Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.
Bacterial infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges, including infections involving the perimeningeal spaces.
Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.
MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).
A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.
Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)
An inflammatory process involving the brain (ENCEPHALITIS) and meninges (MENINGITIS), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions.
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.
A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)
A species in the genus PHLEBOVIRUS causing PHLEBOTOMUS FEVER, an influenza-like illness. Related serotypes include Toscana virus and Tehran virus.
Infections of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges by single celled organisms of the former subkingdom known as protozoa. The central nervous system may be the primary or secondary site of protozoal infection. These diseases may occur as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS or arise in immunocompetent hosts.
A strain of ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS, a species of CARDIOVIRUS, usually causing an inapparent intestinal infection in mice. A small number of mice may show signs of flaccid paralysis.
Tapping fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae.
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)
The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)
Enterovirus Infections are acute viral illnesses caused by various Enterovirus serotypes, primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, manifesting as a wide range of clinical symptoms, from asymptomatic or mild self-limiting fever to severe and potentially life-threatening conditions, such as meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and neonatal sepsis-like illness, depending on the age, immune status, and serotype of the infected individual.
Infection with a fungus of the species CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
A species of the CORONAVIRUS genus causing hepatitis in mice. Four strains have been identified as MHV 1, MHV 2, MHV 3, and MHV 4 (also known as MHV-JHM, which is neurotropic and causes disseminated encephalomyelitis with demyelination as well as focal liver necrosis).
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)
A general term for diseases produced by viruses.
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)

Human herpesvirus 6 DNA in cerebrospinal fluid specimens from allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients: does it have clinical significance? (1/161)

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from 22 allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients with central nervous system (CNS) symptoms (cases) and 107 patients who were immunocompromised but did not have CNS symptoms (controls) were assayed for human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) DNA. HHV-6 DNA was detected in CSF specimens from five (23%) of 22 cases and in CSF specimens from one (0.9%) of 107 controls (P < .001, Fisher's exact test). In addition, none of the five cases with HHV-6 DNA detected in CSF samples had any other identified cause of their CNS symptoms, and none of the other 11 cases with known causes for their CNS diseases had HHV-6 DNA detected in CSF samples (P = .03, Fisher's exact test). In three cases, HHV-6 variant B was identified, and the HHV-6 variant could not be defined in the other two cases. Prophylaxis with acyclovir did not prevent the occurrence of HHV-6-associated CNS disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Four cases' conditions were improved or they were cured after treatment with either ganciclovir or foscarnet, and one case died of CNS disease despite foscarnet treatment.  (+info)

Acute symptomatic seizures - incidence and etiological spectrum: a hospital-based study from South India. (2/161)

We analysed the incidence and etiological spectrum of acute symptomatic seizures in 2531 patients with seizure disorder, both in-patients and out-patients, seen in a university hospital in South India. Seizure(s) occurred in close temporal association with an acute systemic, metabolic, or toxic insult or in association with an acute central nervous system (CNS) insult in 22.5% of patients. Of the 572 patients, 8% could be grouped under the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) category 4.1 and 92% under category 1.2. The seizure type was generalized in all the patients included in category 4.1 and 78% of patients grouped in category 2.1 had simple or complex partial seizure(s) with or without secondary generalization. Sixteen (3%) patients developed status epilepticus during the acute phase of illness and 7% of patients had only single seizure. Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) and single CT enhancing lesions (SCTEL) together accounted for 77% of the provoking factors in patients grouped under category 2.1. These two etiological factors together accounted for 95% of etiologies in patients aged under 16 years. SCTEL and neurocysticercosis together accounted for 67% of the provoking factors. In 14% of patients cerebrovascular diseases were the etiological factors and 60% of the patients were aged over 40 years. In patients with cerebrovascular diseases, aged under 40 years, cortical sinovenous thrombosis accounted for 37%. SCTEL was the provoking factor in 61% of patients with isolated seizure. Infections of CNS and SCTEL together accounted for 62.5% of etiological factors for status epilepticus. This study illustrates that the etiological spectrum of acute symptomatic seizures in this part of the world is different from that described from developed countries and CNS infections account for a significant number of cases.  (+info)

The mumps virus neurovirulence safety test in Rhesus monkeys: a comparison of mumps virus strains. (3/161)

Wild type mumps viruses are highly neurotropic and a frequent cause of aseptic meningitis in unvaccinated humans. To test whether attenuated mumps viruses used in the manufacture of mumps vaccines have neurovirulent properties, a monkey neurovirulence safety test (MNVT) is performed. However, results with several mumps virus MNVTs have raised questions as to whether the test can reliably discriminate neurovirulent from nonneurovirulent mumps virus strains. Here, various mumps virus strains representing a wide range of neuropathogenicity were tested in a standardized MNVT. A trend of higher neurovirulence scores was observed in monkeys inoculated with wild type mumps virus versus vaccine strains, although differences were not statistically significant. Results indicated the need for further examination and refinement of the MNVT or for development of alternative MNVTs.  (+info)

Tuberculosis of the central nervous system. (4/161)

Tuberculous involvement of the brain and spinal cord are common neurological disorders in developing countries and have recently shown a resurgence in developed ones. Tuberculous meningitis is an important manifestation and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis is based on clinical features, cerebrospinal fluid changes, and imaging characteristics. Bacteriological confirmation is not possible in all cases as serological tests do not have sufficient sensitivity and specificity. The polymerase chain reaction shows promise for the future. Appropriate chemotherapeutic agents should be administered as early as possible, although there is no unanimity concerning chemotherapeutic regimens or optimal duration of treatment. The patient's clinical stage at presentation is the most important prognostic factor. The role of corticosteroids is controversial but they should be administered to all patients presenting in stage III. Surgical procedures are directed at management of the hydrocephalus. Focal lesions, intracranial tuberculomas, and tuberculous abscesses, are usually located in cerebral or cerebellar hemispheres, uncommonly in brainstem and very rarely in spinal cord. They do not usually require surgical intervention and respond well to antituberculous treatment, along with corticosteroids.  (+info)

Measles virus infection in a transgenic model: virus-induced immunosuppression and central nervous system disease. (5/161)

Measles virus (MV) infects 40 million persons and kills one million per year primarily by suppressing the immune system and afflicting the central nervous system (CNS). The lack of a suitable small animal model has impeded progress of understanding how MV causes disease and the development of novel therapies and improved vaccines. We tested a transgenic mouse line in which expression of the MV receptor CD46 closely mimicked the location and amount of CD46 found in humans. Virus replicated in and was recovered from these animals' immune systems and was associated with suppression of humoral and cellular immune responses. Infectious virus was recovered from the CNS, replicated primarily in neurons, and spread to distal sites presumably by fast axonal transport. Thus, a small animal model is available for analysis of MV pathogenesis.  (+info)

Neuropathogenesis of simian immunodeficiency virus in neonatal rhesus macaques. (6/161)

Neonatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection usually occurs intrapartum or postpartum and results in a higher incidence of neurological dysfunction than is seen in adults. To explore the neuropathogenesis of neonatal HIV infection, we infected neonatal macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and followed the course of infection focusing on early time points. Infected neonates had decreased brain growth and mild histological changes in brain that resembled those seen in pediatric AIDS, including perivascular infiltrates of mononuclear cells, mineralization of vessels in the basal ganglia, and gliosis. The perivascular lesions and gliosis were associated with the presence of occasional infected cells that required in situ hybridization with radiolabeled riboprobes for detection. Using this technique, SIV-infected cells were detected in the brain parenchyma within 7 days of infection. These findings were confirmed by nested PCR for SIVgag DNA in brain and RT-PCR for viral RNA in cerebrospinal fluid. Together, these techniques revealed SIV infection of the CNS in 12 of 13 neonates infected with SIVmac239, 3 of 3 infected with SIVmac251, and 2 of 2 infected with SIVmac239/316. The prevalence of CNS infection was indistinguishable from that of older animals infected with the same dose and stock of virus, but neonates appeared to have fewer infected cells in the CNS and detecting them required more sensitive techniques. This observation was true regardless of inoculum and despite the fact that neonates had equal or greater viral loads in the periphery compared with older animals. These data suggest that maturation-dependent host factors have a major impact on the neuropathogenesis of pediatric AIDS.  (+info)

Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy for central nervous system infections. (7/161)

Patients with central nervous system (CNS) infections are increasingly treated with intravenous antimicrobials outside the hospital, but the safety and problems associated with this therapy have not been well defined. To examine this issue, we reviewed 68 cases in which outpatient intravenous antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) was received through our physician office-based infusion clinic. All infections were cured, and no deaths occurred during therapy. Seizures occurred in 2 patients but without significant injury and apparently were unrelated to antimicrobial therapy. Eleven patients (16%) were hospitalized after starting OPAT, 5 for procedures and 6 for medical reasons. The antimicrobial used was changed in 13 cases (19%) because of an adverse effect or clinical failure. OPAT can be safe and effective for patients with CNS infections, but patients must be carefully selected and monitored closely.  (+info)

Effective use of polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of central nervous system infections. (8/161)

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based testing of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens has become standard for confirmatory diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) infections; however, these tests increase health care costs. We reviewed 3-year data from 974 consecutive CSF specimens submitted for detection of seven pathogens by PCR. In 1997, 237 of 367 specimens (64.6%) were submitted for multiple tests, compared with 203 of 522 (38.9%) in 1996 and 18 of 85 (21.2%) in 1995. In each year the arrival of new house officers coincided with a peak in multiple testing. Among 732 specimens submitted for herpesvirus detection, results were positive for 24 (4.6%) of 523 specimens with increased leukocyte counts or protein levels. None of 209 specimens with normal leukocyte and protein levels were positive for herpesviruses. None of 471 CSF specimens submitted for Borrelia burgdorferi detection were PCR-positive. Use of protein and leukocytes to screen CSF specimens before employing PCR for herpesvirus detection would save almost one-third of costs without reducing sensitivity.  (+info)

Central nervous system (CNS) infections refer to infectious processes that affect the brain, spinal cord, and their surrounding membranes, known as meninges. These infections can be caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Examples of CNS infections are:

1. Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by bacterial or viral infections. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.
2. Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain parenchyma, often caused by viral infections. Some viruses associated with encephalitis include herpes simplex virus, enteroviruses, and arboviruses.
3. Meningoencephalitis: A combined inflammation of both the brain and meninges, commonly seen in certain viral infections or when bacterial pathogens directly invade the brain.
4. Brain abscess: A localized collection of pus within the brain caused by a bacterial or fungal infection.
5. Spinal epidural abscess: An infection in the space surrounding the spinal cord, usually caused by bacteria.
6. Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord, which can result from viral, bacterial, or fungal infections.
7. Rarely, parasitic infections like toxoplasmosis and cysticercosis can also affect the CNS.

Symptoms of CNS infections may include fever, headache, stiff neck, altered mental status, seizures, focal neurological deficits, or meningeal signs (e.g., Brudzinski's and Kernig's signs). The specific symptoms depend on the location and extent of the infection, as well as the causative organism. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term neurological complications or death.

Central nervous system (CNS) bacterial infections refer to the invasion and infection of the brain or spinal cord by bacteria. This can lead to serious consequences as the CNS is highly sensitive to inflammation and infection. Examples of CNS bacterial infections include:

1. Meningitis: an infection of the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It is often caused by bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae.

2. Encephalitis: an inflammation of the brain parenchyma, which can be caused by bacterial infections such as Listeria monocytogenes, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, or Bartonella henselae.

3. Brain abscess: a localized collection of pus within the brain tissue, usually resulting from direct spread of bacteria from a nearby infection, or from bacteremia (bacteria in the bloodstream). Common causes include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species, and anaerobic bacteria.

4. Spinal epidural abscess: an accumulation of pus in the epidural space surrounding the spinal cord, which can lead to compression of the spinal cord and result in serious neurological deficits. Common causative organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and other streptococci.

5. Subdural empyema: an infection in the potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane, usually caused by direct spread of bacteria from a nearby focus of infection or from bacteremia. Streptococcus species and anaerobic bacteria are common causes.

Treatment for CNS bacterial infections typically involves antibiotics, supportive care, and sometimes surgical intervention to drain abscesses or remove infected tissue. The prognosis depends on the specific infection, the patient's overall health, and how quickly treatment is initiated.

Central nervous system (CNS) viral diseases refer to medical conditions caused by the infection and replication of viruses within the brain or spinal cord. These viruses can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the specific virus and the location of the infection within the CNS. Some common examples of CNS viral diseases include:

1. Meningitis: This is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meninges) caused by viruses such as enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, or HIV. Symptoms may include fever, headache, stiff neck, and altered mental status.
2. Encephalitis: This is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by viruses such as herpes simplex virus, West Nile virus, or rabies virus. Symptoms may include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and focal neurologic deficits.
3. Poliomyelitis: This is a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus that can lead to paralysis of the muscles used for breathing, swallowing, and movement. It primarily affects children under 5 years old.
4. HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND): HIV can cause various neurologic symptoms such as cognitive impairment, peripheral neuropathy, and myopathy.
5. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): This is a rare but serious demyelinating disease of the CNS caused by the JC virus that primarily affects individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those receiving immunosuppressive therapy.

Treatment for CNS viral diseases depends on the specific virus and may include antiviral medications, supportive care, and management of symptoms. Prevention measures such as vaccination, avoiding contact with infected individuals, and practicing good hygiene can help reduce the risk of these infections.

Central nervous system (CNS) fungal infections refer to invasive fungal diseases that affect the brain and/or spinal cord. These types of infections are relatively uncommon but can be serious and potentially life-threatening, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems due to conditions such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation.

There are several types of fungi that can cause CNS infections, including:

1. Candida species: These are yeast-like fungi that can cause a range of infections, from superficial to systemic. When they invade the CNS, they can cause meningitis or brain abscesses.
2. Aspergillus species: These are mold-like fungi that can cause invasive aspergillosis, which can affect various organs, including the brain.
3. Cryptococcus neoformans: This is a yeast-like fungus that primarily affects people with weakened immune systems. It can cause meningitis or brain abscesses.
4. Coccidioides species: These are mold-like fungi that can cause coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley Fever. While most infections are limited to the lungs, some people may develop disseminated disease, which can affect the CNS.
5. Histoplasma capsulatum: This is a mold-like fungus that causes histoplasmosis, which primarily affects the lungs but can disseminate and involve the CNS.

Symptoms of CNS fungal infections may include headache, fever, altered mental status, seizures, stiff neck, and focal neurologic deficits. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT), and laboratory tests (such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis or fungal cultures). Treatment usually involves long-term antifungal therapy, often with a combination of drugs, and may also include surgical intervention in some cases.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a shock absorber for the central nervous system and provides nutrients to the brain while removing waste products. CSF is produced by specialized cells called ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) inside the brain. From there, it circulates through the ventricular system and around the outside of the brain and spinal cord before being absorbed back into the bloodstream. CSF analysis is an important diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, including infections, inflammation, and cancer.

A brain abscess is a localized collection of pus in the brain that is caused by an infection. It can develop as a result of a bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection that spreads to the brain from another part of the body or from an infection that starts in the brain itself (such as from a head injury or surgery).

The symptoms of a brain abscess may include headache, fever, confusion, seizures, weakness or numbness on one side of the body, and changes in vision, speech, or behavior. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to treat the infection, as well as surgical drainage of the abscess to relieve pressure on the brain.

It is a serious medical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent potentially life-threatening complications such as brain herniation or permanent neurological damage.

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases refer to medical conditions that primarily affect the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is responsible for controlling various functions in the body, including movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. Therefore, diseases of the CNS can have significant impacts on a person's quality of life and overall health.

There are many different types of CNS diseases, including:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites that infect the brain or spinal cord. Examples include meningitis, encephalitis, and polio.
2. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are characterized by progressive loss of nerve cells in the brain or spinal cord. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
3. Structural diseases: These involve damage to the physical structure of the brain or spinal cord, such as from trauma, tumors, or stroke.
4. Functional diseases: These affect the function of the nervous system without obvious structural damage, such as multiple sclerosis and epilepsy.
5. Genetic disorders: Some CNS diseases are caused by genetic mutations, such as spinal muscular atrophy and Friedreich's ataxia.

Symptoms of CNS diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and the area of the brain or spinal cord that is affected. They may include muscle weakness, paralysis, seizures, loss of sensation, difficulty with coordination and balance, confusion, memory loss, changes in behavior or mood, and pain. Treatment for CNS diseases depends on the specific condition and may involve medications, surgery, rehabilitation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Viral meningitis is a form of meningitis, which is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by viral infections, such as enteroviruses, herpesviruses, and HIV. The infection enters the body through the respiratory system or the gastrointestinal tract and then spreads to the central nervous system.

Symptoms of viral meningitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, photophobia (intolerance to light), and altered mental status. In some cases, patients may also experience vomiting, seizures, or skin rash. However, viral meningitis is generally less severe than bacterial meningitis and has a lower mortality rate.

Most cases of viral meningitis resolve on their own within 7-10 days, and treatment typically involves supportive care such as hydration, pain relief, and fever reduction. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses, so they are not used to treat viral meningitis. In some cases, antiviral medications may be prescribed for certain types of viral meningitis, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) meningitis.

Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are sick. There is also a vaccine available to protect against enterovirus D68, which can cause viral meningitis in some cases.

Meningitis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation of the meninges, which are the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. This inflammation can be caused by various infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or by non-infectious causes like autoimmune diseases, cancer, or certain medications.

The symptoms of meningitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and sensitivity to light. In severe cases, it can lead to seizures, coma, or even death if not treated promptly and effectively. Bacterial meningitis is usually more severe and requires immediate medical attention, while viral meningitis is often less severe and may resolve on its own without specific treatment.

It's important to note that meningitis can be a serious and life-threatening condition, so if you suspect that you or someone else has symptoms of meningitis, you should seek medical attention immediately.

Meningoencephalitis is a medical term that refers to an inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges), known as the meninges. It is often caused by an infection, such as bacterial or viral infections, that spreads to the meninges and brain. In some cases, it can also be caused by other factors like autoimmune disorders or certain medications.

The symptoms of meningoencephalitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, and changes in mental status. If left untreated, this condition can lead to serious complications, such as brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities, or even death. Treatment typically involves antibiotics for bacterial infections or antiviral medications for viral infections, along with supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Encephalitis is defined as inflammation of the brain parenchyma, which is often caused by viral infections but can also be due to bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to toxins. The infection or inflammation can cause various symptoms such as headache, fever, confusion, seizures, and altered consciousness, ranging from mild symptoms to severe cases that can lead to brain damage, long-term disabilities, or even death.

The diagnosis of encephalitis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and laboratory tests (such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis). Treatment may include antiviral medications, corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Viral encephalitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the brain caused by a viral infection. The infection can be caused by various types of viruses, such as herpes simplex virus, enteroviruses, arboviruses (transmitted through insect bites), or HIV.

The symptoms of viral encephalitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, and altered level of consciousness. In severe cases, it can lead to brain damage, coma, or even death. The diagnosis is usually made based on clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scan. Treatment typically involves antiviral medications, supportive care, and management of complications.

Bacterial meningitis is a serious infection that causes the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord to become inflamed. It's caused by various types of bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b.

The infection can develop quickly, over a few hours or days, and is considered a medical emergency. Symptoms may include sudden high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and sensitivity to light. In some cases, a rash may also be present.

Bacterial meningitis can lead to serious complications such as brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities, and even death if not treated promptly with appropriate antibiotics and supportive care. It is important to seek immediate medical attention if you suspect bacterial meningitis. Vaccines are available to prevent certain types of bacterial meningitis.

Aseptic meningitis is a type of meningitis (inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) that is not caused by bacterial infection. Instead, it can be due to viral infections, fungal infections, or non-infectious causes such as certain medications, chemical irritants, or underlying medical conditions. In aseptic meningitis, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis may show increased white blood cells, typically lymphocytes, but no bacterial growth on culture. Common viral causes include enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, and varicella-zoster virus. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, antiviral medications, or immunosuppressive therapy in some cases.

Sandfly Fever Naples Virus (SFNV) is an single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and genus Phlebovirus. It is the causative agent of sandfly fever, also known as "pappataci fever," a disease transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sandflies (Phlebotomus spp.). The virus was first isolated in Naples, Italy, hence its name.

The incubation period for sandfly fever Naples virus infection is typically 3-5 days, after which patients may experience sudden onset of symptoms including high fever, chills, severe headache, muscle and joint pain, and a transient skin rash. The disease is usually self-limiting, with symptoms resolving within 7-10 days, although some cases may be more severe and require hospitalization. There is no specific treatment for sandfly fever Naples virus infection, and management is primarily supportive. Prevention measures include the use of insect repellent and protective clothing to reduce exposure to sandfly bites.

Central nervous system (CNS) protozoal infections refer to diseases caused by protozoa that invade and infect the brain and spinal cord. These infections can lead to serious neurological symptoms and complications.

There are several types of protozoa that can cause CNS infections, including:

1. Toxoplasma gondii: This parasite is commonly found in cats and can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected cat feces or consumption of undercooked meat. In people with weakened immune systems, T. gondii can cause severe CNS symptoms such as seizures, confusion, and coma.
2. Naegleria fowleri: Also known as the "brain-eating amoeba," N. fowleri is a free-living protozoan found in warm freshwater environments. When people swim or dive in infected water, the amoeba can enter the body through the nose and travel to the brain, causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rare but often fatal CNS infection.
3. Acanthamoeba: Like N. fowleri, Acanthamoeba is a free-living protozoan found in freshwater and soil. It can cause a range of CNS infections, including granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), which typically affects people with weakened immune systems.
4. Trypanosoma brucei: This parasite is transmitted through the bite of infected tsetse flies and causes African sleeping sickness, a CNS infection that can lead to coma and death if left untreated.
5. Plasmodium falciparum: While not strictly a protozoan, P. falciparum is a parasite that causes malaria, a mosquito-borne disease that can cause severe CNS symptoms such as seizures, coma, and cerebral malaria.

Treatment for CNS protozoal infections depends on the specific type of infection and may include antiprotozoal medications, antibiotics, or supportive care to manage symptoms. Prevention measures include avoiding contact with infected animals or insects, practicing good hygiene, and using appropriate protective measures such as insect repellent or bed nets in areas where these infections are common.

I'm sorry for the confusion, but "Maus Elberfeld virus" doesn't seem to be a recognized term in current medical or scientific literature. It is possible that there may be some mistake or misunderstanding in the spelling or the name of the virus you are looking for.

Elberfeld is a city in Germany and "Maus" means mouse in German, so it might be referring to some virus affecting mice in Elberfeld. However, I cannot find any specific information about a virus with this exact name.

If you have more context or details, I'd be happy to help you try to find the information you need!

A spinal puncture, also known as a lumbar puncture or a spinal tap, is a medical procedure in which a thin, hollow needle is inserted between two vertebrae in the lower back to extract cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space. This procedure is typically performed to diagnose conditions affecting the central nervous system, such as meningitis, encephalitis, or subarachnoid hemorrhage, by analyzing the CSF for cells, chemicals, bacteria, or viruses. Additionally, spinal punctures can be used to administer medications or anesthetics directly into the CSF space, such as in the case of epidural anesthesia during childbirth.

The medical definition of a spinal puncture is: "A diagnostic and therapeutic procedure that involves introducing a thin needle into the subarachnoid space, typically at the lumbar level, to collect cerebrospinal fluid or administer medications."

Cryptococcal meningitis is a specific type of meningitis, which is an inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges. This condition is caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii.

In cryptococcal meningitis, the fungal cells enter the bloodstream and cross the blood-brain barrier, causing infection in the central nervous system. The immune system's response to the infection leads to inflammation of the meninges, resulting in symptoms such as headache, fever, neck stiffness, altered mental status, and sometimes seizures or focal neurological deficits.

Cryptococcal meningitis is a serious infection that can be life-threatening if left untreated. It primarily affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, and individuals receiving immunosuppressive therapy for cancer or autoimmune diseases. Early diagnosis and appropriate antifungal treatment are crucial to improve outcomes in patients with cryptococcal meningitis.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is called the "central" system because it receives information from, and sends information to, the rest of the body through peripheral nerves, which make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

The CNS is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling motor functions, and regulating various autonomic processes like heart rate, respiration, and digestion. The brain, as the command center of the CNS, interprets sensory stimuli, formulates thoughts, and initiates actions. The spinal cord serves as a conduit for nerve impulses traveling to and from the brain and the rest of the body.

The CNS is protected by several structures, including the skull (which houses the brain) and the vertebral column (which surrounds and protects the spinal cord). Despite these protective measures, the CNS remains vulnerable to injury and disease, which can have severe consequences due to its crucial role in controlling essential bodily functions.

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a severe and potentially life-thingening inflammation of the brain caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), most commonly HSV-1. It is a rare but serious condition that can cause significant neurological damage if left untreated.

The infection typically begins in the temporal or frontal lobes of the brain and can spread to other areas, causing symptoms such as headache, fever, seizures, confusion, memory loss, and personality changes. In severe cases, it can lead to coma or death.

Diagnosis of HSE is often made through a combination of clinical presentation, imaging studies (such as MRI), and laboratory tests, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to detect the presence of the virus.

Treatment typically involves antiviral medications, such as acyclovir, which can help reduce the severity of the infection and prevent further neurological damage. In some cases, corticosteroids may also be used to reduce inflammation in the brain. Prompt treatment is critical for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of long-term neurological complications.

Enterovirus infections are viral illnesses caused by enteroviruses, which are a type of picornavirus. These viruses commonly infect the gastrointestinal tract and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the specific type of enterovirus and the age and overall health of the infected individual.

There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. Some enterovirus infections may be asymptomatic or cause only mild symptoms, while others can lead to more severe illnesses.

Common symptoms of enterovirus infections include fever, sore throat, runny nose, cough, muscle aches, and skin rashes. In some cases, enteroviruses can cause more serious complications such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), and paralysis.

Enterovirus infections are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or fecal-oral transmission. They can also be spread through contaminated surfaces or objects. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals.

There are no specific antiviral treatments for enterovirus infections, and most cases resolve on their own within a few days to a week. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as fluids and medication to manage symptoms. Prevention efforts include vaccination against poliovirus and surveillance for emerging enteroviruses.

Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, organ transplants, or long-term steroid use. The infection typically starts in the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body, including the brain (meningitis), causing various symptoms like cough, fever, chest pain, headache, confusion, and vision problems. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications, and the prognosis depends on the patient's immune status and the severity of the infection.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as pneumonia. The name "coronavirus" comes from the Latin word "corona," which means crown or halo, reflecting the distinctive appearance of the virus particles under electron microscopy, which have a crown-like structure due to the presence of spike proteins on their surface.

Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted between animals and humans. Some coronaviruses are endemic in certain animal populations and occasionally jump to humans, causing outbreaks of new diseases. This is what happened with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2002-2003, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012, and the most recent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2.

Coronavirus infections typically cause respiratory symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, and fever. In severe cases, they can lead to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and even death, especially in older adults or people with underlying medical conditions. Other symptoms may include fatigue, muscle aches, headache, sore throat, and gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Preventive measures for coronavirus infections include frequent hand washing, wearing face masks, practicing social distancing, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. There are currently vaccines available to prevent COVID-19, which have been shown to be highly effective in preventing severe illness, hospitalization, and death from the disease.

Brain diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or structural abnormalities. They can affect different parts of the brain, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Some examples of brain diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease - a progressive degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease - a movement disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
3. Multiple sclerosis - a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
4. Epilepsy - a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
5. Brain tumors - abnormal growths in the brain that can be benign or malignant.
6. Stroke - a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause paralysis, speech difficulties, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Meningitis - an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
8. Encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune disorders.
9. Huntington's disease - a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination, cognitive function, and mental health.
10. Migraine - a neurological condition characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.

Brain diseases can range from mild to severe and may be treatable or incurable. They can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life.

Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) is a type of coronavirus that primarily infects laboratory mice. It is not related to the human hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, or E. MHV causes a range of diseases in mice, including hepatitis (liver inflammation), encephalomyelitis (inflammation of the brain and spinal cord), and enteritis (inflammation of the intestine). The virus is transmitted through fecal-oral route and respiratory droplets. It's widely used in research to understand the pathogenesis, immunity, and molecular biology of coronaviruses.

Gram-positive bacterial infections refer to illnesses or diseases caused by Gram-positive bacteria, which are a group of bacteria that turn purple when stained using the Gram stain method. This staining technique is used in microbiology to differentiate between two main types of bacteria based on their cell wall composition.

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining process. Some common examples of Gram-positive bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis.

Gram-positive bacterial infections can range from mild skin infections to severe and life-threatening conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. The symptoms of these infections depend on the type of bacteria involved and the location of the infection in the body. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are effective against Gram-positive bacteria, such as penicillin, vancomycin, or clindamycin. However, the emergence of antibiotic resistance among Gram-positive bacteria is a growing concern and can complicate treatment in some cases.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Antifungal agents are a type of medication used to treat and prevent fungal infections. These agents work by targeting and disrupting the growth of fungi, which include yeasts, molds, and other types of fungi that can cause illness in humans.

There are several different classes of antifungal agents, including:

1. Azoles: These agents work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes. Examples of azole antifungals include fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole.
2. Echinocandins: These agents target the fungal cell wall, disrupting its synthesis and leading to fungal cell death. Examples of echinocandins include caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin.
3. Polyenes: These agents bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores that lead to fungal cell death. Examples of polyene antifungals include amphotericin B and nystatin.
4. Allylamines: These agents inhibit squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in ergosterol synthesis. Examples of allylamine antifungals include terbinafine and naftifine.
5. Griseofulvin: This agent disrupts fungal cell division by binding to tubulin, a protein involved in fungal cell mitosis.

Antifungal agents can be administered topically, orally, or intravenously, depending on the severity and location of the infection. It is important to use antifungal agents only as directed by a healthcare professional, as misuse or overuse can lead to resistance and make treatment more difficult.

Nervous system diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a group of conditions that affect the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. These diseases can affect various functions of the body, such as movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. They can be caused by genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or tumors. Examples of nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine, stroke, and neuroinfections like meningitis and encephalitis. The symptoms and severity of these disorders can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe and debilitating.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms refer to a group of abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the brain or spinal cord. These tumors can be benign or malignant, and their growth can compress or disrupt the normal functioning of surrounding brain or spinal cord tissue.

Benign CNS neoplasms are slow-growing and rarely spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause significant problems if they grow large enough to put pressure on vital structures within the brain or spinal cord. Malignant CNS neoplasms, on the other hand, are aggressive tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissue. They may also spread to other parts of the CNS or, rarely, to other organs in the body.

CNS neoplasms can arise from various types of cells within the brain or spinal cord, including nerve cells, glial cells (which provide support and insulation for nerve cells), and supportive tissues such as blood vessels. The specific type of CNS neoplasm is often used to help guide treatment decisions and determine prognosis.

Symptoms of CNS neoplasms can vary widely depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or paralysis, vision or hearing changes, balance problems, memory loss, and changes in behavior or personality. Treatment options for CNS neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

The nervous system is a complex, highly organized network of specialized cells called neurons and glial cells that communicate with each other via electrical and chemical signals to coordinate various functions and activities in the body. It consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes all the nerves and ganglia outside the CNS.

The primary function of the nervous system is to receive, process, and integrate information from both internal and external environments and then respond by generating appropriate motor outputs or behaviors. This involves sensing various stimuli through specialized receptors, transmitting this information through afferent neurons to the CNS for processing, integrating this information with other inputs and memories, making decisions based on this processed information, and finally executing responses through efferent neurons that control effector organs such as muscles and glands.

The nervous system can be further divided into subsystems based on their functions, including the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movements and reflexes; the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary physiological processes like heart rate, digestion, and respiration; and the enteric nervous system, which is a specialized subset of the autonomic nervous system that controls gut functions. Overall, the nervous system plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis, regulating behavior, and enabling cognition and consciousness.

Viral diseases are illnesses caused by the infection and replication of viruses in host organisms. These infectious agents are obligate parasites, meaning they rely on the cells of other living organisms to survive and reproduce. Viruses can infect various types of hosts, including animals, plants, and microorganisms, causing a wide range of diseases with varying symptoms and severity.

Once a virus enters a host cell, it takes over the cell's machinery to produce new viral particles, often leading to cell damage or death. The immune system recognizes the viral components as foreign and mounts an immune response to eliminate the infection. This response can result in inflammation, fever, and other symptoms associated with viral diseases.

Examples of well-known viral diseases include:

1. Influenza (flu) - caused by influenza A, B, or C viruses
2. Common cold - usually caused by rhinoviruses or coronaviruses
3. HIV/AIDS - caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
4. Measles - caused by measles morbillivirus
5. Hepatitis B and C - caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), respectively
6. Herpes simplex - caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2)
7. Chickenpox and shingles - both caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
8. Rabies - caused by rabies lyssavirus
9. Ebola - caused by ebolaviruses
10. COVID-19 - caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Prevention and treatment strategies for viral diseases may include vaccination, antiviral medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms while the immune system fights off the infection.

Herpes Simplex is a viral infection caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). There are two types of HSV: HSV-1 and HSV-2. Both types can cause sores or blisters on the skin or mucous membranes, but HSV-1 is typically associated with oral herpes (cold sores) and HSV-2 is usually linked to genital herpes. However, either type can infect any area of the body. The virus remains in the body for life and can reactivate periodically, causing recurrent outbreaks of lesions or blisters. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected skin or mucous membranes, such as during kissing or sexual activity.

Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) consist of infections primarily of the brain and spinal cord. They include ... Central nervous system disorders, Infectious diseases, All stub articles, Nervous system disease stubs). ... California encephalitis virus Central nervous system viral disease Cytomegalovirus encephalitis SARS-CoV-2 Eastern equine ... mostly viral infections, less commonly bacterial infections, fungal infections, prion diseases and protozoan infections. ...
Infections of the central nervous system may also be associated with decreased LOC; for example, an altered LOC is the most ... Scheld WM, Whitley RJ, Marra CM (2004). Infections of the Central Nervous System. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ... Central nervous system disorders, Symptoms and signs of mental disorders, Consciousness). ... Since this system is thought to modulate wakefulness and sleep, interference with it, such as injury, illness, or metabolic ...
Roos KL, Tunkel AR (2010). Bacterial infections of the central nervous system. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 69-. ISBN 978-0- ... A number of different imaging modalities or sequences can be used with imaging the nervous system: T1-weighted (T1W) images: ...
Thomson RB, Bertram H (December 2001). "Laboratory diagnosis of central nervous system infections". Infectious Disease Clinics ... Bacteria resist phage infection through restriction modification systems that degrade foreign DNA, and a system that uses ... It is particularly important in the normal functioning of the nervous system via its role in the synthesis of myelin. The body ... The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are ...
2018). The microbiology of central nervous system infections. London. ISBN 978-0-12-813807-6. OCLC 1023628139.{{cite book}}: ... Sometimes a hypodense central area is seen instead of calcification. When considering other potential intracranial masses in a ... The characteristic ring-enhanced appearance is due to lack of blood supply in the central necrotic core that is visualized with ... They often arise within individuals in whom a primary tuberculosis infection is not well controlled. When tuberculomas arise ...
"Role of microglia in central nervous system infections". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 17 (4): 942-64, table of contents. doi: ... Once the infection has decreased the disconnect between peripheral and central systems is reestablished and only microglia are ... As the resident macrophage cells, they act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the central nervous system ( ... Microglia are the primary immune cells of the central nervous system, similar to peripheral macrophages. They respond to ...
... and viral and bacterial infections. The word neuroinflammation has come to stand for chronic, central nervous system (CNS) ... "Role of microglia in central nervous system infections". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 17 (4): 942-64, table of contents. doi: ... Microglia are the primary immune cells of the central nervous system, similar to peripheral macrophages. They respond to ... Trichobilharzia regenti is a neuropathogenic schistosome which migrates in a central nervous system of birds and mammals. In ...
Honda H, Warren DK (September 2009). "Central nervous system infections: meningitis and brain abscess". Infectious Disease ... Raman Sharma R (2010). "Fungal infections of the nervous system: current perspective and controversies in management". ... can rather largely be attributed to the response of the immune system to the entry of bacteria into the central nervous system ... the central nervous system). The pia mater is a delicate impermeable membrane that firmly adheres to the surface of the brain, ...
List of central nervous system infections Said, S.; Kang, M. (16 December 2019). Viral encephalitis. StatPearls Publishing LLC ... Encephalitic viruses first cause infection and replicate outside of the central nervous system (CNS), most reaching the CNS ... antiviral therapy due to there being no specific medical therapy for most viral infections involving the central nervous system ... Viruses that cause viral encephalitis first infect the body and replicate outside of the central nervous system (CNS). ...
Huang HI, Shih SR (24 Nov 2015). "Neurotropic Enterovirus Infections in the Central Nervous System". Viruses. 7 (11): 6051-6066 ... and is sometimes associated with severe central nervous system diseases. EV-A71 was first isolated and characterized from cases ... Chapman, Nora M. (2022-05-12). "Persistent Enterovirus Infection: Little Deletions, Long Infections". Vaccines. 10 (5): 770. ... "Overview of Enterovirus Infections". Merck & Co. February 2018. Retrieved 2019-07-17. Li L, He Y, Yang H, Zhu J, Xu X, Dong J, ...
Morris, Andrew; Low, Donald E. (1999). "Nosocomial bacterial meningitis, including central nervous system shunt infections". ... "Ventriculosubgaleal shunt in the management of recurrent ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection". Child's Nervous System. 10 (8 ... of 244 infections, while antibiotic therapy alone successfully treated the CSF shunt infection in only 33% of 230 infections. ... Shunt infection can occur in up to 27% of patients. Infection can lead to long term cognitive defects, neurological problems, ...
"Central Nervous System Infections after Military Missile Head Wounds" (PDF). "Traumatic intracranial aneurysms". "Missile ... 2014 Mar;20(3):270-7. "Bizhan Aarabi, MD". Aarabi, B. (1989). "Causes of infections in penetrating head wounds in the Iran-Iraq ... Some of his research during this time dealt with identifying predictors of CNS infections, and predictors of traumatic ... University System of Maryland faculty, 1947 births, University of Nebraska faculty). ...
... and viruses can affect the nervous system. For example, meningitis is a common infection of the central nervous system, where ... "Central nervous system: Structure, function, and diseases". Medical News Today. 22 December 2017. "Central nervous system: ... The peripheral nervous system connects to the muscles and glands and sends information to the central nervous system. There are ... Central nervous system disease Peripheral neuropathy "Nervous System Diseases - Neurologic Diseases". MedlinePlus. Retrieved ...
Waites, K.B. (1990). "Mycoplasma infections of the central nervous system in humans and animals". Zentralblatt für ... Sexually transmitted diseases and infections, Sexual health, Women's health, Infections with a predominantly sexual mode of ... The risk of contracting Mycoplasma infection can be reduced by the following: Using barrier methods such as condoms Seeking ... Those with urogenital or extragenital infections caused by M. hominis have symptoms similar to other sexually transmitted ...
Neurodegenerative disease List of central nervous system infections "Nervous System Diseases". Healthinsite.gov.au. Retrieved ... Central nervous system diseases, also known as central nervous system disorders, are a group of neurological disorders that ... Tumors of the central nervous system constitute around 2% of all cancer in the United States. Catalepsy is a nervous disorder ... which collectively form the central nervous system (CNS). These disorders may be caused by such things as infection, injury, ...
Libbey JE, Fujinami RS (2014). "Adaptive immune response to viral infections in the central nervous system". Neurovirology. ... Not all virus infections produce a protective immune response in this way. HIV evades the immune system by constantly changing ... This genetic system provides bacteria with acquired immunity to infection. Some bacteriophages are called "temperate" because ... Most viral infections of humans and other animals have incubation periods during which the infection causes no signs or ...
"Pseudallescheria boydii Infection of the Central Nervous System". Archives of Neurology. 47 (4): 468-472. doi:10.1001/archneur. ... Dissemination of the organism to the central nervous system has been observed in some cases. This species is also known as a ... which includes all other forms of the disease commonly presented in the central nervous system, lungs, joints and bone. The ... Infections have also been observed in animals, notably corneal infection, abdominal mycetoma and disseminated infections in ...
Central nervous system infections Meningitis Tunkel, Allan R. "Aseptic meningitis in adults". UpToDate. Wolters Kluwer Health. ... Bacteria Lyme disease Syphilis Leptospirosis Fungi Cryptococcal infection Coccidioidal infection Drug-induced aseptic ... Symptoms of meningitis caused by an acute viral infection last between one and two weeks. When aseptic meningitis is caused by ... The most common cause of aseptic meningitis is by viral infection. Other causes may include side-effects from drugs and ...
... and infections of the central nervous system, such as meningitis and encephalitis. Visual and Behavioural Characteristics of ...
circa 1224 Rabies is infectious to mammals; three stages of central nervous system infection are recognized. The clinical ... Viral infections of the central nervous system, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate, Zoonoses, Infectious diseases, ... the virus enters the peripheral nervous system. It then travels retrograde along the efferent nerves toward the central nervous ... The time depends on the distance the virus must travel along peripheral nerves to reach the central nervous system. Rabies is ...
Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections-Advances in Research and Treatment: 2012 Edition: ScholarlyBrief. ScholarlyEditions ... by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of the meninges-the system of membranes which envelop the central nervous system. ... Takahashi, Teruyuki; Tamura, Masato; Takasu, Toshiaki (2012). "The PCR-Based Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Tuberculosis: ... Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition. ScholarlyEditions. 2012-01-09. p. 77. ...
This study revealed that OROV caused central nervous system infections in three patients. The three patients all had ... Through this it was revealed that it's possible that the invasion of the central nervous system by the oropouche virus can be ... Immunohistochemistry was used to reveal how this virus had access to the central nervous system. The findings indicated that ... but the route of invasion to the central nervous system remains unclear. To further understand the pathogenesis of how this ...
Lesions Produced by Infections and Inflammations of the Central Nervous System". In Miller, Neil R.; Newman, Nancy J.; Biousse ...
"Varicella-zoster virus infections of the central nervous system - Prognosis, diagnostics and treatment". Journal of Infection. ... Becerra JC, Sieber R, Martinetti G, Costa ST, Meylan P, Bernasconi E (July 2013). "Infection of the central nervous system ... infectious complications of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by VZV reactivation were regarded as rare. The presence of ... active infection, has not been proven to occur in VZV infections. Although VZV has been detected in autopsies of nervous tissue ...
In case of central nervous system infections PTX3 helps distinguishes between bacterial and aseptic meningoencephalitis. It is ... December 2019). "Determination of pentraxin 3 levels in cerebrospinal fluid during central nervous system infections". European ... Pentraxin proteins expressed in the nervous system are neural pentraxin I (NPTXI) and II (NPTXII). NPTXI and NPTXII are ... Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an acute phase protein whose levels rise during severe infections in humans. ...
"Evidence of Toscana virus infections without central nervous system involvement: A serological study". European Journal of ... reducing the severity of symptoms until the immune system has cleared the infection. The virus is found in most countries that ... Infection rates peak during the summer time as sandfly populations grow more abundant. TOSV has a spherical, enveloped body ... Arboviral Infections (Report). Virginia Department of Health. Valassina, M.; Cusi, M. G.; Valensin, P. E. (2003). "A ...
December 2019). "Determination of pentraxin 3 levels in cerebrospinal fluid during central nervous system infections". European ... He X, Han B, Liu M (May 2007). "Long pentraxin 3 in pulmonary infection and acute lung injury". American Journal of Physiology ... Microbes and Infection. 7 (1): 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2004.09.004. PMID 15716076. Latini R, Maggioni AP, Peri G, Gonzini L, ... Infection and Immunity. 65 (4): 1345-50. doi:10.1128/IAI.65.4.1345-1350.1997. PMC 175138. PMID 9119472. Bottazzi B, Vouret- ...
Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the pleura (in tuberculous pleurisy), the central nervous system (in tuberculous ... Central nervous system infections include tuberculous meningitis, intracranial tuberculomas, and spinal tuberculous ... Infection of the lymph nodes, known as tubercular lymphadenitis, is the most common extrapulmonary form of tuberculosis. An ... Abdominal infections include gastrointestinal tuberculosis (which is important to distinguish from Crohn's disease, since ...
Rantakallio P, Leskinen M, von Wendt L (1986). "Incidence and prognosis of central nervous system infections in a birth cohort ... After pathogen invasion, the immune system is activated. An infectious agent can enter the central nervous system and cause ... Viral infections of the central nervous system, Enterovirus-associated diseases). ... "Herpes simplex virus infections of the central nervous system: encephalitis and meningitis, including Mollaret's". Herpes. 11 ( ...
Herpesviral encephalitis Tyler KL (2004). "Herpes simplex virus infections of the central nervous system: encephalitis and ... They may recur weekly or monthly for approximately 5 years following primary infection. Although DNA analysis techniques such ...
Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) consist of infections primarily of the brain and spinal cord. They include ... Central nervous system disorders, Infectious diseases, All stub articles, Nervous system disease stubs). ... California encephalitis virus Central nervous system viral disease Cytomegalovirus encephalitis SARS-CoV-2 Eastern equine ... mostly viral infections, less commonly bacterial infections, fungal infections, prion diseases and protozoan infections. ...
Employment and disability pension after central nervous system infections in adults. Roed, C., Sorensen, H. T., Rothman, K. J. ... Employment and disability pension after central nervous system infections in adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 181(10 ... our aim was to study employment and receipt of disability pension after central nervous system infections. All patients ... Understanding how infection prevention influences nurses task sequencing using a mixed-methods, simulation-based approach. ...
... plays a key role in the immune response to central nervous system infections. Their study supports further investigating the ... role of this protein as a potential therapeutic for persistent central nervous system infections. ...
Researchers interested in Central Nervous System Parasitic Infections ... Central Nervous System Parasitic Infections. *. Mahalia S. Desruisseaux, MD. Associate Professor of Medicine (Infectious ...
Central Nervous System Fungal Infections + Central Nervous System Parasitic Infections + Infections of the brain, spinal cord, ... Central Nervous System Parasitic Infections (DOID:9004805). Annotations: Rat: (20) Mouse: (20) Human: (20) Chinchilla: (18) ... Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections + ... Central Nervous System Helminthiasis + Central Nervous System ...
Bacterial Central Nervous System Infections * Bot- en gewrichtsprothese infecties (concept) / 2023 * Management Community- ... Bacterial Central Nervous System Infections * Bot- en gewrichtsprothese infecties (concept) / 2023 * Management Community- ... Bacterial Central Nervous System Infections. *Bot- en gewrichtsprothese infecties (concept) / 2023. *Management Community- ...
... evaluated the clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of 16 patients with scrub typhus-related central nervous system ... An empirical treatment with doxycycline is needed in patients with CNS infections in scrub typhus endemic areas. ... CNS) infections. Single titers ≥ 1:40 of total serum antibodies against O. tsutsugamushi detected by an indirect ... Orientia tsutsugamushi is a major cause of vector-borne infection in Asia. Prompt recognition and appropriate treatment are ...
Central nervous system infection is an important cause of death in underfives hospitalised with World Health Organization (WHO ...
Viral Central Nervous System Infections in Children - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD ... What are viral central nervous system (CNS) infections? Your central nervous system (CNS) is your brain and spinal cord. A ... What causes viral CNS infections in children? Viral central nervous system infections are caused by many different types of ... In viral meningitis, the infection is caused by a... read more : infection of the meninges, which are the layers of tissue that ...
"Central Nervous System Infections" by people in this website by year, and whether "Central Nervous System Infections" was a ... Central Nervous System Infections*Central Nervous System Infections. *Infections, Central Nervous System ... fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary ... DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; ...
Purulentmeningitis refers to infections of the meninges associated with a mark ... Several terms commonly applied to CNS infections need to be understood. ... Common Etiologic Agents - Central Nervous System Infections. General Diagnostic Approaches - Central Nervous System Infections ... Central Nervous System Infections : Clinical Features - Central Nervous System Infections , ...
Role of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in the Treatment of Persistent Mycobacterium abscessus Central Nervous System Infection: A ... Role of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in the Treatment of Persistent Mycobacterium abscessus Central Nervous System Infection: A ... Role of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in the Treatment of Persistent Mycobacterium abscessus Central Nervous System Infection: A ... Role of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in the Treatment of Persistent Mycobacterium abscessus Central Nervous System Infection : A ...
central nervous system infection. Showing the single result. Sort by popularity. Sort by latest. Sort by price: low to high. ...
We are assessing the impact of congenital CMV infection on the central nervous system in mice and humans. ... Lazarini F, Katsimpardi L, Levivien S, Wagner S, Gressens P, Teissier N, Lledo PM, Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection Alters ... This proposal will provide new insights on the central and peripheral mechanisms involved in the neurosensory handicaps of CMV- ... Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the first cause of congenital malformation resulting from viral infection, and the leading cause ...
Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces. ... Disorder of the central nervous system*Infectious disease of central nervous system*Viral infection of central nervous system* ... Central Nervous System. SNOMED CT: Viral disease of central nervous system (302810003); Central nervous system viral infection ... Central Nervous System Viral Diseases; Central Nervous System Viral Infections; CNS Infection, Viral; CNS Infections, Viral; ...
"Central nervous system infections and stroke: a population-based analysis",. abstract = "Background: Chronic central nervous ... Central nervous system infections and stroke: a population-based analysis. / Chien, L. N.; Chi, N. F.; Hu, C. J. et al. In: ... Chien, L. N., Chi, N. F., Hu, C. J., & Chiou, H-Y. (2013). Central nervous system infections and stroke: a population-based ... Chien, LN, Chi, NF, Hu, CJ & Chiou, H-Y 2013, Central nervous system infections and stroke: a population-based analysis, Acta ...
The term central nervous system (CNS) infections describes a variety of infections involving the brain and spinal cord and ... Discuss the pathophysiology of central nervous system (CNS) infections and the impact on antimicrobial treatment regimens ( ... "Central Nervous System Infections." Pharmacotherapy Principles & Practice, 6e Chisholm-Burns MA, Schwinghammer TL, Malone PM, ... Central Nervous System Infections. In: Chisholm-Burns MA, Schwinghammer TL, Malone PM, Kolesar JM, Bookstaver P, Lee KC. ...
"Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System." Principles of Critical Care, 4e Hall JB, Schmidt GA, Kress JP. Hall J.B ... Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System. In: Hall JB, Schmidt GA, Kress JP. Hall J.B., & Schmidt G.A., & Kress J.P.( ... Bacterial infections of the central nervous system. Hall JB, Schmidt GA, Kress JP. Hall J.B., & Schmidt G.A., & Kress J.P.(Eds ... should be performed before lumbar puncture when a space-occupying lesion of the central nervous system (CNS) is suspected. ...
Molecular mechanisms of bacterial infections of the central nervous system. Molecular mechanisms of bacterial infections of the ... Central nervous system (CNS) infections may involve the meninges, brain and/or spinal cord. The most common etiologic agents ... central nervous system. Rzaska, Marta; Niewiadomski, Seweryn; Karwacki, Zbigniew. Afiliação *Karwacki Z; Department of ... Despite a unique system of brain barriers and autonomous immune system, CNS is very susceptible to microorganisms which may ...
Central nervous system trauma. *Certain brain diseases (encephalopathies). *Infection of the central nervous system ... Multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, ... Bleeding of the central nervous system. * ...
Diseases of the central nervous system caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and other arenaviruses. Handb Clin Neurol. ... In a 2011 study of 1,185 patients from across the United States with acute central nervous system disease or undifferentiated ... LCMV may affect the autonomic nervous system, various sensory modalities, and cranial nerves. Rarely, the virus can cause long- ... Congenital infection : The prognosis for infants with congenital LCMV infection generally is poor. A 1997 case series of ...
T1 - Heparin-binding protein as a marker of ventriculostomy related infection and central nervous system inflammation in neuro- ... Heparin-binding protein as a marker of ventriculostomy related infection and central nervous system inflammation in neuro- ... Heparin-binding protein as a marker of ventriculostomy related infection and central nervous system inflammation in neuro- ... title = "Heparin-binding protein as a marker of ventriculostomy related infection and central nervous system inflammation in ...
Central Nervous System Infection. Bone/Joint Infection. Serious Organ Infection (eg, Intra-abdominal or Kidney) ... these infections include UTIs, most intra-abdominal infections, and uncomplicated wound infections. Some studies find that ... For VRE infections, base the treatment on infection severity and in vitro susceptibility of the strain to other antibiotics. ... The Surgical Infection Society Revised Guidelines on the Management of Intra-Abdominal Infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 ...
Viral Aetiology of Central Nervous System Infections in Adults Admitted to a Tertiary Referral Hospital in Southern Vietnam ... Viral Aetiology of Central Nervous System Infections in Adults Admitted to a Tertiary Referral Hospital in Southern Vietnam ...
Jeremy Day: Central nervous system and HIV infections in Vietnam * Raph Hamers: Developing collaborative clinical trials in ... Spatial epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus and other infections of the central nervous system in Lao PDR (2003 - 2011 ... Spatial epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus and other infections of the central nervous system in Lao PDR (2003 - 2011 ... Viral metagenomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with acute central nervous system infections of unknown origin ...
Serologic biomarkers in Candida and Aspergillus infections of the central nervous system: a comparison of galactomannan, mannan ... BACKGROUND: The incidence of Aspergillus and Candida CNS infection, which are characterized by high mortality rates, is ... were analyzed for different biomarkers for fungal infection, i.e., galactomannan (GM), galactomannoprotein (GP), mannan, anti- ... two each for every case of fungal CNS infection) were included as controls. ...
Brazilian study reveals the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the central nervous system A Brazilian study published in the ... journal PNAS describes some of the effects infection by SARS-CoV-2 can have on the central nervous system. ... Seizures as a main manifestation of severe pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection A new study aimed to investigate the clinical, ... and imaging characteristics of children admitted to the ED with seizures and acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. ...
  • Brain abscess, Epidural abscess, including spinal epidural and cranial epidural Encephalitis Meningitis There are five main causes of CNS infections, namely bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, protozoan infections and prionic infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clinically, the diagnosis of en-cephalitis is applied to patients who may or may not show signs and CSF findings com-patible with aseptic meningitis but also show objective evidence of CNS dysfunction (eg, seizures, paralysis, and disordered mentation). (brainkart.com)
  • In clinical practice, combination therapy with a cell wall-active agent and a synergistic aminoglycoside should be considered for treating serious enterococcal infections in critically ill patients and in those with evidence of sepsis , as well as in patients with endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, or joint infections. (medscape.com)
  • Tuberculous meningitis , also known as TB meningitis or tubercular meningitis , is a specific type of bacterial meningitis caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of the meninges -the system of membranes which envelop the central nervous system . (wikipedia.org)
  • When the infection involves the covering of the brain and spinal cord (the meninges), it is called coccidioidal meningitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most often, doctors order a spinal tap to see if a child has meningitis (infection of the covering of the brain and spinal cord). (kidshealth.org)
  • TBM must be differentiated not only from other forms of acute and subacute meningitis but also from conditions such as viral infections and cerebral abscess. (medscape.com)
  • Meningitis is the leading infectious syndrome that affects the central nervous system, and most cases are caused by viral infections, mainly enterovirus. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is noteworthy that the initial clinical infections can present high morbidity and low presentations of viral meningitis and bacterial mortality rates. (bvsalud.org)
  • Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) consist of infections primarily of the brain and spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges caused by parasites. (mcw.edu)
  • Your central nervous system (CNS) is your brain and spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Central nervous system (CNS) infections may involve the meninges , brain and/or spinal cord . (bvsalud.org)
  • The possible benefits of the use of corticosteroids to manage spinal cord edema or white matter involvement in AFM should be balanced with the potential harm due to immunosuppression in the setting of possible viral infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Neurosurgery or neurological surgery , known in common parlance as brain surgery , is the medical specialty concerned with the surgical treatment of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain , spinal cord and peripheral nervous system . (wikipedia.org)
  • This clear, colorless liquid helps "cushion" the brain and spinal cord, or central nervous system . (kidshealth.org)
  • The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. (kidshealth.org)
  • Purulentmeningitis refers to infections of the meninges associated with a marked, acute inflam-matory exudate and is usually caused by a bacterial infection. (brainkart.com)
  • some, however, have been associated with Corynebacterium diph-theriae toxin and infections by bacterial enteric pathogens, cytomegalovirus orEpstein-Barr virus. (brainkart.com)
  • Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the first cause of congenital malformation resulting from viral infection, and the leading cause of mental retardation and hearing loss. (pasteur.fr)
  • Congenital Cytomegalovirus and Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections: To Treat or Not to Treat? (lww.com)
  • Congenital cytomegalovirus infections are among the most common of the newborn in the developed world. (lww.com)
  • Over the past 2 decades, therapies have been recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics Red Book Committee for the management of neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) and congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. (lww.com)
  • List the most common pathogens causing CNS infections and identify risk factors for infection with each pathogen. (mhmedical.com)
  • Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? (mdpi.com)
  • They include mostly viral infections, less commonly bacterial infections, fungal infections, prion diseases and protozoan infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. (childrensmercy.org)
  • Objective: Diagnosis of ventriculostomy related infections (VRI) in the neuro-intensive care unit remains challenging and current biomarkers lack adequate precision. (lu.se)
  • We conclude that the currently used IPA method for chlamydia diagnosis overestimates C. trachomatis infection and its specificity for the diagnosis of C. trachomatis is limited. (karger.com)
  • Multiple CCs previously associated with central nervous system and maternal-neonatal infections were identified. (usda.gov)
  • Of the 2 infections, neonatal HSV infection should be more amenable to treatment because it is usually acquired by intrapartum contact with infected maternal secretions. (lww.com)
  • Beyond the neonatal period, most primary HSV-1 infections occur in infancy and childhood and are transmitted primarily by contact with infected saliva. (medscape.com)
  • Chikungunya Virus India, with suspected acute CNS infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Acute polyneuritis, an inflammatory disease of the peripheral nervous system, is characterized by symmetric flaccid paralysis of muscles. (brainkart.com)
  • Reye's syndrome (encephalopathy with fatty infiltration of the vis-cera) is an acute, noninflammatory process, usually observed in childhood, in which cere-bral edema, hepatic dysfunction, and hyperammonemia develop within 2 to 12 days after onset of a systemic viral infection. (brainkart.com)
  • [ 3 ] There are 3 possible outcomes for an infected rodent: rapid clearance of virus, development of an acute lethal disease, and persistent chronic infection which is clinically benign but results in the release of virus into excreta, specifically urine. (medscape.com)
  • A new study aimed to investigate the clinical, demographic, laboratory, neurophysiological, and imaging characteristics of children admitted to the ED with seizures and acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. (news-medical.net)
  • Brief but efficient: acute HIV infection and the sexual transmission of HIV. (nature.com)
  • Multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Large amounts of protein in the CSF can suggest an infection or other diseases. (kidshealth.org)
  • Fungal infections are not contagious so they do not spread from one person to another.With an associated impaired immune response the fungus may disseminate. (wikidoc.org)
  • Fungal infections are not contagious so they do not spread from one person to another. (wikidoc.org)
  • [ 6 , 7 ] Other methods of human transmission include solid organ transplant and perinatal infection from mother to fetus. (medscape.com)
  • Discuss the pathophysiology of central nervous system (CNS) infections and the impact on antimicrobial treatment regimens (including antimicrobial dosing and CNS penetration). (mhmedical.com)
  • Although antibiotics can treat the infection, sometimes the scars that remain in the brain can cause seizures in the future. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Viral infection of the central nervous system commonly triggers seizures. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Occasionally, common illnesses such as a sinus infection or a cold can trigger seizures. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • What are viral central nervous system (CNS) infections? (msdmanuals.com)
  • Viral central nervous system infections are caused by many different types of viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Novel strategy for treatment of viral central nervous system infection by using a cell-permeating inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. (nih.gov)
  • Il s'agit d'une étude transversale, monocentrique et descriptive, durant 12 mois, incluant les patients âgés d'au moins 18 ans admis en réanimation polyvalente pour un sepsis ou choc septique. (bvsalud.org)
  • A prevalence survey is a count of the number of patients with a particular condition/treatment (in this case either a healthcare-associated infection or an antimicrobial agent) at a particular time (in this case a day), as a proportion of the total number of patients who are hospitalised at that particular time. (europa.eu)
  • What were the objectives of the 2011-2012 ECDC PPS of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and antimicrobial use? (europa.eu)
  • In addition, with this information both infection prevention and control and antimicrobial stewardship priorities can be targeted most effectively at national and hospital level. (europa.eu)
  • Clinical Markers and Outcomes of Neonates With Herpes Simplex Virus Deoxyribonucleic Acid Persistence in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Disseminated and Central Nervous System Infection. (childrensmercy.org)
  • Describe the signs, symptoms, and clinical presentation of CNS infections. (mhmedical.com)
  • Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are ubiquitous and have a wide range of clinical manifestations (see the images below). (medscape.com)
  • however, in most cases the clinical have a viral infection as the most common cause of results are not sufficient to allow a specific etiologic the disease3,5,13. (bvsalud.org)
  • CMV infections, ubiquitous in humans, are an important cause of congenital infection and a leading cause of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) worldwide. (lww.com)
  • This proposal will provide new insights on the central and peripheral mechanisms involved in the neurosensory handicaps of CMV-infected children, and may contribute to an optimization of their medical monitoring. (pasteur.fr)
  • [ 1 ] Systemic infection is typically associated with peripheral eosinophilia, in which the percentage of eosinophils may exceed 50% of the circulating WBCs. (medscape.com)
  • infants and children may have evidence of infection elsewhere such as a rash of red spots and fluid-filled blisters on the skin, in the mouth, or around the eyes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 4-6 Unlike rubella and toxoplasmosis where intrauterine transmission occurs as a result of maternal infection acquired during pregnancy (primary infection), congenital CMV infection can occur in infants born to mothers who have had CMV infection before pregnancy (nonprimary infection). (lww.com)
  • Congenital CMV infection rates are directly proportional to maternal seroprevalence in that highly CMV-seropositive populations have higher rates of congenital infection. (lww.com)
  • 5-9 , 13-15 This finding indicates the difficulty that will be encountered in vaccine development as congenital infection occurs in the presence of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. (lww.com)
  • Maternal Anti- Toxoplasma Treatment during Pregnancy Is Associated with Reduced Sensitivity of Diagnostic Tests for Congenital Infection in the Neonate. (sutterhealth.org)
  • The pulmonary infection is usually self limited and maybe asymptomatic. (wikidoc.org)
  • Several terms commonly applied to CNS infections need to be understood. (brainkart.com)
  • It is as-sociated most commonly with viral infections and is often self-limiting. (brainkart.com)
  • As more experience is gained with the use of linezolid and tedizolid, daptomycin, and tigecycline, as well as the newer tetracycline antibiotics, these drugs may be used more commonly to treat VRE infections, although in many cases off-label. (medscape.com)
  • The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has dramatically reduced AIDS-associated morbidity and mortality, and greatly improved life expectancy of people with HIV ( 1 - 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Herpes Simplex Virus Infections There are 8 different types of herpesvirus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Herpes simplex is a viral infection that causes a rash of. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Primary HSV-2 infections are acquired after onset of sexual activity, and genital herpes infections are among the most common sexually transmitted infections. (medscape.com)
  • Central nervous system infection in infancy may be a reason for shoulder instability during childhood. (hindawi.com)
  • 2004). Role of Microglia in Central Nervous System Infections. (igem.org)
  • The organism T cruzi and infection in humans were first described in 1909 by the Brazilian physician Carlos RJ Chagas. (medscape.com)
  • T cruzi infection in humans occurs in a spotty distribution throughout the range of the sylvatic cycle. (medscape.com)
  • A patient presenting with recurrent ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection was found to have Mycobacterium abscessus growing from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which remained persistently positive. (northwestern.edu)
  • Cerebrospinal fluid constantly flows around the central nervous system while protecting it. (kidshealth.org)
  • Such infections frequently involve the underlying CNS tissue to a variable degree, and often the ventricular system is also involved (ventriculitis). (brainkart.com)
  • A consequence of this inefficiency is that small numbers of transmitted founder viruses initiate most heterosexual infections 4 . (nature.com)
  • They are major infectious syndrome in the central nervous single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the system. (bvsalud.org)
  • New cases of vector-borne T cruzi infection usually occur in persons who live in primitive houses in areas where the sylvatic cycle is active. (medscape.com)
  • Majority of cases result from an imbalance between the host immune response and virulence factors of pathogen causing infection. (wikidoc.org)
  • What are the symptoms of a viral CNS infection in children? (msdmanuals.com)
  • 2. signs and symptoms were no longer present but the patient was still receiving treatment for that infection on the date of the survey. (europa.eu)
  • In solid organ transplant recipients with donor-derived infection (DDI), LCMV has been shown to cause severe illness characterized by multisystem organ failure. (medscape.com)
  • It is the primary causative agent of listeriosis, manifestations of which can range from mild illness such as gastroenteritis in healthy individuals to severe infections of the central nervous system in immunocompromised, elderly, and young individuals. (usda.gov)
  • The name of this infection is coccidioidomycosis, or valley fever . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Some babies and children have brain and nerve problems after the infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Despite a unique system of brain barriers and autonomous immune system , CNS is very susceptible to microorganisms which may invade directly, via the blood , or less frequently by reverse axonal transport . (bvsalud.org)
  • In the present work, we asked whether prion disease acceleration by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis results from infiltration of viable prion-infected immune cells into the central nervous system.Methods: C57Bl/6 J mice underwent intraperitoneal inoculation with scrapie brain homogenates and were later induced with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inoculation of MOG 35-55 in complete Freund's adjuvant supplemented with pertussis toxin. (huji.ac.il)
  • and one of the following: organism on microscopic examination of brain or abscess tissue, neuroimaging evidence of infection, or diagnostic serology. (who.int)
  • Are there any complications of a viral CNS infection? (msdmanuals.com)
  • Before treatment of enterococcal infections, all suspected intravenous lines, intra-arterial catheters, and urinary catheters should be removed, if possible, and abscesses drained. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast, congenital CMV infection is one which is chronic in nature and, therefore, much less likely to be amenable to successful treatment. (lww.com)
  • This review will explore the pathogenesis and treatment of both infections, emphasizing the strengths and limitations of current knowledge and therapy. (lww.com)
  • Central Nervous System Infections" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (childrensmercy.org)
  • the 3 positive time as the CHIKV outbreak in southern India, so we in- CSF samples were all obtained within 4 days of illness on- vestigated our cohort for CHIKV infection. (cdc.gov)