A species of the Chenopodium genus which is the source of edible seed called quinoa. It contains makisterone A and other STEROIDS, some having ECDYSTEROID activity on insects.
A plant genus in the CHENOPODIACEAE family.
A plant species in the CHENOPODIUM genus known for edible greens.
A plant species of the genus Chenopodium known for toxicity to intestinal worms and other simple organisms.
The goosefoot plant family of the order Caryophyllales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida. It includes beets and chard (BETA VULGARIS), as well as SPINACH, and salt tolerant plants.
A species of the Beta genus. Cultivars are used as a source of beets (root) or chard (leaves).
Small, linear single-stranded RNA molecules functionally acting as molecular parasites of certain RNA plant viruses. Satellite RNAs exhibit four characteristic traits: (1) they require helper viruses to replicate; (2) they are unnecessary for the replication of helper viruses; (3) they are encapsidated in the coat protein of the helper virus; (4) they have no extensive sequence homology to the helper virus. Thus they differ from SATELLITE VIRUSES which encode their own coat protein, and from the genomic RNA; (=RNA, VIRAL); of satellite viruses. (From Maramorosch, Viroids and Satellites, 1991, p143)
An order of the ANGIOSPERMS, subclass Rosidae. Its members include some of the most known ornamental and edible plants of temperate zones including roses, apples, cherries, and peaches.
A genus of polyhedral plant viruses of the family COMOVIRIDAE causing ringspots and spotting on leaves or sometimes symptomless infection. Transmission occurs by seeds, soil nematodes, or experimentally by mechanical inoculation. Tobacco ringspot virus is the type species.
Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria.
A genus of tripartite plant viruses in the family BROMOVIRIDAE. Transmission is by beetles. Brome mosaic virus is the type species.
A genus of plant viruses in the family FLEXIVIRIDAE, that cause mosaic and ringspot symptoms. Transmission occurs mechanically. Potato virus X is the type species.
Viral proteins that facilitate the movement of viruses between plant cells by means of PLASMODESMATA, channels that traverse the plant cell walls.
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Diseases of plants.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.
A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.
A family of flowering plants in the order Caryophyllales, with about 60 genera and more than 800 species of plants, with a few shrubs, trees, and vines. The leaves usually have nonindented edges.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Proteins found in any species of virus.
The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain bidensyneosides (polyacetylene glucosides).
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

Characterization and complete nucleotide sequence of Strawberry mottle virus: a tentative member of a new family of bipartite plant picorna-like viruses. (1/44)

An isolate of Strawberry mottle virus (SMoV) was transferred from Fragaria vesca to Nicotiana occidentalis and Chenopodium quinoa by mechanical inoculation. Electron micrographs of infected tissues showed the presence of isometric particles of approximately 28 nm in diameter. SMoV-associated tubular structures were also conspicuous, particularly in the plasmodesmata of C. quinoa. DsRNA extraction of SMoV-infected N. occidentalis yielded two bands of 6.3 and 7.8 kbp which were cloned and sequenced. Gaps in the sequence, including the 5' and 3' ends, were filled using RT-PCR and RACE. The genome of SMoV was found to consist of RNA1 and RNA2 of 7036 and 5619 nt, respectively, excluding a poly(A) tail. Each RNA encodes one polyprotein and has a 3' non-coding region of approximately 1150 nt. The polyprotein of RNA1 contains regions with identities to helicase, viral genome-linked protein, protease and polymerase (RdRp), and shares its closest similarity with RNA1 of the tentative nepovirus Satsuma dwarf virus (SDV). The polyprotein of RNA2 displayed some similarity to the large coat protein domain of SDV and related viruses. Phylogenetic analysis of the RdRp region showed that SMoV falls into a separate group containing SDV, Apple latent spherical virus, Naval orange infectious mottling virus and Rice tungro spherical virus. Given the size of RNA2 and the presence of a long 3' non-coding region, SMoV is more typical of a nepovirus, although atypically for a nepovirus it is aphid transmissible. We propose that SMoV is a tentative member of an SDV-like lineage of picorna-like viruses.  (+info)

Solution structures of potato virus X and narcissus mosaic virus from Raman optical activity. (2/44)

Potato virus X (PVX) and narcissus mosaic virus (NMV) were studied using vibrational Raman optical activity (ROA) in order to obtain new information on the structures of their coat protein subunits. The ROA spectra of the two intact virions are very similar to each other and similar to that of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) studied previously, being dominated by signals characteristic of proteins with helix bundle folds. In particular, PVX and NMV show strong positive ROA bands at approximately 1340 cm(-1) assigned to hydrated alpha-helix and perhaps originating in surface exposed helical residues, together with less strong positive ROA intensity in the range approximately 1297-1312 cm(-1) assigned to alpha-helix in a more hydrophobic environment and perhaps originating in residues at helix-helix interfaces. The positive approximately 1340 cm(-1) ROA band of TMV is less intense than those of PVX and NMV, suggesting that TMV contains less hydrated alpha-helix. Small differences in other spectral regions reflect differences in some loop, turn and side-chain compositions and conformations among the three viruses. A pattern recognition program based on principal component analysis of ROA spectra indicates that the coat protein subunit folds of PVX and NMV may be very similar to each other and similar to that of TMV. These results suggest that PVX and NMV may have coat protein subunit structures based on folds similar to the TMV helix bundle and hence that the helical architecture of the PVX and NMV particles may be similar to that of TMV but with different structural parameters.  (+info)

Heterologous movement protein strongly modifies the infection phenotype of cucumber mosaic virus. (3/44)

A hybrid virus (CMVcymMP) constructed by replacing the movement protein (MP) of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) with that of cymbidium ringspot tombusvirus (CymRSV) was viable and could efficiently spread both cell to cell and long distance in host plants. The hybrid virus was able to move cell to cell in the absence of functional CP, whereas CP-deficient CMV was restricted to single inoculated cells. In several Chenopodium and Nicotiana species, the symptom phenotype of the hybrid virus infection was clearly determined by the foreign MP gene. In Nicotiana debneyi and Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi, the hybrid virus could move systemically, contrary to CymRSV.  (+info)

The p23 protein of hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus is indispensable for host-specific replication. (4/44)

Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRSV) possesses a novel open reading frame (ORF) which encodes a putative 23-kDa protein (p23). We report here the in vivo detection of p23 and demonstrate its essential role in viral replication. The expression of p23 could be detected in protein extracts from transfected kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) protoplasts and in HCRSV-infected leaves. Further, direct immunoblotting of infected kenaf leaves also showed the presence of p23, and transient expression in onion and kenaf cells demonstrated that the protein is distributed throughout the cell. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that mutations introduced into the ORF of p23 abolished viral replication in kenaf protoplasts and plants but not in Chenopodium quinoa L. The loss of function of the p23 mutant M23/S33-1 could be complemented in trans upon the induced expression of p23 from an infiltrated construct bearing the ORF (pCam23). Altogether, these results demonstrate that p23 is a bona fide HCRSV protein that is expressed in vivo and suggest that p23 is indispensable for the host-specific replication of HCRSV. In addition, we show that p23 does not bind nucleic acids in vitro and does not act as a suppressor of posttranscriptional gene silencing in transgenic tobacco carrying a green fluorescent protein.  (+info)

Covariation in the capsid protein of hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus induced by serial passaging in a host that restricts movement leads to avirulence in its systemic host. (5/44)

Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRSV) from naturally infected Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. loses virulence in its experimental systemic host Hibiscus cannabinus L. (kenaf) after serial passages in a local lesion host Chenopodium quinoa. Here we report the genetic changes responsible for the loss of virulence at the molecular level. A remarkable covariation of eight site-specific amino acids was found in the HCRSV capsid protein (CP) after serial passages in C. quinoa: Val(49)-->Ile, Ile(95)-->Val, Lys(270)-->Arg, Gly(272)-->Asp, Tyr(274)-->His, Ala(311)-->Asp, Asp(334)-->Ala, and Ala(335)-->Thr. Covariation of at least three of the eight amino acids, Val(49), Ile(95), and Lys(270), caused the virus to become avirulent in kenaf. Interestingly, the nature of the covariation was consistent and reproducible at each serial passage. These data indicate that the nonsynonymous substitutions of amino acids in the HCRSV CP after serial passages in C. quinoa are not likely to be random events but may be due to host-associated positive selection or accelerated genetic drift. The observed interdependence among the three amino acids leading to avirulence in kenaf may have implications for structural or functional relationships in this virus-host interaction.  (+info)

A transcriptionally active subgenomic promoter supports homologous crossovers in a plus-strand RNA virus. (6/44)

Genetic RNA recombination plays an important role in viral evolution, but its molecular mechanism is not well understood. In this work we describe homologous RNA recombination activity that is supported by a subgenomic promoter (sgp) region in the RNA3 segment of brome mosaic bromovirus (BMV), a tripartite plus-strand RNA virus. The crossover frequencies were determined by coinoculations with pairs of BMV RNA3 variants that carried a duplicated sgp region flanked by marker restriction sites. A region composed of the sgp core, a poly(A) tract, and an upstream enhancer supported homologous exchanges in 25% of the analyzed RNA3 progeny. However, mutations in the sgp core stopped both the transcription of the sgp RNA and homologous recombination. These data provide evidence for an association of RNA recombination with transcription.  (+info)

Structural and mutational analyses of cis-acting sequences in the 5'-untranslated region of satellite RNA of bamboo mosaic potexvirus. (7/44)

The satellite RNA of Bamboo mosaic virus (satBaMV) contains on open reading frame for a 20-kDa protein that is flanked by a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 159 nucleotides (nt) and a 3'-UTR of 129 nt. A secondary structure was predicted for the 5'-UTR of satBaMV RNA, which folds into a large stem-loop (LSL) and a small stem-loop. Enzymatic probing confirmed the existence of LSL (nt 8-138) in the 5'-UTR. The essential cis-acting sequences in the 5'-UTR required for satBaMV RNA replication were determined by deletion and substitution mutagenesis. Their replication efficiencies were analyzed in Nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts and Chenopodium quinoa plants coinoculated with helper BaMV RNA. All deletion mutants abolished the replication of satBaMV RNA, whereas mutations introduced in most of the loop regions and stems showed either no replication or a decreased replication efficiency. Mutations that affected the positive-strand satBaMV RNA accumulation also affected the accumulation of negative-strand RNA; however, the accumulation of genomic and subgenomic RNAs of BaMV were not affected. Moreover, covariation analyses of natural satBaMV variants provide substantial evidence that the secondary structure in the 5'-UTR of satBaMV is necessary for efficient replication.  (+info)

Arg-16 and Arg-21 in the N-terminal region of the triple-gene-block protein 1 of Bamboo mosaic virus are essential for virus movement. (8/44)

The protein encoded by the first gene of the triple gene block (TGBp1) of potexviruses is required for movement of the viruses. It has been reported that single Arg-->Ala substitutions at position 11, 16 or 21 of TGBp1 of Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) eliminate its RNA-binding activity, while substitutions at position 16 or 21 only affect its NTPase activity (Liou et al., Virology 277, 336-344, 2000). However, it remains unclear whether these Arg-->Ala substitutions also affect the movement of BaMV in plants. To address this question, six mutants of BaMV, each containing either a single- or a double-alanine substitution at Arg-11, Arg-16 and Arg-21 of TGBp1, were constructed and used to infect Chenopodium quinoa and Nicotiana benthamiana. We found that all of the BaMV mutants were able to replicate in protoplasts of N. benthamiana. However, only the mutant with an Arg-11-->Ala substitution in TGBp1 remained capable of movement from cell to cell in plants. Mutants with Arg-16, Arg-21 or both Arg-16 and Arg-21 of TGBp1 replaced with alanine were defective in virus movement. This defect was suppressed when a wild-type TGBp1 allele was co-introduced into the cells using a novel satellite replicon. The ability to trans-complement the movement defect by the wild-type TGBp1 strongly suggests that the Arg-->Ala substitution at position 16 or 21 of TGBp1, which diminishes the RNA-binding and NTPase activities of TGBp1, also eliminates the capability of BaMV to move from cell to cell in host plants.  (+info)

Chenopodium quinoa is commonly known as "quinoa." It is not a true grass or cereal grain, but rather a pseudocereal that is closely related to beets and spinach. Quinoa is native to the Andean region of South America and has been cultivated and consumed for thousands of years by indigenous peoples in this region.

Quinoa is a highly nutritious food that is rich in protein, fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. It contains all nine essential amino acids, making it a complete protein source. Quinoa is also gluten-free, which makes it a popular alternative to wheat and other grains for people with celiac disease or gluten intolerance.

The seeds of the quinoa plant are typically cooked and consumed as a grain, and they have a mild, nutty flavor and a fluffy texture when cooked. Quinoa can be used in a variety of dishes, including salads, pilafs, stir-fries, and breakfast cereals. It is also commonly used as a stuffing for vegetables or meat dishes.

Quinoa has gained popularity in recent years due to its numerous health benefits and versatility in cooking. It is now widely available in grocery stores and health food stores around the world.

Chenopodium is a genus of plants in the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae). It includes several species that are commonly known as goosefoots or lamb's quarters. These plants are native to various parts of the world and can be found growing wild in many regions. Some species of Chenopodium are cultivated as crops, particularly for their leaves and seeds which are used as vegetables and grains.

The term "Chenopodium" is not typically used in medical contexts, but some species of this genus have been used in traditional medicine. For example, Chenopodium ambrosioides (also known as wormseed) has been used to treat intestinal parasites and other ailments. However, it is important to note that the use of herbal remedies can carry risks, and they should not be used as a substitute for medical treatment without consulting a healthcare professional.

Chenopodium album, also known as Lamb's Quarters or Goosefoot, is an annual plant that belongs to the family Chenopodiaceae. It is native to Europe and Asia but has been introduced and naturalized in many parts of the world, including North America. The plant can grow up to 1.5 meters tall and has alternate, simple leaves that are usually green but can sometimes be tinged with red or purple.

The flowers of Chenopodium album are small and inconspicuous, arranged in dense spikes at the tips of the branches. The fruit is a tiny, round, black seed that is enclosed in a thin, papery covering.

Chenopodium album is often considered a weed because it can grow rapidly and aggressively in disturbed soils, such as those found in gardens, agricultural fields, and waste areas. However, the plant is also edible and has been used as a leaf vegetable and grain crop in some cultures. It is high in nutrients, including protein, vitamins A and C, and minerals like calcium and iron.

In addition to its use as a food source, Chenopodium album has also been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, such as skin conditions, respiratory problems, and digestive issues. However, it is important to note that the plant can contain potentially toxic compounds, including oxalic acid and nitrates, so it should be consumed in moderation and with caution.

Chenopodium ambrosioides, also known as wormseed or Mexican tea, is a species of plant in the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae). It is native to North and Central America, but has been introduced and naturalized in many other parts of the world. The leaves and seeds of the plant are used in traditional medicine for their alleged antiparasitic, carminative, and analgesic properties. However, it should be noted that the use of this plant as a medicine can be associated with serious side effects, including seizures and kidney damage, and it should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.

Chenopodiaceae is a family of flowering plants, also known as goosefoot family. It includes a number of genera and species that are commonly found in various parts of the world, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The plants in this family are characterized by their fleshy leaves and stems, and tiny flowers that lack petals.

Some well-known genera in Chenopodiaceae include Chenopodium (goosefoot), Atriplex (saltbush), and Beta (beet). Many of the plants in this family have economic importance as food crops, ornamental plants, and sources of medicinal compounds. For example, beets, spinach, and chard are all members of Chenopodiaceae that are commonly consumed as vegetables.

It's worth noting that recent taxonomic revisions have led to some changes in the classification of this family, with many of its genera now being placed in other families such as Amaranthaceae. However, the name Chenopodiaceae is still widely used and recognized in the scientific literature.

'Beta vulgaris' is the scientific name for a group of plants that includes several common vegetables such as beets, chard, and sugar beets. This species is native to coastal regions of Europe, North Africa, and Asia.

Beets, also known as table beets or garden beets, are grown for their edible roots, which can be red, yellow, or striped. They have a sweet, earthy flavor and are often eaten raw, pickled, or cooked. Beet greens, the leaves of the plant, are also edible and have a mild flavor similar to spinach.

Chard, also known as Swiss chard, is grown for its large, colorful leaves that can be green, red, yellow, or white. The leaves and stems are both edible and have a slightly bitter taste. Chard is often used in salads, soups, and stir-fries.

Sugar beets are grown for their roots, which contain high levels of sucrose. They are used to produce granulated sugar, molasses, and other sweeteners. Sugar beets are not typically eaten as a vegetable, but the leaves can be consumed in the same way as chard.

In summary, 'Beta vulgaris' is a versatile species of plant that includes several popular vegetables, including beets, chard, and sugar beets.

A satellite RNA is a type of non-coding RNA that does not encode proteins but instead plays a role in the regulation of gene expression. It is so named because it can exist as a separate, smaller molecule that "satellites" around a larger RNA molecule called the helper RNA. Satellite RNAs are often associated with viruses and can affect their replication and packaging. They can also be found in some eukaryotic cells, where they may play a role in regulating the expression of certain genes or in the development of diseases such as cancer.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Rosales" is not a medical term. It is a botanical term used in the classification of plants. Rosales is an order of flowering plants that includes roses, as well as many other plants such as apples, cherries, almonds, and strawberries. The plants in this group are characterized by having flowers with multiple stamens and styles. I hope this clarifies any confusion. If you have any medical terms you would like defined, please let me know!

Nepovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Secoviridae, order Picornavirales. They are non-enveloped, icosahedral viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome. Nepoviruses infect a wide range of plants and are transmitted by nematodes or through seed transmission. The name "Nepovirus" is derived from "ne"matode "po"ssessing virus.

These viruses cause various symptoms in plants, including stunting, mosaic patterns on leaves, ringspots, and necrotic spots. Some Nepoviruses can also reduce crop yields significantly. Important species of Nepovirus include Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), and Tomato black ring virus (TBRV).

A plant virus is not defined in medical terms, as viruses are typically considered within the context of living organisms and plants are not classified as such. However, I can provide a general virology definition for you:

Plant viruses are small infectious agents that consist of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat. They infect various plant species, causing a wide range of symptoms and diseases, which can result in significant economic losses in agriculture and horticulture. Plant viruses lack the ability to replicate outside a host cell, and they rely on the host's metabolic machinery for their reproduction. They can be transmitted through various means, such as insect vectors, seeds, or mechanical contact.

Bromovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Bromoviridae, order Picornavirales. These viruses have single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes and are transmitted by insects, primarily aphids. They infect a wide range of plants, causing various symptoms such as mosaic patterns on leaves, stunting, and reduced yield. The genus Bromovirus includes several important plant pathogens, including Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV), and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV).

Potexvirus is a genus of viruses in the family Alphaflexiviridae. These are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that infect a wide range of plants, causing various diseases such as mosaic, necrosis, and stunting. The name "Potexvirus" is derived from the type species potato virus X (PVX). The virions are flexuous rods, non-enveloped, and about 12-13 nm in diameter and 470-580 nm in length. The genome is approximately 6.4 kb in size and encodes five open reading frames (ORFs). The first ORF encodes the replicase protein, while the other four ORFs encode the triple gene block proteins involved in viral movement, a coat protein, and a small cysteine-rich protein of unknown function. Potexviruses are transmitted by mechanical contact or contaminated tools and seeds.

Plant viral movement proteins (MPs) are specialized proteins encoded by plant viruses that play a crucial role in the infection process. These proteins are responsible for the cell-to-cell movement of the virus, allowing it to spread throughout the infected plant. MPs facilitate the transport of viral genetic material from infected cells to neighboring uninfected cells, often through plasmodesmata, which are specialized channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells.

Movement proteins can increase the size exclusion limit (SEL) of plasmodesmata, creating a larger pore through which viral RNA or DNA can pass. They also form complexes with viral nucleic acids and other MPs to create movement protein-viral RNA/DNA complexes that are transported between cells. The precise mechanisms by which MPs function vary among different virus families, but their role in facilitating the spread of plant viruses is well established.

It's important to note that understanding the structure and function of plant viral movement proteins can provide valuable insights into plant-virus interactions and contribute to the development of novel strategies for controlling plant virus diseases.

I apologize for any confusion, but "plants" is not a term that has a medical definition. The term "plants" refers to a large and diverse group of organisms that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, which is the process of converting sunlight into chemical energy. Plants are typically characterized by having cells with cell walls containing cellulose, chloroplasts containing the pigment chlorophyll, and the ability to synthesize their own food through photosynthesis.

In a medical or biological context, you might be thinking of "plant-based" or "phytomedicine," which refer to the use of plants or plant extracts as a form of medicine or treatment. Phytomedicines have been used for thousands of years in many traditional systems of medicine, and some plant-derived compounds have been found to have therapeutic benefits in modern medicine as well. However, "plants" itself does not have a medical definition.

A plant disease is a disorder that affects the normal growth and development of plants, caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or nematodes, as well as environmental factors like nutrient deficiencies, extreme temperatures, or physical damage. These diseases can cause various symptoms, including discoloration, wilting, stunted growth, necrosis, and reduced yield or productivity, which can have significant economic and ecological impacts.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

A capsid is the protein shell that encloses and protects the genetic material of a virus. It is composed of multiple copies of one or more proteins that are arranged in a specific structure, which can vary in shape and symmetry depending on the type of virus. The capsid plays a crucial role in the viral life cycle, including protecting the viral genome from host cell defenses, mediating attachment to and entry into host cells, and assisting with the assembly of new virus particles during replication.

Tobacco is not a medical term, but it refers to the leaves of the plant Nicotiana tabacum that are dried and fermented before being used in a variety of ways. Medically speaking, tobacco is often referred to in the context of its health effects. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "tobacco" can also refer to any product prepared from the leaf of the tobacco plant for smoking, sucking, chewing or snuffing.

Tobacco use is a major risk factor for a number of diseases, including cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung disease, and various other medical conditions. The smoke produced by burning tobacco contains thousands of chemicals, many of which are toxic and can cause serious health problems. Nicotine, one of the primary active constituents in tobacco, is highly addictive and can lead to dependence.

Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants also known as the amaranth family. It includes a wide variety of plants, such as amaranths, beets, spinach, and tumbleweeds. These plants are characterized by their small to minute flowers that are usually arranged in dense spikes or clusters. The leaves can be simple or compound, and the plant can take various forms, including herbs, shrubs, and trees. Some members of this family contain betalains, which are red, yellow, or purple pigments found in the stems, roots, and flowers of certain plants. These pigments have antioxidant properties and are used as food colorings. Many species in Amaranthaceae are important crops for human consumption, providing sources of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

In medical terms, "seeds" are often referred to as a small amount of a substance, such as a radioactive material or drug, that is inserted into a tissue or placed inside a capsule for the purpose of treating a medical condition. This can include procedures like brachytherapy, where seeds containing radioactive materials are used in the treatment of cancer to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Similarly, in some forms of drug delivery, seeds containing medication can be used to gradually release the drug into the body over an extended period of time.

It's important to note that "seeds" have different meanings and applications depending on the medical context. In other cases, "seeds" may simply refer to small particles or structures found in the body, such as those present in the eye's retina.

"Bidens" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, also known as the daisy or composite family. The name "Bidens" comes from the Latin words "bi," meaning two, and "dens," meaning teeth, referring to the characteristic pair of pointed bracts at the base of each flower. These plants are often called "beggar's ticks" or "stickseeds" because the small, barbed seeds cling to fur, feathers, and clothing, aiding in their dispersal.

There is no medical definition for "Bidens" as it does not refer to any medical condition, disease, or treatment. It is purely a taxonomic term used in botany to classify a group of plants with similar characteristics.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.

Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.

areria, Phaseolus sp., Chenopodium quinoa var. quinoa, C. quinoa cf. var. melanospermum, Amaranthus sp.; Pozancón 1: Solanum cf ... Culitivated plants included: Maize (Zea mays), Madi (Madia chilensis), Quinoa (Chenopodium quinua), Sunflower (Helianthus sp. ... Ipomea/Manihot.; Casa del Sol 8: Zea mays.; El Alto 3: Polylepis autralis, Maytenus boaria.; Quebrada del Real 1: Chenopodium ... Lithraea molloides.; C.Pun.39: Prosopis sp., Chenopodium/Amaranthus sp., Zea mays, P. vulgaris, P. lunatis, Cucurbita sp.; Río ...
... (Chenopodium quinoa; /ˈkiːn.wɑː, kiˈnoʊ.ə/, from Quechua kinwa or kinuwa) is a flowering plant in the amaranth family. ... Quinoa size in millimeters Developing black quinoa seed Quinoa seeds Quinoa plant before flowering Quinoa flower Threshing ... The Incas nicknamed quinoa chisiya mama, which in Quechua means "mother of all grains". Chenopodium quinoa is a dicotyledonous ... There are non-cultivated quinoa plants (Chenopodium quinoa var. melanospermum) that grow in the area it is cultivated; these ...
Chenopodium quinoa, quinoa. Phenolics are a chemical compound characterized by the presence of aromatic ring structure bearing ...
Quinoa Chenopodium quinoa 19. Spelt Triticum spelta 20. Teff Eragrostis tef 21. Wild rice Zizania Compared to vegetables, these ...
Greentop, and Chenopodium quinoa. P. vulgaris develops chlorotic rings 4-5 days post inoculation on the primary leaf site, ... Chenopodium quinoa, Cucumis sativus, Glycine max, Gomphrena globosa, Nicotiana clevelandii, Nicotiana glutinosa, Nicotiana ... C. quinoa displays severe tip necrosis 10-12 days post inoculation without systemic infection. Indexing of the disease occurs ... The virus has been transmitted to numerous diagnostically susceptible host species including Beta vulgaris, Chenopodium ...
Risi, J. C.; Galwey, N. W. (1989-04-01). "The pattern of genetic diversity in the Andean grain crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa ... such as Chenopodium quinoa or Chenopodium ambrosioides. This may be due to a recent Western bias against weedy plants, as well ... Wilson, H.; Manhart, J. (1993). "Crop/weed gene flow: Chenopodium quinoa Willd. and C. berlandieri Moq". Theoretical and ... C. berlandieri was a domesticated pseudocereal crop, similar to the closely related quinoa C. quinoa. It continues to be ...
February 2017). "The genome of Chenopodium quinoa". Nature. 542 (7641): 307-312. Bibcode:2017Natur.542..307J. doi:10.1038/ ...
Corn/Maize (Zea†) Quinoa (Chenopodium) Several (though not all) species of amaranth (Amaranthus) Some species of wild rice ( ... "USDA GRIN Taxonomy: Chenopodium quinoa". Retrieved 2 January 2017. "USDA GRIN Taxonomy: Amaranthus cruentus". Retrieved 8 ...
... as well as a Nature paper on the genome of Chenopodium quinoa and research on insecticides, showing low doses of insecticides ... "The genome of Chenopodium quinoa". Nature. 542 (7641): 307-312. Bibcode:2017Natur.542..307J. doi:10.1038/nature21370. hdl:10754 ...
... is a vegetable oil extracted from germ of the Chenopodium quinoa, an Andean cereal and has been cultivated since at ... Quinoa oil has also been used in eczema treatments. Quinoa oil is produced from the cold pressing of the quinoa seed. The yield ... Although, quinoa oil contains more essential fatty acids than corn oil. Quinoa yields an average of 5.8% oil by weight, ... Ogungbenle, H. N. (2003). "Nutritional evaluation and functional properties of quinoa (Chenopodium". International Journal of ...
... and Chenopodium quinoa, or quinoa, due to their ability to survive in the high altitudes of the Andes. Quinoa has grown popular ... "The Worldwide Potential for Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)." Food Reviews International 19.1-2 (2003): 167-177. Popenoe, ... Quinoa, a staple plant of the Incas, was used in various ways. The leaves were often used for stews and soups. Quinoa was also ... Species of the Chenopodium family in the Inca cuisine were Chenopodium pallidicaule, also known as cañihua, ...
This species is known to attack quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). funet.fi v t e (Articles with short description, Short description ...
This species is known to attack quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Meyrick, Edward (1917). "Descriptions of South American Micro- ...
Other susceptible hosts used for diagnosis include Chenopodium quinoa Willd., sunflower (Helianthus annus), and Momordica ...
Ruales, J; Nair, BM (1992). "Nutritional quality of the protein in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Willd) seeds". Plant Foods for ... "Quinoa, cooked - Protein Quality". Retrieved 2022-11-24. Ruales, J; de Grijalva, Y; Lopez-Jaramillo, P; Nair, BM (2002). "The ... "Food Composition Databases Show Foods -- Food Composition Databases Show Foods -- Full Report (All Nutrients): 20035, Quinoa, ... nutritional quality of an infant food from quinoa and its effect on the plasma level of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in ...
"Nutritional quality of the protein in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Willd) seeds." Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1992 Jan;42(1):1-11.[1 ... 84 Quinoa: 83 Rice: 83 Defatted soy flour: 81 Fish: 76 Beef: 92 Immature bean: 65 Full-fat soy flour: 64 Soybean curd (tofu): ...
N. benthamiana, N. rustica, N. tabacum), Chenopodium quinoa, and Datura stramonium. The virus has been shown to primarily ...
Could deficit irrigation be a sustainable practice for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in the Southern Bolivian Altiplano? ... Introducing deficit irrigation to stabilize yields of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd. '). Eur. J. Agron. 28, 427-436. Spreer ... Chenopodium quinoa Willd. ) in response to drought stress. Field Crop. Res. 108, 150-156. Hsiao, T.C., (1973). Plant Responses ... Geerts, S., Raes, D., Garcia, M., Mendoza, J., Huanca, R., (2008). Indicators to quantify the flexible phenology of quinoa ( ...
... belongs to the same genus as quinoa or Chenopodium album. Many species of this genus have a long history ... "Heritabilities of morphological and quality traits and interrelationships with yield in quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) ... The commercial cultivation of Chenopodium giganteum is nearly inexistent. But because of its stable and high yield Chenopodium ... Chenopodium giganteum, also known as tree spinach, is an annual, upright many-branched shrub with a stem diameter of up to 5 cm ...
... grasses and herbs such as Chenopodium petiolare and grain quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Growth and yield of these plants are ...
Amaranthaceae), Quina (Chenopodium quinoa - Chenopodiaceae) Important source of human food - next to the cereals. The term ...
They were agrarian people who grew corn (Zea mays), beans, squash, and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Towards the 15th century, ...
Like quinoa, another plant in the genus Chenopodium, huauzontle contains saponins, albeit in lesser quantities. While saponins ... Chenopodium nuttalliae is a species of edible plant native to Mexico. It is known by the common names huauzontle (literally " ... "Chenopodium berlandieri - ficha informativa". www.conabio.gob.mx. Retrieved 2022-10-10. Redwood City Seed Company Catalog of ... It is related to other commonly-consumed plants such as quinoa, amaranth, and epazote, as well as the common American weeds ...
Vacher, J. J. (1998). "Responses of two main Andean crops, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) and papa amarga (Solanum ... Only hearty crops like tubers and grains such as quinoa can grow in this area, and even then they are not extremely successful ...
Chenopodium amaranticolor, Chenopodium capitatum, Chenopodium quinoa, Gomphrena globosa, Tetragonia tetragonioides. Families ... AV-1 does cause local necrotic lesions in mechanically inoculated Chenopodium quinoa leaves and systemic mottle in Nicotiana ... Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Tetragonia tetragonioides. The virus can be best detected in leaves, stems, roots, and ... rapa Capsicum frutescens Celosia cristata Chenopodium murale Cucumis sativus Cucurbita pepo Datura stramonium Daucus carota ...
Methanolic extract of S. ulvoidea has been shown to inhibit Potato virus X (PXV) on lesions of Chenopodium quinoa. Postels, A ...
It is also one of three primary triterpenoids extracted from the Chenopodium quinoa plant categorized by the EPA as a ... Saponins of Chenopodium quinoa. Zhou, D; Jin, H; Lin, HB; Yang, XM; Cheng, YF; Deng, FJ; Xu, JP (2010). "Antidepressant effect ...
The indigenous Andean food crops, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus) and cañihua have high nutritional ... similar in character and uses to the closely related quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Cañihua is native to the Andean region, with ... "Nutrition facts and functional potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.), an ancient Andean grain: A review". Journal of ... Andean Grains and Legumes Chenopodium pallidicaule on Plants for a Future database Canihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule) at Crops ...
The seeds of Amaranthus, lamb's quarters (Chenopodium berlandieri), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and kañiwa (Chenopodium ...
Food species comprise Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Good King Henry (Blitum bonus-henricus), several Chenopodium species (Quinoa ... Chenopodium bonus-henricus) Blitum virgatum - leafy goosefoot (Syn. Chenopodium foliosum) Tribus Atripliceae C. A. Mey. (Syn. ... Chenopodium glaucum L.) Oxybasis rubra (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch - Red Goosefoot (Syn. Chenopodium rubrum L.) ... Chenopodium murale L.) Chenopodiastrum simplex (Torrey) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch - Maple-leaf goosefoot (Syn.: Chenopodium ...
Chenopodium quinoa (PIER info) PIER home Comments? Questions? Send e-mail to: [email protected] This page was created on 30 SEP ... Chenopodium quinoa: common name details from PIER Common name - Language - Location. Language - Location - Common name. ... white quinoa English ? National Research Council (U.S.) (1989) [ top ] Language/Location/Common name. Language Location Common ...
P. De Bock et al., "Yield and nutritional characterization of thirteen quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) varieties grown in ... Yield and nutritional characterization of thirteen quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) varieties grown in North-West Europe, ... "Yield and Nutritional Characterization of Thirteen Quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa Willd.) Varieties Grown in North-West Europe, ... "Yield and Nutritional Characterization of Thirteen Quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa Willd.) Varieties Grown in North-West Europe, ...
... view. Agrotis experta eats. Chenopodium quinoa view. Herpetogramma bipunctalis eats. Chenopodium quinoa view ... Chenopodium quinoa view. Scrobipalpa atriplicella eats. Chenopodium quinoa view. Eurysacca melanocampta eats. Chenopodium ...
Quinoa is a nutritious, high-protein pseudocereal that can thrive in extreme conditions, making it a valuable crop for ... Abstract Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is a pseudocereal that has been cultivated in the Andean region for thousands of years. It ... Quinoa grain is highly nutritious due to its outstanding protein quality and wide range of minerals and vitamins. The grain ... Quinoa is a nutritious, high-protein pseudocereal that can thrive in extreme conditions, making it a valuable crop for ...
Quinoa is protein-packed, drought tolerant, and highly adaptable to a wide variety of climates and elevations. Certified ... Blanca Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) 95 days. Known as the Mother Grain, Quinoa is protein-packed, drought tolerant, and highly ...
Chenopodium quinoa var. orbicans Murr Magyar Bot. Lapok 3: 39 (1904). * Chenopodium quinoa f. purpureum Aellen Repert. Spec. ... Chenopodium quinoa var. lutescens Hunz. Revista Argent. Agron. 10: 316 (1943). * Chenopodium quinoa var. melanospermum Hunz. ... quinoa Med. Pl. Argentine Flora (Barboza et al., 2009) Chenopodium quinoa Willdenow Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, ... quinoa (Willd.) Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 267 (1898). * Chenopodium album subsp. quinoa (Willd.) Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: ...
... and genome-wide analysis of the bZIP family is lacking in quinoa. We identified 94 bZIPs in quinoa (named as CqbZIP1-CqbZIP94 ... quinoa) is a pseudocereal crop of the Amaranthaceae family and represents a promising species with the nutritional content and ... So far, the genomes of quinoa and 3 other Amaranthaceae crops (Spinacia oleracea, Beta vulgaris, and Amaranthus hypochondriacus ... and expression profile of the bZIP family in quinoa. Our results would lay an important foundation for functional and ...
Yield parameters such as aboveground biomass, seed yield and harvest index suggested a good adaptation of quinoa cv. Titicaca ... However, salinity stress alone did not interfere with grain and biomass yield significantly; therefore, quinoa may be defined ... Chenopodium quinoaWilld. cv. Titicaca) to irrigation with saline and fresh water under Mediterranean climate from 2010 to 2012 ... Field experiments were set up in order to evaluate the yield response of quinoa ( ...
areria, Phaseolus sp., Chenopodium quinoa var. quinoa, C. quinoa cf. var. melanospermum, Amaranthus sp.; Pozancón 1: Solanum cf ... Culitivated plants included: Maize (Zea mays), Madi (Madia chilensis), Quinoa (Chenopodium quinua), Sunflower (Helianthus sp. ... Ipomea/Manihot.; Casa del Sol 8: Zea mays.; El Alto 3: Polylepis autralis, Maytenus boaria.; Quebrada del Real 1: Chenopodium ... Lithraea molloides.; C.Pun.39: Prosopis sp., Chenopodium/Amaranthus sp., Zea mays, P. vulgaris, P. lunatis, Cucurbita sp.; Río ...
Two major polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 56 and 62 kDa were present in quinoa starch and were identified as ... An integrated process was developed for the fractionation of quinoa into starch, protein, oil and saponins. Seed was first ... The wide variation in amylose content and physicochemical characteristics among quinoa starches suggests applications in a ... Starches isolated from sixteen quinoa lines ranged in amylose content from 3 to 20%. With the exception of pasting temperature ...
One of the plants of interest in this regard is quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd., a pseudo-grain culture from the ... Grain quinoa has a high nutritional value and a unique chemical composition: it has a high protein content (up to 20%), which ... The adaptive potential of quinoa allows it to be cultivated in a wide range of agricultural-ecological conditions. It should be ... noted that quinoa is resistant to abiotic stresses, which is important, taking into account global climate changes, the ...
Dive into the research topics of Characterization of Epidermal Bladder Cells in Chenopodium quinoa. Together they form a ... Characterization of Epidermal Bladder Cells in Chenopodium quinoa. Sophie L. Otterbach, Holly Khoury, Thusitha Rupasinghe, ...
Decrease Quantity of Chenopodium quinoa - Brilliant Rainbow Quinoa Increase Quantity of Chenopodium quinoa - Brilliant Rainbow ... Chenopodium quinoa) 250 seeds per pack. A vibrant, multi-colored quinoa with blooms in red, burgundy, orange, yellow, cream and ... green! A 4-6ft tall annual, quinoa is popular both as an ornamental and for culinary uses. Seeds can be used as a grain. #1590 ...
Return to Article Details The effect of deficit irrigation and fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative yield of quinoa ( ... Chenopodium quinoa) Download Download PDF ...
Chenopodium quinoa. Increase in total polyphenol and flavonoid contents.. [143]. Cynara cardunculus. Increase in contents of ... Aloisi, I.; Parrotta, L.; Ruiz, K.B.; Landi, C.; Bini, L.; Cai, G.; Biondi, S.; Del Duca, S. New Insight into Quinoa Seed ...
Chenopodium giganteum is a ANNUAL growing to 2.4 m (7ft 10in). See above for USDA hardiness. It is hardy to UK zone 5. It ... Chenopodium quinoa. Quinoa, Goosefoot, Pigweed, Inca Wheat. Annual. 1.5. 10-12 F. LMH. N. M. 5. 0. 2. ... Chenopodium hybridum. Annual. 1.5. - LMH. N. M. 2. 1. 1. Chenopodium incanum. Mealy Goosefoot. Annual. 0.5. - LMH. N. M. 2. 0. ... Chenopodium acuminatum. Annual. 0.6. - LMH. N. M. 2. 0. 1. Chenopodium album. Fat Hen, Lambsquarters. Annual. 0.9. 0-0 LMH. N. ...
Chenopodium quinoa)and rapeseed (Brassica napus) plants growing on altiplano, Bolivia photo photograph ... Mixed field of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)and rapeseed (Brassica napus) plants growing on altiplano, Bolivia. ...
Return to Article Details Antioxidant capacity and proximal analysis of Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal and Chenopodium quinoa ...
Preserving local knowledge on Chenopodium Quinoa Willd. in the Andes in the context of market globalization. Authors (enter ... Preserving local knowledge on Chenopodium Quinoa Willd. in the Andes in the context of market globalization. Archaeology and ...
Chenopodium quinoa, a new host for Alternaria section Alternata and Alternaria section Infectoriae causing yellow leaf blotch ... A Review of Chenopodium quinoa (Willd.) Diseases - An Updated Perspective. Colque-Little, Carla, Amby, Daniel Buchvaldt & ... Andreasen, Christian, 2023, Worldwide Evaluations of Quinoa - Biodiversity and Food Security under Climate Change Pressures. ...
Chenopodium quinoa,/i, (RQ and WQ, respectively). Four-day sprouts and leaves dried at 30, 45, and 60°C were tested. All ... Leaves of both quinoa contained thermostable compounds able to scavenge hydroxyl radicals. Reducing power and ability to ... Germination and subsequent oven-drying at 30°C of quinoa seeds significantly increased the antioxidant properties compared ... scavenge OH radicals were correlated with all components of quinoa sprouts which suggest synergism between them and does not ...
Chenopodium canihua is a ANNUAL. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and is pollinated by Wind. ... Chenopodium quinoa. Quinoa, Goosefoot, Pigweed, Inca Wheat. Annual. 1.5. 10-12 F. LMH. N. M. 5. 0. 2. ... Chenopodium hybridum. Annual. 1.5. - LMH. N. M. 2. 1. 1. Chenopodium incanum. Mealy Goosefoot. Annual. 0.5. - LMH. N. M. 2. 0. ... Chenopodium acuminatum. Annual. 0.6. - LMH. N. M. 2. 0. 1. Chenopodium album. Fat Hen, Lambsquarters. Annual. 0.9. 0-0 LMH. N. ...
Natural Frsh Herbal Herbals Herb Herbs for Garden Planting Cooking Seasoning Spice Spices Chenopodium Quinoa Qeinoa Qeinwa ... Dried Quinoa Whole Seed Seeds (17.64 oz / 500 gm) ... Quinoa Is Actually a Seed And Not a Grain . Yet It Cooks And ... Dried Quinoa Whole Seed Seeds Natural Herbal Herbals Herb Herbs Cooking Seasoning Spice Spices Chenopodium Quinoa Qeinoa Qeinwa ... Dried Quinoa Whole Seed Seeds Natural Herbal Herbals Herb Herbs Cooking Seasoning Spice Spices Chenopodium Quinoa Qeinoa Qeinwa ...
Chenopodium quinoa,/i,) Consumption Improve Blood Glucose, Body Weight and Does Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Consumption Improve ... Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) has a structure similar to whole grains and contains phytochemicals and dietary fiber. Hence, it is ... The present analysis revealed the beneficial effects of quinoa on the blood glucose level. Further studies on quinoa are needed ... In comparison between quinoa seed supplementation and placebo, our findings showed that quinoa seed supplementation did not ...
Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a grain crop grown in the Andes renowned as a highly nutritious plant exhibiting tolerance to ... 2016). Chenopodium quinoa like Beta vulgaris, Chenopodium rubrum and Spinacia oleracea belongs to the Amaranthaceae family (Fig ... We then identified genes which are potentially Chenopodium-specific, i.e. genes found in Chenopodium species (C. quinoa, C. ... Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a grain crop grown in the Andes renowned as a highly nutritious plant exhibiting ...
Quinoa Variety [a0 Yellow Quinoa (INIAP TUNKAHUAN) and a1 White Quinoa (INIAP PATA DE VENADO)], Factor B = Germination time (b0 ... Determinación de la capacidad fenólica en quinua (chenopodium quinoa) germinada de dos variedades: amarilla (iniap tunkahuan) y ... Determinación de la capacidad fenólica en quinua (chenopodium quinoa) germinada de dos variedades: amarilla (iniap tunkahuan) y ... Rodríguez Sampedro Martha Alexandra (2022) "Determinación de la capacidad fenólica en quinua (chenopodium quinoa) germinada de ...
vulgaris, beet, Swiss chard; Spinacia oleracea L., spinach; Chenopodium quinoa Willd., quinoa); and some worldwide, naturalized ...
PPV can be detected in herbaceous indicator hosts by mechanical inoculation to such diagnostic hosts as Chenopodium foetidum ...
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Bezeichnungen: Quinoa. Familie: Chenopodiaceae -- G nsefu gew chse. Zur Verwendung von Quinoa ... Abb.: Anbaugebiete von Quinoa und Ka ahua [Kartenvorlage: Mu oz Reyes, Jorge ,1904 - 1984,: Geogr fia escolar de Bolivia. -- 3 ...
  • Yield and nutritional characterization of thirteen quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd. (ugent.be)
  • Abstract Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (consensus.app)
  • Field experiments were set up in order to evaluate the yield response of quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (echocommunity.org)
  • Crop development peculiarities among quinoa foreign varieties (Chenopodium quinoa willd. (ac.ir)
  • One of the plants of interest in this regard is quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (ac.ir)
  • Hernández-Ledesma, B 2019, Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (ac.ir)
  • Jacobsen, SE 2003, The worldwide potential for quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (ac.ir)
  • James, LEA 2009, Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (ac.ir)
  • 2020, Studies on growth parameters in quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (ac.ir)
  • 2019, Chemical and nutritional characterization of Chenopodium quinoa Willd (quinoa) grains: A good alternative to nutritious food. (ac.ir)
  • Sezgin, AC & , Sanlier, N 2019, A new generation plant for the conventional cuisine: Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (ac.ir)
  • Vilcacundo, R & Hernández-Ledesma, B 2017, Nutritional and biological value of quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (ac.ir)
  • Studies on the characterization, biosynthesis and isolation of starch and protein from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (usask.ca)
  • Ionic and osmotic relations in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (ku.dk)
  • GCN Quinoa : Preserving local knowledge on Chenopodium Quinoa Willd. (gcn-quinoa.org)
  • A Review of Chenopodium quinoa (Willd. (ku.dk)
  • Agro-morphological, yield and quality traits and interrelationship with yield stability in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd. (unirc.it)
  • Physicochemical characterization of thirteen quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd. (ugent.be)
  • Background: Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (researchsquare.com)
  • Seed heteromorphism and germination in chenopodium quinoa willd. (biosaline.org)
  • 2017, Chemical characterization, antioxidant, immune-regulating and anticancer activities of a novel bioactive polysaccharide from Chenopodium quinoa seeds. (ac.ir)
  • Chenopodium quinoa) 250 seeds per pack. (tradewindsfruit.com)
  • Germination and subsequent oven-drying at 30°C of quinoa seeds significantly increased the antioxidant properties compared with raw seeds. (hindawi.com)
  • The nutritional value of quinoa seeds is in particular related to the high protein content (with all essential amino acids), unsaturated fatty acids, and fiber, although the content of vitamins, minerals, and other phytochemicals and the gluten-free nature of these products should also be mentioned [ 2 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The main uses of quinoa seeds are similar to rice, for cooking or baking [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Most of the recent researches are focused mainly on the studies of nutritional and prohealth properties of quinoa seeds [ 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • quinoa) is a pseudocereal crop of the Amaranthaceae family and represents a promising species with the nutritional content and high tolerance to stressful environments, such as soils affected by high salinity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • So far, the genomes of quinoa and 3 other Amaranthaceae crops ( Spinacia oleracea , Beta vulgaris , and Amaranthus hypochondriacus ) have been fully sequenced. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, information about the bZIPs in these Amaranthaceae species is limited, and genome-wide analysis of the bZIP family is lacking in quinoa. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, we identified the bZIP members in 3 other Amaranthaceae species, and 41, 32, and 16 orthologous gene pairs were identified between quinoa and S. oleracea , B. vulgaris , and A. hypochondriacus , respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2017, Characterization of betalains, saponins and antioxidant power in differently colored quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa ) varieties. (ac.ir)
  • The purpose of this research work is to determine the phenolic capacity of germinated quinoa, for which it seeks to find the best treatment between the variety and the germination time of quinoa to apply it in future studies. (uteq.edu.ec)
  • Two varieties of quinoa were studied: white and yellow at three germination times: 100 H, 72 H and 48 H. It was found that the best variety of quinoa was yellow at a germination time of 100 hours. (uteq.edu.ec)
  • To identify the phenolic capacity of the two Quinoa varieties, an A*B factorial design was used where: Factor A= Quinoa Variety [a0 Yellow Quinoa (INIAP TUNKAHUAN) and a1 White Quinoa (INIAP PATA DE VENADO)], Factor B = Germination time (b0 = 100 H, b1 = 72 H and b2= 48 H), which allowed comparing the treatments between the variety of yellow Quinoa and germinated white Quinoa obtained through three germination times. (uteq.edu.ec)
  • Quinoa has a distinct germination process-the germs sprout when cooked. (lomejordelagastronomia.com)
  • To investigate the salinitytolerance mechanisms, five contrasting quinoa cultivars belonging to highland ecotype were compared for their seed germination (under 0, 100 and 400 mM NaCl) and seedling's responses under five salinity levels (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mM NaCl). (researchsquare.com)
  • 2016, Worldwide evaluations of quinoa: Preliminary results from post international year of quinoa FAO projects in nine countries. (ac.ir)
  • Quinoa is a nutritious, high-protein pseudocereal that can thrive in extreme conditions, making it a valuable crop for diversifying future agricultural systems in high-altitude areas. (consensus.app)
  • therefore, quinoa may be defined as a crop tolerant to salinity. (echocommunity.org)
  • As a mountain farmer from way back, quinoa has always been a natural crop for my home ground. (caribbeangardenseed.com)
  • Quinoa is a mountain peoples' crop, particularly suited to marginal soils, cool nights, and dry conditions. (caribbeangardenseed.com)
  • Kukharenkova, OV 2018, Productivity of a new cereal crop for Russia - quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa ) in the agro-climatic conditions of the Moscow region. (ac.ir)
  • It will serve as valuable resource for plant biologists, crop physiologists and breeders to facilitate further research and establishment of modern breeding programs for quinoa. (springer.com)
  • 2003 ). In 2017, the first chromosome-scale reference genome sequence of quinoa was published, and it has provided the much-needed resource for plant biologists to design molecular breeding and crop improvement programs for quinoa (Jarvis et al. (springer.com)
  • This knowledge in turn will aid development of breeding and crop improvement programs for expanding quinoa cultivation in other parts of the world. (springer.com)
  • Its ability to grow and survive in harsh conditions makes quinoa an ideal food crop choice for ensuring future food security in changing climatic conditions. (springer.com)
  • however, quinoa has gained worldwide attention due to its nutritional value and functional properties [ 1 ], as well as its ability to grow in a wide range of climates, showing a good potential as a grain crop even in new areas outside of its native region [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • I have successfully introduced Chenopodium quinoa, a climate proof grain crop, linola, improved linseed and Camolina sativa, a potential drought tolerant oilseed. (edu.pk)
  • Results: Substantial variations were found in plant size (biomass) and overall salinity tolerance (plant biomass in salt treatment as % of control) among the different quinoa cultivars. (researchsquare.com)
  • Conclusion: Our results establish indicate ed that leaf osmoregulation, K + retention, Na + exclusion, and ion homeostasis are the main physiological mechanisms conferring salinity tolerance of these cultivars, rather than the regulations of leaf antioxidative ability.As an index of salinity tolerance, K + /Na + ratio in leaves or roots can be used for the selective breeding of highland quinoa cultivars. (researchsquare.com)
  • The wide variation in amylose content and physicochemical characteristics among quinoa starches suggests applications in a variety of food and non-food products. (usask.ca)
  • The objective of this study is to evaluate the agronomic performance of 13 quinoa varieties under North-West European field conditions during three growing seasons (2017-2019). (ugent.be)
  • However, optimal yield and quality traits were not combined in one variety, illustrating the importance of breeding for adapted quinoa varieties. (ugent.be)
  • Quinoa starch having small grains and high viscosity, can be exploited for various industrial applications. (consensus.app)
  • Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa ) has a structure similar to whole grains and contains phytochemicals and dietary fiber . (bvsalud.org)
  • Yield parameters such as aboveground biomass, seed yield and harvest index suggested a good adaptation of quinoa cv. (echocommunity.org)
  • The present research highlights the need to preserve quinoa biodiversity for a better seedling establishment, survival and stable yield in the sandy desertic UAE environment. (unirc.it)
  • The cultivation of quinoa has gained increasing interest in Europe. (ugent.be)
  • The genome sequence of quinoa serves as an entry point for deciphering the complex molecular pathways that contribute to floral evocation. (springer.com)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of drying temperature on the phenolic acids profile and antioxidant activity of sprouts and leaves red and white Chenopodium quinoa (RQ and WQ, respectively). (hindawi.com)
  • Reducing power and ability to scavenge OH radicals were correlated with all components of quinoa sprouts which suggest synergism between them and does not indicate the key role of a particular compound in creating antioxidant capacity. (hindawi.com)
  • studied the antioxidant and anticancer potential of Chenopodium quinoa leaves' phenolic compounds that has been demonstrated. (hindawi.com)
  • 2020, Quinoa abiotic stress responses: A review. (ac.ir)
  • Culitivated plants included: Maize (Zea mays), Madi (Madia chilensis), Quinoa (Chenopodium quinua), Sunflower (Helianthus sp. (wikipedia.org)
  • El presente trabajo de investigación tiene por objeto determinar la capacidad fenólica de la quinua germinada, para ello busca encontrar el mejor tratamiento entre la variedad y el tiempo de germinación de la quinua para aplicarla en futuros estudios. (uteq.edu.ec)
  • Se estudió dos variedades de quinua: blanca y amarilla en tres tiempos de germinación: 100 H, 72 H y 48 H. Se encontró que la mejor variedad de quinua fue la amarilla en un tiempo de germinación de 100 horas. (uteq.edu.ec)
  • Chenopodium giganteum - D.Don. (pfaf.org)
  • Chenopodium giganteum is a ANNUAL growing to 2.4 m (7ft 10in). (pfaf.org)
  • It should be noted that quinoa is resistant to abiotic stresses, which is important, taking into account global climate changes, the manifestations of which negatively affect the productivity of traditional agricultural crops. (ac.ir)
  • Repo-Carrasco, R, Espinoza, C & Jacobsen, SE 2003, Nutritional value and use of the Andean crops quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa ) and kañiwa ( Chenopodium pallidicaule ), Food reviews international. (ac.ir)
  • Quinoa grain is highly nutritious due to its outstanding protein quality and wide range of minerals and vitamins. (consensus.app)
  • Two major polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 56 and 62 kDa were present in quinoa starch and were identified as isoforms of Granule Bound Starch Synthase I (GBSSI). (usask.ca)
  • An integrated process was developed for the fractionation of quinoa into starch, protein, oil and saponins. (usask.ca)
  • 2016 ). Whether quinoa is a short-day or day-neutral plant is still under debate (Curti et al. (springer.com)
  • 2014 ). Its unique tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought, severe cold and high salinity allows quinoa to be grown even in the most adverse conditions (Hariadi et al. (springer.com)
  • There are some examples of using quinoa leaves or sprouts as functional food, but such research is not enough. (hindawi.com)
  • The sprouts of quinoa have also attracted scientists interest in recent years due to their composition and prohealth properties [ 1 , 4 , 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We cannot say exactly why, but we believe this relates to some critical threshold temperature for pollen tube development, a phenomenon well understood in growing seed of spinach, a relative of quinoa. (caribbeangardenseed.com)
  • Some authors suggest that quinoa leaves have been eaten similarly to spinach or as salads components [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Chenopodium purpurascens B.Juss. (kew.org)
  • Our analysis indicated that on average each Arabidopsis flowering gene has two orthologous copies in quinoa. (springer.com)
  • Although, the studies of quinoa floral morphology and the effects of heat and light on its flowering have been undertaken, the understanding of the underlying genetic framework is lacking (Bertero et al. (springer.com)
  • This stimulated the growth of edible plants such as amaranth and chenopodium, wild relatives of quinoa. (archaeology.org)
  • Known as the Mother Grain, Quinoa is protein-packed, drought tolerant, and highly adaptable to a wide variety of climates and elevations. (farmdirectseed.com)
  • Grain quinoa has a high nutritional value and a unique chemical composition: it has a high protein content (up to 20%), which contains the most important amino acids. (ac.ir)
  • However, some plant-based foods, such as quinoa and buckwheat, are complete sources of protein. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • We also identified 459 quinoa-specific genes uniquely expressed in the flower and/or meristem, with no known orthologues in other species. (springer.com)
  • The genes identified provide a resource and framework for further studies of flowering in quinoa and related species. (springer.com)
  • Red quinoa has a nuttier flavor and slightly chewier and heartier texture than White Quinoa. (sfherb.com)
  • For both methods, the optimal plant growth and biomass was achieved between 100 mM and 200 mM NaCl, suggesting that quinoa possess a very efficient system to adjust osmotically for abrupt increases in NaCl stress. (ku.dk)
  • Conservation of the genes belonging to the photoperiod, gibberellin and autonomous pathways was observed, while orthologues of the key genes found in the vernalisation pathway (FRI, FLC) were absent from the quinoa genome. (springer.com)
  • Several genes including orthologues of MIF1, FT and TSF were identified as homologue-rich genes in quinoa. (springer.com)
  • However, current knowledge of the molecular basis of quinoa flowering is limited and the details of flowering genes and associated pathways in quinoa remain elusive (Jarvis et al. (springer.com)
  • Quinoa is a gluten-free edible seed related to amaranth. (sfherb.com)
  • Among them, most were a single copy being present in S. oleracea , B. vulgaris , and A. hypochondriacus , and two copies being present in allotetraploid quinoa. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The use of quinoa as a source of bioactive compounds can be included as such trends in the research. (hindawi.com)
  • Our previous research has also indicated using quinoa leaves as source of bioactive compounds in fortified food-like bread [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The present analysis revealed the beneficial effects of quinoa on the blood glucose level. (bvsalud.org)