An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.
A family of glycosidases that hydrolyse crystalline CELLULOSE into soluble sugar molecules. Within this family there are a variety of enzyme subtypes with differing substrate specificities that must work together to bring about complete cellulose hydrolysis. They are found in structures called CELLULOSOMES.
A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in CELLOBIOSE. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations.
A mitosporic fungal genus frequently found in soil and on wood. It is sometimes used for controlling pathogenic fungi. Its teleomorph is HYPOCREA.
An exocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE and cellotetraose. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing ends of beta-D-glucosides with release of CELLOBIOSE.
A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose.
A cellulose derivative which is a beta-(1,4)-D-glucopyranose polymer. It is used as a bulk laxative and as an emulsifier and thickener in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals and as a stabilizer for reagents.
A genus of fungus in the family Hypocreaceae, order HYPOCREALES. Anamorphs include TRICHODERMA.
Glycoside Hydrolases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds, resulting in the breakdown of complex carbohydrates and oligosaccharides into simpler sugars.
An exocellulase with specificity for a variety of beta-D-glycoside substrates. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing residues in beta-D-glucosides with release of GLUCOSE.
A species of gram-positive, thermophilic, cellulolytic bacteria in the family Clostridaceae. It degrades and ferments CELLOBIOSE and CELLULOSE to ETHANOL in the CELLULOSOME.
A large and heterogenous group of fungi whose common characteristic is the absence of a sexual state. Many of the pathogenic fungi in humans belong to this group.
Dextrins are a group of partially degraded and digestible starches, formed through the hydrolysis of starch by heat, acids, or enzymes, consisting of shorter chain polymers of D-glucose units linked mainly by α-(1→4) and α-(1→6) glycosidic bonds.
A family of bracket fungi, order POLYPORALES, living in decaying plant matter and timber.
Extracellular structures found in a variety of microorganisms. They contain CELLULASES and play an important role in the digestion of CELLULOSE.
A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. It is a cellulolytic, mesophilic species isolated from decayed GRASS.
A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Clostridiaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.
Enzymes which catalyze the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-xylosidic linkages in XYLANS.
An exocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages of 1,4-beta-D-glucans resulting in successive removal of GLUCOSE units.
Enzymes that hydrolyze O-glucosyl-compounds. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.-.
Polysaccharides consisting of xylose units.
The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.
An order of insects, restricted mostly to the tropics, containing at least eight families. A few species occur in temperate regions of North America.
An order of nematodes consisting of many species which are plant parasites. Female worms lay eggs that hatch either in soil or in the host plant.
An imperfect fungus causing smut or black mold of several fruits, vegetables, etc.
The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A structure found in plants, fungi, and algae, that produces and contains spores.
A genus of fungi in the family Neocallimasticaceae, order NEOCALLIMASTIGALES. They contain polyflagellate zoospores and grow on a range of simple and complex carbohydrates in the rumen of sheep and cattle.
An order of gram-positive, primarily aerobic BACTERIA that tend to form branching filaments.
Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.
A species of gram-positive, cellulolytic bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. It produces CELLULOSOMES which are involved in plant CELL WALL degradation.
A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The seed is one of the EDIBLE GRAINS used in millet cereals and in feed for birds and livestock (ANIMAL FEED). It contains diosgenin (SAPONINS).
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
A plant genus of the family MALVACEAE. It is the source of COTTON FIBER; COTTONSEED OIL, which is used for cooking, and GOSSYPOL. The economically important cotton crop is a major user of agricultural PESTICIDES.
A plant genus in the LAURACEAE family. The tree, Persea americana Mill., is known for the Avocado fruit, the food of commerce.
An exocellulase with specificity for 1,3-beta-D-glucasidic linkages. It catalyzes hydrolysis of beta-D-glucose units from the non-reducing ends of 1,3-beta-D-glucans, releasing GLUCOSE.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.
Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.
Hydrocarbon-rich byproducts from the non-fossilized BIOMASS that are combusted to generate energy as opposed to fossilized hydrocarbon deposits (FOSSIL FUELS).
Proteins found in any species of fungus.
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-mannose residues in beta-D-mannosides. The enzyme plays a role in the lysosomal degradation of the N-glycosylprotein glycans. Defects in the lysosomal form of the enzyme in humans result in a buildup of mannoside intermediate metabolites and the disease BETA-MANNOSIDOSIS.
A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria in the family Fibrobacteraceae, isolated from the human GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,3- or 1,4-linkages in beta-D-glucans. This enzyme specifically acts on sites where reducing glucose residues are substituted at the 3 position.
A cell wall-degrading enzyme found in microorganisms and higher plants. It catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-D-galactosiduronic linkages in pectate and other galacturonans. EC 3.2.1.15.
A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.
A phylum of fungi which have cross-walls or septa in the mycelium. The perfect state is characterized by the formation of a saclike cell (ascus) containing ascospores. Most pathogenic fungi with a known perfect state belong to this phylum.
A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites.
A genus of fleshy shelf basidiomycetous fungi, family Schizophyllaceae, order POLYPORALES, growing on woody substrata. It is pathogenic in humans.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.
A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.
A mitosporic Trichocomaceae fungal genus that develops fruiting organs resembling a broom. When identified, teleomorphs include EUPENICILLIUM and TALAROMYCES. Several species (but especially PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM) are sources of the antibiotic penicillin.
A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.
A genus of fungi in the family Corticiaceae, order Stereales, that degrades lignin. The white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium is a frequently used species in research.
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.
A group of anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the Gram-staining method.
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

EndB, a multidomain family 44 cellulase from Ruminococcus flavefaciens 17, binds to cellulose via a novel cellulose-binding module and to another R. flavefaciens protein via a dockerin domain. (1/122)

The mechanisms by which cellulolytic enzymes and enzyme complexes in Ruminococcus spp. bind to cellulose are not fully understood. The product of the newly isolated cellulase gene endB from Ruminococcus flavefaciens 17 was purified as a His-tagged product after expression in Escherichia coli and found to be able to bind directly to crystalline cellulose. The ability to bind cellulose is shown to be associated with a novel cellulose-binding module (CBM) located within a region of 200 amino acids that is unrelated to known protein sequences. EndB (808 amino acids) also contains a catalytic domain belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 44 and a C-terminal dockerin-like domain. Purified EndB is also shown to bind specifically via its dockerin domain to a polypeptide of ca. 130 kDa present among supernatant proteins from Avicel-grown R. flavefaciens that attach to cellulose. The protein to which EndB attaches is a strong candidate for the scaffolding component of a cellulosome-like multienzyme complex recently identified in this species (S.-Y. Ding et al., J. Bacteriol. 183:1945-1953, 2001). It is concluded that binding of EndB to cellulose may occur both through its own CBM and potentially also through its involvement in a cellulosome complex.  (+info)

Cloning and overexpression of the avi2 gene encoding a major cellulase produced by Humicola insolens FERM BP-5977. (2/122)

The avi2 gene encoding Avi2, which is a major cellulase produced by Humicola insolens FERM BP-5977, was cloned and sequenced. Avi2 showed high homology with other family 6 cellulases. The expression vector pNCE4 containing the avi2 gene was constructed, and this strain was transformed using a protoplast method. As a result, the pNCE4 transformant secreted 8-fold more Avi2 than the recipient strain.  (+info)

Termite gut symbiotic archaezoa are becoming living metabolic fossils. (3/122)

Over the course of several million years, the eukaryotic gut symbionts of lower termites have become adapted to a cellulolytic environment. Up to now it has been believed that they produce nutriments using their own cellulolytic enzymes for the benefit of their termite host. However, we have now isolated two endoglucanases with similar apparent molecular masses of approximately 36 kDa from the not yet culturable symbiotic Archaezoa living in the hindgut of the most primitive Australian termite, Mastotermes darwiniensis. The N-terminal sequences of these cellulases exhibited significant homology to cellulases of termite origin, which belong to glycosyl hydrolase family 9. The corresponding genes were detected not in the mRNA pool of the flagellates but in the salivary glands of M. darwiniensis. This showed that cellulases isolated from the flagellate cells originated from the termite host. By use of a PCR-based approach, DNAs encoding cellulases belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 45 were obtained from micromanipulated nuclei of the flagellates Koruga bonita and Deltotrichonympha nana. These results indicated that the intestinal flagellates of M. darwiniensis take up the termite's cellulases from gut contents. K. bonita and D. nana possess at least their own endoglucanase genes, which are still expressed, but without significant enzyme activity in the nutritive vacuole. These findings give the impression that the gut Archaezoa are heading toward a secondary loss of their own endoglucanases and that they use exclusively termite cellulases.  (+info)

Ruminococcus albus 8 mutants defective in cellulose degradation are deficient in two processive endocellulases, Cel48A and Cel9B, both of which possess a novel modular architecture. (4/122)

The cellulolytic bacterium Ruminococcus albus 8 adheres tightly to cellulose, but the molecular biology underpinning this process is not well characterized. Subtractive enrichment procedures were used to isolate mutants of R. albus 8 that are defective in adhesion to cellulose. Adhesion of the mutant strains was reduced 50% compared to that observed with the wild-type strain, and cellulose solubilization was also shown to be slower in these mutant strains, suggesting that bacterial adhesion and cellulose solubilization are inextricably linked. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that all three mutants studied were impaired in the production of two high-molecular-mass, cell-bound polypeptides when they were cultured with either cellobiose or cellulose. The identities of these proteins were determined by a combination of mass spectrometry methods and genome sequence data for R. albus 8. One of the polypeptides is a family 9 glycoside hydrolase (Cel9B), and the other is a family 48 glycoside hydrolase (Cel48A). Both Cel9B and Cel48A possess a modular architecture, Cel9B possesses features characteristic of the B(2) (or theme D) group of family 9 glycoside hydrolases, and Cel48A is structurally similar to the processive endocellulases CelF and CelS from Clostridium cellulolyticum and Clostridium thermocellum, respectively. Both Cel9B and Cel48A could be recovered by cellulose affinity procedures, but neither Cel9B nor Cel48A contains a dockerin, suggesting that these polypeptides are retained on the bacterial cell surface, and recovery by cellulose affinity procedures did not involve a clostridium-like cellulosome complex. Instead, both proteins possess a single copy of a novel X module with an unknown function at the C terminus. Such X modules are also present in several other R. albus glycoside hydrolases and are phylogentically distinct from the fibronectin III-like and X modules identified so far in other cellulolytic bacteria.  (+info)

Dietary lignins are precursors of mammalian lignans in rats. (5/122)

The mammalian lignans enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol, commonly found in human plasma and urine, are phytoestrogens that may contribute to the prevention of breast cancer and coronary heart disease. They are formed by the conversion of dietary precursors such as secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol lignans by the colonic microflora. The identification of lignins, cell-wall polymers structurally related to lignans, as precursors of mammalian lignans is reported here for the first time. In study 1, rats were fed rye or wheat bran (15% diet) for 5 d. Untreated brans and brans extracted with solvents to remove lignans were compared. ENL was estimated in urine samples collected for 24 h by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. ENL urinary excretion was reduced from 18.6 to 5.3 nmol/d (n=8; P<0.001) when lignans were removed from rye bran and from 30.5 to 6.2 nmol/d (P<0.001) when they were removed from wheat bran. These results suggest that lignins, embedded in the cell wall and retained in the bran during solvent extraction, account for 26-32% of the ENL formed from cereal brans. In study 2, rats were fed a deuterated synthetic lignin (0.2% diet) together with wheat bran (15%) for 3 d. The detection of deuterated ENL by LC-tandem MS in urine (20 nmol/d) clearly confirms the conversion of lignin into mammalian lignans. More research is warranted to determine the bioavailability of lignins in the human diet.  (+info)

Heterogeneity of homologously expressed Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) Cel7B catalytic module. (6/122)

The catalytic module of Hypocrea jecorina (previously Trichoderma reesei) Cel7B was homologously expressed by transformation of strain QM9414. Post-translational modifications in purified Cel7B preparations were analysed by enzymatic digestions, high performance chromatography, mass spectrometry and site-directed mutagenesis. Of the five potential sites found in the wild-type enzyme, only Asn56 and Asn182 were found to be N-glycosylated. GlcNAc(2)Man(5) was identified as the predominant N-glycan, although lesser amounts of GlcNAc(2)Man(7) and glycans carrying a mannophosphodiester bond were also detected. Repartition of neutral and charged glycan structures over the two glycosylation sites mainly accounts for the observed microheterogeneity of the protein. However, partial deamidation of Asn259 and a partially occupied O-glycosylation site give rise to further complexity in enzyme preparations.  (+info)

Fungal cell wall chitinases and glucanases. (7/122)

The fungal cell wall is a complex structure composed of chitin, glucans and other polymers, and there is evidence of extensive cross-linking between these components. The wall structure is highly dynamic, changing constantly during cell division, growth and morphogenesis. Hydrolytic enzymes, closely associated with the cell wall, have been implicated in the maintenance of wall plasticity and may have roles during branching and cross-linking of polymers. Most fungal cell wall hydrolases identified to date have chitinase or glucanase activity and this short article reviews the apparent functions of these enzymes in unicellular and filamentous fungi, and the mechanisms that regulate enzyme activity in yeasts.  (+info)

Structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic analyses of tetrahydrooxazine-derived inhibitors bound to beta-glucosidases. (8/122)

The understanding of transition state mimicry in glycoside hydrolysis is increasingly important both in the quest for novel specific therapeutic agents and for the deduction of enzyme function and mechanism. To aid comprehension, inhibitors can be characterized through kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural dissection to build an "inhibition profile." Here we dissect the binding of a tetrahydrooxazine inhibitor and its derivatives, which display Ki values around 500 nm. X-ray structures with both a beta-glucosidase, at 2 A resolution, and an endoglucanase at atomic (approximately 1 A) resolution reveal similar interactions between the tetrahydrooxazine inhibitor and both enzymes. Kinetic analyses reveal the pH dependence of kcat/Km and 1/Ki with both enzyme systems, and isothermal titration calorimetry unveils the enthalpic and entropic contributions to beta-glucosidase inhibition. The pH dependence of enzyme activity mirrored that of 1/Ki in both enzymes, unlike the cases of isofagomine and 1-deoxynojirimycin that have been characterized previously. Calorimetric dissection reveals a large favorable enthalpy that is partially offset by an unfavorable entropy upon binding. In terms of the similar profile for the pH dependence of 1/Ki and the pH dependence of kcat/Km, the significant enthalpy of binding when compared with other glycosidase inhibitors, and the tight binding at the optimal pH of the enzymes tested, tetrahydrooxazine and its derivatives are a significantly better class of glycosidase inhibitor than previously assumed.  (+info)

Cellulase is a type of enzyme that breaks down cellulose, which is a complex carbohydrate and the main structural component of plant cell walls. Cellulases are produced by certain bacteria, fungi, and protozoans, and are used in various industrial applications such as biofuel production, food processing, and textile manufacturing. In the human body, there are no known physiological roles for cellulases, as humans do not produce these enzymes and cannot digest cellulose.

Cellulases are a group of enzymes that break down cellulose, which is a complex carbohydrate and the main structural component of plant cell walls. These enzymes are produced by various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. They play an important role in the natural decomposition process and have various industrial applications, such as in the production of biofuels, paper, and textiles.

Cellulases work by hydrolyzing the beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds between the glucose molecules that make up cellulose, breaking it down into simpler sugars like glucose. This process is known as saccharification. The specific type of cellulase enzyme determines where on the cellulose molecule it will cleave the bond.

There are three main types of cellulases: endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and beta-glucosidases. Endoglucanases randomly attack internal bonds in the amorphous regions of cellulose, creating new chain ends for exoglucanases to act on. Exoglucanases (also known as cellobiohydrolases) cleave cellobiose units from the ends of the cellulose chains, releasing cellobiose or glucose. Beta-glucosidases convert cellobiose into two molecules of glucose, which can then be further metabolized by the organism.

In summary, cellulases are a group of enzymes that break down cellulose into simpler sugars through hydrolysis. They have various industrial applications and play an essential role in natural decomposition processes.

Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate that is the main structural component of the cell walls of green plants, many algae, and some fungi. It is a polysaccharide consisting of long chains of beta-glucose molecules linked together by beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Cellulose is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, and it is resistant to digestion by humans and non-ruminant animals due to the lack of cellulase enzymes in their digestive systems. However, ruminants such as cows and sheep can digest cellulose with the help of microbes in their rumen that produce cellulase.

Cellulose has many industrial applications, including the production of paper, textiles, and building materials. It is also used as a source of dietary fiber in human food and animal feed. Cellulose-based materials are being explored for use in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and mechanical properties.

Trichoderma is a genus of fungi that are commonly found in soil, decaying wood, and other organic matter. While there are many different species of Trichoderma, some of them have been studied for their potential use in various medical and industrial applications. For example, certain Trichoderma species have been shown to have antimicrobial properties and can be used to control plant diseases. Other species are being investigated for their ability to produce enzymes and other compounds that may have industrial or medicinal uses.

However, it's important to note that not all Trichoderma species are beneficial, and some of them can cause infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. These infections can be difficult to diagnose and treat, as they often involve multiple organ systems and may require aggressive antifungal therapy.

In summary, Trichoderma is a genus of fungi that can have both beneficial and harmful effects on human health, depending on the specific species involved and the context in which they are encountered.

Cellulose 1,4-beta-Cellobiosidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate and the main structural component of plant cell walls, into simpler sugars. Specifically, this enzyme breaks down cellulose by cleaving the 1,4-beta-glycosidic bonds between the cellobiose units that make up the cellulose polymer, releasing individual cellobiose molecules (disaccharides consisting of two glucose molecules). This enzyme is also known as cellobiohydrolase or beta-1,4-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase. It plays a crucial role in the natural breakdown of plant material and is widely used in various industrial applications, such as biofuel production and pulp and paper manufacturing.

Cellobiose is a disaccharide made up of two molecules of glucose joined by a β-1,4-glycosidic bond. It is formed when cellulose or beta-glucans are hydrolyzed, and it can be further broken down into its component glucose molecules by the action of the enzyme beta-glucosidase. Cellobiose has a sweet taste, but it is not as sweet as sucrose (table sugar). It is used in some industrial processes and may have potential applications in the food industry.

Carboxymethylcellulose sodium is a type of cellulose derivative that is widely used in the medical and pharmaceutical fields as an excipient or a drug delivery agent. It is a white, odorless powder with good water solubility and forms a clear, viscous solution.

Chemically, carboxymethylcellulose sodium is produced by reacting cellulose, which is derived from plant sources such as wood or cotton, with sodium hydroxide and chloroacetic acid. This reaction introduces carboxymethyl groups (-CH2COO-) to the cellulose molecule, making it more soluble in water and providing negative charges that can interact with positively charged ions or drugs.

In medical applications, carboxymethylcellulose sodium is used as a thickening agent, binder, disintegrant, and suspending agent in various pharmaceutical formulations such as tablets, capsules, liquids, and semisolids. It can also be used as a lubricant in the manufacture of tablets and capsules to facilitate their ejection from molds or dies.

Carboxymethylcellulose sodium has been shown to have good biocompatibility and low toxicity, making it a safe and effective excipient for use in medical and pharmaceutical applications. However, like any other excipient, it should be used with caution and in appropriate amounts to avoid any adverse effects or interactions with the active ingredients of the drug product.

"Hypocrea" is a genus of fungi in the family Hypocreaceae. These fungi are typically saprophytic, meaning they grow on dead or decaying organic matter. They are known for producing colorful and structurally complex fruiting bodies, which are often brightly colored and have a flask-like shape. Some species of Hypocrea are also known to be mycoparasites, meaning they obtain nutrients by growing on and eventually killing other fungi.

One particularly well-known species of Hypocrea is Trichoderma reesei, which has been widely studied for its ability to produce large amounts of cellulases and xylanases, enzymes that break down plant material. This has made it an important organism in the field of biotechnology, where it is used to produce these enzymes for use in various industrial processes, such as the production of biofuels and paper products.

It's worth noting that Hypocrea species are not typically considered to be human pathogens, and are not known to cause disease in healthy individuals. However, some species may be able to cause infection in people with weakened immune systems.

Glycoside hydrolases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds found in various substrates such as polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and glycoproteins. These enzymes break down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars by cleaving the glycosidic linkages that connect monosaccharide units.

Glycoside hydrolases are classified based on their mechanism of action and the type of glycosidic bond they hydrolyze. The classification system is maintained by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB). Each enzyme in this class is assigned a unique Enzyme Commission (EC) number, which reflects its specificity towards the substrate and the type of reaction it catalyzes.

These enzymes have various applications in different industries, including food processing, biofuel production, pulp and paper manufacturing, and biomedical research. In medicine, glycoside hydrolases are used to diagnose and monitor certain medical conditions, such as carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome, a rare inherited disorder affecting the structure of glycoproteins.

Beta-glucosidase is an enzyme that breaks down certain types of complex sugars, specifically those that contain a beta-glycosidic bond. This enzyme is found in various organisms, including humans, and plays a role in the digestion of some carbohydrates, such as cellulose and other plant-based materials.

In the human body, beta-glucosidase is produced by the lysosomes, which are membrane-bound organelles found within cells that help break down and recycle various biological molecules. Beta-glucosidase is involved in the breakdown of glycolipids and gangliosides, which are complex lipids that contain sugar molecules.

Deficiencies in beta-glucosidase activity can lead to certain genetic disorders, such as Gaucher disease, in which there is an accumulation of glucocerebrosidase, a type of glycolipid, within the lysosomes. This can result in various symptoms, including enlargement of the liver and spleen, anemia, and bone pain.

'Clostridium thermocellum' is a type of anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium that is known for its ability to produce cellulases and break down cellulose. It is thermophilic, meaning it grows optimally at higher temperatures, typically between 55-70°C. This organism is of interest in the field of bioenergy because of its potential to convert plant biomass into useful products such as biofuels. However, it's important to note that this bacterium can also produce harmful metabolic byproducts and can be potentially pathogenic to humans.

Mitosporic fungi, also known as asexual fungi or anamorphic fungi, are a group of fungi that produce mitospores (also called conidia) during their asexual reproduction. Mitospores are produced from the tip of specialized hyphae called conidiophores and are used for dispersal and survival of the fungi in various environments. These fungi do not have a sexual reproductive stage or it has not been observed, making their taxonomic classification challenging. They are commonly found in soil, decaying organic matter, and water, and some of them can cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants. Examples of mitosporic fungi include Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species.

Dextrins are a group of carbohydrates that are produced by the hydrolysis of starches. They are made up of shorter chains of glucose molecules than the original starch, and their molecular weight and physical properties can vary depending on the degree of hydrolysis. Dextrins are often used in food products as thickeners, stabilizers, and texturizers, and they also have applications in industry as adhesives and binders. In a medical context, dextrins may be used as a source of calories for patients who have difficulty digesting other types of carbohydrates.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Polyporaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in mycology, which is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi.

Polyporaceae is a family of fungi that includes various types of polypores, which are characterized by having pores on the underside of their fruiting bodies (the above-ground reproductive structures) instead of gills. These fungi are mostly saprotrophic, meaning they decompose dead or decaying organic matter to obtain nutrients. Some species can also be parasitic and cause diseases in living trees.

Examples of genera within Polyporaceae include Trametes, Ganoderma, Fomes, and Irpex, among others. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, please feel free to ask!

Cellulosomes are large, complex enzymatic structures produced by certain anaerobic bacteria that allow them to break down and consume cellulose, a major component of plant biomass. These structures are composed of multiple enzymes that work together in a coordinated manner to degrade cellulose into simpler sugars, which the bacteria can then use as a source of energy and carbon.

The individual enzymes in a cellulosome are non-covalently associated with a central scaffoldin protein, forming a multi-enzyme complex. The scaffoldin protein contains cohesin modules that bind to dockerin modules on the enzyme subunits, creating a highly organized and stable structure.

Cellulosomes have been identified in several species of anaerobic bacteria, including members of the genera Clostridium and Ruminococcus. They are thought to play a key role in the global carbon cycle by breaking down plant material and releasing carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.

'Clostridium cellulolyticum' is a species of gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic bacteria found in soil and aquatic environments. It is known for its ability to break down complex carbohydrates such as cellulose and hemicellulose into simple sugars through the process of fermentation. This makes it a potential candidate for biofuel production from plant biomass.

The bacterium produces a range of enzymes that can degrade these polysaccharides, including cellulases and xylanases. These enzymes work together in a complex system to break down the cellulose and hemicellulose into monosaccharides, which can then be fermented by the bacterium to produce various end products such as acetate, ethanol, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.

'Clostridium cellulolyticum' is also known to produce a number of other enzymes and metabolites that have potential applications in industry, including amylases, proteases, and lipases. However, further research is needed to fully understand the biology and potential uses of this organism.

'Clostridium' is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in nature, including in soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. Many species of Clostridium are anaerobic, meaning they can grow and reproduce in environments with little or no oxygen. Some species of Clostridium are capable of producing toxins that can cause serious and sometimes life-threatening illnesses in humans and animals.

Some notable species of Clostridium include:

* Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus (also known as lockjaw)
* Clostridium botulinum, which produces botulinum toxin, the most potent neurotoxin known and the cause of botulism
* Clostridium difficile, which can cause severe diarrhea and colitis, particularly in people who have recently taken antibiotics
* Clostridium perfringens, which can cause food poisoning and gas gangrene.

It is important to note that not all species of Clostridium are harmful, and some are even beneficial, such as those used in the production of certain fermented foods like sauerkraut and natto. However, due to their ability to produce toxins and cause illness, it is important to handle and dispose of materials contaminated with Clostridium species carefully, especially in healthcare settings.

Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases are a type of enzyme that catalyze the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-xylosidic linkages in xylans, which are complex polysaccharides made up of beta-1,4-linked xylose residues. Xylan is a major hemicellulose component found in the cell walls of plants, and endo-1,4-beta Xylanases play an important role in the breakdown and digestion of plant material by various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and animals. These enzymes are widely used in industrial applications, such as biofuel production, food processing, and pulp and paper manufacturing, to break down xylans and improve the efficiency of various processes.

Glucan 1,4-beta-Glucosidase is an enzyme that breaks down certain types of complex carbohydrates known as beta-glucans. Specifically, this enzyme hydrolyzes the beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds in glucans, releasing individual glucose molecules. It is found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plants. In humans, it plays a role in the digestion of certain dietary fibers and may have potential applications in medical and industrial settings, such as in the treatment of bacterial infections or the production of biofuels.

Glucosidases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds, specifically at the non-reducing end of an oligo- or poly saccharide, releasing a single sugar molecule, such as glucose. They play important roles in various biological processes, including digestion of carbohydrates and the breakdown of complex glycans in glycoproteins and glycolipids.

In the context of digestion, glucosidases are produced by the pancreas and intestinal brush border cells to help break down dietary polysaccharides (e.g., starch) into monosaccharides (glucose), which can then be absorbed by the body for energy production or storage.

There are several types of glucosidases, including:

1. α-Glucosidase: This enzyme is responsible for cleaving α-(1→4) and α-(1→6) glycosidic bonds in oligosaccharides and disaccharides, such as maltose, maltotriose, and isomaltose.
2. β-Glucosidase: This enzyme hydrolyzes β-(1→4) glycosidic bonds in cellobiose and other oligosaccharides derived from plant cell walls.
3. Lactase (β-Galactosidase): Although not a glucosidase itself, lactase is often included in this group because it hydrolyzes the β-(1→4) glycosidic bond between glucose and galactose in lactose, yielding free glucose and galactose.

Deficiencies or inhibition of these enzymes can lead to various medical conditions, such as congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (an α-glucosidase deficiency), lactose intolerance (a lactase deficiency), and Gaucher's disease (a β-glucocerebrosidase deficiency).

Xylans are a type of complex carbohydrate, specifically a hemicellulose, that are found in the cell walls of many plants. They are made up of a backbone of beta-1,4-linked xylose sugar molecules and can be substituted with various side groups such as arabinose, glucuronic acid, and acetyl groups. Xylans are indigestible by humans, but they can be broken down by certain microorganisms in the gut through a process called fermentation, which can produce short-chain fatty acids that have beneficial effects on health.

Hydrolysis is a chemical process, not a medical one. However, it is relevant to medicine and biology.

Hydrolysis is the breakdown of a chemical compound due to its reaction with water, often resulting in the formation of two or more simpler compounds. In the context of physiology and medicine, hydrolysis is a crucial process in various biological reactions, such as the digestion of food molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Enzymes called hydrolases catalyze these hydrolysis reactions to speed up the breakdown process in the body.

'Isoptera' is an outdated term for a taxonomic order of social insects commonly known as termites. These eusocial insects are closely related to cockroaches and share some similarities in their appearance, but they have specialized castes including workers, soldiers, and reproductives that live in colonies. Termites feed on wood, plant fibers, and other materials containing cellulose, which they break down with the help of symbiotic protozoa living in their gut. The order Isoptera is no longer recognized by modern taxonomists, who now place termites within the cockroach family Blattodea.

Tylenchida is an order of microscopic, unsegmented roundworms (nematodes) that are primarily plant-parasites. They include several important agricultural pests and plant pathogens, such as root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.). These parasitic worms have a specialized mouthpart called a stylet, which they use to pierce plant cells and feed on the cell contents. They can cause significant damage to crops, leading to reduced yield and quality. Some species of Tylenchida are also known to be parasites of insects and other invertebrates.

'Aspergillus niger' is a species of fungi that belongs to the genus Aspergillus. It is a ubiquitous microorganism that can be found in various environments, including soil, decaying vegetation, and indoor air. 'Aspergillus niger' is a black-colored mold that produces spores that are easily dispersed in the air.

This fungus is well known for its ability to produce a variety of enzymes and metabolites, some of which have industrial applications. For example, it is used in the production of citric acid, which is widely used as a food additive and preservative.

However, 'Aspergillus niger' can also cause health problems in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying lung conditions. It can cause allergic reactions, respiratory symptoms, and invasive aspergillosis, a serious infection that can spread to other organs in the body.

In addition, 'Aspergillus niger' can produce mycotoxins, which are toxic compounds that can contaminate food and feed and cause various health effects in humans and animals. Therefore, it is important to prevent the growth and proliferation of this fungus in indoor environments and food production facilities.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lignin" is not a medical term. It is a term used in the field of biology and chemistry, particularly in botany and wood science. Lignin is a complex organic polymer that binds cellulose fibers together, providing strength and rigidity to the cell walls of plants. It is a major component of wood and bark.

If you have any medical terms you would like defined or any other questions, please let me know!

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Sporangia are specialized structures in fungi, algae, and some plants (such as ferns and mosses) where spores are produced. Spores are essentially the reproductive units that can give rise to new individuals when they germinate under favorable conditions. In the case of sporangia found in fungi and algae, they are typically asexual spores, meaning they are produced without fertilization. However, in plants like ferns and mosses, sporangia can produce both asexual (called megaspores) and sexual (called microspores) spores. The structure of sporangia varies widely across different groups of organisms but generally serves the same purpose of spore production and dissemination for reproduction.

Neocallimastix is a genus of anaerobic fungi that are commonly found in the digestive tracts of herbivorous mammals and birds, where they play a crucial role in breaking down complex plant material into simpler compounds that can be absorbed and utilized by their hosts. These fungi are characterized by their ability to produce enzymes that can break down cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, the major structural components of plant cell walls. Under a microscope, Neocallimastix species appear as branching, septate hyphae with rounded or pointed ends, and they reproduce by forming spores within specialized structures called sporangia.

Actinomycetales is an order of Gram-positive bacteria that are characterized by their filamentous morphology and branching appearance, resembling fungi. These bacteria are often found in soil and water, and some species can cause diseases in humans and animals. The name "Actinomycetales" comes from the Greek words "actis," meaning ray or beam, and "mykes," meaning fungus.

The order Actinomycetales includes several families of medical importance, such as Mycobacteriaceae (which contains the tuberculosis-causing Mycobacterium tuberculosis), Corynebacteriaceae (which contains the diphtheria-causing Corynebacterium diphtheriae), and Actinomycetaceae (which contains the actinomycosis-causing Actinomyces israelii).

Actinomycetales are known for their complex cell walls, which contain a unique type of lipid called mycolic acid. This feature makes them resistant to many antibiotics and contributes to their ability to cause chronic infections. They can also form resistant structures called spores, which allow them to survive in harsh environments and contribute to their ability to cause disease.

Overall, Actinomycetales are important both as beneficial soil organisms and as potential pathogens that can cause serious diseases in humans and animals.

Biomass is defined in the medical field as a renewable energy source derived from organic materials, primarily plant matter, that can be burned or converted into fuel. This includes materials such as wood, agricultural waste, and even methane gas produced by landfills. Biomass is often used as a source of heat, electricity, or transportation fuels, and its use can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels.

In the context of human health, biomass burning can have both positive and negative impacts. On one hand, biomass can provide a source of heat and energy for cooking and heating, which can improve living standards and reduce exposure to harmful pollutants from traditional cooking methods such as open fires. On the other hand, biomass burning can also produce air pollution, including particulate matter and toxic chemicals, that can have negative effects on respiratory health and contribute to climate change.

Therefore, while biomass has the potential to be a sustainable and low-carbon source of energy, it is important to consider the potential health and environmental impacts of its use and implement appropriate measures to minimize any negative effects.

'Clostridium cellulovorans' is a species of gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic bacteria that is commonly found in soil and aquatic environments. It is known for its ability to break down complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose and xylan, into simpler sugars, which it then ferments to produce various end products, including acetate, ethanol, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.

The bacterium is of interest in the field of bioenergy, as its ability to efficiently convert plant biomass into useful chemicals has potential applications in the production of biofuels and other bioproducts. Additionally, 'C. cellulovorans' has been studied for its potential use in bioremediation, as it is capable of degrading a variety of pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides.

It is important to note that while 'C. cellulovorans' is generally considered to be a non-pathogenic bacterium, it can cause infections in individuals with compromised immune systems or underlying medical conditions. As with any potential pathogen, appropriate precautions should be taken when handling this organism in the laboratory setting.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Panicum" is not a medical term. It is the name of a genus of plants, including many types of grasses, commonly known as panicgrass or switchgrass. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

"Gossypium" is the scientific name for the cotton plant. It belongs to the Malvaceae family and is native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The cotton plant produces soft, fluffy fibers that are used to make a wide variety of textiles, including clothing, bedding, and other household items.

The medical community may use the term "Gossypium" in certain contexts, such as when discussing allergic reactions or sensitivities to cotton products. However, it is more commonly used in botany and agriculture than in medical terminology.

"Persea" is a botanical term that refers to a genus of plants in the family Lauraceae, which includes over 150 species. The most well-known member of this genus is Persea americana, which is commonly known as the avocado tree. The fruit of this tree, also called an avocado, is widely consumed for its rich, creamy texture and high nutritional value. Avocados are a good source of healthy fats, fiber, vitamins, and minerals, and have been linked to various health benefits.

Therefore, in a medical or nutritional context, "Persea" may refer specifically to the avocado fruit or its extracts, which have been used in traditional medicine for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hypolipidemic properties. However, it is important to note that not all species of Persea have similar medicinal or nutritional benefits, so any medical or health claims should be specific to the particular species or extract being used.

Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase is an enzyme that breaks down 1,3-beta-D-glucans, which are polysaccharides made up of chains of beta-D-glucose molecules linked together by 1,3-beta-glycosidic bonds. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of these glycosidic bonds, releasing individual glucose molecules or smaller oligosaccharides.

Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase is found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and higher plants. It has potential applications in biotechnology, such as in the production of biofuels and the degradation of plant material for use in animal feed. Additionally, it has been studied for its potential role in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as fungal infections, where it can help to break down the cell walls of pathogenic fungi.

Gene expression regulation in fungi refers to the complex cellular processes that control the production of proteins and other functional gene products in response to various internal and external stimuli. This regulation is crucial for normal growth, development, and adaptation of fungal cells to changing environmental conditions.

In fungi, gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational modifications. Key regulatory mechanisms include:

1. Transcription factors (TFs): These proteins bind to specific DNA sequences in the promoter regions of target genes and either activate or repress their transcription. Fungi have a diverse array of TFs that respond to various signals, such as nutrient availability, stress, developmental cues, and quorum sensing.
2. Chromatin remodeling: The organization and compaction of DNA into chromatin can influence gene expression. Fungi utilize ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes and histone modifying enzymes to alter chromatin structure, thereby facilitating or inhibiting the access of transcriptional machinery to genes.
3. Non-coding RNAs: Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) play a role in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in fungi. These sncRNAs can guide RNA-induced transcriptional silencing (RITS) complexes to specific target loci, leading to the repression of gene expression through histone modifications and DNA methylation.
4. Alternative splicing: Fungi employ alternative splicing mechanisms to generate multiple mRNA isoforms from a single gene, thereby increasing proteome diversity. This process can be regulated by RNA-binding proteins that recognize specific sequence motifs in pre-mRNAs and promote or inhibit splicing events.
5. Protein stability and activity: Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation, can influence their stability, localization, and activity. These PTMs play a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes, including signal transduction, stress response, and cell cycle progression.

Understanding the complex interplay between these regulatory mechanisms is essential for elucidating the molecular basis of fungal development, pathogenesis, and drug resistance. This knowledge can be harnessed to develop novel strategies for combating fungal infections and improving agricultural productivity.

Glucans are polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) that are made up of long chains of glucose molecules. They can be found in the cell walls of certain plants, fungi, and bacteria. In medicine, beta-glucans derived from yeast or mushrooms have been studied for their potential immune-enhancing effects. However, more research is needed to fully understand their role and effectiveness in human health.

Biofuels are defined as fuels derived from organic materials such as plants, algae, and animal waste. These fuels can be produced through various processes, including fermentation, esterification, and transesterification. The most common types of biofuels include biodiesel, ethanol, and biogas.

Biodiesel is a type of fuel that is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification. It can be used in diesel engines with little or no modification and can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional fossil fuels.

Ethanol is a type of alcohol that is produced through the fermentation of sugars found in crops such as corn, sugarcane, and switchgrass. It is typically blended with gasoline to create a fuel known as E85, which contains 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.

Biogas is a type of fuel that is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic materials such as food waste, sewage sludge, and agricultural waste. It is composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide and can be used to generate electricity or heat.

Overall, biofuels offer a renewable and more sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels, helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and decrease dependence on non-renewable resources.

Fungal proteins are a type of protein that is specifically produced and present in fungi, which are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds. These proteins play various roles in the growth, development, and survival of fungi. They can be involved in the structure and function of fungal cells, metabolism, pathogenesis, and other cellular processes. Some fungal proteins can also have important implications for human health, both in terms of their potential use as therapeutic targets and as allergens or toxins that can cause disease.

Fungal proteins can be classified into different categories based on their functions, such as enzymes, structural proteins, signaling proteins, and toxins. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in fungal cells, while structural proteins provide support and protection for the cell. Signaling proteins are involved in communication between cells and regulation of various cellular processes, and toxins are proteins that can cause harm to other organisms, including humans.

Understanding the structure and function of fungal proteins is important for developing new treatments for fungal infections, as well as for understanding the basic biology of fungi. Research on fungal proteins has led to the development of several antifungal drugs that target specific fungal enzymes or other proteins, providing effective treatment options for a range of fungal diseases. Additionally, further study of fungal proteins may reveal new targets for drug development and help improve our ability to diagnose and treat fungal infections.

Beta-Mannosidase is an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates known as glycoproteins. It does this by catalyzing the hydrolysis of beta-mannosidic linkages, which are specific types of chemical bonds that connect mannose sugars within glycoproteins.

This enzyme plays an important role in the normal functioning of the body, particularly in the breakdown and recycling of glycoproteins. A deficiency in beta-mannosidase activity can lead to a rare genetic disorder known as beta-Mannosidosis, which is characterized by the accumulation of mannose-rich oligosaccharides in various tissues and organs, leading to progressive neurological deterioration and other symptoms.

Fibrobacter is a genus of anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria that primarily resides in the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminants and other herbivorous animals. These bacteria are specialized in breaking down complex plant fibers, such as cellulose and xylan, into simpler sugars through fermentation. This process plays a crucial role in the digestion and nutrient acquisition from plant-based diets in these animals.

In human medicine, Fibrobacter species have been found in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract, but their significance in human health and disease is not well understood. Some studies suggest that an increased abundance of Fibrobacter may be associated with certain gut disorders like irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease; however, more research is needed to establish a clear relationship and understand the underlying mechanisms.

Polygalacturonase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glycosidic linkages in polygalacturonic acid, which is a major component of pectin in plant cell walls. This enzyme is involved in various processes such as fruit ripening, plant defense response, and pathogenesis by breaking down the pectin, leading to softening and breakdown of plant tissues. It is also used in industrial applications for fruit juice extraction, tea fermentation, and textile processing.

Substrate specificity in the context of medical biochemistry and enzymology refers to the ability of an enzyme to selectively bind and catalyze a chemical reaction with a particular substrate (or a group of similar substrates) while discriminating against other molecules that are not substrates. This specificity arises from the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme, which has evolved to match the shape, charge distribution, and functional groups of its physiological substrate(s).

Substrate specificity is a fundamental property of enzymes that enables them to carry out highly selective chemical transformations in the complex cellular environment. The active site of an enzyme, where the catalysis takes place, has a unique conformation that complements the shape and charge distribution of its substrate(s). This ensures efficient recognition, binding, and conversion of the substrate into the desired product while minimizing unwanted side reactions with other molecules.

Substrate specificity can be categorized as:

1. Absolute specificity: An enzyme that can only act on a single substrate or a very narrow group of structurally related substrates, showing no activity towards any other molecule.
2. Group specificity: An enzyme that prefers to act on a particular functional group or class of compounds but can still accommodate minor structural variations within the substrate.
3. Broad or promiscuous specificity: An enzyme that can act on a wide range of structurally diverse substrates, albeit with varying catalytic efficiencies.

Understanding substrate specificity is crucial for elucidating enzymatic mechanisms, designing drugs that target specific enzymes or pathways, and developing biotechnological applications that rely on the controlled manipulation of enzyme activities.

Ascomycota is a phylum in the kingdom Fungi, also known as sac fungi. This group includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms, such as yeasts, mold species, and morel mushrooms. Ascomycetes are characterized by their reproductive structures called ascus, which contain typically eight haploid spores produced sexually through a process called ascogony. Some members of this phylum have significant ecological and economic importance, as they can be decomposers, mutualistic symbionts, or plant pathogens causing various diseases. Examples include the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea, and morel mushroom Morchella esculenta.

Nematoda is a phylum of pseudocoelomate, unsegmented worms with a round or filiform body shape. They are commonly known as roundworms or threadworms. Nematodes are among the most diverse and numerous animals on earth, with estimates of over 1 million species, of which only about 25,000 have been described.

Nematodes are found in a wide range of habitats, including marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. Some nematode species are free-living, while others are parasitic, infecting a variety of hosts, including plants, animals, and humans. Parasitic nematodes can cause significant disease and economic losses in agriculture, livestock production, and human health.

The medical importance of nematodes lies primarily in their role as parasites that infect humans and animals. Some common examples of medically important nematodes include:

* Ascaris lumbricoides (human roundworm)
* Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
* Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hookworms)
* Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm or threadworm)
* Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Loa loa (filarial nematodes that cause lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, and loiasis, respectively)

Nematode infections can cause a range of clinical symptoms, depending on the species and the location of the parasite in the body. Common symptoms include gastrointestinal disturbances, anemia, skin rashes, and lymphatic swelling. In some cases, nematode infections can lead to serious complications or even death if left untreated.

Medical management of nematode infections typically involves the use of anthelmintic drugs, which are medications that kill or expel parasitic worms from the body. The choice of drug depends on the species of nematode and the severity of the infection. In some cases, preventive measures such as improved sanitation and hygiene can help reduce the risk of nematode infections.

"Schizophyllum" is not a term that has a medical definition on its own. However, it is the name of a genus of fungi that are commonly found in temperate and tropical regions worldwide. The most common and well-known species in this genus is Schizophyllum commune, which is known to cause a rare and mild form of respiratory infection in humans called pulmonary schizophyllosis.

Pulmonary schizophyllosis is caused by inhaling the spores of S. commune, which can lead to allergic reactions or, more rarely, invasive fungal infections in people with weakened immune systems. Symptoms of this condition may include coughing, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.

It's worth noting that pulmonary schizophyllosis is a very rare disease, and most people who come into contact with S. commune fungi do not develop any symptoms or health problems. Nonetheless, it is important for medical professionals to be aware of this potential infection source in immunocompromised patients who present with respiratory symptoms.

Molecular cloning is a laboratory technique used to create multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. This process involves several steps:

1. Isolation: The first step in molecular cloning is to isolate the DNA sequence of interest from the rest of the genomic DNA. This can be done using various methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), restriction enzymes, or hybridization.
2. Vector construction: Once the DNA sequence of interest has been isolated, it must be inserted into a vector, which is a small circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently in a host cell. Common vectors used in molecular cloning include plasmids and phages.
3. Transformation: The constructed vector is then introduced into a host cell, usually a bacterial or yeast cell, through a process called transformation. This can be done using various methods such as electroporation or chemical transformation.
4. Selection: After transformation, the host cells are grown in selective media that allow only those cells containing the vector to grow. This ensures that the DNA sequence of interest has been successfully cloned into the vector.
5. Amplification: Once the host cells have been selected, they can be grown in large quantities to amplify the number of copies of the cloned DNA sequence.

Molecular cloning is a powerful tool in molecular biology and has numerous applications, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy, functional analysis of genes, and genetic engineering.

Enzyme stability refers to the ability of an enzyme to maintain its structure and function under various environmental conditions, such as temperature, pH, and the presence of denaturants or inhibitors. A stable enzyme retains its activity and conformation over time and across a range of conditions, making it more suitable for industrial and therapeutic applications.

Enzymes can be stabilized through various methods, including chemical modification, immobilization, and protein engineering. Understanding the factors that affect enzyme stability is crucial for optimizing their use in biotechnology, medicine, and research.

Lactose is a disaccharide, a type of sugar, that is naturally found in milk and dairy products. It is made up of two simple sugars, glucose and galactose, linked together. In order for the body to absorb and use lactose, it must be broken down into these simpler sugars by an enzyme called lactase, which is produced in the lining of the small intestine.

People who have a deficiency of lactase are unable to fully digest lactose, leading to symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps, a condition known as lactose intolerance.

"Penicillium" is not a medical term per se, but it is a genus of mold that is widely used in the field of medicine, specifically in the production of antibiotics. Here's a scientific definition:

Penicillium is a genus of ascomycete fungi that are commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil, decaying vegetation, and food. Many species of Penicillium produce penicillin, a group of antibiotics with activity against gram-positive bacteria. The discovery and isolation of penicillin from Penicillium notatum by Alexander Fleming in 1928 revolutionized the field of medicine and led to the development of modern antibiotic therapy. Since then, various species of Penicillium have been used in the industrial production of penicillin and other antibiotics, as well as in the production of enzymes, organic acids, and other industrial products.

'Bacillus' is a genus of rod-shaped, gram-positive bacteria that are commonly found in soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals. Many species of Bacillus are capable of forming endospores, which are highly resistant to heat, radiation, and chemicals, allowing them to survive for long periods in harsh environments. The most well-known species of Bacillus is B. anthracis, which causes anthrax in animals and humans. Other species of Bacillus have industrial or agricultural importance, such as B. subtilis, which is used in the production of enzymes and antibiotics.

"Phanerochaete" is a genus of saprotrophic fungi in the family Phanerochaetaceae. These fungi are characterized by their ability to degrade lignocellulosic materials, making them important decomposers in many ecosystems. They produce various extracellular enzymes that break down complex polymers such as cellulose and lignin, which are abundant in plant biomass. The genus Phanerochaete includes several species with medical relevance due to their potential role in human health and disease. For instance, some species have been studied for their ability to produce bioactive compounds with antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory properties. However, it is important to note that most Phanerochaete species are not typically associated with human diseases and are generally considered to be beneficial organisms in natural environments.

Fungi, in the context of medical definitions, are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. The study of fungi is known as mycology.

Fungi can exist as unicellular organisms or as multicellular filamentous structures called hyphae. They are heterotrophs, which means they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by living as parasites on other organisms. Some fungi can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants, known as mycoses. These infections range from superficial, localized skin infections to systemic, life-threatening invasive diseases.

Examples of fungal infections include athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (dermatophytosis), candidiasis (yeast infection), histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Fungal infections can be challenging to treat due to the limited number of antifungal drugs available and the potential for drug resistance.

Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.

Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:

1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism converts carbohydrates into alcohol or organic acids using enzymes. In the absence of oxygen, certain bacteria, yeasts, and fungi convert sugars into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and various end products, such as alcohol, lactic acid, or acetic acid. This process is commonly used in food production, such as in making bread, wine, and beer, as well as in industrial applications for the production of biofuels and chemicals.

'Gram-negative anaerobic straight, curved, and helical rods' are categories of bacteria that do not stain gram-positive during the Gram staining procedure, lack a outer layer of peptidoglycan, and do not require oxygen to grow. They can be further classified into different genera and species based on their shape and other microbiological and biochemical characteristics. Some examples of gram-negative anaerobic rods include Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, and Campylobacter. These bacteria are often found in the human oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract and can cause a variety of infections such as abscesses, bacteremia, pneumonia, and meningitis.

Temperature, in a medical context, is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment. It is usually measured using a thermometer and reported in degrees Celsius (°C), degrees Fahrenheit (°F), or kelvin (K). In the human body, normal core temperature ranges from about 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) when measured rectally, and can vary slightly depending on factors such as time of day, physical activity, and menstrual cycle. Elevated body temperature is a common sign of infection or inflammation, while abnormally low body temperature can indicate hypothermia or other medical conditions.

... cellulase A, cellulosin AP, alkali cellulase, cellulase A 3, 9.5 cellulase, celloxylanase and pancellase SS. Enzymes that ... Cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase, an efficient cellulase Cellulase unit, a unit for quantifying cellulase activity PDB: 1NLR​ ... Cellulase action is considered to be synergistic as all three classes of cellulase can yield much more sugar than the addition ... Progressive cellulase will continue to interact with a single polysaccharide strand, nonprogressive cellulase will interact ...
A cellulase unit (CU) is a unit of measurement for the enzyme cellulase. One cellulase unit is that activity that will produce ... Cellulases enzymatically split cellulose into a variety of hexoses, this is called hydrolysis. Eagle Pack Archived February 21 ...
... cellulases; lipases; xylanases; pectinases; chitinases and their metabolites, including: 2-phenylamine; carotenoids; ...
A cellulase may function to cleave the primer from the mature chain. Cellulose is also synthesised by tunicate animals, ... The enzymes used to cleave the glycosidic linkage in cellulose are glycoside hydrolases including endo-acting cellulases and ... Tokuda, G; Watanabe, H (22 June 2007). "Hidden cellulases in termites: revision of an old hypothesis". Biology Letters. 3 (3): ... "Fungal Cellulases". Chemical Reviews. 115 (3): 1308-1448. doi:10.1021/cr500351c. PMID 25629559. Mettler, Matthew S.; Vlachos, ...
One soft-rot Ascomycete, Trichoderma reesei, is used extensively in industrial applications as a source for cellulases and ... Wilson, David B (2009). "Cellulases and biofuels". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 20 (3): 295-299. doi:10.1016/j.copbio. ... Extracellular enzymes target macromolecules such as carbohydrates (cellulases), lignin (oxidases), organic phosphates ( ... production of extracellular enzymes and characterization of the major cellulases". Microbiology. 152 (12): 3613-3622. doi: ...
Wilson, David B. (2009). "Cellulases and biofuels". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 20 (3): 295-299. doi:10.1016/j.copbio. ...
The use of cellulase enzymes to modify the appearance of jeans is commonly referred to as "biostoning." Cellulase was already ... The cellulase enzyme that is used to biostone jeans was isolated from the fungi, Trichoderma reesei. Acid-washed denim is ... "Cellulase enzymes won't leave your laundry washed up." Bobbin Dec. 1993: 62+. General OneFile. Web. 9 Aug. 2013 Men's fashion ... Cellulase is produced primarily by fungi, bacteria and protozoans that catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose. Various fungi have ...
Gilbert, H. J.; Hazlewood, G. P. (1993). "Bacterial cellulases and xylanases". Journal of General Microbiology. 139 (2): 187- ...
Barras DR, Moore AE, Stone BA (1969). "Enzyme-Substrate Relationships Among β-Glucan Hydrolases". Cellulases and Their ...
Green algae[clarification needed] are not consumed; Theodoxus has no cellulases. These snails lay egg capsules containing 30-70 ...
In the enzyme wash process, cellulases act on exposed cellulose on the cotton fibers, freeing indigo dye from the fabric. The ... "Stone" Washing Jeans: Cellulases". IUPUI Department of Biology. "Enzymes make your jeans less thirsty". Novozymes. (Textile ... Enzyme washing or "bio stoning" is a textile manufacturing technique in which cellulase enzymes are applied to denim. As with ... ENZYME WASHING INFORMATION Bhat, M.K. (2000). "Cellulases and related enzymes in biotechnology". Biotechnology Advances. 18 (5 ...
Szakács, György; Réczey, Kati; Hernádi, Pál; Dobozi, Mária (1981). "Penicillium verruculosum WA 30 a new source of cellulase". ... "Cellulases of Penicillium verruculosum". Biotechnology Journal. 5 (8): 871-80. doi:10.1002/biot.201000050. PMID 20540109. Shah ... "Cellulases of Penicillium verruculosum". Biotechnology Journal. 5 (8): 871. doi:10.1002/biot.201000050. PMID 20540109. Wigney, ... "Enzymatic hydrolysis of pre-treated lignocellulose with Penicillium verruculosum cellulases". Journal of Molecular Catalysis B ...
T. lanuginosis is unable to utilize cellulose because it does not produce a cellulase, but it is well adapted to using other ... Kuhad, Ramesh Chander; Gupta, Rishi; Singh, Ajay (2011-09-07). "Microbial Cellulases and Their Industrial Applications". Enzyme ...
Industrial Uses of Thermophilic Cellulase University of Delaware, Retrieved on 2008-03-29 Archived October 10, 2007, at the ... Bhat, M.K. (2000). "Cellulases and related enzymes in biotechnology". Biotechnology Advances. 18 (5): 355-383. doi:10.1016/ ... An Extremely Thermostable Cellulase from the Thermophilic Eubacterium Rhodothermus marinus. Applied and Environmental ... "Treatment of recycled fiber with Trichoderma cellulases". Industrial Crops and Products. 20: 11-21. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop. ...
Cellulases and hemicellulases (including xylanases) are also used in the paper and pulp industry to de-ink recycled fibers, ... Cellulases and hemicellulases are used in these industrial applications due to their ability to hydrolyze the cellulose and ... Cellulases, hemicellulases and pectinases are different exoenzymes that are involved in a wide variety of biotechnological and ... In addition to the role they play in food production, cellulases are used in the textile industry to remove excess dye from ...
It is associated with the production of cellulase. Leisola, Matti; Ulmer, Duane; Pitkänen, Kari; Fiechter, Armin (1985-10-01 ... "Induction of Cellulases in chaetomium cellulolyticumby cellobiose". Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 27 (9): 1389-91. doi: ...
Thirty-one genes are identified as cellulases. The genome also encodes for a number of proteins capable of breaking down sugars ...
The cellulase produced by the fungus partially degrade the cotton material in places, making it soft and causing the jeans to ... The mycelium of T. viride can produce a variety of enzymes, including cellulases and chitinases which can degrade cellulose and ... Treating Denim Fabrics with Trichoderma Reesei Cellulases. Textile Research Journal, 70(11), 969-973. https://doi.org/10.1177/ ...
... produces cellulase. List of Streptomyces species LPSN bacterio.net Straininfo of Streptomyces ... "Cellulase production by Streptomyces viridobrunneus SCPE-09 using lignocellulosic biomass as inducer substrate". Applied ... "Cellulase production by Streptomyces viridobrunneus SCPE-09 using lignocellulosic biomass as inducer substrate". Applied ...
The cellulase family of enzymes have a one to two order smaller magnitude of efficiency. Therefore, it requires 40 to 100 times ... For cellulase produced offsite, enzyme production amounts to 36% of cash cost. For enzyme produced onsite in a separate plant, ... A recent paper estimates the range at 13-36% of cash costs, with a key factor being how the cellulase enzyme is produced. ... Cellulose chains can be broken into glucose molecules by cellulase enzymes. This reaction occurs at body temperature in the ...
The mutant Pol6 produces a very high amount of cellulase and pectinase. This mutant might be used for industrial use. Belghith ... Ellouz Chaabouni, S.; Belguith, H.; Hassairi, I.; m'Rad, K.; Ellouz, R. (1995). "Optimization of cellulase production by ... Penicillium occitanis is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which produces cellulase and pectinase. ... Jain, S.; Parriche, M.; Durand, H.; Tiraby, G. (1990). "Production of polysaccharidases by a cellulase-pectinase hyperproducing ...
Another popular example of NISE are the cellulase family of enzymes, particularly Cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase also ... Sukharnikov, Leonid O.; Cantwell, Brian J.; Podar, Mircea; Zhulin, Igor B. (2011). "Cellulases: Ambiguous nonhomologous enzymes ...
One of these families is known as the cellulase family A or as the glycosyl hydrolases family 5. One of the conserved regions ... Py B, Bortoli-German I, Haiech J, Chippaux M, Barras F (February 1991). "Cellulase EGZ of Erwinia chrysanthemi: structural ... Fungi and bacteria produces a spectrum of cellulolytic enzymes (cellulases) and xylanases which, on the basis of sequence ... Henrissat B, Claeyssens M, Tomme P, Lemesle L, Mornon JP (September 1989). "Cellulase families revealed by hydrophobic cluster ...
"The Distribution of Cellulases and Related Enzymes in Mollusca". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 1958. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals ...
"Scouring of Cotton with Cellulases, Pectinases and Proteases" (PDF). Trotman, E. R. (Edward Russell) (1968). Textile scouring ...
"Degradation of corn fiber by Clostridium cellulovorans cellulases and hemicellulases and contribution of scaffolding protein ... "Properties of cellulosomal family 9 cellulases from Clostridium cellulovorans". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 71 (5 ...
"Scouring of Cotton with Cellulases, Pectinases and Proteases" (PDF). Montazer, Majid; Harifi, Tina (2018-06-20). Nanofinishing ...
Cellulases are rapidly synthesized by M. thermophila and can be used to degrade cellulose into simple carbohydrates as a food ... Coutts, A.D.; Smith, R.E. (1976). "Factors influencing the Production of Cellulases by Sporotrichum thermophile". Appl. Environ ...
Li, Z.-Q.; Liu, B.-R.; Zeng, W.-H.; Xiao, W.-L.; Li, Q.-J.; Zhong, J.-H. (2013). "Character of Cellulase Activity in the Guts ... Watanabe, H..; Noda, H.; Tokuda, G.; Lo, N. (1998). "A cellulase gene of termite origin". Nature. 394 (6691): 330-331. Bibcode: ... Most higher termites, especially in the family Termitidae, can produce their own cellulase enzymes, but they rely primarily ... Tokuda, G.; Watanabe, H. (2007). "Hidden cellulases in termites: revision of an old hypothesis". Biology Letters. 3 (3): 336- ...
Cellulase activities of U. chartarum were found to be influenced by the mode of incubation as well as by the age of the fungal ... Sallam, Lotfy; H.El-Refai, Abdel-Monem; El-Sayed, Samia M. (1988). "Cellulase production by halophytic fungi: II. The role of ... some cultural conditions on cellulase production by Ulocladium chartarum". Zentralblatt für Mikrobiologie. 143 (8). doi:10.1016 ...
... cellulase A, cellulosin AP, alkali cellulase, cellulase A 3, 9.5 cellulase, celloxylanase and pancellase SS. Enzymes that ... Cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase, an efficient cellulase Cellulase unit, a unit for quantifying cellulase activity PDB: 1NLR​ ... Cellulase action is considered to be synergistic as all three classes of cellulase can yield much more sugar than the addition ... Progressive cellulase will continue to interact with a single polysaccharide strand, nonprogressive cellulase will interact ...
The highest activities were 0.52 for the CMCase and 0.56 for the cellulase fiber at 10 min incubation, 0.44 IU/mL ... This study focuses on the identification of cellulolytic yeasts and the optimization of cellulase activities produced by the ... at 15 min incubation, and 24 h FPase preincubation.,i, Conclusion.,/i, Cellulases produced by the studied yeast ... Measurement of Cellulase Activities. For CMCase and cellulase fiber activity, 0.5 mL of cellulosic substrates, CMC, or 1% (w/v ...
Cellulase-containing cell-free fermentate produced from microorganism ATCC 55702 Patent Dees, H C ... Method of producing a cellulase-containing cell-free fermentate produced from microorganism ATCC 55702 Patent Dees, H C ... title = {Cellulase producing microorganism ATCC 55702},. author = {Dees, H C},. abstractNote = {Bacteria which produce large ... Method of producing a cellulase-containing cell-free fermentate produced from microorganism ATCC 55702 Patent Dees, H Craig [ ...
Explore the processing of agricultural biomass for industrially important enzymes like cellulases. ... ligninases or cellulases. Cellulases provide a key opportunity for achieving tremendous benefits of biomass utilization. ... Irshad, M., Anwar, Z., But, H.I., Afroz, A., Ikram, N. and Rashid, U. (2013) The industrial applicability of purified cellulase ... Advances in lignocellulosic biotechnology: A brief review on lignocellulosic biomass and cellulases () ...
Improved understanding of how cellulases work could be the key to producing advanced biofuels that can replace gasoline for ... Anatomy of a microscopic wood chipper: New observations reveal how an individual cellulase enzyme operates. Biomolecular ... at Vanderbilt University have obtained the most detailed measurements ever made of the behavior of an individual cellulase ...
Definition of Activity Cellulase. One unit (U) of cellulase activity is defined as the amount of feed enzymewhich liberates 1 ... As a cellulase supplierand cellulase manufacturer, we can offer kinds of related products for sale, if you have needs, please ... Cellulase is extracted from choiceness strains by microbial fermentation technology, and advanced post-processing techniques. ... As a kind of multi-component compound china enzyme, cellulase contains several kinds of enzyme with synergistic effect which ...
Cellulase ► Flinn Scientific SDS Sheets ► Learn health and safety information about chemicals. ... Cellulase. Flinn Scientific, Inc. P.O. Box 219, Batavia, IL 60510 (800) 452-1261. Chemtrec Emergency Phone Number: (800) 424- ...
ICGEB_Expression of interest - For Commercial scale production of cellulase enzyme. New Delhi, India Closing date: 20 September ...
Degradation of Agro-Waste by Cellulase from Aspergillus candidus ... Current Status and Future Scope of Microbial Cellulases ... Degradation of Agro-Waste by Cellulase from Aspergillus candidus. Asian Journal of Biotechnology, 1: 51-56. DOI: 10.3923/ajbkr. ... Current trends in research and application of microbial cellulases. Res. J. Microbiol., 6: 41-53.. CrossRefDirect Link. ... Optimization of culture conditions affecting fungal cellulase production. Res. J. Microbiol., 7: 23-31.. CrossRefDirect Link. ...
Article A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study of the Growth and Attack on Wood by Three White-Rot Fungi and Their Cellulase-less ... " "
CAVEDON, K; LESCHINE, SB; and CANALEPAROLA, E, "CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EXTRACELLULAR CELLULASE FROM A MESOPHILIC CLOSTRIDIUM ( ...
Peak cellulase activity values of 100.0 and 92.2 Units L-1 respectively were obtained for the cultures containing ... Peak cellulase activity values of 100.0 and 92.2 Units L-1 respectively were obtained for the cultures containing ... Sawdust is indicated as a good inducer of cellulase activity in the organism. The waste cellulosic material can be used as low- ... cost carbon source for commercial cellulase production.   Key words: P. chrysogenum PCL501, growth, cellulase ...
Magnitude of Changes in the Activity of Amylases and Cellulase and its Association with the Biochemical Composition during ... BananaNendranAmylaseCellulaseSpecificactivityStarchCelluloseTotalproteinrecovery Awards & Nominations. ... Citation: Mohan T, Rajesh PN, Zuhra KF, Vijitha K (2014) Magnitude of Changes in the Activity of Amylases and Cellulase and its ... Conclusions: Amylases and cellulase had significant roles to play towards the morphological and biochemical transformations ...
Background Knowledge on regulatory networks associated with cellulase biosynthesis is prerequisite for exploitation of such ... regulatory systems in ehancing cellulase production with low cost. The biological functions of intron retention (IR) and ... Cellulase genes cel7a, cel7b, and cel3a are required for T. reesei cultivated on cellulose to produce cellulase for the ... The active NMD pathway was found under cellulase condition when the cellulase genes were highly expressed with low IR rates. ...
... a soluble substrate for the measurement and analysis of endo-cellulase. Suitable for auto analyser formats - Buy n… ... K-CellG5-4V - Cellulase Assay Kit (CellG5 Method) T-CCZ-200T - Cellazyme C Tablets S-ACMCL - Azo-CM-Cellulose (Liquid) ... In this work, we describe a novel fluorometric assay for cellulase (endo-1,4-β-glucanase) which is based on the use of 4,6-O- ... Please note that a new assay kit (K-CellG5) is now available for the measurement of endo-cellulase. The CellG5 reagent contains ...
Mình cần tìm tài liệu về Cellulase tái tổ hợp trong giấy tái sinh :???::smile: ... Mình cần tìm tài liệu về Cellulase tái tổ hợp trong giấy tái sinh ... Mình cần tài liệu về Cellulase tái tổ hợp trong tái chế giấy. ...
Cellulase (Tag Archives). Subscribe to PricePlows Newsletter and Cellulase Alerts. Topic. Blog Posts. YouTube Videos. ...
It was found that a significant amount of cellulase activity could be recovered by recycling the insoluble biomass fraction, ... One of the main challenges to the industrialization of lignocellulose conversion processes is the large amount of cellulase ... Tu M, Chandra RP, Saddler JN: Evaluating the distribution of cellulases and the recycling of free cellulases during the ... Du R, Su R, Li X, Tantai X, Liu Z, Yang J, Qi W, He Z: Controlled adsorption of cellulase onto pretreated corncob by pH ...
Prifysgol Bangor, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2DG. Phone: +44 1248 351151. Bangor University is a Registered Charity: No. ...
... helps fight cellulite, thanks to its formula rich in natural active ingredients, from the inside and acts ...
Cellulase Acid Cellulase Enzyme Powder For Bio-polishing CAS 9012-54-8. Rated 0 out of 5 ... Cellulase Neutral Cellulase For Textile Industry In Denim Washing Process. Rated 0 out of 5 ... Cellulase Neutral Cellulase Powder For Denim Fabric Garment Washing. Rated 0 out of 5 ... Cellulase Cellulase Enzyme Powder 11000u/g CAS 9012-54-8. Rated 0 out of 5 ...
Cellulase AC® is used in the polishing process of fabrics and is completely biodegradable. With its high activity,Cellulase AC® ... Cellulase AC® is a group of cost effective, industrial grade cellulases produced from a selected strain of Trichoderma reesei. ... Cellulase AC® is a family of two acidic cellulases in liquid form, designed for the textile industry, especially the ... Cellulase AC® improves the softness and water absorbance of fibers, reduces the tendency of pilling and improves the hand ...
A wide range of bacterial and fungal species produce cellulase enzymes. Commercial fungal cellulases most commonly are produced ... Cellulase from Aspergillus sp. aqueous solution. 50 mL. 92.50. Lactase Lactozyme® 2600 L. β-Galactosidase from Kluyveromyces ... Sim, T.S.; Oh, J.C.S. Spent brewery grains as substrate for the production of cellulases by Trichoderma reesei QM9414. J. Ind. ... Dhillon, G.S.; Kaur, S.; Brar, S.K.; Verma, M. Potential of apple pomace as a solid substrate for fungal cellulase and ...
... Burgin, Tucker; Stahlberg, Jerry; Mayes, Heather B.. ... processive cellulase to deduce the contribution of the water wire to the overall enzyme function, revealing that the more ...
Manufacturer of Neutral Cellulase Enzyme offered by Belle Laboratories Private Limited, Delhi. ... Neutral Cellulase Enzyme. Pioneers in the industry, we offer neutral cellulase enzyme from India. ...
Many N-linked glycosylated residues were known to be in the GH domains of cellulases, but they are there probably just by ... Cellulases are important glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) that hydrolyze cellulose polymers into smaller oligosaccharides by breaking ... We have computationally annotated the functional domains and glycosylated residues in cellulases, and conducted a systematic ... Large-Scale Analyses of Glycosylation in Cellulases. December 2009 · Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics ...
Chinas leading powder acid cellulase enzyme product, with strict quality control textile biopolishing cellulase enzyme ... High quality Powder Acid Cellulase Enzyme Textile Biopolishing High Concentration from China, ... factories, producing high quality high concentration cellulase enzyme products. ... powder acid cellulase enzyme. , textile biopolishing cellulase enzyme. , high concentration cellulase enzyme. ...
... Download ... H. Dündar, "Utilization of lignocellulosic compounds for the production of cellulases by Torula thermophila," Middle East ...
  • The information is also given on the processing of agricultural biomass to produce industrially important enzymes, e.g., ligninases or cellulases. (scirp.org)
  • to investigate the activity of two major degrading enzymes - amylases and cellulase during fruit maturation and ripening. (omicsonline.org)
  • Amylases (which include both alpha amylase and beta amylase) are the major category of starch degrading enzymes and cellulase is responsible for the cell wall (cellulose) degradation in fruit tissue that results in tissue softening. (omicsonline.org)
  • endo -1,4-β-Glucanase ( endo -cellulase, EC 3.2.1.4) is one of the most widely used enzymes in industry. (megazyme.com)
  • One of the main challenges to the industrialization of lignocellulose conversion processes is the large amount of cellulase enzymes used for the hydrolysis of cellulose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent commercial cellulase preparations have been shown to be effective at hydrolyzing cellulose under industrially relevant conditions, however the high cost of enzymes remains a significant barrier to the economical production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cellulases are incredibly significant enzymes in both the natural and industrial worlds because they transform insoluble cellulose into soluble sugars, which has a large impact on the global carbon cycle. (hafizideas.com)
  • The 10 real cellulase families have seven distinct protein shapes, making cellulases the most varied class of enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of a single substrate. (hafizideas.com)
  • In this chapter structure of cellulosic biomass, the mode of action of cellulase enzymes, microbial cellulases and their applications are discussed. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Both of the extracellular (extra-) and intracellular (intra-) enzymes of C. owensensis cultivated on corncob xylan or xylose had cellulase (including endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase and β-glucosidase) and hemicellulase (including xylanase, xylosidase, arabinofuranosidase and acetyl xylan esterase) activities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A new process for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass by sequential hydrolysis is demonstrated in the present research, namely hyperthermal enzymolysis (70-80 °C) by enzymes of C. owensensis followed with mesothermal enzymolysis (50-55 °C) by commercial cellulase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 3.2.1.4), is one of three enzymes of the cellulose hydrolytic enzyme system (cellulase) including exo-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.91) and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) [2, 3]. (als-journal.com)
  • Used with a colorimeter, it is ideal for measuring the action of enzymes such as invertase, cellulase and amylase where reducing sugars are produced. (stylesubstancesoul.com)
  • Cellulases and hemicellulases are the key enzymes in the process of hydrolysis of carbohydrate polymers. (stylesubstancesoul.com)
  • Species of this genus, Thermomonospora fusca and Thermomonospora curvata, are known for their roles in the industrial production of enzymes including CELLULASE. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cellulases break down the cellulose molecule into monosaccharides ("simple sugars") such as β-glucose, or shorter polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxidative cellulases depolymerize cellulose by radical reactions, as for instance cellobiose dehydrogenase (acceptor). (wikipedia.org)
  • Aside from ruminants, most animals (including humans) do not produce cellulase in their bodies and can only partially break down cellulose through fermentation, limiting their ability to use energy in fibrous plant material. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most fungal cellulases have a two-domain structure, with one catalytic domain and one cellulose binding domain, that are connected by a flexible linker. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, there are also cellulases (mostly endoglucanases) that lack cellulose binding domains. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biomolecular engineers at Vanderbilt University have obtained the most detailed measurements ever made of the behavior of an individual cellulase enzyme as it decomposes cellulose, the most plentiful polymer on the planet. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • As a kind of multi-component compound china enzyme, cellulase contains several kinds of enzyme with synergistic effect which can catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose and generate oligosaccharide and cellose which finally decomposed into glucose. (kitairu.net)
  • The effects of glucose, crystalline cellulose and sawdust of Mitragyna cilata on the growth and cellulase production, inferred from cellulase (EC 3. (academicjournals.org)
  • The cultures containing crystalline cellulose and sawdust produced extracellular protein with cellulase (EC 3. (academicjournals.org)
  • Peak cellulase activity values of 100.0 and 92.2 Units L -1 respectively were obtained for the cultures containing cellulose and sawdust. (academicjournals.org)
  • P. chrysogenum PCL501 produces extracellular proteins with significant cellulase activity in media containing cellulose and sawdust but not in glucose-containing medium. (academicjournals.org)
  • The activity of amylase and cellulase had significant correlations with the concentrations of related biochemical constituents such as starch and cellulose. (omicsonline.org)
  • Cellulase AC® is a family of two acidic cellulases in liquid form, designed for the textile industry, especially the biopolishing and finishing processes of cellulose based fabrics. (bolibiousa.com)
  • The cDNA clone was used to produce a recombinant 45 kDa protein in E. coli that displayed the ability to convert carboxymethyl cellulose and was therefore designated as NG-Case (standing for Neoformans Gattii Cellulase). (unime.it)
  • Cellulase breaks the 1, 4-beta-D-glycosidic linkages and converts native cellulose as well as derived celluloses to glucose which is easily digested, and this assists in digesting cellulosic products. (vitaactives.com)
  • Cellulase is a microbial enzyme, which degrades the cellulose into glucose. (elsevierpure.com)
  • There is an increasing interest in the cellulase studies because the produced glucose from cellulose could be used as a substrate to produce biofuels and other important products. (elsevierpure.com)
  • article{vain_cellulase_2014, title = {The {Cellulase} {KORRIGAN} {Is} {Part} of the {Cellulose} {Synthase} {Complex}}, volume = {165}, issn = {1532-2548}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/plphys/article/165/4/1521/6113133}, doi = {10/gkgdgm}, abstract = {Abstract Plant growth and organ formation depend on the oriented deposition of load-bearing cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall. (bibbase.org)
  • The present study characterized extracellular carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), an enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of the cellulose, from Trichoderma asperellum PQ34 that was isolated from agricultural cultivation soil in Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam. (als-journal.com)
  • Cellulases have been preferred for hydrolysis of cellulose due to the absence of inhibitors affecting the subsequent fermentation process. (iisc.ac.in)
  • All Answers (6) It is hard to quantify the substrate cellulose, thus cellulase activity is determined by measuring the product, glucose. (stylesubstancesoul.com)
  • Definition of cellulase : an enzyme that hydrolyzes cellulose. (stylesubstancesoul.com)
  • Soluble cellulose derivative is simply degraded by fungi [2] and CMC can be used to assay cellulase [1]. (stylesubstancesoul.com)
  • Iqbal, H.M.N., Ahmed, I., Zia, M.A. and Irfan, M. (2011) Purification and characterization of the kinetic parameters of cellulase produced from wheat straw by Trichoderma viride under SSF and its detergent compatibility. (scirp.org)
  • Cellulase AC® is a group of cost effective, industrial grade cellulases produced from a selected strain of Trichoderma reesei. (bolibiousa.com)
  • AC-2000 is a high concentration acid cellulase powder produced from selected strains of Trichoderma reesei through submerged fermentation, extraction and refining process. (glucoamylaseenzyme.com)
  • Cellulase is a hydrolytic enzyme produced by fermentation of a selected strain of Trichoderma reesei. (vitaactives.com)
  • Many fungal strains can secrete cellulase in larger amounts than bacterial strains and Trichoderma is known as the fungal genus with the most ability to secrete cellulase. (als-journal.com)
  • Most commercial cellulases are produced by two genera Trichoderma and Aspergillus . (als-journal.com)
  • Carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), also known as endo-β-1,4-glucanase or endo-β-glucanase (EC. (als-journal.com)
  • Exploring the highly efficient cellulase and hemicellulase is attached much attention for reducing the cost of biofuels production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Current trends in research and application of microbial cellulases. (scialert.net)
  • Neutral Cellulase NE-4 is produced by microbial submerged fermentation. (softenerflakes.com)
  • Optimization of culture conditions affecting fungal cellulase production. (scialert.net)
  • There was an overview of the recent development in the industrial applications of fungal cellulase production. (hafizideas.com)
  • 4) activity whereas glucose-containing cultures yielded very low protein and no significant cellulase activity. (academicjournals.org)
  • On hydrolysis by cellulase, the 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-β-glycoside is immediately hydrolysed to 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol and free D-glucose by the β-glucosidase in the substrate mixture. (megazyme.com)
  • It was found that a significant amount of cellulase activity could be recovered by recycling the insoluble biomass fraction, and the enzyme dosage could be decreased by 30% to achieve the same glucose yields under the most favorable conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cellulase is extracted from choiceness strains by microbial fermentation technology, and advanced post-processing techniques. (kitairu.net)
  • The modified cellulase using AKM-1511 with DM greater than 40% was found to be more than 90% soluble in aqueous solution of acetone and ethanol, leaving the native cellulase and impurities in the fermentation broth with the residue. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We describe here a 45 kDa extracellular cellulase purified from culture supernatants of C. neoformansvar. (unime.it)
  • Extracellular cellulase free xylanase from Pseudomonas sp. (scirp.org)
  • Avicelase has almost exclusively exo-cellulase activity, since avicel is a highly micro-crystalline substrate. (wikipedia.org)
  • One unit (U) of cellulase activity is defined as the amount of feed enzymewhich liberates 1 μmol reducing sugar per minute from 4mg/mL substrate (carboxymethylcellulose) sodium at 37℃ and pH 5.5. (kitairu.net)
  • A specific and sensitive substrate for the assay of endo -1,4-β-glucanase (cellulase) has been prepared. (megazyme.com)
  • Different source of cellulases usually affect to their substrate specificity, optimal pH and temperature [5]. (als-journal.com)
  • I am interested in Powder Acid Cellulase Enzyme Textile Biopolishing High Concentration could you send me more details such as type, size, quantity, material, etc. (glucoamylaseenzyme.com)
  • Amino groups of the cellulase molecule were easily coupled with the MAA functional group of the copolymer. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The waste cellulosic material can be used as low-cost carbon source for commercial cellulase production. (academicjournals.org)
  • The present study was undertaken to select cheap and efficient agricultural residue suitable for cellulase production using fungus Humicola insolens. (ijcmas.com)
  • The Cellulase Gold Pearls action is based on the natural complex RecaptaCell ™ Advanced , which guarantees a superior concentration of active ingredients for a more efficient fluidization of cell membranes. (hiperfarma.pt)
  • Cellulase Gold Pearls is the result of constant. (hiperfarma.pt)
  • Cellulase Gold Pearls is the result of constant research and improvement of the effectiveness of anti-cellulite products. (hiperfarma.pt)
  • The venoactive bioflavonoids contained in Cellulase Gold Pearls contribute to an improvement in microcirculation, improving blood flow and reducing swollen legs. (hiperfarma.pt)
  • With Cellulase Gold Pearls, obtain visible and scientifically proven results in reducing installed cellulite and in reducing the volume, measurements and thickness of adipose tissue on thighs and hips. (hiperfarma.pt)
  • Cellulase Gold Pearls can be extended or repeated throughout the year. (hiperfarma.pt)
  • Application of the 2-cyanoacetamide method for spectrophotometricassay of cellulase enzyme activity. (scialert.net)
  • There is a correlation between the protein released and cellulase activity of the culture filtrates. (academicjournals.org)
  • Sawdust is indicated as a good inducer of cellulase activity in the organism. (academicjournals.org)
  • Magnitude of Changes in the Activity of Amylases and Cellulase and its Association with the Biochemical Composition during Maturation and Ripening of Banana (Musa spp. (omicsonline.org)
  • Results and discussion: Significant variations in the specific activity of amylases and cellulase were observed between different periods of maturity. (omicsonline.org)
  • Browse more cellulase and other enzyme activity assay kits . (megazyme.com)
  • Soybean pod husk showed maximum cellulase activity as compared to all comparatively other residues. (ijcmas.com)
  • At the maximum degree of modification (DM) of 55%, the activity of modified cellulase retained more than 80% of the unmodified native cellulase activity. (elsevierpure.com)
  • How do you measure the activity of the cellulase enzyme? (stylesubstancesoul.com)
  • What is cellulase activity assay? (stylesubstancesoul.com)
  • Cellulase Activity Assay Kit (Fluorometric) (ab189817) provides a simple method to measure cellulase activity in plant tissues, as well as purified cellulase extracted from plants, bacteria or fungi. (stylesubstancesoul.com)
  • What is the difference between DNS and NS cellulase activity assay? (stylesubstancesoul.com)
  • Conclusions In summary, when cellulase activities against CMC are measured, the DNS assay gives activity values of similar magnitude as those obtained by the NS assay, the first method typically providing 40-50% higher numbers. (stylesubstancesoul.com)
  • After cellulase activity was stopped by washing with physiologic water and 5 minutes of centrifugation at 3,000 g, the pellet was incorporated into 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-FISH staining. (cdc.gov)
  • The screening and preservation of cellulase producing microorganisms from arid region has a significance industrial importance. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Because of the diverse environmental conditions exist in the arid region of Oman, the chances of getting extremophilic cellulase producing microorganisms are more. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Screening for cellulase-producing microorganisms is routinely done on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) plates. (stylesubstancesoul.com)
  • A thermophilic cellulase complex from Phialophora sp. (bvsalud.org)
  • Specific activities of amylases and cellulase were analyzed by standard assay procedures. (omicsonline.org)
  • A novel automatable enzyme-coupled colorimetric assay for endo -1,4-β-glucanase (cellulase). (megazyme.com)
  • The three different cellulases have different structures and modes of action: endoglucanases, exocellulases, and processive endoglucanases. (hafizideas.com)
  • There were new perspectives on the production and application of cellulases. (hafizideas.com)
  • In last few years, the study of cellulase production from T. asperellum has also become area of interest [12-17]. (als-journal.com)
  • The production of cellulases is an important strategy for the development of sustainable second-generation ethanol production processes. (ijcmas.com)
  • Modified cellulase showed excellent stability against water-insoluble solvent. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In many herbivorous animals such as ruminants like cattle and sheep and hindgut fermenters like horses, cellulases are produced by symbiotic bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cellulases provide a key opportunity for achieving tremendous benefits of biomass utilization. (scirp.org)
  • Cellulase helps fight cellulite, thanks to its formula rich in natural active ingredients, from the inside and acts on the origin of fat accumulation. (idivia.com)
  • There are a number of applications of cellulase in the commercial sector which impact the price trend. (hafizideas.com)
  • We are a leading Manufacturer of food grade cellulase enzyme from Belgaum, India. (prionsbiotech.in)
  • Megazyme now recommends the use of K-CellG5 for all assays for the measurement of endo -cellulase. (megazyme.com)
  • Novel substrates for the measurement of endo -1,4-β-glucanase ( endo -cellulase). (megazyme.com)
  • Measurement of filter paper cellulase units per ml. (stylesubstancesoul.com)
  • In brief, the cyst wall was permeabilized by incubating stool specimen in 1 mL of cellulase (Sigma Aldrich, https://www.sigmaaldrich.com ) for 48 hours at 45°C ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Improved understanding of how cellulases work could be the key to producing advanced biofuels that can replace gasoline for powering vehicles. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • Cellulase AC® improves the softness and water absorbance of fibers, reduces the tendency of pilling and improves the hand feeling and appearance of fabrics. (bolibiousa.com)
  • Cellulase action is considered to be synergistic as all three classes of cellulase can yield much more sugar than the addition of all three separately. (wikipedia.org)
  • Characteristics of modified cellulases in organic solvents were studied. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Park, JW 1995, ' Characteristics of cellulase modified with amphiphilic copolymer in organic solvent ', Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering , vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 523-527. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In this work the possibility and potential of treating cotton fibers and yarns instead of fabrics with monocomponent cellulases was investigated. (vtt.fi)
  • The accessibility of the cotton fibers for cellulases could be increased by different pretreatments. (vtt.fi)
  • Cellulase AC® is used in the polishing process of fabrics and is completely biodegradable. (bolibiousa.com)
  • Five general types of cellulases based on the type of reaction catalyzed: Endocellulases (EC 3.2.1.4) randomly cleave internal bonds at amorphous sites that create new chain ends. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dos especies de este género, Thermomonospora fusca y Thermomonospora curvata, son conocidas por su papel en la producción industrial de enzimas, entre otras CELULASA. (bvsalud.org)
  • As a cellulase supplierand cellulase manufacturer, we can offer kinds of related products for sale, if you have needs, please contact us. (kitairu.net)