
- Shah et al found that traumatic cataracts without globe rupture generally have a better prognosis for visual recovery after surgery, at least in children. (medscape.com)
- Traumatic retinal break from a viscoelastic cannula during cataract surgery. (medscape.com)
- Cataracts are most commonly due to aging but may also occur due to trauma or radiation exposure, be present from birth, or occur following eye surgery for other problems. (wikipedia.org)
- Cataract surgery is not readily available in many countries, and surgery is needed only if the cataracts are causing problems and generally results in an improved quality of life. (wikipedia.org)
- A cataract may also develop following an eye injury or surgery for another eye problem, such as glaucoma. (aoa.org)
- Further testing may be needed to determine how much the cataract is affecting vision and to evaluate whether other eye diseases may limit vision following cataract surgery. (aoa.org)
- When a cataract progresses to the point that it affects a person's ability to do normal everyday tasks, surgery may be needed. (aoa.org)
- Cataract removal is surgery to remove a clouded lens ( cataract ) from the eye. (medlineplus.gov)
- Cataract surgery is an outpatient procedure. (medlineplus.gov)
- Laser surgery: Your doctor guides a machine that uses laser energy to make the incisions and soften the cataract. (medlineplus.gov)
- If you have cataracts in both eyes, your doctor may suggest waiting at least 1 to 2 weeks between each surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
- Cataract surgery is usually done if you cannot see well enough because of cataracts. (medlineplus.gov)
- Cataracts usually do not permanently damage your eye, so you and your eye doctor can decide when surgery is right for you. (medlineplus.gov)
- As patient expectations continue to rise, refractive cataract surgery is becoming the norm for many cataract surgeons around the world. (medscape.com)
- Cite this: Minimizing Astigmatism in Cataract Surgery - Medscape - Oct 19, 2017. (medscape.com)
- More than 50% of people in the United States ages 80 years and over have a cataract or have had surgery to remove cataracts. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Surgery is the only way to get rid of cataracts. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A large 2021 study found that low to moderate alcohol consumption may lower the risk of cataract surgery. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In particular, study participants who consumed wine five or more times each week were 14-23% less likely than non-drinkers to undergo cataract surgery. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- However, compared to participants consuming alcohol once or twice weekly, people drinking daily alcoholic beverages had a 6% higher risk of cataract surgery. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- This is known as simple cataract surgery . (medicalnewstoday.com)
- This is called complex cataract surgery . (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Complex cataract surgery requires more time, resources, and effort from the physician compared to simple cataract surgery. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- But it remains unclear whether Medicare reimbursement for complex cataract surgery offsets those increased costs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- To prove this, they used a method they called "time-driven activity-based costing" to measure the difference in day-of-surgery costs and net earnings between simple and complex cataract surgery. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In their study, Dr. Portney and his colleagues conducted an economic analysis of simple and complex cataract surgery cases that were performed at the University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center from 2017 to 2021. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Streamlined workflows can simplify your procedures and ease up your cataract surgery especially when it comes to routine cataract surgery. (zeiss.com)
- Through cases, Douglas Koch will describe the importance of catching irregularities at the cornea and the retina prior to cataract surgery. (zeiss.com)
- Finally, Dr. Gerald Roper and Dr. Andreas Borkenstein will illuminate their approaches to simplify cataract surgery procedures from an intra-operative perspective with interesting challenging cases. (zeiss.com)
- Join our recorded session from last ESCRS in 2020 and learn more on latest technology in cataract surgery! (zeiss.com)
- Interestingly the Roman author Celsus described cataract extraction surgery using a specially pointed needle - and possible cataract needles (specilla) have been found in Britain as well as elsewhere in the Roman Empire. (bbc.co.uk)
- However, the outlook of a cataract diagnosis is still manageable with current and future treatment options like surgery and novel gene therapies. (forbes.com)
- 13 Changing modifiable risk factors may delay cataract, but surgery is required to restore vision. (uspharmacist.com)
- In 1991, Medicare spent $3.4 billion on cataract surgery, at an average cost of $2,500 per procedure. (uspharmacist.com)
- This equates to about 1.5 million people who underwent cataract surgery in 1991. (uspharmacist.com)
- 14 It would be expected that, owing to an aging population, the number of people undergoing cataract surgery and the cost in the U.S. would be much higher in 2009. (uspharmacist.com)
- Regardless, the cost of cataract surgery is relatively low when the cost of not treating cataract is taken into consideration. (uspharmacist.com)
- 15 Patients who wait more than 6 months for cataract surgery could experience more negative outcomes during the waiting period than those whose waiting period was less than 6 months. (uspharmacist.com)
- Cataract surgery may be performed prior to a decline in visual function in a diabetic patient if the lens is too opaque for the ophthalmologist to clearly evaluate the retina. (uspharmacist.com)
- This past October, the 15th annual Spotlight on Cataract Surgery Symposium at the Academy's annual meeting was entitled "Complicated Phaco Cases-My Top 5 Pearls. (aao.org)
- Roger Steinert con-cluded the spotlight symposium by delivering the 12th annual AAO Charles Kelman Lecture, "Cataract/Refractive Surgery: The Next Big Thing? (aao.org)
- The Spotlight on Cataract Surgery Symposium also annually attracts a virtual audience that watches the program online in real time and is able to respond to the audience questions along with the live audience. (aao.org)
- In the absence of any medical cure, surgery remains the mainstay of cataract treatment. (lifepositive.com)
- In case cataract develops, due to an injury in young children, it is important to undergo an immediate surgery before a squint or cross-eyes develop. (lifepositive.com)
- The most common types of cataract surgery include intra-capsular cataract extraction, extra-capsular cataract extraction and phacoemulsification. (lifepositive.com)
- Cataract surgery was linked to a nearly 30% lower risk of dementia in older adults, a prospective study showed. (medpagetoday.com)
- The association between cataract surgery and dementia remained significant after controlling for multiple confounders and accounting for healthy patient bias. (medpagetoday.com)
- Cataract disease affects many older adults, and cataract surgery is a widely available intervention," she added. (medpagetoday.com)
- Participants were dementia-free at enrollment and did not have cataract surgery before they enrolled. (medpagetoday.com)
- About 45% of the group (1,382 people) had cataract surgery during the study. (medpagetoday.com)
- In contrast to cataract extraction, the researchers did not find lower dementia risk among people who had glaucoma surgery (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.75-1.56, P =0.68). (medpagetoday.com)
- Of several variables including additional education, race, smoking history, and sex, the only covariate more protective than cataract surgery was not carrying an APOE4 allele. (medpagetoday.com)
- One possible mechanism by which cataract surgery could decrease the risk of dementia or Alzheimer's disease is by enabling higher quality sensory input to the retina and therefore improving stimuli to the brain," Lee observed. (medpagetoday.com)
- Another potential explanation for the association between cataract surgery and decreased dementia risk centers around how cataract affects the type and quality of light that reaches the retina," Lee added. (medpagetoday.com)
- Because cataract affects the overall quality of light that reaches the retina including the blue light, cataract surgery may enable the reactivation of those cells in a way that is protective against cognitive decline. (medpagetoday.com)
- people with early cognitive problems may be less conscious of vision issues, which might delay cataract surgery. (medpagetoday.com)
- Only a participant's first cataract surgery was evaluated, and whether subsequent surgeries influenced dementia risk was unknown. (medpagetoday.com)
- Cataract surgery is the most common eye surgery. (healthline.com)
- Read this article for more information about cataract surgery. (healthline.com)
- Does diabetes affect cataract surgery recovery? (healthline.com)
- Before cataract surgery, people with diabetes should have good blood sugar management and no evidence of eye infections. (healthline.com)
- A comprehensive eye examination before cataract surgery can make sure there are no infections. (healthline.com)
- Good blood sugar management can help ensure a better outcome after cataract surgery for people with diabetes. (healthline.com)
- It's estimated that 9 out of 10 people see better after cataract surgery, but everyone is different. (healthline.com)
- Operation International, a nonprofit organization dedicated to providing surgical and medical care to underserved populations around the world, carried out the transformative cataract surgery mission in Techiman. (globenewswire.com)
- This article reviews the most recent literature regarding the control of intraocular inflammation associated with cataract surgery. (nih.gov)
- Treatment for a canine with cataracts currently offers two options, cataract surgery or treatment with medicine. (vetinfo.com)
- Both canine cataract surgery and medicinal treatment offer results in the treatment of canine cataracts. (vetinfo.com)
- In case of large cataracts, the ophthalmologists may perform surgery to improve vision. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- Most cataract surgery today is done by phacoemulsification, also called "small incision cataract surgery. (smartdraw.com)
- The treatment, which has been tested in animals and in a small, human clinical trial, produced much fewer surgical complications than the current standard-of-care and resulted in regenerated lenses with superior visual function in all 12 of the pediatric cataract patients who received the new surgery. (sciencedaily.com)
- Most pediatric patients require corrective eyewear after cataract surgery. (sciencedaily.com)
- We believe that our new approach will result in a paradigm shift in cataract surgery and may offer patients a safer and better treatment option in the future. (sciencedaily.com)
- Is it possible to require a YAG procedure three and a half years after having successful cataract removal surgery? (medhelp.org)
- Hi l had successful cataract surgery 6 months ago with vivity lens, My optomestist said l am starting to form PCO early stage but l haven. (medhelp.org)
- l had successful cataract surgery a year ago, l have started early stage PCO but my vision seems perfect to me. (medhelp.org)
- Hi l had cataract surgery a year ago with vivity lens and was a success. (medhelp.org)
- Can PCO occur immediately after cataract surgery? (medhelp.org)
- Some sources say that it takes a while for PCO to occur, but some patients state that vision after cataract surgery was never clear until. (medhelp.org)
- My right eye had cataract surgery with a Tecnis toric IOL 3.5 years ago, so I suspected PCO was the possible cause and my eye doctor confirmed that today using slit lamp and also viewing the eye with a handheld lens - he noted the membrane was very cloudy now. (medhelp.org)
- high myopia before cataract surgery, history severe trauma, family history of RD or RD in fellow eye. (medhelp.org)
- A person can need Yap capsulotomy at anytime the rest of their life after cataract surgery. (medhelp.org)
- Overall about 1 out of 5 people need yag capsulotomy in their lifetimes after cataract surgery. (medhelp.org)
- The only way to remove a cataract is with surgery. (aao.org)
- During cataract surgery, your cloudy natural lens is removed and replaced with a clear artificial lens. (aao.org)
- Cataract removal surgery may be done in an outpatient surgery center or in a hospital. (aao.org)
- How Long Does It Take To Recover From Cataract Surgery? (aao.org)
- What Are the Risks of Cataract Surgery? (aao.org)
- Like any surgery, cataract surgery carries risks of problems or complications. (aao.org)
- Cataract surgery will not restore vision lost from other eye conditions, such as macular degeneration , glaucoma , or diabetic retinopathy . (aao.org)
- Your ophthalmologist will talk with you about the risks and benefits of cataract surgery. (aao.org)
- Your vision could become cloudy or blurry weeks, months or years after cataract surgery. (aao.org)
- But because it happens after the eye has healed from cataract surgery, some people think of it as a scar. (aao.org)
- Her primary role at the office will consist of helping cataract surgery patients. (prleap.com)
- Mariesha will be assisting Dr. LeBlanc with patients and helping them prepare for cataract surgery . (prleap.com)
- Cataract surgery can be a little scary for some people,' Dr. LeBlanc added. (prleap.com)
- What is cataract surgery? (nuffieldhealth.com)
- Is cataract surgery right for me? (nuffieldhealth.com)
- Not everyone with cataracts needs cataract surgery. (nuffieldhealth.com)
- Your consultant may recommend surgery if a cataract prevents you from reading, driving, or going about your day-to-day activities. (nuffieldhealth.com)
- Cataract surgery can be a life-changing operation as you'll be able to see much more clearly. (nuffieldhealth.com)
- What happens during cataract surgery? (nuffieldhealth.com)
- Cataract surgery takes around 45 minutes. (nuffieldhealth.com)
- Our aim is to educate you about cataracts, cataract surgery and the latest options to improve your vision. (rochester.edu)
- If a patient is already scheduled for cataract surgery and and the surgeon performs this surgery and ends up having do a posterior vitrectomy which was not planned what are the billing guidelines for this. (aapc.com)
- What exactly are cataracts in dogs and will your dog go blind or need surgery? (dogster.com)
- However, if your dog is blind, surgery can remove the cataracts. (dogster.com)
- Can Cataract Surgery Correct Lazy Eye? (allaboutvision.com)
- Performing cataract surgery on a young child with congenital cataracts often can fully correct the amblyopia or at least significantly improve the visual acuity of the affected eye(s). (allaboutvision.com)
- However, the older a person with amblyopia becomes, the less likely it is that cataract surgery will fully restore vision in a lazy eye. (allaboutvision.com)
- Recent studies of the plasticity of the human brain have suggested that vision therapy , strabismus surgery and other measures (including cataract surgery) may be able to make some improvement in the visual acuity of an amblyopic eye in adults. (allaboutvision.com)
- Does Cataract Surgery Hurt? (allaboutvision.com)
- Are You Awake During Cataract Surgery? (allaboutvision.com)
- Patient safety in cataract surgery. (ahrq.gov)
- The authors evaluate patient safety issues involved with cataract surgery and provide several recommendations for safety improvement, including developing a culture of safety and reviewing critical incidents . (ahrq.gov)
- In 2015, the Department of Public Health notified the Betsy Lehman Center of an "uptick in reports of Serious Reportable Events" - preventable errors causing patient harm - associated with cataract surgery, according to the report. (wwlp.com)
- The report says cataract surgery is the most common operation in the United States and among the safest procedures in medicine. (wwlp.com)
- The review examined five years of data and found the most frequent serious reportable event in cataract surgery was the implantation of a lens not intended for that patient. (wwlp.com)
- The center is now working to develop a set of tools for providers to use to improve safety in cataract surgery. (wwlp.com)
- Cataract Surgery Methods: Which Is Right for You? (healthnews.com)
- The only proven treatment for cataracts is lens replacement surgery. (healthnews.com)
- Most cataract surgery is performed as an outpatient procedure with very low complications, high rates of success, and fast recovery. (healthnews.com)
- Phacoemulsification is the most common cataract surgery, but in developing countries a modified version is used called MSICS (manual small incision cataract surgery). (healthnews.com)
- This article discusses the different options for cataract surgery and which might be best for you. (healthnews.com)
- There are three main types of cataract surgery that are widely used today. (healthnews.com)
- Phacoemulsification is the most commonly recommended surgical method for cataract surgery today. (healthnews.com)
- In fact, there is a modification of ECCE which has been adopted called manual small incision cataract surgery or MSICS where no sutures are required. (healthnews.com)
- Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery. (lww.com)
- Research states that more than 95% of people who have cataract surgery see better that very day. (wellness.com)
- Cataract surgery involves removing the clouded lens and replacing it with a plastic lens inserted in the eye during surgery. (harvard.edu)
- Cataract surgery improves the vision of most - but not all - people who have it. (harvard.edu)
- What Is Recovery like After Cataract Surgery? (sharecare.com)
- Health Topics eye-health What Is Recovery like After Cataract Surgery? (sharecare.com)
- Many people dread cataract surgery because they're afraid of a lengthy recovery period. (sharecare.com)
- How is cataract surgery performed? (sharecare.com)
- How old do I need to be for cataract surgery? (sharecare.com)
- What are my options for cataract surgery? (sharecare.com)
- However, the advisory also reassures patients that despite such drug history, the success rate of cataract surgery hasn't diminished. (medindia.net)
- An Illustration of the Cataract surgery that is performed to restore the sight for the patients suffering from cataract, which is a loss of transparency in the eye's lens. (medindia.net)
- Dr. John Jarstead, an ophthalmologist from the University of Missouri, wraps a patient's eye after performing cataract surgery in an operating room aboard the hospital ship USNS Comfort (T-AH 20) in October 2018 (Photo by: Petty Officer 2nd Class Kris Lindstrom, Navy Public Affairs Support Element East). (health.mil)
- During cataract surgery, your consultant will remove the cloudy lens in your eye and insert a clear artificial lens. (spirehealthcare.com)
- Despite mounting evidence that routine prophylaxis with intracameral cefuroxime and moxifloxacin reduce the endophthalmitis rate following cataract surgery, many surgeons have not adopted this practice. (medscape.com)
- With the significant increase in cataract surgery volume because of population aging worldwide, effective endophthalmitis prophylaxis is a rising global imperative. (medscape.com)
- Along with aseptic surgical protocols, the use of perioperative povidone iodine and isolation of the eyelids and eyelashes with proper draping are effective in limiting the incidence of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. (medscape.com)
- New data from several large retrospective clinical studies add to the evidence that routine intracameral antibiotic prophylaxis significantly reduces the endophthalmitis rate following cataract surgery. (medscape.com)
- Comparison Between Nylon and Polyglactin Sutures in Pediatric Cataract Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. (bvsalud.org)
- To compare the performance of nylon sutures to that of polyglactin sutures in pediatric patients undergoing cataract surgery . (bvsalud.org)
- A total of 80 eyes from 80 patients who underwent pediatric cataract surgery were randomized into two groups in block sizes of four. (bvsalud.org)
- Polyglactin sutures were found to be safe and effective for pediatric patients undergoing cataract surgery . (bvsalud.org)
- This study represents the first controlled randomized clinical trial to compare nylon sutures to polyglactin sutures in pediatric patients undergoing cataract surgery . (bvsalud.org)
Lens56
- A cataract is a clouding of the lens in your eye. (medlineplus.gov)
- Cataracts caused by blunt trauma classically form stellate- or rosette-shaped posterior axial opacities that may be stable or progressive, whereas penetrating trauma with disruption of the lens capsule forms cortical changes that may remain focal if small or may progress rapidly to total cortical opacification. (medscape.com)
- Lens dislocation and subluxation commonly are found in conjunction with traumatic cataract. (medscape.com)
- If the rent is sufficiently large, the entire lens rapidly opacifies, but when small, cortical cataract can seal itself off and remain localized. (medscape.com)
- A cataract is a cloudy area in the lens of the eye that leads to a decrease in vision. (wikipedia.org)
- Senile cataracts are associated with a decrease in antioxidant capacity in the lens. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] The genetic component is strong in the development of cataracts, most commonly through mechanisms that protect and maintain the lens. (wikipedia.org)
- A cataract is a cloudy or opaque area in the normally clear lens of the eye. (aoa.org)
- However, if the lens is clouded by a cataract, light is scattered so the lens can no longer focus it properly, causing vision problems. (aoa.org)
- A nuclear cataract is located in the center of the lens. (aoa.org)
- A cortical cataract affects the layer of the lens surrounding the nucleus. (aoa.org)
- A posterior capsular cataract is found in the back outer layer of the lens. (aoa.org)
- Most cataracts are due to age-related changes in the lens of the eye that cause it to become cloudy or opaque. (aoa.org)
- Evaluation of the lens under high magnification and illumination to determine the extent and location of any cataracts. (aoa.org)
- After the cataract is removed, a manmade lens, called an intraocular lens (IOL), is usually placed into the eye to restore the focusing power of the old lens (cataract). (medlineplus.gov)
- As a cataract develops, the lens becomes cloudy. (medlineplus.gov)
- A cataract is a cloudy area that develops in the clear part of the eye that helps with focusing light, known as the lens. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A cataract is a clouding of the lens, which loses its transparency and becomes misty and foggy and white," he said. (bbc.co.uk)
- As we age, the protein in the lens may clump together and form cataracts. (forbes.com)
- Typically, cataracts arise due to the breakdown of the lens microarchitecture. (forbes.com)
- It is important to note that changes in specific molecules within lens cells can serve as a biomarker for early detection of cataract development. (forbes.com)
- A cataract is an opacification of the lens of the eye. (uspharmacist.com)
- Such a condition is called cataract-where there is opacity or clouding of the eye's natural lens, which if not treated can lead to blindness. (lifepositive.com)
- While the type of cataract and the position of opacities vary from person to person, the most common site for a cataract is in the main body of the lens followed by opacity in the centre of the lens. (lifepositive.com)
- However, about 35-50 per cent infants who develop cataract before their first birthday may not have any associated illnesses-cataract can develop if the newly formed lens fibres are opaque. (lifepositive.com)
- Injuries: Any injury to the eye, irrespective of whether it penetrates the lens or not, can cause cataract. (lifepositive.com)
- Cataract causes the lens to develop a yellow tint that blocks blue light. (medpagetoday.com)
- Cataract, one of the leading causes of blindness in both the developing and developed countries, is caused due to the cloudiness of the clear lens that is present in the human eye. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- Cataracts develop when lumps of protein gets deposited on the lens and make the clear lens cloudy. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- Over time, the cataract may grow larger and cloud more of the lens, making it harder to see. (smartdraw.com)
- Congenital cataracts -- lens clouding that occurs at birth or shortly thereafter -- is a significant cause of blindness in children. (sciencedaily.com)
- More than 20 million Americans suffer from cataracts, and more than 4 million surgeries are performed annually to replace the clouded lens with an artificial plastic version, called an intraocular lens. (sciencedaily.com)
- Your own lens should be clear, but with a cataract it is cloudy. (aao.org)
- Using very small instruments, they will break up the lens with the cataract and remove it. (aao.org)
- It also once held your eye's natural lens (what became the cataract) in place. (aao.org)
- This operation treats cataracts by removing and replacing the lens of your eye. (nuffieldhealth.com)
- A cataract doesn't form on the surface of the eye, it's actually inside the lens. (nuffieldhealth.com)
- If you have a cataract it means the lens has become cloudy, making it unable to focus and create a clear picture. (nuffieldhealth.com)
- It involves removing the cataract-filled lens and replacing it with an artificial lens implant. (nuffieldhealth.com)
- Cataracts in dogs are cloudiness in the lens of your dog's eyes that prevents him from seeing clearly. (dogster.com)
- There are many causes of cataracts in dogs, including inherited (genetic) cataracts, diabetes mellitus, uveitis (inflammation inside the eye) and trauma to the lens, among others," says Beth Kimmitt, DVM, resident of ophthalmology at Purdue University's College of Veterinary Medicine in West Lafayette, Indiana. (dogster.com)
- BOSTON (STATE HOUSE NEWS SERVICE) - A review of medical errors made during cataract surgeries in Massachusetts found cases where the wrong lens was implanted, anesthesia was incorrectly administered and procedures were performed on the wrong eye or wrong patient, prompting a call for new safety procedures. (wwlp.com)
- Of 198 eyes evaluated, 86% had a Lens Opacities Classification System III cataract grade of 3 to 6. (lww.com)
- The lens where a cataract forms is found right behind the iris of the eye (the colored part). (wellness.com)
- MICOR 700 (Zeiss) is a mechanical lens fragmentation and aspiration device capable of gently removing cataracts without potential tissue damage due to cavitation and heat rise of phaco ultrasound. (escrs.org)
- While the exact cause of cataracts is unknown, experts believe that oxidative stress damages certain enzymes and proteins in the eye's natural lens, which causes the lens to become cloudy. (allaboutvision.com)
- In the eye, oxidation affects proteins and fats in the lens to the extent that the lens becomes damaged and cloudy, creating a cataract. (allaboutvision.com)
- An animation of how cataract of the lens can cause blurring of images on the retina. (medindia.net)
- Developing a cataract of the eye is usually thought of as something to worry about as one ages, when an opacity, or cloudiness, of the lens develops over time. (health.mil)
- An estimated 20.5 million (17.2%) Americans aged 40 years and older have cataract in one or both eyes, and 6.1 million (5.1%) have had their lens removed operatively. (cdc.gov)
- Sarikkola AU, Sen HN, Uusitalo RJ, Laatikainen L. Traumatic cataract and other adverse events with the implantable contact lens. (medscape.com)
- Evaluation of posterior lens capsule by 20-MHz ultrasound probe in traumatic cataract. (medscape.com)
- Chuang LH, Lai CC. Secondary intraocular lens implantation of traumatic cataract in open-globe injury. (medscape.com)
- Transscleral sulcus fixation of a small-diameter iris-diaphragm intraocular lens in combined penetrating keratoplasty and cataract extraction for correction of traumatic cataract, aniridia, and corneal scarring. (medscape.com)
- Kumar S, Panda A, Badhu BP, Das H. Safety of primary intraocular lens insertion in unilateral childhood traumatic cataract. (medscape.com)
- In this project we study the structural and dynamic properties of concentrated eye lens protein solutions and mixtures with the long-term goal of shedding light on the molecular origins of cataract formation, still the major cause of blindness worldwide. (lu.se)
Type of cataract2
- Signs and symptoms vary depending on the type of cataract, though considerable overlap occurs. (wikipedia.org)
- Results of this treatment are unpredictable and vary depending upon the maturity and type of cataract. (vetinfo.com)
Likely to develop cataracts3
- According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), people who smoke cigarettes are around 2-3 times more likely to develop cataracts than people who do not smoke. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Certain breeds are more likely to develop cataracts, including Australian Shepherds , Boston Terriers , French Bulldogs and Staffordshire Bull Terriers . (dogster.com)
- The study authors found that women whose diet contained the highest total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were significantly less likely to develop cataracts , compared with those whose diets were low in antioxidants. (allaboutvision.com)
Retina1
- Complicated cataract: This may follow owing to a long-term detachment of the retina, glaucoma, tumours inside the eye and inflammation of the eyes. (lifepositive.com)
Phacoemulsification5
- Phacoemulsification: With this procedure, your doctor uses a tool that produces sound waves to break up the cataract into small pieces. (medlineplus.gov)
- Eric Donnenfeld Phacoemulsification in patients with uveitis is among the most challenging cataract surgeries we perform. (aao.org)
- Phacoemulsification constitutes over 90% of cataract surgeries worldwide today and is considered the standard of care. (healthnews.com)
- ECCE is preferred for patients who have very hard cataracts or in other clinical situations when phacoemulsification may not be possible. (healthnews.com)
- For more than 30 years, phacoemulsification has been the dominant cataract extraction method in developed countries. (escrs.org)
Extraction4
- Extracapsular extraction: Your doctor uses a small tool to remove the cataract in mostly one piece. (medlineplus.gov)
- At Wroxeter in Shropshire there may have been a particular focus on eye care with the discovery of two collyrium stamps in the names of Tiberius Claudius and Lucillianus together with a case of probable surgical instruments including an eye needle for cataract extraction. (bbc.co.uk)
- Major advances in cataract extraction techniques and instrumentation have occurred over the past decade. (nih.gov)
- This surgical technique is also called manual extracapsular cataract extraction. (healthnews.com)
Glaucoma4
- Occasionally children are born with the condition, or a cataract may develop following an eye injury, or as a result of inflammation or other diseases, such glaucoma and diabetes. (who.int)
- From posterior polar cataract and temporal negative dysphotopsia to phaco in uveitis and glaucoma patients, the 2016 Cataract Spotlight session covered much ground. (aao.org)
- The researchers tracked 3,038 people diagnosed with cataract or glaucoma in the Adult Changes in Thought ( ACT ) cohort, a Seattle-based study at Kaiser Permanente Washington. (medpagetoday.com)
- The leading causes of blindness and low vision in the United States are primarily age-related eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. (cdc.gov)
Risk for cataracts3
- People with diabetes are at higher risk for cataracts. (aoa.org)
- But researchers in Sweden found that middle-aged men who smoked at least 15 cigarettes per day could lower their risk for cataracts over the course of two decades if they quit smoking. (newsday.com)
- Evaluation of the eating habits of more than 1,600 adults revealed that individuals in the top 25 percent for total carbohydrate intake had more than three times the risk for cataracts than those in the lowest 25 percent for carbohydrate intake. (allaboutvision.com)
Cloudy2
- Cloudy eyes don't always mean your dog has cataracts. (dogster.com)
- Cloudy, blurry vision might mean you have cataracts. (wellness.com)
Development of cataracts2
- Oxidative stress is a possible factor in the development of cataracts. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A large study of adult women in the United States found that eating foods rich in a variety of vitamins and minerals may help delay the development of cataracts . (allaboutvision.com)
Cases of blindness3
- Cataracts cause 51% of all cases of blindness and 33% of visual impairment worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
- Poorer regions account for about 50% of cases of blindness as a result of cataract. (uspharmacist.com)
- Cataracts are the world's leading cause of blindness, accounting for half of all cases of blindness. (harvard.edu)
Surgeries are performed2
- Up to 20 percent of all cataract surgeries are performed on people with diabetes. (healthline.com)
- Most cataract surgeries are performed under local anesthesia with mild sedation and patients go home the same day. (healthnews.com)
Reduce the risk of developin1
- Wearing sunglasses and a wide brimmed hat, eating leafy vegetables and fruits, and avoiding smoking may reduce the risk of developing cataracts, or slow down the process. (wikipedia.org)
Occur9
- A cataract can occur in either or both eyes. (medlineplus.gov)
- Traumatic cataracts occur secondary to blunt or penetrating ocular trauma. (medscape.com)
- In the United States, cataracts occur in 68% of those over the age of 80 years. (wikipedia.org)
- Most cataracts develop in people over age 55, but they occasionally occur in infants and young children or as a result of trauma or medications. (aoa.org)
- Cataracts occur gradually over time and can happen at any age, but usually develop as you get older. (nuffieldhealth.com)
- Cataracts are seen in older dogs but they can also occur in young dogs and even in puppies. (dogster.com)
- Cataracts can occur secondary to uveitis, and they can also cause uveitis," Dr. Kimmitt explains. (dogster.com)
- Traumatic cataracts in service members can occur immediately after an eye injury, months, or even years later. (health.mil)
- Cataracts can occur at any age because of a variety of causes, and can be present at birth. (cdc.gov)
Symptoms4
- What are the symptoms of cataracts in dogs? (dogster.com)
- When cataracts form, symptoms will include disruption to your vision. (wellness.com)
- Cataracts typically do not cause any symptoms until they have grown large enough to interfere with vision. (harvard.edu)
- Your story of your visual symptoms is an important part of diagnosing cataract. (harvard.edu)
Diabetes8
- Diseases: Young people with diabetes, decreased calcium levels, poor nutrition, and heavy drinkers are prone to cataract. (lifepositive.com)
- Injury-induced cataracts and those caused by diabetes frequently take longer to respond. (vetinfo.com)
- Medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus result in the development of the condition known as secondary cataracts. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Diabetes Related Cataracts in minutes with SmartDraw. (smartdraw.com)
- Researchers suspect that there are several causes of cataract, such as smoking and diabetes. (smartdraw.com)
- Secondary cataracts are the result of a medical condition, most commonly diabetes. (wellness.com)
- Some cataracts are caused by an injury to the eye, long-term diabetes, the use of corticosteroid medications, or radiation treatment. (harvard.edu)
- Along with aging, cataracts can develop due to other risk factors , such as smoking, exposure to excessive ultraviolet rays (mostly sunlight), the presence of pre-existing ocular diseases, previous eye surgeries, or systemic diseases such as diabetes or autoimmune disorders. (health.mil)
People21
- Cataracts are very common in older people. (medlineplus.gov)
- As people in the world live longer, the number of people with cataract is anticipated to grow. (who.int)
- About 20 million people worldwide are blind due to cataracts. (wikipedia.org)
- People with nuclear sclerotic or brunescent cataracts often notice a reduction of vision. (wikipedia.org)
- Several studies show increased cataract formation in patients with higher alcohol consumption compared with people who have lower or no alcohol consumption. (aoa.org)
- Cataracts are common as people age. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- This article examines whether people can prevent cataracts. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- However, some factors that can raise the risk of cataracts are ones that people can change. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- People can help lower their risk of developing cataracts by quitting smoking. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In the US, cataracts affect over 24 million people. (forbes.com)
- According to the World Health Organization , approximately 65.2 million people have cataracts globally. (forbes.com)
- 1 Vision 2020 estimates that 18 million people are bilaterally blind from cataract. (uspharmacist.com)
- 1 In the United States, the Framingham Eye Study found a decrease in vision as a result of cataract in 15.5% of the population overall and in 45.9% of people over 75 years of age. (uspharmacist.com)
- Senile cataract: Most people above fifty develop some degree of cataract. (lifepositive.com)
- And the reason people say 'I think my cataract is coming back' Most of my surgical career 90% of people needed Yag laser for PCO. (medhelp.org)
- Cataracts often develop slowly over time, and people forget how good their vision once was. (nuffieldhealth.com)
- The name cataract comes from the term for "huge waterfall," which is how some people describe their clouded sight: like trying to look through a waterfall. (harvard.edu)
- People with cataracts can use eyeglasses, magnifying lenses, or stronger lighting to help improve their vision. (harvard.edu)
- People who consistently follow a healthy diet that includes colorful fruits, vegetables and whole grains may show a decreased risk of cataracts. (allaboutvision.com)
- Although treatment for the removal of cataract is widely available, access barriers such as insurance coverage, treatment costs, patient choice, or lack of awareness prevent many people from receiving the proper treatment. (cdc.gov)
- The total number of people who have cataracts is estimated to increase to 30.1 million by 2020. (cdc.gov)
Vision23
- For patient education resources, see the Eye & Vision Center as well as Cataracts . (medscape.com)
- Cataract is also an important cause of low vision. (who.int)
- Poor vision caused by cataracts may also result in an increased risk of falling and depression. (wikipedia.org)
- Nuclear cataracts typically cause greater impairment of distance vision than of near vision. (wikipedia.org)
- Visual acuity measurement to determine to what extent a cataract may be limiting clear distance and near vision. (aoa.org)
- If a cataract minimally affects vision, or not at all, no treatment may be needed. (aoa.org)
- Smokers who kick the habit may reduce their risk of developing the blurred vision problem known as cataracts, new research shows. (newsday.com)
- One of the most prevalent causes of foggy and hazy vision is cataracts. (forbes.com)
- Cataracts are a disorder that clouds the eye and thoroughly obstructs vision. (forbes.com)
- However, with numerous treatment options available for cataracts, those experiencing vision problems can find relief and regain clear sight. (forbes.com)
- The Beaver Dam Eye Study, using a similar definition of vision loss due to cataract, found a frequency of 38.8% in men and 45.9% in women aged 75 years and older. (uspharmacist.com)
- Vision loss related to cataract may affect employment opportunities and the ability to function independently. (uspharmacist.com)
- Typically, patients with cataract experience a decrease in vision over months to years. (uspharmacist.com)
- As the cataract progresses, vision becomes blurred and distorted. (lifepositive.com)
- The medical device company's contribution played a pivotal role in enabling safe and successful cataract surgeries in Techiman, Ghana, helping hundreds of patients regain their vision and transform their lives. (globenewswire.com)
- Cataract is a common eye disease accompanied by blurred vision. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- Fortunately that's my only issue of concern vision-wise, it's very much like the original cataract in how I'm perceiving it. (medhelp.org)
- If cataracts are beginning to interfere with your ability to enjoy life, learn how our skillful team can safely provide you with crisp, clear vision. (rochester.edu)
- Owners may also notice vision deficits as the cataract worsens. (dogster.com)
- Some cataracts are small and affect the vision less. (dogster.com)
- Cataracts are the result of protein building up in the eye that blocks clear vision. (wellness.com)
- In case of traumatic cataract, it can be from direct and indirect trauma to the eye," explained Dr. Mariia Viswanathan, an ophthalmologist and the chief of Education, Training, Research, and Surveillance at the Clinical Care and Integration branch of the Defense Health Agency's Vision Center of Excellence (VCE). (health.mil)
- At Spire Dunedin Hospital, we use trusted and clinically proven techniques to improve blurred eyesight caused by cataracts and get you back to everyday life with better vision. (spirehealthcare.com)
Typically1
- Adult cataract is typically seen in patients 50 years and older. (uspharmacist.com)
Association between cataract1
- Although the results are inconclusive, studies suggest an association between cataract formation and low levels of antioxidants (for example, vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids). (aoa.org)
Secondary1
- It's also called " secondary cataract " or "scar tissue. (aao.org)
Progresses1
- This may start out faint, and then become more obvious as the cataract progresses. (dogster.com)
Congenital cataracts5
- citation needed] Congenital cataracts can result in amblyopia if not treated in a timely manner. (wikipedia.org)
- Researchers have developed a new, regenerative medicine approach to remove congenital cataracts in infants, permitting remaining stem cells to regrow functional lenses. (sciencedaily.com)
- Researchers at University of California, San Diego School of Medicine and Shiley Eye Institute, with colleagues in China, have developed a new, regenerative medicine approach to remove congenital cataracts in infants, permitting remaining stem cells to regrow functional lenses. (sciencedaily.com)
- Congenital cataracts also can cause amblyopia. (allaboutvision.com)
- Congenital cataracts occurs when a baby is actually born with cataracts. (wellness.com)
Older Adults2
- Age related cataracts form in older adults. (wellness.com)
- A 10-year study of more than 2,400 older adults in Australia found that higher intakes of or the combined intake of multiple antioxidants reduced the risk of cataracts in this population. (allaboutvision.com)
Cause cataract5
- 9,10 Some data suggest that myopia may cause cataract. (uspharmacist.com)
- Vitamin supplementation has not been shown definitively to prevent or cause cataract. (uspharmacist.com)
- Rubella (viral infection), syphilis (sexually transmitted disease during pregnancy), and abnormalities of the endocrine glands can cause cataract in newborns. (lifepositive.com)
- A non-penetrating injury may cause cataract several months or years after the injury. (lifepositive.com)
- Besides, chemical substances like zinc chloride, steroids and prolonged intake of medicines for nausea and psychiatric disorders can cause cataract. (lifepositive.com)
Canine cataracts2
- We take your through the basics on canine cataracts and what to do if your dog has them. (dogster.com)
- Inherited cataracts are the most common type of canine cataracts. (dogster.com)
Prevent cataracts4
- How can you prevent cataracts? (medicalnewstoday.com)
- There is no scientific evidence to support ways to prevent cataracts. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Can good nutrition prevent cataracts? (allaboutvision.com)
- Can a healthy diet prevent cataracts? (allaboutvision.com)
Traumatic cataracts4
- Infrared energy (glass-blower's cataract), electric shock, and ionizing radiation are other rare causes of traumatic cataracts. (medscape.com)
- Traumatic cataracts are the result of an injury. (wellness.com)
- Regardless of how it occurs, the effects cannot be undone when it comes to traumatic cataracts, said Viswanathan. (health.mil)
- Viswanathan said that cases of traumatic cataracts have leveled off in recent times, depending on the conflicts U.S. service members have been involved in because advances in eye protection have been accompanied by advances in armaments deployed by the enemy. (health.mil)
Blindness if left untreated1
- Cataract can lead to blindness if left untreated. (lifepositive.com)
20171
- This involves my LE which had a vitrectomy/ERM peel in 2015 followed by subsequent cataract (as expected) removal in March 2017. (medhelp.org)
Exposure8
- Sometimes, the development of cataract is linked to steroid use or it may develop after exposure to some types of radiation. (who.int)
- Reduction of cigarette smoking, ultraviolet light exposure may delay the development of cataract. (who.int)
- Cataracts can arise as an effect of exposure to various types of radiation. (wikipedia.org)
- Studies show an increased chance of cataract formation with unprotected exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. (aoa.org)
- Over-exposure to X-rays during the first three months of pregnancy increases the risk of inborn cataract. (lifepositive.com)
- Other triggers of cataracts include smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, chronic exposure to sunlight, and excessive alcohol use. (wellness.com)
- New data has found that even low exposure to UVB rays significantly increases the chance of cataracts. (healthy.net)
- But a cataract can also happen suddenly, as a result of direct force trauma on the battlefield, or exposure to gasses, chemicals, or new weaponry in war zones. (health.mil)
Decrease2
- Further studies may show that antioxidants can help decrease cataract development. (aoa.org)
- Smoking cessation may decrease the risk of cataract, but the risk among former smokers persists for decades. (newsday.com)
Incision1
- The authors did, however, place the cataract incision at the horizontal meridian, thereby offsetting the average amount of posterior cylinder as determined by Koch and colleagues. (medscape.com)
Visual acuity1
- The severity of cataract formation, assuming no other eye disease is present, is judged primarily by a visual acuity test. (wikipedia.org)
Nuclear2
- There are three specific types of cataract: nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular. (uspharmacist.com)
- According to an article published in The New England Journal of Medicine, both nuclear and posterior subcapsular cataracts develop as a result of inhalation of corticosteroids. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
Surgeons2
- Because many individual cataract surgeons will never be personally involved in a serious harm event, they may not recognize the risk," the report said. (wwlp.com)
- In addition, increasing numbers of cataract surgeons have adopted intracameral antibiotic prophylaxis, in addition to or in lieu of topical perioperative antibiotics. (medscape.com)
Affects3
- NLS always affects both eyes, whereas cataracts usually affect one eye more than the other. (dogster.com)
- In infants and young children, cataracts also can be one symptom of a disease that affects how the body processes carbohydrates, amino acids, calcium or copper. (harvard.edu)
- Usually, traumatic cataract in one eye does not mean it will affect both eyes, she said, unless the blast injury that causes it affects the entire body, or a particular physical system. (health.mil)
Glare1
- Those with posterior subcapsular cataracts usually complain of glare as their major symptom. (wikipedia.org)
Oxidative stress1
- Oxidative stress is an important pathogenic mechanism in cataract formation. (wikipedia.org)
Patients4
- 1 Patients aged over 50 years have a lower prevalence of cataract development than patients aged 60 years and older. (uspharmacist.com)
- The final topic was medicolegal considerations with unhappy cataract patients. (aao.org)
- She is a licensed nurse who has been in the field for over ten years, and we know she'll be an asset to our cataract patients. (prleap.com)
- Yet the large numbers of cataract surgeries mean that even tiny rates of preventable error will result in large numbers of patients harmed unnecessarily. (wwlp.com)