Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.
Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.
An inflammatory process involving the brain (ENCEPHALITIS) and meninges (MENINGITIS), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions.
Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
A rare, slowly progressive encephalitis caused by chronic infection with the MEASLES VIRUS. The condition occurs primarily in children and young adults, approximately 2-8 years after the initial infection. A gradual decline in intellectual abilities and behavioral alterations are followed by progressive MYOCLONUS; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; SEIZURES; DEMENTIA; autonomic dysfunction; and ATAXIA. DEATH usually occurs 1-3 years after disease onset. Pathologic features include perivascular cuffing, eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions, neurophagia, and fibrous gliosis. It is caused by the SSPE virus, which is a defective variant of MEASLES VIRUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp767-8)
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
A strain of ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS, a species of CARDIOVIRUS, usually causing an inapparent intestinal infection in mice. A small number of mice may show signs of flaccid paralysis.
The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.
A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.
Enterovirus Infections are acute viral illnesses caused by various Enterovirus serotypes, primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, manifesting as a wide range of clinical symptoms, from asymptomatic or mild self-limiting fever to severe and potentially life-threatening conditions, such as meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and neonatal sepsis-like illness, depending on the age, immune status, and serotype of the infected individual.
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.
The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)
Diseases of the parasympathetic or sympathetic divisions of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; which has components located in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Autonomic dysfunction may be associated with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES; BRAIN STEM disorders; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. Manifestations include impairments of vegetative functions including the maintenance of BLOOD PRESSURE; HEART RATE; pupil function; SWEATING; REPRODUCTIVE AND URINARY PHYSIOLOGY; and DIGESTION.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
A subclass of developmentally regulated lamins having a neutral isoelectric point. They are found to disassociate from nuclear membranes during mitosis.
The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors.
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.
Inflammation of blood vessels within the central nervous system. Primary vasculitis is usually caused by autoimmune or idiopathic factors, while secondary vasculitis is caused by existing disease process. Clinical manifestations are highly variable but include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; behavioral alterations; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; and BRAIN INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp856-61)
A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria isolated from skin lesions, blood, inflammatory exudates, and the upper respiratory tract of humans. It is a group A hemolytic Streptococcus that can cause SCARLET FEVER and RHEUMATIC FEVER.
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.
A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.
A funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the ESOPHAGUS, and air to the LARYNX and LUNGS. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx).
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS.
The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Neurologic complications of systemic cancer. (1/1158)

Neurologic complications occur frequently in patients with cancer. After routine chemotherapy, these complications are the most common reason for hospitalization of these patients. Brain metastases are the most prevalent complication, affecting 20 to 40 percent of cancer patients and typically presenting as headache, altered mental status or focal weakness. Other common metastatic complications are epidural spinal cord compression and leptomeningeal metastases. Cord compression can be a medical emergency, and the rapid institution of high-dose corticosteroid therapy, radiation therapy or surgical decompression is often necessary to preserve neurologic function. Leptomeningeal metastases should be suspected when a patient presents with neurologic dysfunction in more than one site. Metabolic encephalopathy is the common nonmetastatic cause of altered mental status in cancer patients. Cerebrovascular complications such as stroke or hemorrhage can occur in a variety of tumor-related conditions, including direct invasion, coagulation disorders, chemotherapy side effects and nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Radiation therapy is the most commonly employed palliative measure for metastases. Chemotherapy or surgical removal of tumors is used in selected patients.  (+info)

Loss of 123I-MIBG uptake by the heart in Parkinson's disease: assessment of cardiac sympathetic denervation and diagnostic value. (2/1158)

Myocardial imaging with 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) was performed on 35 patients with Parkinson's disease and 24 control subjects to evaluate cardiac sympathetic function in patients with Parkinson's disease, verify this phenomenon and examine whether myocardial MIBG uptake and clearance are correlated with the clinical severity of Parkinson's disease. METHODS: We studied 35 patients with Parkinson's disease and 24 control subjects with other central nervous system diseases. The latter group consisted of 12 subjects with other neurodegenerative disorders (4 with spinocerebellar degeneration, 2 with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 3 with progressive supranuclear palsy and 3 with corticobasal degeneration and 12 patients with cerebral infarction (CI), 6 with vascular parkinsonism and 6 without it. Early and delayed images of the anterior view were obtained 15 min and 4 h after injection of 123I-MIBG, respectively. MIBG uptake was quantified by calculating a heart-to-mediastinum count (H/M) ratio. RESULTS: The H/M ratio was markedly reduced in the patients with Parkinson's disease (II to V on the Hoehn and Yahr scale) compared with the control subjects. None of the subjects with neurodegenerative diseases showed a marked decrease in myocardial MIBG uptake nor did any subject with CI. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that, in Parkinson's disease, a reduction in myocardial MIBG uptake is a very common, specific phenomenon that can be used to detect cardiac autonomic dysfunction to diagnose Parkinson's disease, particularly in patients without typical signs and symptoms.  (+info)

A five-year assessment of controlled trials of in-patient and out-patient treatment and of plaster-of-Paris jackets for tuberculosis of the spine in children on standard chemotherapy. Studies in Masan and Pusan, Korea. Fifth report of the Medical Research Council Working Party on tuberculosis of the spine. (3/1158)

In two centres in Korea 350 patients with a diagnosis of tuberculosis of the thoracic and/or lumbar spine were allocated at random: in Masan to in-patient rest in bed (IP) for six months followed by out-patient treatment or to ambulatory out-patient treatment (OP) from the start; in Pusan to out-patient treatment with a plaster-of-Paris jacket (J) for nine months or to ambulatory treatment without any support (No J). All patients recieved chemotherapy with PAS with isoniazid for eighteen months, either supplemented with streptomycin for the first three months (SPH) or without this supplement (PH), by random allocation. The main analysis of this report concerns 299 patients (eighty-three IP, eighty-three OP, sixty-three J, seventy No J; 143 SPH, 156 PH). Pre-treatment factors were similar in both centres except that the patients in Pusan had, on average, less extensive lesions although in a greater proportion the disease was radiographically active. One patient (J/SPH) died with active spinal disease and three (all No J/SPH) with paraplegia. A fifth patient (IP/PH) who died from cardio respiratory failure also had pulmonary tuberculosis. Twenty-three patients required operation and/or additional chemotherapy for the spinal lesion. A sinus or clinically evident abscess was either present initially or developed during treatment in 41 per cent of patients. Residual lesions persisted in ten patients (four IP, two OP, one J, three No J; six SPH, four PH) at five years. Thirty-two patients had paraparesis on admission or developing later. Complete resolution occurred in twenty on the allocated regimen and in eight after operation or additional chemotherapy or both. Of the remaining four atients, all of whom had operation and additional chemotherapy, three died and one still had paraparesis at five years. Of 295 patients assessed at five years 89 per cent had a favourable status. The proportions of the patients responding favourably were similar in the IP (91 per cent) and OP (89 per cent) series, in the J (90 per cent) and No J (84 per cent) series and in the SPH (86 per cent) and PH (92 per cent) series.  (+info)

Fatal outcome due to cyclosporine neurotoxicity with associated pathological findings. (4/1158)

We present a case of death likely to be directly due to cyclosporine (CsA) neurotoxicity. To date, there have been no reports of deaths directly due to CsA neurotoxicity, nor has an associated histological lesion been described independent of confounding processes. A 54-year-old male received an HLA-matched-unrelated BMT for CML. He developed progressive encephalopathy and on day +79 had a generalized seizure. All CSF studies were negative for infectious causes. MRI revealed diffuse, symmetrical white matter abnormalities located in the occipital sub-cortex, thalamus, mid brain, pons, and cerebellum which were typical of CsA toxicity. The patient died of central respiratory failure within 72 h of discontinuing CsA. Autopsy revealed diffuse patchy white matter edema and astrocytic injury without evidence of axonopathy, demyelination, microvascular injury, or infectious/inflammatory process. This case demonstrates previously undescribed lethal CsA neurotoxicity and may reveal an associated primary pathological lesion.  (+info)

Molecular pathway involved in HIV-1-induced CNS pathology: role of viral regulatory protein, Tat. (5/1158)

The broad range of histological lesions associated with HIV-1 are somewhat subtle relative to the clinical manifestations that occur as a result of HIV infection. Although it is clear that HIV has a causative role in CNS disease, dementia appears to be a consequence of the infiltration of inflammatory cells and cytokine dysregulation rather than the amount of virus in CNS. The HIV transregulatory protein Tat plays an important intracellular as well as extracellular role in the dysregulation of cytokines. The cytokines and possibly chemokines that are induced by Tat modify the action of astrocytes such that the survival of neurons is compromised. Pathogenetic alteration induced by Tat involves a series of interactions between circulating monocyte/macrophages, endothelial cells, and astrocytes. Cytokine dysregulation induced by viral infection and extracellular Tat leads to alterations in expression of adhesion molecules and promotes migration of non-infected inflammatory cells into the CNS compartment. We demonstrate here that recombinant HIV-1 Tat protein introduced by stereotaxic injection into mouse brain can induce pathologically relevant alterations including macrophage invasion as well as astrocytosis. The mechanism of destruction of the CNS by Tat appears to involve autocrine and paracrine pathways that depend not only on Tat, but cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways that are altered by viral infection. In this review, we discuss various pathogenic effects of Tat in brain cells and provide experimental evidence for an increased TNF-alpha level in CSF in mice injected intracerebrally with Tat protein.  (+info)

Central nervous system sarcoidosis--diagnosis and management. (6/1158)

A series of 68 patients with neurosarcoidosis is reported, with particular emphasis on clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment. A classification system based on clinical diagnostic probability is proposed, consisting of probable and definite disease, the latter being dependent on finding sarcoid granulomas on nervous system histology, which was obtained in 12 patients (18%). The role of investigations, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), chest radiography, Kveim skin test, Gallium 67 isotope scanning and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies, is considered. Sixty-two percent of patients presented with nervous system disease, most commonly affecting the optic nerve and chiasm. Other common presentations included cranial nerve palsies, spinal cord and brainstem manifestations. Investigations yielding most diagnostic information included the Kveim test (41/48, 85% positive), raised CSF protein and/or cells (50/62, 81%) and gallium 67 scan (14/31, 45%). Eleven out of 29 patients (38%) patients showed meningeal enhancement on MRI scanning and 43% of scans demonstrated multiple white-matter lesions. Mean follow-up for the group was 4.6 years. Forty-seven patients were seen for > 18 months, and over half of these patients progressed despite corticosteroid and other immunosuppressive therapies. The benefit of a large patient database prospectively studied, with extended follow-up is discussed in order to learn more about prognosis and advance therapy in neurosarcoidosis.  (+info)

Complications of varicella in a defined central European population. (7/1158)

AIMS: To describe complications of varicella requiring hospitalisation in a defined population (canton of Bern) and to compare the hospitalisation rates for varicella with published data. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of hospital records of patients less than 16 years of age admitted with complications of varicella to the hospitals serving this population (University Children's Hospital of Bern and the Wildermeth Children's Hospital of Biel, Switzerland), and calculation of hospitalisation rates for varicella and its complications based on birth rates and varicella antibody prevalence rates. RESULTS: From 1986 to 1996, 113 cases (median age, 5.6 years) were identified. Younger siblings were overrepresented (odds ratio (OR), 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.09 to 1.84). Central nervous system (CNS) complications (26 patients; 23%) were found predominantly in previously healthy children (relative risk, 7.1; 95% CI, 1.01 to 49.86). Group A beta haemolytic streptococci were recovered from only one of 35 patients with bacterial complications. The hospitalisation rates for primary varicella (9.2/10(4) cases; 95% CI, 7.4 to 11/10(4), skin infections (2.0/10(4) cases; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.9/10(4), and pneumonia (0.8/10(4) cases; 95% CI, 0.3 to 1.3/10(4)) were significantly lower than reported previously. The CNS complication rate (2.2/10(4) cases; 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.1/10(4) was among the highest rates reported. CONCLUSIONS: The low hospitalisation rate in comparison with studies from elsewhere indicates that there is a large regional variability in complications associated with varicella. Such data should be taken into consideration when local varicella immunisation strategies are developed.  (+info)

C10 is a novel chemokine expressed in experimental inflammatory demyelinating disorders that promotes recruitment of macrophages to the central nervous system. (8/1158)

Chemokines may be important in the control of leukocytosis in inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system. We studied cerebral chemokine expression during the evolution of diverse neuroinflammatory disorders in transgenic mice with astrocyte glial fibrillary acidic protein-targeted expression of the cytokines IL-3, IL-6, or IFN-alpha and in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Distinct chemokine gene expression patterns were observed in the different central nervous system inflammatory models that may determine the phenotype and perhaps the functions of the leukocytes that traffic into the brain. Notably, high expression of C10 and C10-related genes was found in the cerebellum and spinal cord of GFAP-IL3 mice with inflammatory demyelinating disease and in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In both these neuroinflammatory models, C10 RNA and protein expressing cells were predominantly macrophage/microglia and foamy macrophages present within demyelinating lesions as well as in perivascular infiltrates and meninges. Intracerebroventricular injection of recombinant C10 protein promoted the recruitment of large numbers of Mac-1(+) cells and, to a much lesser extent, CD4(+) lymphocytes into the meninges, choroid plexus, ventricles, and parenchyma of the brain. Thus, C10 is a prominent chemokine expressed in the central nervous system in experimental inflammatory demyelinating disease that, we show, also acts as a potent chemotactic factor for the migration of these leukocytes to the brain.  (+info)

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases refer to medical conditions that primarily affect the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is responsible for controlling various functions in the body, including movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. Therefore, diseases of the CNS can have significant impacts on a person's quality of life and overall health.

There are many different types of CNS diseases, including:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites that infect the brain or spinal cord. Examples include meningitis, encephalitis, and polio.
2. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are characterized by progressive loss of nerve cells in the brain or spinal cord. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
3. Structural diseases: These involve damage to the physical structure of the brain or spinal cord, such as from trauma, tumors, or stroke.
4. Functional diseases: These affect the function of the nervous system without obvious structural damage, such as multiple sclerosis and epilepsy.
5. Genetic disorders: Some CNS diseases are caused by genetic mutations, such as spinal muscular atrophy and Friedreich's ataxia.

Symptoms of CNS diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and the area of the brain or spinal cord that is affected. They may include muscle weakness, paralysis, seizures, loss of sensation, difficulty with coordination and balance, confusion, memory loss, changes in behavior or mood, and pain. Treatment for CNS diseases depends on the specific condition and may involve medications, surgery, rehabilitation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Central nervous system (CNS) viral diseases refer to medical conditions caused by the infection and replication of viruses within the brain or spinal cord. These viruses can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the specific virus and the location of the infection within the CNS. Some common examples of CNS viral diseases include:

1. Meningitis: This is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meninges) caused by viruses such as enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, or HIV. Symptoms may include fever, headache, stiff neck, and altered mental status.
2. Encephalitis: This is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by viruses such as herpes simplex virus, West Nile virus, or rabies virus. Symptoms may include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and focal neurologic deficits.
3. Poliomyelitis: This is a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus that can lead to paralysis of the muscles used for breathing, swallowing, and movement. It primarily affects children under 5 years old.
4. HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND): HIV can cause various neurologic symptoms such as cognitive impairment, peripheral neuropathy, and myopathy.
5. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): This is a rare but serious demyelinating disease of the CNS caused by the JC virus that primarily affects individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those receiving immunosuppressive therapy.

Treatment for CNS viral diseases depends on the specific virus and may include antiviral medications, supportive care, and management of symptoms. Prevention measures such as vaccination, avoiding contact with infected individuals, and practicing good hygiene can help reduce the risk of these infections.

Meningoencephalitis is a medical term that refers to an inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges), known as the meninges. It is often caused by an infection, such as bacterial or viral infections, that spreads to the meninges and brain. In some cases, it can also be caused by other factors like autoimmune disorders or certain medications.

The symptoms of meningoencephalitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, and changes in mental status. If left untreated, this condition can lead to serious complications, such as brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities, or even death. Treatment typically involves antibiotics for bacterial infections or antiviral medications for viral infections, along with supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Central nervous system (CNS) infections refer to infectious processes that affect the brain, spinal cord, and their surrounding membranes, known as meninges. These infections can be caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Examples of CNS infections are:

1. Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by bacterial or viral infections. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.
2. Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain parenchyma, often caused by viral infections. Some viruses associated with encephalitis include herpes simplex virus, enteroviruses, and arboviruses.
3. Meningoencephalitis: A combined inflammation of both the brain and meninges, commonly seen in certain viral infections or when bacterial pathogens directly invade the brain.
4. Brain abscess: A localized collection of pus within the brain caused by a bacterial or fungal infection.
5. Spinal epidural abscess: An infection in the space surrounding the spinal cord, usually caused by bacteria.
6. Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord, which can result from viral, bacterial, or fungal infections.
7. Rarely, parasitic infections like toxoplasmosis and cysticercosis can also affect the CNS.

Symptoms of CNS infections may include fever, headache, stiff neck, altered mental status, seizures, focal neurological deficits, or meningeal signs (e.g., Brudzinski's and Kernig's signs). The specific symptoms depend on the location and extent of the infection, as well as the causative organism. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term neurological complications or death.

Nervous system diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a group of conditions that affect the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. These diseases can affect various functions of the body, such as movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. They can be caused by genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or tumors. Examples of nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine, stroke, and neuroinfections like meningitis and encephalitis. The symptoms and severity of these disorders can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe and debilitating.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is called the "central" system because it receives information from, and sends information to, the rest of the body through peripheral nerves, which make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

The CNS is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling motor functions, and regulating various autonomic processes like heart rate, respiration, and digestion. The brain, as the command center of the CNS, interprets sensory stimuli, formulates thoughts, and initiates actions. The spinal cord serves as a conduit for nerve impulses traveling to and from the brain and the rest of the body.

The CNS is protected by several structures, including the skull (which houses the brain) and the vertebral column (which surrounds and protects the spinal cord). Despite these protective measures, the CNS remains vulnerable to injury and disease, which can have severe consequences due to its crucial role in controlling essential bodily functions.

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, progressive, and fatal inflammatory disease of the brain characterized by seizures, cognitive decline, and motor function loss. It is caused by a persistent infection with the measles virus, even in individuals who had an uncomplicated acute measles infection earlier in life. The infection results in widespread degeneration and scarring (sclerosis) of the brain's gray matter.

The subacute phase of SSPE typically lasts for several months to a couple of years, during which patients experience a decline in cognitive abilities, behavioral changes, myoclonic jerks (involuntary muscle spasms), and visual disturbances. As the disease progresses, it leads to severe neurological impairment, coma, and eventually death.

SSPE is preventable through early childhood measles vaccination, which significantly reduces the risk of developing this fatal condition later in life.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Brain diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or structural abnormalities. They can affect different parts of the brain, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Some examples of brain diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease - a progressive degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease - a movement disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
3. Multiple sclerosis - a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
4. Epilepsy - a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
5. Brain tumors - abnormal growths in the brain that can be benign or malignant.
6. Stroke - a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause paralysis, speech difficulties, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Meningitis - an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
8. Encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune disorders.
9. Huntington's disease - a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination, cognitive function, and mental health.
10. Migraine - a neurological condition characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.

Brain diseases can range from mild to severe and may be treatable or incurable. They can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life.

I'm sorry for the confusion, but "Maus Elberfeld virus" doesn't seem to be a recognized term in current medical or scientific literature. It is possible that there may be some mistake or misunderstanding in the spelling or the name of the virus you are looking for.

Elberfeld is a city in Germany and "Maus" means mouse in German, so it might be referring to some virus affecting mice in Elberfeld. However, I cannot find any specific information about a virus with this exact name.

If you have more context or details, I'd be happy to help you try to find the information you need!

The meninges are the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. They consist of three layers: the dura mater (the outermost, toughest layer), the arachnoid mater (middle layer), and the pia mater (the innermost, delicate layer). These membranes provide protection and support to the central nervous system, and contain blood vessels that supply nutrients and remove waste products. Inflammation or infection of the meninges is called meningitis, which can be a serious medical condition requiring prompt treatment.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a shock absorber for the central nervous system and provides nutrients to the brain while removing waste products. CSF is produced by specialized cells called ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) inside the brain. From there, it circulates through the ventricular system and around the outside of the brain and spinal cord before being absorbed back into the bloodstream. CSF analysis is an important diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, including infections, inflammation, and cancer.

AIDS Dementia Complex (ADC) is a neurological disorder that occurs in people with advanced HIV infection or AIDS. It is also known as HIV-associated dementia (HAD) or HIV encephalopathy. ADC is characterized by cognitive impairment, motor dysfunction, and behavioral changes that can significantly affect the individual's daily functioning and quality of life.

The symptoms of AIDS Dementia Complex may include:
- Difficulty with concentration and memory
- Slowness in thinking, processing information, or making decisions
- Changes in mood or personality, such as depression, irritability, or apathy
- Difficulty with coordination, balance, or speech
- Progressive weakness and wasting of muscles
- Difficulty with swallowing or speaking

The exact cause of ADC is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to the direct effects of HIV on the brain. The virus can infect and damage nerve cells, leading to inflammation and degeneration of brain tissue. Treatment for ADC typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control HIV replication, as well as medications to manage specific symptoms. In some cases, supportive care such as physical therapy or occupational therapy may also be recommended.

Demyelinating diseases are a group of disorders that are characterized by damage to the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering surrounding nerve fibers in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord. Myelin is essential for the rapid transmission of nerve impulses, and its damage results in disrupted communication between the brain and other parts of the body.

The most common demyelinating disease is multiple sclerosis (MS), where the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath. Other demyelinating diseases include:

1. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): An autoimmune disorder that typically follows a viral infection or vaccination, causing widespread inflammation and demyelination in the brain and spinal cord.
2. Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) or Devic's Disease: A rare autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord, leading to severe vision loss and motor disability.
3. Transverse Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord causing damage to both sides of one level (segment) of the spinal cord, resulting in various neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, depending on which part of the spinal cord is affected.
4. Guillain-Barré Syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that causes rapid-onset muscle weakness, often beginning in the legs and spreading to the upper body, including the face and breathing muscles. It occurs when the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves' myelin sheath.
5. Central Pontine Myelinolysis (CPM): A rare neurological disorder caused by rapid shifts in sodium levels in the blood, leading to damage to the myelin sheath in a specific area of the brainstem called the pons.

These diseases can result in various symptoms, such as muscle weakness, numbness, vision loss, difficulty with balance and coordination, and cognitive impairment, depending on the location and extent of the demyelination. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms, modifying the immune system's response, and promoting nerve regeneration and remyelination when possible.

Enterovirus infections are viral illnesses caused by enteroviruses, which are a type of picornavirus. These viruses commonly infect the gastrointestinal tract and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the specific type of enterovirus and the age and overall health of the infected individual.

There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. Some enterovirus infections may be asymptomatic or cause only mild symptoms, while others can lead to more severe illnesses.

Common symptoms of enterovirus infections include fever, sore throat, runny nose, cough, muscle aches, and skin rashes. In some cases, enteroviruses can cause more serious complications such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), and paralysis.

Enterovirus infections are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or fecal-oral transmission. They can also be spread through contaminated surfaces or objects. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals.

There are no specific antiviral treatments for enterovirus infections, and most cases resolve on their own within a few days to a week. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as fluids and medication to manage symptoms. Prevention efforts include vaccination against poliovirus and surveillance for emerging enteroviruses.

Astrocytes are a type of star-shaped glial cell found in the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord. They play crucial roles in supporting and maintaining the health and function of neurons, which are the primary cells responsible for transmitting information in the CNS.

Some of the essential functions of astrocytes include:

1. Supporting neuronal structure and function: Astrocytes provide structural support to neurons by ensheathing them and maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, which helps regulate the entry and exit of substances into the CNS.
2. Regulating neurotransmitter levels: Astrocytes help control the levels of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft (the space between two neurons) by taking up excess neurotransmitters and breaking them down, thus preventing excessive or prolonged activation of neuronal receptors.
3. Providing nutrients to neurons: Astrocytes help supply energy metabolites, such as lactate, to neurons, which are essential for their survival and function.
4. Modulating synaptic activity: Through the release of various signaling molecules, astrocytes can modulate synaptic strength and plasticity, contributing to learning and memory processes.
5. Participating in immune responses: Astrocytes can respond to CNS injuries or infections by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which help recruit immune cells to the site of injury or infection.
6. Promoting neuronal survival and repair: In response to injury or disease, astrocytes can become reactive and undergo morphological changes that aid in forming a glial scar, which helps contain damage and promote tissue repair. Additionally, they release growth factors and other molecules that support the survival and regeneration of injured neurons.

Dysfunction or damage to astrocytes has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms refer to a group of abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the brain or spinal cord. These tumors can be benign or malignant, and their growth can compress or disrupt the normal functioning of surrounding brain or spinal cord tissue.

Benign CNS neoplasms are slow-growing and rarely spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause significant problems if they grow large enough to put pressure on vital structures within the brain or spinal cord. Malignant CNS neoplasms, on the other hand, are aggressive tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissue. They may also spread to other parts of the CNS or, rarely, to other organs in the body.

CNS neoplasms can arise from various types of cells within the brain or spinal cord, including nerve cells, glial cells (which provide support and insulation for nerve cells), and supportive tissues such as blood vessels. The specific type of CNS neoplasm is often used to help guide treatment decisions and determine prognosis.

Symptoms of CNS neoplasms can vary widely depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or paralysis, vision or hearing changes, balance problems, memory loss, and changes in behavior or personality. Treatment options for CNS neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

The nervous system is a complex, highly organized network of specialized cells called neurons and glial cells that communicate with each other via electrical and chemical signals to coordinate various functions and activities in the body. It consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes all the nerves and ganglia outside the CNS.

The primary function of the nervous system is to receive, process, and integrate information from both internal and external environments and then respond by generating appropriate motor outputs or behaviors. This involves sensing various stimuli through specialized receptors, transmitting this information through afferent neurons to the CNS for processing, integrating this information with other inputs and memories, making decisions based on this processed information, and finally executing responses through efferent neurons that control effector organs such as muscles and glands.

The nervous system can be further divided into subsystems based on their functions, including the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movements and reflexes; the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary physiological processes like heart rate, digestion, and respiration; and the enteric nervous system, which is a specialized subset of the autonomic nervous system that controls gut functions. Overall, the nervous system plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis, regulating behavior, and enabling cognition and consciousness.

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. It consists of two subdivisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which generally have opposing effects and maintain homeostasis in the body.

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases (also known as Autonomic Disorders or Autonomic Neuropathies) refer to a group of conditions that affect the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. These diseases can cause damage to the nerves that control automatic functions, leading to various symptoms and complications.

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases can be classified into two main categories:

1. Primary Autonomic Nervous System Disorders: These are conditions that primarily affect the autonomic nervous system without any underlying cause. Examples include:
* Pure Autonomic Failure (PAF): A rare disorder characterized by progressive loss of autonomic nerve function, leading to symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, urinary retention, and constipation.
* Multiple System Atrophy (MSA): A degenerative neurological disorder that affects both the autonomic nervous system and movement coordination. Symptoms may include orthostatic hypotension, urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction, and Parkinsonian features like stiffness and slowness of movements.
* Autonomic Neuropathy associated with Parkinson's Disease: Some individuals with Parkinson's disease develop autonomic symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, constipation, and urinary dysfunction due to the degeneration of autonomic nerves.
2. Secondary Autonomic Nervous System Disorders: These are conditions that affect the autonomic nervous system as a result of an underlying cause or disease. Examples include:
* Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy: A complication of diabetes mellitus that affects the autonomic nerves, leading to symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, gastroparesis (delayed gastric emptying), and sexual dysfunction.
* Autoimmune-mediated Autonomic Neuropathies: Conditions like Guillain-Barré syndrome or autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy can cause autonomic symptoms due to the immune system attacking the autonomic nerves.
* Infectious Autonomic Neuropathies: Certain infections, such as HIV or Lyme disease, can lead to autonomic dysfunction as a result of nerve damage.
* Toxin-induced Autonomic Neuropathy: Exposure to certain toxins, like heavy metals or organophosphate pesticides, can cause autonomic neuropathy.

Autonomic nervous system disorders can significantly impact a person's quality of life and daily functioning. Proper diagnosis and management are crucial for improving symptoms and preventing complications. Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications, medications, and in some cases, devices or surgical interventions.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

Lamin Type A, also known as LMNA, is a gene that provides instructions for making proteins called lamins. These proteins are part of the nuclear lamina, a network of fibers that lies just inside the nuclear envelope, which is the membrane that surrounds the cell's nucleus. The nuclear lamina helps maintain the shape and stability of the nucleus and plays a role in regulating gene expression and DNA replication.

Mutations in the LMNA gene can lead to various diseases collectively known as laminopathies, which affect different tissues and organs in the body. These conditions include Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy with conduction system disease, and a type of premature aging disorder called Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. The specific symptoms and severity of these disorders depend on the particular LMNA mutation and the tissues affected.

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is that part of the nervous system which lies outside of the brain and spinal cord. It includes all the nerves and ganglia ( clusters of neurons) outside of the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS is divided into two components: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

The somatic nervous system is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the skin, muscles, and joints to the CNS, and for controlling voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles.

The autonomic nervous system, on the other hand, controls involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration, pupillary dilation, and sexual arousal. It is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, which generally have opposing effects and maintain homeostasis in the body.

Damage to the peripheral nervous system can result in various medical conditions such as neuropathies, neuritis, plexopathies, and radiculopathies, leading to symptoms like numbness, tingling, pain, weakness, or loss of reflexes in the affected area.

The digestive system, also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is a series of organs that process food and liquids into nutrients and waste. Digestive system diseases refer to any conditions that affect the normal functioning of this system, leading to impaired digestion, absorption, or elimination of food and fluids.

Some common examples of digestive system diseases include:

1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.
2. Peptic Ulcer Disease: Sores or ulcers that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A group of chronic inflammatory conditions that affect the intestines, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.
5. Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine, impairing nutrient absorption.
6. Diverticular Disease: A condition that affects the colon, characterized by the formation of small pouches or sacs (diverticula) that can become inflamed or infected.
7. Constipation: A common digestive system issue where bowel movements occur less frequently than usual or are difficult to pass.
8. Diarrhea: Loose, watery stools that occur more frequently than normal, often accompanied by cramps and bloating.
9. Gallstones: Small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder, causing pain, inflammation, and potential blockages of the bile ducts.
10. Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections or toxins, leading to symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, and abdominal pain.

These are just a few examples of digestive system disorders that can affect overall health and quality of life. If you experience any persistent or severe digestive symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) diseases, also known as Peripheral Neuropathies, refer to conditions that affect the functioning of the peripheral nervous system, which includes all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, controlling sensations, movements, and automatic functions such as heart rate and digestion.

PNS diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, toxins, metabolic disorders, trauma, or autoimmune conditions. The symptoms of PNS diseases depend on the type and extent of nerve damage but often include:

1. Numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet
2. Muscle weakness or cramps
3. Loss of reflexes
4. Decreased sensation to touch, temperature, or vibration
5. Coordination problems and difficulty with balance
6. Sexual dysfunction
7. Digestive issues, such as constipation or diarrhea
8. Dizziness or fainting due to changes in blood pressure

Examples of PNS diseases include Guillain-Barre syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, diabetic neuropathy, and peripheral nerve injuries. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the underlying cause but may involve medications, physical therapy, lifestyle changes, or surgery.

Vasculitis, Central Nervous System (CNS), refers to a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of blood vessels within the brain and/or spinal cord. This inflammation can cause damage to the blood vessel walls, leading to narrowing, blocking or weakening of the vessels, and in some cases, formation of aneurysms or rupture of the vessels.

The causes of CNS vasculitis are varied and can include infections, autoimmune diseases, medications, and unknown factors. The symptoms of CNS vasculitis depend on the severity and location of the inflammation, and may include headache, seizures, stroke-like symptoms (such as weakness or numbness in the face, arms, or legs), cognitive changes, and in severe cases, coma.

Diagnosis of CNS vasculitis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or angiography), and laboratory tests (including blood tests and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid). Treatment may involve corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, and/or other therapies aimed at reducing inflammation and preventing further damage to the blood vessels.

Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive, beta-hemolytic streptococcus bacterium that causes various suppurative (pus-forming) and nonsuppurative infections in humans. It is also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS) due to its ability to produce the M protein, which confers type-specific antigenicity and allows for serological classification into more than 200 distinct Lancefield groups.

S. pyogenes is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, erysipelas, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. In rare cases, it can lead to invasive diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS).

The bacterium is typically transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected skin lesions. Effective prevention strategies include good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing and avoiding sharing personal items, as well as prompt recognition and treatment of infections to prevent spread.

Pharyngitis is the medical term for inflammation of the pharynx, which is the back portion of the throat. This condition is often characterized by symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and scratchiness in the throat. Pharyngitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections (such as the common cold), bacterial infections (such as strep throat), and irritants (such as smoke or chemical fumes). Treatment for pharyngitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include medications to relieve symptoms or antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection.

Streptococcal infections are a type of infection caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes). These bacteria can cause a variety of illnesses, ranging from mild skin infections to serious and potentially life-threatening conditions such as sepsis, pneumonia, and necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease).

Some common types of streptococcal infections include:

* Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) - an infection of the throat and tonsils that can cause sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
* Impetigo - a highly contagious skin infection that causes sores or blisters on the skin.
* Cellulitis - a bacterial infection of the deeper layers of the skin and underlying tissue that can cause redness, swelling, pain, and warmth in the affected area.
* Scarlet fever - a streptococcal infection that causes a bright red rash on the body, high fever, and sore throat.
* Necrotizing fasciitis - a rare but serious bacterial infection that can cause tissue death and destruction of the muscles and fascia (the tissue that covers the muscles).

Treatment for streptococcal infections typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect a streptococcal infection, as prompt treatment can help prevent serious complications.

Streptococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, spherical bacteria that typically form pairs or chains when clustered together. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. They are non-motile and do not produce spores.

Streptococcus species are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some strains are part of the normal flora of the body, while others can cause a variety of infections, ranging from mild skin infections to severe and life-threatening diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, and toxic shock syndrome.

The pathogenicity of Streptococcus species depends on various virulence factors, including the production of enzymes and toxins that damage tissues and evade the host's immune response. One of the most well-known Streptococcus species is Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus (GAS), which is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and rheumatic fever.

It's important to note that the classification of Streptococcus species has evolved over time, with many former members now classified as different genera within the family Streptococcaceae. The current classification system is based on a combination of phenotypic characteristics (such as hemolysis patterns and sugar fermentation) and genotypic methods (such as 16S rRNA sequencing and multilocus sequence typing).

The pharynx is a part of the digestive and respiratory systems that serves as a conduit for food and air. It is a musculo-membranous tube extending from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra where it becomes continuous with the esophagus.

The pharynx has three regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is the uppermost region, which lies above the soft palate and is connected to the nasal cavity. The oropharynx is the middle region, which includes the area between the soft palate and the hyoid bone, including the tonsils and base of the tongue. The laryngopharynx is the lowest region, which lies below the hyoid bone and connects to the larynx.

The primary function of the pharynx is to convey food from the oral cavity to the esophagus during swallowing and to allow air to pass from the nasal cavity to the larynx during breathing. It also plays a role in speech, taste, and immune defense.

Streptococcal vaccines are immunizations designed to protect against infections caused by Streptococcus bacteria. These vaccines contain antigens, which are substances that trigger an immune response and help the body recognize and fight off specific types of Streptococcus bacteria. There are several different types of streptococcal vaccines available or in development, including:

1. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV): This vaccine protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae, a type of bacteria that can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and other serious infections. PCV is recommended for all children under 2 years old, as well as older children and adults with certain medical conditions.
2. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV): This vaccine also protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae, but it is recommended for adults 65 and older, as well as younger people with certain medical conditions.
3. Streptococcus pyogenes vaccine: This vaccine is being developed to protect against Group A Streptococcus (GAS), which can cause a variety of infections, including strep throat, skin infections, and serious diseases like rheumatic fever and toxic shock syndrome. There are several different GAS vaccine candidates in various stages of development.
4. Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine: This vaccine is being developed to protect against Group B Streptococcus (GBS), which can cause serious infections in newborns, pregnant women, and older adults with certain medical conditions. There are several different GBS vaccine candidates in various stages of development.

Overall, streptococcal vaccines play an important role in preventing bacterial infections and reducing the burden of disease caused by Streptococcus bacteria.

In medical terms, gases refer to the state of matter that has no fixed shape or volume and expands to fill any container it is placed in. Gases in the body can be normal, such as the oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen that are present in the lungs and blood, or abnormal, such as gas that accumulates in the digestive tract due to conditions like bloating or swallowing air.

Gases can also be used medically for therapeutic purposes, such as in the administration of anesthesia or in the treatment of certain respiratory conditions with oxygen therapy. Additionally, measuring the amount of gas in the body, such as through imaging studies like X-rays or CT scans, can help diagnose various medical conditions.

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... (GME) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of dogs and, rarely, ... Vite, C.H. (2005). "Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System". Braund's Clinical Neurology in Small Animals: ... Higginbotham, Michael J.; Kent, Marc; Glass, Eric N. (August 2007). "Noninfectious Inflammatory Central Nervous System Diseases ... The disease is bilateral. Ocular GME is considered to be an extension of CNS disease. The blood vessels of the posterior ...
Winkler EA, Bell RD, Zlokovic BV (October 2011). "Central nervous system pericytes in health and disease". Nature Neuroscience ... In the central nervous system (CNS), pericytes wrap around the endothelial cells that line the inside of the capillary. These ... Usually, astrocytes are associated with the scarring process in the central nervous system, forming glial scars. It has been ... A deficiency of pericytes in the central nervous system can cause increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier. ...
He also authored or edited the following books: OCT in Central Nervous System Diseases: The Eye as a Window to the Brain, ... ISBN 978-3-319-24085-5. Grzybowski, Andrzej; Barboni, Piero (30 March 2016). OCT in Central Nervous System Diseases: The Eye as ... OCT and Imaging in Central Nervous System Diseases, Grzybowski A., Barboni P. (eds.), Springer 2020. Artificial Intelligence in ... ISBN 978-3-030-25389-9. "Medycyna Praktyczna". OCT and Imaging in Central Nervous System Diseases. Grzybowski, Andrzej, Barboni ...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common of the inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system which ... Höftberger, Romana; Lassmann, Hans (2018). "Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system". Handbook of ... White matter refers to areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons, also called ... White matter is the tissue through which messages pass between different areas of grey matter within the central nervous system ...
Reese HH: Skin lesions and central nervous system diseases. Postgrad Med 1951; 10: 230-236. Reese HH: Trends in etiologic ... Reese was asked to evaluate the side-effects of experimental antisyphilitic drugs on nervous system function. The trio of ... In the days before effective antibiotic therapy of that disease, somewhat unconventional treatments were utilized. One of them ... Creatine phosphokinase in neuromuscular disease: patients and families. Arch Neurol 1967; 16: 529-535. Peters HA, Opitz JM, ...
Poliomyelitis is a disease of the central nervous system. However, CD155 is believed to be present on the surface of most or ... Paralytic disease occurs when the virus enters the central nervous system (CNS) and replicates in motor neurons within the ... "Poliovirus spreads from muscle to the central nervous system by neural pathways". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 166 (4): ... The first hypothesis predicts that virions pass directly from the blood into the central nervous system by crossing the blood- ...
Poliomyelitis is a disease of the central nervous system; however, it is believed that CD155 is present on the surface of most ... enhancing our understanding of its pathogenesis and why it is a disease of the central nervous system. Even though global ... The study of viral disease is therefore only feasible with the generation of a small animal model. Though not susceptible to ... Racaniello has also begun to study how these viruses evade the host innate immune system, in particular interferon type I ...
Autoimmune diseases, Central nervous system disorders, Enterovirus-associated diseases, Measles, Rare diseases). ... Jones CT (November 2003). "Childhood autoimmune neurologic diseases of the central nervous system". Neurologic Clinics. 21 (4 ... "Anti-Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Central Nervous System Demyelination-A Novel Disease Entity?". ... As well as causing the brain and spinal cord to become inflamed, ADEM also attacks the nerves of the central nervous system and ...
Powell SZ, Schochet Jr SS (March 2003). "Intoxications and Metabolic Diseases of the Central Nervous System". In Nelson JS, ... eyes and peripheral nervous system, several authors prefer to call it Wernicke disease rather than simply encephalopathy. Early ... incipient cooling caused by deregulation in the central nervous system (CNS) needs to be monitored because it can promote the ... or wet brain is the presence of neurological symptoms caused by biochemical lesions of the central nervous system after ...
Lopes MB (2018). Schiff D, van den Bent MJ (eds.). "Metastatic diseases of the central nervous system - neuropathologic aspects ... "Central Nervous System Metastases". Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. Central Nervous System Malignancies. 36 (1): ... Lopes MB (2018). "Metastatic diseases of the central nervous system - neuropathologic aspects". Handbook of Clinical Neurology ... Metastatic Disease of the Nervous System. Vol. 149. Elsevier. pp. 67-73. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811161-1.00005-0. ISBN 978-0-12- ...
Yi Y, Park J, Lim J, Lee CJ, Lee SH (December 2015). "Central Nervous System and its Disease Models on a Chip". Trends in ... Brain-on-a-chip systems can model organ-level physiology in neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's ... Systems will soon have to simultaneously provide mechanical perturbation and fluid flow through a circulatory system. "Anything ... In addition, because of its multi-functions, the liver is prone to many diseases, and liver diseases have become a global ...
Gajdusek, D. C.; Zigas, V. (1957-11-14). "Degenerative Disease of the Central Nervous System in New Guinea". New England ... "Degenerative Disease of the Central Nervous System in New Guinea - The Endemic Occurrence of Kuru in the Native Population" in ... These rumors led him to seek out the Fore and he began to look into this disease, known by the locals as kuru which meant "to ... the authors could only speculate on the disease's cause and how it was transmitted. More importantly, this article put kuru on ...
"Milroy Lectures ON EPIDEMIC DISEASES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM". The Lancet. 205 (5298): 532-538. 14 March 1925. doi: ... On Epidemic Diseases of the Central Nervous System 1926 William Whiteman Carlton Topley, Experimental Epidemiology in Mice 1927 ... On the Incidence of Rheumatic Diseases 1931 Sheldon Francis Dudley, On Lessons on Infectious Diseases in The Royal Navy 1932 ... Drug Abuse as a Communicable Disease 1972 A. Gerald Shaper, Cardiovascular Disease in the Tropics 1973 D.J. Bauer, Antiviral ...
A common disease to the central nervous system is multiple sclerosis. In this disease, the immune system attacks the myelin ... Damage to the peripheral nervous system or central nervous system can result in a decline or loss of pallesthesia. A diminished ... It can help to identify effects of other diseases on the nervous system, such as diabetes mellitus. The peripheral nervous ... The central nervous system is composed of the spinal cord and the brain. Many neurological studies are conducted on patients ...
"Primary Sjögren's syndrome with central nervous system disease mimicking multiple sclerosis". Annals of Internal Medicine. 104 ... inside the central nervous system). Therefore, it is normal to subtract bands in serum from bands in CSF when investigating CNS ... "A Systematic Approach to the Diagnosis of Suspected Central Nervous System Lymphoma". JAMA Neurology. 70 (3): 311-9. doi: ... Neurosarcoidosis Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Subarachnoid hemorrhage Syphilis Primary central nervous system lymphoma ...
... and do is controlled by your nervous system. Learn how it works and what kinds of things can go wrong. ... Your brain and spinal cord make up your central nervous system.. *The nerves in the rest of your body make up your peripheral ... What Conditions Can Affect Your Nervous System?. Your nervous system has lots of protection. Your brain is guarded by your ... nervous system.. Everything your body does is connected in some way to your nervous system. It tells your heart to beat. It ...
Central nervous system diseases, also known as central nervous system disorders, are a group of neurological disorders that ... Neurodegenerative disease List of central nervous system infections "Nervous System Diseases". Healthinsite.gov.au. Retrieved ... Brain degeneration also causes central nervous system diseases (i.e. Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and Huntingtons diseases). ... Central Nervous System Diseases at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Cacabelos R, Torrellas ...
... in advancing innovative testing strategies are helping to change the future outlook for people with degenerative diseases. ... The diagnosis of central nervous system disease is largely based on clinical symptoms and cognitive testing. More recent ... The central nervous system (CNS) is a complex, sophisticated network of neurons that includes our brain and spinal cord. It ... One of the most common impairments of the nervous system is degeneration - the progressive loss in function or death of neurons ...
Raccoon Roundworm Infection Associated with Central Nervous System Disease and Ocular Disease - Six States, 2013-2015. Weekly ... Raccoon Roundworm Infection Associated with Central Nervous System Disease and Ocular Disease - Six States, 2013-2015. MMWR ... including six cases of central nervous system disease and one of ocular disease. Laboratory and clinical information for each ... which is often found in Baylisascaris procyonis central nervous system disease (8). In the single case of ocular larva migrans ...
Diagnostic Challenges of Central Nervous System Tuberculosis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(9):1473-1475. doi:10.3201/ ... Tuberculosis of the central nervous system. Postgrad Med J. 1999;75:133-40.PubMedGoogle Scholar ... Central nervous system tuberculosis (TB) was identified in 20 cases of unexplained encephalitis referred to the California ... Tuberculosis (TB) of the central nervous system (CNS) is classically described as meningitis. However, altered mental status, ...
"Central Nervous System Viral Diseases" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Central Nervous System ... Central Nervous System Viral Diseases*Central Nervous System Viral Diseases. *Viral Infections, Central Nervous System ... Central Nervous System Fungal Infections. *Central Nervous System Parasitic Infections. *Central Nervous System Viral Diseases ... Central Nervous System Diseases [C10.228]. *Central Nervous System Infections [C10.228.228]. *Central Nervous System Viral ...
Infectious Disease in the Central Nervous System and Therapeutic Strategies to Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier. The page you are ...
FDAs Peripheral and Central Nervous System Drugs Advisory Committee Regarding Aducanumab for Treatment of Alzheimers Disease ... In testimony before a meeting of the Food and Drug Administrations (FDAs) Peripheral and Central Nervous System Drugs ... Public Citizen urged the committee to recommend that the FDA not approve aducanumab for treatment of Alzheimers disease ...
... several inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), acute disseminated ... Such findings raise fundamental questions about the nature of these diseases, such as the reasons why their pathognomonic ... Such a hypothesis, if proven correct, opens new therapeutic windows in MS and other neuroinflammatory diseases. Here, we ... of the cerebral and extracerebral venous system suggests that MS pathophysiology might be associated with the venous system ...
Methotrexate in patients with moderate systemic lupus erythematosus (exclusion of renal and central nervous system disease) ... Methotrexate in patients with moderate systemic lupus erythematosus (exclusion of renal and central nervous system disease) ... Patients with evidence for active lupus nephritis or central nervous system involvement were excluded. In addition patients ... severe lupus nephritis or central nervous system involvement.. In every treatment trial of SLE, one has to consider that the ...
Clinical Trials: Central Nervous System Diseases. Each Clinical Trial will open in a new browser window or tab. ... Condition: Parkinsons Disease. Interventions: Drug: MSC+placebo; Drug: MSC; Drug: Placebo. Sponsors: The University of Texas ... The Evaluation of the Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on the Immune System of Patients With ALS ... Phase IIa Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial: Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Disease-modifying Therapy for iPD ...
... tracking the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus central nervous system disease by use of an accelerated, co ... An accelerated model of human immunodeficiency virus central nervous system disease was developed in which more than 90% of ... Searching for clues: tracking the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus central nervous system disease by use of an ... infection in macaque central nervous system correlates with neurologic disease Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes ...
... and further explore how this communication may be dysregulated in neurological diseases. Further, we highlight new insights in ... Development of central nervous system (CNS) is regulated by both intrinsic and peripheral signals. Previous studies have ... Ma, Q., Xing, C., Long, W. et al. Impact of microbiota on central nervous system and neurological diseases: the gut-brain axis ... Impact of microbiota on central nervous system and neurological diseases: the gut-brain axis. *Qianquan Ma1,2, ...
... causes a wide variety of diseases in humans. A ubiquitous organism, S pyogenes is the most common bacterial cause of acute ... Central nervous system diseases. The primary evidence for poststreptococcal autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) disease is ... Post-streptococcal autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system. Curr Opin Neurol. 2003 Jun. 16(3):359-65. [QxMD MEDLINE ... National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases: Division of Bacterial Diseases. Group A Streptococcal (GAS) Disease ...
Single-atom nanozymes towards central nervous system diseases *Weichen Wei. Nano Research (2023) ... This work was supported by a start-up grant from the University of Central Florida. J.C. acknowledges financial support from ... The XPS test was supported by the US National Science Foundation (Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems, no ... Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells: A Comparative Review of Acidic and Alkaline Systems *Enrico Berretti ...
"Microglia in diseases of the central nervous system",. abstract = "Microglia (MG) are enigmatic cells of the central nervous ... Microglia in diseases of the central nervous system. / Nelson, Peter T.; Soma, Lorinda A.; Lavi, Ehud. In: Annals of Medicine, ... Nelson, P. T., Soma, L. A., & Lavi, E. (2002). Microglia in diseases of the central nervous system. Annals of Medicine, 34(7-8 ... Microglia in diseases of the central nervous system. In: Annals of Medicine. 2002 ; Vol. 34, No. 7-8. pp. 491-500. ...
Refining cell-based assay to detect MOG-IgG in patients with central nervous system inflammatory diseases ... Refining cell-based assay to detect MOG-IgG in patients with central nervous system inflammatory diseases ...
Role of thrombin in central nervous system injury and disease. Nathan A. Shlobin*, Meirav Har-Even*, ZeEv Itsekson-Hayosh, ... Dive into the research topics of Role of thrombin in central nervous system injury and disease. Together they form a unique ... Role of thrombin in central nervous system injury and disease. / Shlobin, Nathan A.; Har-Even, Meirav; Itsekson-Hayosh, ZeEv ... Role of thrombin in central nervous system injury and disease. Biomolecules. 2021 Apr;11(4):562. doi: 10.3390/biom11040562 ...
... including the central nervous system (CNS). They are secreted by a range of cell types and via blood reaching other cells whose ... we discuss what is known about the role and potential future applications of exosomes in the nervous system and its diseases, ... and autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. In this brief review, ... 2. Nervous System Cells and Tissues: An Overview. The nervous system, composed by the central nervous system (CNS), and the ...
Congenital Heart Disease and Risk of Central Nervous System Infections: A Nationwide Cohort Study.. Bagge, Carina N; Smit, ... Congenital heart disease (CHD) is associated with risk factors of central nervous system (CNS) infections including infective ... Infecções do Sistema Nervoso Central/epidemiologia Cardiopatias Congênitas/epidemiologia Adolescente Adulto Criança Estudos de ...
Multiple Sclerosis GWAS Points to Role for Central Nervous System in Disease Severity, Progression ... Polygenic Risk Score, AI Tool May Help Patients Reduce Inherited Heart Disease Risk, Study Suggests Premium ... Researchers Use Multiomic Data to Generate Genetic Scores to Predict Disease, Traits ...
Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine 2018; 4 (1): e447 Topic: HIV/AIDS Category: Review. ... Dolutegravir-based combination antiretroviral therapy and central nervous system tolerability: a review of the literature ... Dolutegravir-based combination antiretroviral therapy and central nervous system tolerability: a review of the literature. ... especially regarding neuropsychiatric disorders and central nervous system (CNS) affections. We reviewed the safety of DTG in ...
The term lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) has been used to describe predominantly lymph node-based disease; however, clinical ... Stage IV - Disseminated disease, marrow, or central nervous system (CNS) * Subsets (E - Extranodal; S - Spleen; B symptoms - ... The central nervous system (CNS) is involved in one third of cases at some point during the clinical course of lymphoblastic ... Obtain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the central nervous system (CNS) if it is clinically indicated. ...
Effect of Probiotics on Psychiatric Symptoms and Central Nervous System Functions in Human Health and Disease: A Systematic ... Effect of Probiotics on Psychiatric Symptoms and Central Nervous System Functions in Human Health and Disease: A Systematic ...
Canavan disease is a condition that affects how the body breaks down and uses aspartic acid. ... Canavan disease is a condition that affects how the body breaks down and uses aspartic acid. ... With Canavan disease, the central nervous system breaks down. People are likely to become disabled. ... rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/canavan-disease. *National Tay-Sachs & Allied Diseases Association -- www.ntsad.org/index.php/ ...
Central Nervous System Diseases / epidemiology * Combined Modality Therapy * Double-Blind Method * Electric Countershock ...
Understanding the causes and types of demyelinating disease, such as multiple sclerosis, can help guide treatment decisions and ... is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. In this disorder, your immune system attacks the myelin ... What types of demyelinating disease affect the central nervous system, and what can you do about them?. Answer From Jerry W. ... Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) - inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, ...
Central nervous system disease of calves in southern Brazil: a contribution to the differential diagnosis. ... This paper aimed to determine the frequency of diseases of the central nervous system affecting calves under 12 months of age ... Background: Disease prioritization aims to enhance resource use efficiency concerning human and animal health systems ... Zoonotic diseases. This chapter gives an overview of the viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal zoonotic diseases in pigs. ...
  • In this review, we explore the mechanisms of thrombin action, localization, and functions in the central nervous system and describe the involvement of thrombin in stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and primary central nervous system tumors. (tau.ac.il)
  • The nerves in the rest of your body make up your peripheral nervous system . (webmd.com)
  • The spinal cord transmits sensory reception from the peripheral nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • The spinal cord is protected by vertebrae and connects the peripheral nervous system to the brain, and it acts as a "minor" coordinating center. (wikipedia.org)
  • In testimony before a meeting of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Peripheral and Central Nervous System Drugs Advisory Committee, Public Citizen urged the committee to recommend that the FDA not approve aducanumab for treatment of Alzheimer's disease because there is not substantial evidence of effectiveness. (citizen.org)
  • Development of central nervous system (CNS) is regulated by both intrinsic and peripheral signals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum (HMSN/ACC) is an autosomal recessive disease of the central and peripheral nervous system that presents as early-onset polyneuropathy. (nature.com)
  • Small tumor-like overgrowths of axons, termed axonomas, were found in the central and peripheral nervous system, indicating attempted axonal regeneration. (nature.com)
  • We conclude that the neurodegenerative deficits in HMSN/ACC are primarily caused by an axonopathy superimposed upon abnormal development, affecting peripheral but also central nervous system axons, all ultimately because of a genetic defect in the axonal cotransporter KCC3. (nature.com)
  • Every disease has different signs and symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • The diagnosis of central nervous system disease is largely based on clinical symptoms and cognitive testing. (roche.com)
  • In some cases, the symptoms are so mild that they go undiagnosed as Canavan disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Supportive care is very important to ease the symptoms of the disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Call your health care provider if your child has any symptoms of Canavan disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These eggs then develop into cysticerci which migrate mostly into muscle (causing cysticercosis) and into the central nervous system where the cysticerci can cause seizures and many other neurological symptoms (cysticercosis of the central nervous system). (who.int)
  • i) to ease specific symptoms or ii) to reduce disease progression. (benthamscience.com)
  • Therefore, researchers have been working for the last four decades to discover better solutions by introducing gene therapy approaches in treating MS generally by following three strategies, i) prevention of specific symptoms, ii) halt or reverse disease progression and iii) heal CNS damage by promoting remyelination and axonal repair. (benthamscience.com)
  • Frequently and variably, other symptoms occur involving numerous body systems, and chronic pain is very common. (wikipedia.org)
  • Symptoms of heart disease are present in many patients with MPS. (medscape.com)
  • Alzheimer's disease remains one of society's greatest public health challenges, costing an estimated USD 818 billion (1.1% of the global GDP)1 and placing immeasurable burden on patients and their loved ones. (roche.com)
  • Advances in biomarker testing, a growing number of dementia-inclusive communities, and open clinical trials for conditions like Alzheimer's disease are transforming future outlooks. (roche.com)
  • Characteristics of patients misdiagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and their medication use: an analysis of the NACC-UDS database. (roche.com)
  • We then discuss the contribution of microbiota in CNS and pathogenesis of CNS disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and gliomas. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is thought that MG may exacerbate diverse neurological conditions, including viral encephalitis, AIDS, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease. (uky.edu)
  • Accumlating evidence have suggested that diabetes mellitus links dementia, notably of Alzheimer's disease (AD). (nature.com)
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by synaptic failure, dendritic and axonal atrophy, neuronal death and progressive loss of cognitive functions. (springer.com)
  • Multimedia Alzheimer's Disease Journal (Text & Images). (martindalecenter.com)
  • Insulin inhibits Abeta production through modulation of APP processing in a cellular model of Alzheimer's disease. (nel.edu)
  • Wang X, Yu S, Gao S, Hu J, Wang Y, Liu H. Insulin inhibits Abeta production through modulation of APP processing in a cellular model of Alzheimer's disease. (nel.edu)
  • OBJECTIVE: The study aim was to quantify proteolytic peptides derived from brevican and neurocan in human CSF of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) compared with controls. (lu.se)
  • Almkvist O, Basun H, Wagner SL, Rowe BA, Wahlund LO, Lannfelt L (1997) Cerebrospinal fluid levels of alpha-secretase-cleaved soluble amyloid precursor protein mirror cognition in a Swedish family with Alzheimer disease and a gene mutation. (springer.com)
  • Central nervous system tuberculosis (TB) was identified in 20 cases of unexplained encephalitis referred to the California Encephalitis Project. (cdc.gov)
  • An accelerated model of human immunodeficiency virus central nervous system disease was developed in which more than 90% of infected macaques develop typical simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) encephalitis with neuronal dysfunction by postinoculation (pi) day 84. (eurekamag.com)
  • An autoimmune disorder is a condition where in the immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • OBJECTIVES Methotrexate (MTX) has been used in several autoimmune diseases. (bmj.com)
  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common autoimmune demyelinating disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS). (benthamscience.com)
  • Molecular and Histologic Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Infections. (harvard.edu)
  • Without doubt treatment with corticosteroids is very effective for SLE, but in longstanding disease complications such as infections and osteoporosis are worrying. (bmj.com)
  • Congenital Heart Disease and Risk of Central Nervous System Infections: A Nationwide Cohort Study. (bvsalud.org)
  • Congenital heart disease (CHD) is associated with risk factors of central nervous system (CNS) infections including infective endocarditis , cardiac shunt physiology , and immune deficiencies. (bvsalud.org)
  • Diseases caused by Haemophilus species The gram-negative bacteria Haemophilus species cause numerous mild and serious infections, including bacteremia, meningitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, cellulitis, and epiglottitis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Inflammation may be one of the underlying links between depression and coronary heart disease . (medpagetoday.com)
  • Hyphema may also result from systemic diseases, including widespread inflammation ( Powell 2002 Powell C.C. 2002. (scielo.br)
  • PROPAGAGEING: The continuum between healthy ageing and idiopathic Parkinson Disease with a propagation perspective of inflammation and damage: the search for new diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets" Horizon 2020. (unibo.it)
  • In: Lane TE, Carson M, Bergmann C, Wyss-Coray T (eds) Central nervous system diseases and inflammation. (springer.com)
  • Gene therapy-induced antigen-specific Tregs inhibit neuro-inflammation and reverse disease in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. (benthamscience.com)
  • abstract = "Microglia (MG) are enigmatic cells of the central nervous system (CNS). (uky.edu)
  • Johns Hopkins Medicine: "Overview of Nervous System Disorders. (webmd.com)
  • Central nervous system diseases, also known as central nervous system disorders, are a group of neurological disorders that affect the structure or function of the brain or spinal cord, which collectively form the central nervous system (CNS). (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, we discuss the role of gut-brain interactions during development of nervous system and neurodegeneration, as well as potential approaches for treating CNS disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One can not understand specific organ systems disorders if the knowledge of General Pathology is missing. (unibo.it)
  • In advanced stages the disease affects the central nervous system, causing severe neurological and mental disorders and making the individual dependent on others. (who.int)
  • Central Nervous System Viral Diseases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Central Nervous System Viral Diseases" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Central Nervous System Viral Diseases" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Central Nervous System Viral Diseases" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is issuing this Health Alert Network (HAN) Health Advisory to inform clinicians and public health departments that parechovirus (PeV) is currently circulating in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • : 7 The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 's (CDC) diagnostic criteria also require at least one of the following: (1) orthostatic intolerance (difficulty sitting and standing upright) or (2) impaired memory or attention. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infection can result in fatal human disease or severe neurologic outcomes if it is not treated rapidly. (cdc.gov)
  • Although raccoons are typically asymptomatic when infected with the parasite, the larval form of Baylisascaris procyonis can result in fatal human disease or severe neurologic outcomes if not treated rapidly. (cdc.gov)
  • Non-anesthetized cats with severe pulmonary or central nervous system disease can be treated by mechanical ventilation with a critical care ventilator, but the cat may require heavy sedation for this treatment. (petmd.com)
  • PeV-A3 is most often associated with severe disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Onset of disease occurs in children aged 2-4 years, with severe progressive somatic and neurologic involvement. (medscape.com)
  • Tuberculosis (TB) of the central nervous system (CNS) is classically described as meningitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Diseases Caused by Meningococci Meningococci ( Neisseria meningitidis ) are gram-negative diplococci that cause meningitis and meningococcemia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Ischemic heart disease: pathogenesis and morphological features of angina pectoris, chronic ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction (timing of the progression of ischemic necrosis in myocardial infarction: evaluation methods). (unibo.it)
  • We aim to comprehensively characterize the role of thrombin in neurological disease and injury. (tau.ac.il)
  • Evaluation for neurological disease included routine physical examination. (nih.gov)
  • Neurological disease was identified in 71 of 554 patients with sarcoidosis. (nih.gov)
  • Cysticercosis of the central nervous system is the most important neurological disease of parasitic origin in humans. (who.int)
  • Baylisascariasis is not a nationally notifiable disease in the United States, and little is known about how commonly it occurs or the range of clinical disease in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Infection with Streptococcus pyogenes , a beta-hemolytic bacterium that belongs to Lancefield serogroup A, also known as the group A streptococci (GAS), causes a wide variety of diseases in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Parechoviruses are a group of viruses known to cause a spectrum of disease in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • There are four species, of which only PeV-A is known to cause disease in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • scholarship on "Effects of snoring and obstructive sleep apneas on attention and supervision and on the cardiovascular system" delivered by the Consortium for the management of the clinic for nervous and mental diseases, University of Bologna. (unibo.it)
  • 45. Cardiovascular disease is diagnosed. (medscape.com)
  • Acute restrictive diseases: diffuse alveolar damage (respiratory distress syndrome of adult and infant). (unibo.it)
  • Non-neoplastic smoke-related lung disease: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, small airways disease/respiratory bronchiolitis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the lung. (unibo.it)
  • Mortality due to digestive system cancer increased, as well as non-malignant respiratory disease, in employees with over 20 years exposure to mineral-wool or who lived 20 years after their first exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • The authors conclude that an association between mineral-wool and carcinogenicity and nonmalignant respiratory disease can not be ruled out yet. (cdc.gov)
  • From informing lifestyle changes that could help to slow the decline in cognitive functions to optimizing treatment, biomarker testing is opening new opportunities for people with CNS disease. (roche.com)
  • Aydin D, Weyer SW, Muller UC (2012) Functions of the APP gene family in the nervous system: insights from mouse models. (springer.com)
  • Central nervous system disease of calves in southern Brazil: a contribution to the differential diagnosis. (cabi.org)
  • Granulomatous lung diseases: sarcoidosis and tuberculosis (and their differential diagnosis). (unibo.it)
  • The information should not be used for either diagnosis or treatment or both for any health related problem or disease. (medindia.net)
  • Conversely, a study in Honduras reported in 1999 showed that when a diagnosis of cysticercosis of the central nervous system had been made, seizures were the presenting symptom in 52% of cases. (who.int)
  • The diagnosis of cysticercosis of the central nervous system involves the interpretation of non-specific clinical manifestations, such as seizures, often with characteristic findings on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, and the use of specific serological tests. (who.int)
  • However, it appears that their clinical disease is sufficiently similar to that of patients with the antibody to warrant a diagnosis of NMOSD without AQP4-IgG antibodies. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We hope the 2015 criteria will increase awareness, understanding and earlier, more accurate diagnosis and treatment of NMOSD, leading to better outcomes for people with the disease," says Dr. Wingerchuk. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The lymphoblasts infiltrate nodal structures or extranodal structures and is commonly associated with large mediastinal masses with a high predilection for disseminating to bone marrow and the central nervous system (CNS). (medscape.com)
  • More recently, evaluation of minimal residual disease in the bone marrow by next generation flow cytometry has been introduced. (sebia.com)
  • Valvular heart disease: morphology and pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease, aortic stenosis, mitral valve prolapse, infective endocarditis, non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis. (unibo.it)
  • Dementia is not a specific disease but is rather a general term for the impaired ability to remember, think, or make decisions that interferes with doing everyday activities. (roche.com)
  • Pathogenetic mechanisms and medical behaviours which can improve health in patients with dementia, Parkinson disease and motoneuron diseases" scientific coordinator: C. Caltagirone. (unibo.it)
  • In vivo conversion of dopamine neurons in mouse models of Parkinson's disease - a future approach for regenerative therapy? (lu.se)
  • Brain degeneration also causes central nervous system diseases (i.e. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the most common impairments of the nervous system is degeneration - the progressive loss in function or death of neurons. (roche.com)
  • Central nervous system tumors are the most common forms of pediatric cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Problems with the body's immune system can lead to tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • The traditional Lancefield classification system, which is based on serotyping, has been replaced by emm typing, which has been used to characterize and measure the genetic diversity among isolates of S pyogenes . (medscape.com)
  • Genetic counseling is recommended for people who want to have children and have a family history of Canavan disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is a multifactorial disease which develops in an immune-mediated way under the influences of both genetic and environmental factors. (benthamscience.com)
  • A systems biology approach uncovers cell-specific gene regulatory effects of genetic associations in multiple sclerosis. (benthamscience.com)
  • BRITE's major research areas are drug discovery, cardiometabolic disease, central nervous system, plant genetic engineering, cancer and Drosophila genetics. (nccu.edu)
  • Myocardial diseases: pathogenesis and morphological features of myocarditis and cardiomyopathies, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy (amyloidosis) and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. (unibo.it)
  • Pericardial disease: pathogenesis and morphological features of pericarditis and pericardial effusions. (unibo.it)
  • An understanding of the diverse nature of infectious disease complications attributable to this organism is an important cornerstone of pediatric medicine. (medscape.com)
  • Your brain and spinal cord make up your central nervous system . (webmd.com)
  • KidsHealth: "Brain and Nervous System. (webmd.com)
  • Cleveland Clinic: "The Brain, the Nervous System, and Yoga. (webmd.com)
  • The central nervous system (CNS) is a complex, sophisticated network of neurons that includes our brain and spinal cord. (roche.com)
  • In this review, we discuss the biological interplay between gut-brain axis, and further explore how this communication may be dysregulated in neurological diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because the brain is primarily affected by this condition, nervous system signs abound. (petmd.com)
  • The author offers an original method of the study of the midbrain structures and liquor circulation system (the third ventricle, brain water-pipe, the fourth ventricle) in the small cavity in the course of autopsy. (who.int)
  • Despite being a neurodegenerative disease, preservation of brain weight and a conspicuous absence of neuronal or glial cell death were signal features of this disease. (nature.com)
  • Hyphema was secondary to systemic disease (15/20) or occurred as a primary ocular lesion (5/20) in four dogs and one cat. (scielo.br)
  • Ocular manifestations of systemic diseases, p.374-418. (scielo.br)
  • Measuring changes in biomarkers can help us to understand how quickly a person's disease is advancing - and, potentially, predict how it may develop in the future. (roche.com)
  • Exploring the role lipids and alcohol play in liver disease and identifying biomarkers of disease. (nccu.edu)
  • In the southeastern agro-climatic zone of the Nizhny Novgorod region, 51 parasitic systems function retrospectively, the co-agents of which, apart from their pathogens , were productive and unproductive domestic and wild animals. (cabi.org)
  • This chapter gives an overview of the viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal zoonotic diseases in pigs. (cabi.org)
  • This chapter covers the viral, bacterial, protozoal, parasitic and fungal zoonotic diseases of South American camelids (SACs), particularly of llamas and alpacas. (cabi.org)
  • HAT is the only vector-borne parasitic disease with a geographical distribution limited to the African continent. (who.int)
  • Congenital heart diseases: principal alterations. (unibo.it)
  • However, greater attention regarding the involvement of thrombin in normal and pathological processes in the central nervous system is warranted. (tau.ac.il)
  • Concurrent culture positive pulmonary disease was found in 4 (50%) of 8 patients tested. (cdc.gov)
  • 44. Pulmonary disease is diagnosed. (medscape.com)
  • The role of microbiota in various physiological activities, including in immune system, has been well established previously [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this review, we first discuss recent findings related to the interaction between gut microbiota and immune system, particularly key innate and adaptive immunity and signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The human immune system has evolved to maintain a symbiotic relationship between host and microbiota, and its disruption in dynamic immune-microbial interaction leads to profound effects on human health [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MG are professional antigen-presenting cells and constitute part of the local CNS innate immune system, communicating with other immune cells via chemokines, cytokines and growth factors. (uky.edu)
  • as a novel combined immune gene therapy for Multiple Sclerosis disease. (benthamscience.com)
  • [13] ME/CFS is associated with physical changes, including the nervous and immune system, and hormone production . (wikipedia.org)
  • The extent of the skin lesions does not correlate with severity of the disease. (medscape.com)
  • Obstructive airway disease is commonly seen in patients with MPS. (medscape.com)
  • During May 2013-December 2015, seven cases of baylisascariasis not already described in the literature were identified among patients in the United States through testing at CDC, including six cases of central nervous system disease and one of ocular disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Apart from its use in rheumatoid arthritis, MTX has been assessed in small studies in patients with vasculitis, uveitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. (bmj.com)
  • Patients with renal and central nervous involvement were excluded from the study. (bmj.com)
  • For the many patients with mild disease who are well managed with symptomatic treatment and antimalarial drugs, there is certainly no need for intensification of treatment. (bmj.com)
  • However there remains a group of patients with moderate non-life threatening disease, which nevertheless has a high morbidity. (bmj.com)
  • Lymphoblastic lymphoma is aggressive and progresses rapidly, presenting as stage IV disease in more than 70% of patients (see Staging). (medscape.com)
  • Forty-eight patients with disease other than facial nerve palsy received corticosteroids or other therapies. (nih.gov)
  • Methotrexate successfully treated 17 (61%) of 28 patients and cyclophosphamide controlled disease in 9 (90%) of 10 assessable patients. (nih.gov)
  • A study in southern India, reported in 2000, found an association between cysticercosis of the central nervous system and localization-related symptomatic epilepsy in 51% of patients. (who.int)
  • Multiple clinical features are seen in the patients in whom multiple organ systems are involved. (medscape.com)
  • These patients have aortic valve disease, corneal clouding, and joint stiffness with broad short claw hands. (medscape.com)
  • Proteinuria screening for renal disease. (sebia.com)
  • A case of growth-hormone staining pituitary adenoma with renal cyst and hepatic cyst: are they related manifestations of a single disease? (nel.edu)
  • Ma J, Liu P. A case of growth-hormone staining pituitary adenoma with renal cyst and hepatic cyst: are they related manifestations of a single disease? (nel.edu)
  • Chronic restrictive diseases: classification of various types of histological patterns in interstitial lung disease (usual interstitial pneumonia, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia). (unibo.it)
  • Accumulating evidence suggests that microbiota are involved in the physiology and pathology of cellular organisms, and hence has implications in both health and disease [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Neither the significance nor the causes of the variable involvement of the corpus callosum are known, but it is not correlated to the natural course of the disease and the neurodegenerative features of HMSN/ACC, which do not vary significantly between individuals with or without ACC. (nature.com)
  • Astrocytes are abundant cell types in the vertebrate central nervous system and can act as neural stem cells in specialized niches where they constitutively generate new neurons. (frontiersin.org)
  • Direct neuronal reprogramming for disease modeling studies using patient-derived neurons: What have we learned? (lu.se)
  • It may also be related to lung disease or to environmental conditions that result in increased levels of carbon dioxide in the breathable air. (petmd.com)
  • To address the challenge of diagnosing these highly complex diseases, new diagnostic strategies were required. (roche.com)
  • Diagnostic criteria based on objective clinical, imaging, immunological and epidemiological data have been proposed for different levels of the health care system, but are not generally used in areas endemic for the disease. (who.int)
  • There is also no consensus on whether all cases of cycticercosis of the central nervous system benefit from cestocidal treatment with its associated sophisticated diagnostic assessment, or whether simple symptomatic treatment with antiepileptic drugs alone can provide them sustained comfort and quality of life. (who.int)
  • New diagnostic criteria have been introduced for neuromyelitis optica, now called neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, which is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that is sometimes mistaken for multiple sclerosis. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Corneal clouding, joint stiffness, and heart disease develop by the early to mid teens. (medscape.com)
  • The work of this panel was a two-year project, a consensus effort by international experts on all facets of the disease -- clinical, laboratory, imaging, adult and pediatric. (sciencedaily.com)
  • These conditions can affect the gastrointestinal tract, the reproductive system, the liver, and other parts of the body, depending on the cause. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Rabies is a preventable viral disease affecting the central nervous system. (medindia.net)
  • Implementing the Hawk Data Pro system as a passive surveillance tool enabled us to record an ongoing rabies outbreak within a major Indian metropolis. (medindia.net)