Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).
Surgical removal of the GALLBLADDER.
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.
A storage reservoir for BILE secretion. Gallbladder allows the delivery of bile acids at a high concentration and in a controlled manner, via the CYSTIC DUCT to the DUODENUM, for degradation of dietary lipid.
Radiography of the gallbladder after ingestion of a contrast medium.
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.
Excision of the gallbladder through an abdominal incision using a laparoscope.
Diseases of the GALLBLADDER. They generally involve the impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, neoplasms, or other diseases.
An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the GALLBLADDER.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT.
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.
The duct that is connected to the GALLBLADDER and allows the emptying of bile into the COMMON BILE DUCT.
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of dust that contains both CARBON and crystalline SILICON DIOXIDE. These foreign matters induce fibrous nodule formation in the lung.
An imaging test of the BILIARY TRACT in which a contrast dye (RADIOPAQUE MEDIA) is injected into the BILE DUCT and x-ray pictures are taken.
The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few - MORPHINE; CODEINE; and PAPAVERINE - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic.
Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.
A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING for the clinical evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in humans.
A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.
A congenital abnormality in which organs in the THORAX and the ABDOMEN are opposite to their normal positions (situs solitus) due to lateral transposition. Normally the STOMACH and SPLEEN are on the left, LIVER on the right, the three-lobed right lung is on the right, and the two-lobed left lung on the left. Situs inversus has a familial pattern and has been associated with a number of genes related to microtubule-associated proteins.
A benign familial disorder, transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. It is characterized by low-grade chronic hyperbilirubinemia with considerable daily fluctuations of the bilirubin level.
Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.
Particular categories of body build, determined on the basis of certain physical characteristics. The three basic body types are ectomorph (thin physique), endomorph (rounded physique), and mesomorph (athletic physique).
Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.
The BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
Created as a republic in 1918 by Czechs and Slovaks from territories formerly part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The country split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia 1 January 1993.
Non-invasive diagnostic technique for visualizing the PANCREATIC DUCTS and BILE DUCTS without the use of injected CONTRAST MEDIA or x-ray. MRI scans provide excellent sensitivity for duct dilatation, biliary stricture, and intraductal abnormalities.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.
The largest bile duct. It is formed by the junction of the CYSTIC DUCT and the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT.
Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.
An abnormal anatomical passage between the INTESTINE, and another segment of the intestine or other organs. External intestinal fistula is connected to the SKIN (enterocutaneous fistula). Internal intestinal fistula can be connected to a number of organs, such as STOMACH (gastrocolic fistula), the BILIARY TRACT (cholecystoduodenal fistula), or the URINARY BLADDER of the URINARY TRACT (colovesical fistula). Risk factors include inflammatory processes, cancer, radiation treatment, and surgical misadventures (MEDICAL ERRORS).
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17.
An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
Impairment of bile flow in the large BILE DUCTS by mechanical obstruction or stricture due to benign or malignant processes.
The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.
Created 1 January 1993 as a result of the division of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).
Incision of Oddi's sphincter or Vater's ampulla performed by inserting a sphincterotome through an endoscope (DUODENOSCOPE) often following retrograde cholangiography (CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY, ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE). Endoscopic treatment by sphincterotomy is the preferred method of treatment for patients with retained or recurrent bile duct stones post-cholecystectomy, and for poor-surgical-risk patients that have the gallbladder still present.
The channels that collect and transport the bile secretion from the BILE CANALICULI, the smallest branch of the BILIARY TRACT in the LIVER, through the bile ductules, the bile ducts out the liver, and to the GALLBLADDER for storage.
Inbred AKR mice are a strain of laboratory mice that are homozygous at all gene loci and have a high incidence of developing certain diseases, such as leukemia and autoimmune disorders, making them useful for research purposes in biomedicine.
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.
A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that has been isolated from the intestinal tract of mammals, including humans. It has been associated with PEPTIC ULCER.
A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.
Surgical formation of an opening into the trachea through the neck, or the opening so created.

Gallstones: an intestinal disease? (1/1118)

Current evidence suggests that impaired intestinal motility may facilitate gallstone formation by influencing biliary deoxycholate levels or by modulating interdigestive gall bladder motility (fig 2), although a primary intestinal defect in gallstone pathogenesis has not yet been demonstrated. In the cold war period, most interesting events, from a political point of view, occurred at the border between capitalist and communist systems, near the iron curtain. Similarly, the gall bladder and biliary tract can be viewed as the border between liver and intestinal tract, where many interesting things occur with profound impact on both systems. Combined efforts by researchers in the field of hepatology and gastrointestinal motility should brake down the Berlin wall of ignorance of one of the most common diseases in the Western world.  (+info)

Gallstones, cholecystectomy and risk of cancers of the liver, biliary tract and pancreas. (2/1118)

To examine the association between gallstones and cholecystectomy, we conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study in Denmark. Patients with a discharge diagnosis of gallstones from 1977 to 1989 were identified from the Danish National Registry of Patients and followed up for cancer occurrence until death or the end of 1993 by record linkage to the Danish Cancer Registry. Included in the cohort were 60 176 patients, with 471 450 person-years of follow-up. Cancer risks were estimated by standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) stratified by years of follow-up and by cholecystectomy status. Among patients without cholecystectomy, the risks at 5 or more years of follow-up were significantly elevated for cancers of liver (SIR = 2.0, CI = 1.2-3.1) and gallbladder (SIR = 2.7, CI = 1.5-4.4) and near unity for cancers of extrahepatic bile duct (SIR = 1.1), ampulla of Vater (SIR = 1.0) and pancreas (SIR = 1.1). The excess risk of liver cancer was seen only among patients with a history of hepatic disease. Among cholecystectomy patients, the risks at 5 or more years of follow-up declined for cancers of liver (SIR = 1.1) and extrahepatic bile duct (SIR = 0.7), but were elevated for cancers of ampulla of Vater (SIR = 2.0, CI = 1.0-3.7) and pancreas (SIR = 1.3, CI = 1.1-1.6). These findings confirm that gallstone disease increases the risk of gallbladder cancer, whereas cholecystectomy appears to increase the risk of cancers of ampulla of Vater and pancreas. Further research is needed to clarify the carcinogenic risks associated with gallstones and cholecystectomy and to define the mechanisms involved.  (+info)

Double gallbladder originating from left hepatic duct: a case report and review of literature. (3/1118)

BACKGROUND: Double gallbladder is a rare anomaly of the biliary tract. Double gallbladder arising from the left hepatic duct was previously reported only once in the literature. CASE REPORT: A case of symptomatic cholelithiasis in a double gallbladder, diagnosed on preoperative ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) is reported. At laparoscopic cholangiography via the accessory gallbladder no accessory cystic duct was visualized. After conversion to open cholecystectomy, the duplicated gallbladder was found to arise directly from the left hepatic duct; it was resected and the duct repaired. CONCLUSIONS: We emphasize that a careful intraoperative cholangiographic evaluation of the accessory gallbladder is mandatory in order to prevent inadvertent injury to bile ducts, since a large variety of ductal abnormality may exist.  (+info)

Cryoelectron microscopy of a nucleating model bile in vitreous ice: formation of primordial vesicles. (4/1118)

Because gallstones form so frequently in human bile, pathophysiologically relevant supersaturated model biles are commonly employed to study cholesterol crystal formation. We used cryo-transmission electron microscopy, complemented by polarizing light microscopy, to investigate early stages of cholesterol nucleation in model bile. In the system studied, the proposed microscopic sequence involves the evolution of small unilamellar to multilamellar vesicles to lamellar liquid crystals and finally to cholesterol crystals. Small aliquots of a concentrated (total lipid concentration = 29.2 g/dl) model bile containing 8.5% cholesterol, 22.9% egg yolk lecithin, and 68.6% taurocholate (all mole %) were vitrified at 2 min to 20 days after fourfold dilution to induce supersaturation. Mixed micelles together with a category of vesicles denoted primordial, small unilamellar vesicles of two distinct morphologies (sphere/ellipsoid and cylinder/arachoid), large unilamellar vesicles, multilamellar vesicles, and cholesterol monohydrate crystals were imaged. No evidence of aggregation/fusion of small unilamellar vesicles to form multilamellar vesicles was detected. Low numbers of multilamellar vesicles were present, some of which were sufficiently large to be identified as liquid crystals by polarizing light microscopy. Dimensions, surface areas, and volumes of spherical/ellipsoidal and cylindrical/arachoidal vesicles were quantified. Early stages in the separation of vesicles from micelles, referred to as primordial vesicles, were imaged 23-31 min after dilution. Observed structures such as enlarged micelles in primordial vesicle interiors, segments of bilayer, and faceted edges at primordial vesicle peripheries are probably early stages of small unilamellar vesicle assembly. A decrease in the mean surface area of spherical/ellipsoidal vesicles was correlated with the increased production of cholesterol crystals at 10-20 days after supersaturation by dilution, supporting the role of small unilamellar vesicles as key players in cholesterol nucleation and as cholesterol donors to crystals. This is the first visualization of an intermediate structure that has been temporally linked to the development of small unilamellar vesicles in the separation of vesicles from micelles in a model bile and suggests a time-resolved system for further investigation.  (+info)

No pathophysiologic relationship of soluble biliary proteins to cholesterol crystallization in human bile. (5/1118)

This study explores the pathophysiologic effects of soluble biliary glycoproteins in comparison to mucin gel and cholesterol content on microscopic crystal and liquid crystal detection times as well as crystallization sequences in lithogenic human biles incubated at 37 degrees C. Gallbladder biles from 13 cholesterol gallstone patients were ultracentrifuged and microfiltered (samples I). Total biliary lipids were extracted from portions of samples I, and reconstituted with 0.15 m NaCl (pH 7.0) (samples II). Portions of samples II were supplemented with purified concanavalin A-binding biliary glycoproteins (final concentration = 1 mg/mL) (samples III), or mucin gel (samples IV), respectively, isolated from the same cholesterol gallstone biles. Samples V consisted of extracted biliary lipids from uncentrifuged and unfiltered bile samples reconstituted with 0.15 m NaCl (pH 7.0). Analytic lipid compositions of samples I through IV were identical for individual biles but, as anticipated, samples V displayed significantly higher cholesterol saturation indexes. Detection times of cholesterol crystals and liquid crystals were accelerated in the rank order of samples: IV > V > I = II = III, indicating that total soluble biliary glycoproteins in pathophysiologic concentration had no appreciable effect. Crystallization sequences (D. Q-H. Wang and M. C. Carey. J. Lipid Res. 1996. 37: 606-630; and 2539-2549) were similar among samples I through V. Crystal detection times and numbers of solid cholesterol crystals were accelerated in proportion to added mucin gel and the cholesterol saturation of bile only. For pathophysiologically relevant conditions, our results clarify that mucin gel and cholesterol content, but not soluble biliary glycoproteins, promote cholesterol crystallization in human gallbladder bile.  (+info)

Liver disease in pregnancy. (6/1118)

Acute viral hepatitis is the most common cause of jaundice in pregnancy. The course of acute hepatitis is unaffected by pregnancy, except in patients with hepatitis E and disseminated herpes simplex infections, in which maternal and fetal mortality rates are significantly increased. Chronic hepatitis B or C infections may be transmitted to neonates; however, hepatitis B virus transmission is effectively prevented with perinatal hepatitis B vaccination and prophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin. Cholelithiasis occurs in 6 percent of pregnancies; complications can safely be treated with surgery. Women with chronic liver disease or cirrhosis exhibit a higher risk of fetal loss during pregnancy. Preeclampsia is associated with HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count) syndrome, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, and hepatic infarction and rupture. These rare diseases result in increased maternal and fetal mortality. Treatment involves prompt delivery, whereupon the liver disease quickly reverses. Therapy with penicillamine, trientine, prednisone or azathioprine can be safely continued during pregnancy.  (+info)

Cholic acid aids absorption, biliary secretion, and phase transitions of cholesterol in murine cholelithogenesis. (7/1118)

Cholic acid is a critical component of the lithogenic diet in mice. To determine its pathogenetic roles, we fed chow or 1% cholesterol with or without 0.5% cholic acid to C57L/J male mice, which because of lith genes have 100% gallstone prevalence rates. After 1 yr on the diets, we measured bile flow, biliary lipid secretion rates, hepatic cholesterol and bile salt synthesis, and intestinal cholesterol absorption. After hepatic conjugation with taurine, cholate replaced most tauro-beta-muricholate in bile. Dietary cholic acid plus cholesterol increased bile flow and biliary lipid secretion rates and reduced cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity significantly mostly via deoxycholic acid, cholate's bacterial 7alpha-dehydroxylation product but did not downregulate cholesterol biosynthesis. Intestinal cholesterol absorption doubled, and biliary cholesterol crystallized as phase boundaries shifted. Feeding mice 1% cholesterol alone produced no lithogenic or homeostatic effects. We conclude that in mice cholic acid promotes biliary cholesterol hypersecretion and cholelithogenesis by enhancing intestinal absorption, hepatic bioavailability, and phase separation of cholesterol in bile.  (+info)

The role of apolipoprotein E and glucose intolerance in gallstone disease in middle aged subjects. (8/1118)

BACKGROUND: The polymorphism of apolipoprotein E has been suggested to be associated with the cholesterol content of gallstones, the crystallisation rate of gall bladder bile, and the prevalence of gallstone disease (GSD). AIMS: To investigate whether apolipoprotein E polymorphism modulates the susceptibility to GSD at the population level and to study the possible associations between impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes, and GSD. METHODS: Apolipoprotein E phenotypes were determined in a middle aged cohort of 261 randomly selected hypertensive men, 259 control men, 257 hypertensive women, and 267 control women. All subjects without a documented history of diabetes were submitted to a two hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). GSD was verified by ultrasonography. RESULTS: In women with apolipoprotein E2 (phenotypes E2/2, 2/3, and 2/4) compared with women without E2 (E3/3, 4/3, and 4/4), the odds ratio for GSD was 0. 28 (95% confidence interval 0.08-0.92). There was no protective effect in men. The relative risk for GSD was 1.2 (0.8-1.7) for hypertensive women and 1.8 (1.0-2.7) for hypertensive men. In a stepwise multiple logistic regression model, E2 protected against GSD in women, whereas two hour blood glucose in the OGTT, serum insulin, and plasma triglycerides were risk factors. Elevated blood glucose during the OGTT was also a significant risk factor for GSD in men. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that apolipoprotein E2 is a genetic factor providing protection against GSD in women. In contrast, impaired glucose tolerance and frank diabetes are associated with the risk of GSD.  (+info)

Cholelithiasis is a medical term that refers to the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver that stores bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. Gallstones are hardened deposits that can form in the gallbladder when substances in the bile, such as cholesterol or bilirubin, crystallize.

Gallstones can vary in size and may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball. Some people with gallstones may not experience any symptoms, while others may have severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) if the gallstones block the bile ducts.

Cholelithiasis is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly women over the age of 40 and those with certain medical conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and rapid weight loss. If left untreated, gallstones can lead to serious complications such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), infection, or pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). Treatment options for cholelithiasis include medication, shock wave lithotripsy (breaking up the gallstones with sound waves), and surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy).

Cholecystectomy is a medical procedure to remove the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located on the right side of the abdomen, just beneath the liver. The primary function of the gallbladder is to store and concentrate bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. During a cholecystectomy, the surgeon removes the gallbladder, usually due to the presence of gallstones or inflammation that can cause pain, infection, or other complications.

There are two primary methods for performing a cholecystectomy:

1. Open Cholecystectomy: In this traditional surgical approach, the surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen to access and remove the gallbladder. This method is typically used when there are complications or unique circumstances that make laparoscopic surgery difficult or risky.
2. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: This is a minimally invasive surgical procedure where the surgeon makes several small incisions in the abdomen, through which a thin tube with a camera (laparoscope) and specialized surgical instruments are inserted. The surgeon then guides these tools to remove the gallbladder while viewing the internal structures on a video monitor.

After the gallbladder is removed, bile flows directly from the liver into the small intestine through the common bile duct, and the body continues to function normally without any significant issues.

Cholecystitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located under the liver that stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. Bile is a digestive fluid that helps break down fats in the small intestine during digestion.

Acute cholecystitis is a sudden inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by the presence of gallstones that block the cystic duct, the tube that carries bile from the gallbladder to the common bile duct. This blockage can cause bile to build up in the gallbladder, leading to inflammation, swelling, and pain.

Chronic cholecystitis is a long-term inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by repeated attacks of acute cholecystitis or the presence of gallstones that cause ongoing irritation and damage to the gallbladder wall. Over time, chronic cholecystitis can lead to thickening and scarring of the gallbladder wall, which can reduce its ability to function properly.

Symptoms of cholecystitis may include sudden and severe abdominal pain, often in the upper right or center of the abdomen, that may worsen after eating fatty foods; fever; nausea and vomiting; bloating and gas; and clay-colored stools. Treatment for cholecystitis typically involves antibiotics to treat any infection present, pain relief, and surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy). In some cases, a nonsurgical procedure called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may be used to remove gallstones from the bile duct.

The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located just under the liver in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Its primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a digestive enzyme produced by the liver, which helps in the breakdown of fats during the digestion process. When food, particularly fatty foods, enter the stomach and small intestine, the gallbladder contracts and releases bile through the common bile duct into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, to aid in fat digestion.

The gallbladder is made up of three main parts: the fundus, body, and neck. It has a muscular wall that allows it to contract and release bile. Gallstones, an inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), or other gallbladder diseases can cause pain, discomfort, and potentially serious health complications if left untreated.

Cholecystography is a medical procedure that involves the use of X-rays to examine the gallbladder and bile ducts. It is also known as an oral cholecystogram (OCG).

The procedure involves administering a contrast agent, typically a iodine-based dye, which is absorbed by the liver and excreted into the bile ducts and gallbladder. The dye makes the bile ducts and gallbladder visible on X-ray images, allowing doctors to diagnose conditions such as gallstones, tumors, or inflammation of the gallbladder.

Cholecystography is not commonly used today due to the development of more advanced imaging techniques, such as ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scans, which are non-invasive and do not require the use of contrast agents. However, it may still be used in certain cases where other imaging tests are inconclusive or unavailable.

Gallstones are small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder, a small organ located under the liver. They can range in size from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. Gallstones can be made of cholesterol, bile pigments, or calcium salts, or a combination of these substances.

There are two main types of gallstones: cholesterol stones and pigment stones. Cholesterol stones are the most common type and are usually yellow-green in color. They form when there is too much cholesterol in the bile, which causes it to become saturated and form crystals that eventually grow into stones. Pigment stones are smaller and darker in color, ranging from brown to black. They form when there is an excess of bilirubin, a waste product produced by the breakdown of red blood cells, in the bile.

Gallstones can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating, especially after eating fatty foods. In some cases, gallstones can lead to serious complications, such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), infection, or blockage of the bile ducts, which can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes.

The exact cause of gallstones is not fully understood, but risk factors include being female, older age, obesity, a family history of gallstones, rapid weight loss, diabetes, and certain medical conditions such as cirrhosis or sickle cell anemia. Treatment for gallstones may involve medication to dissolve the stones, shock wave therapy to break them up, or surgery to remove the gallbladder.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder using a laparoscope, a thin tube with a camera, which allows the surgeon to view the internal structures on a video monitor. The surgery is performed through several small incisions in the abdomen, rather than a single large incision used in open cholecystectomy. This approach results in less postoperative pain, fewer complications, and shorter recovery time compared to open cholecystectomy.

The procedure is typically indicated for symptomatic gallstones or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), which can cause severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the standard of care for gallbladder removal due to its minimally invasive nature and excellent outcomes.

Gallbladder diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the function and structure of the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver. The primary role of the gallbladder is to store, concentrate, and release bile into the small intestine to aid in digesting fats. Gallbladder diseases can be chronic or acute and may cause various symptoms, discomfort, or complications if left untreated. Here are some common gallbladder diseases with brief definitions:

1. Cholelithiasis: The presence of gallstones within the gallbladder. Gallstones are small, hard deposits made of cholesterol, bilirubin, or a combination of both, which can vary in size from tiny grains to several centimeters.
2. Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by obstruction of the cystic duct (the tube connecting the gallbladder and the common bile duct) due to a gallstone. This condition can be acute or chronic and may cause abdominal pain, fever, and tenderness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.
3. Choledocholithiasis: The presence of gallstones within the common bile duct, which can lead to obstruction, jaundice, and potential infection of the biliary system (cholangitis).
4. Acalculous gallbladder disease: Gallbladder dysfunction or inflammation without the presence of gallstones. This condition is often seen in critically ill patients and can lead to similar symptoms as cholecystitis.
5. Gallbladder polyps: Small growths attached to the inner wall of the gallbladder. While most polyps are benign, some may have malignant potential, especially if they are larger than 1 cm in size or associated with certain risk factors.
6. Gallbladder cancer: A rare form of cancer that originates in the gallbladder tissue. It is often asymptomatic in its early stages and can be challenging to diagnose. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, jaundice, or a palpable mass in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.

It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional if experiencing symptoms related to gallbladder disease for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Bile is a digestive fluid that is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It plays an essential role in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Bile consists of bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, phospholipids, electrolytes, and water.

Bile salts are amphipathic molecules that help to emulsify fats into smaller droplets, increasing their surface area and allowing for more efficient digestion by enzymes such as lipase. Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin from red blood cells and gives bile its characteristic greenish-brown color.

Bile is released into the small intestine in response to food, particularly fats, entering the digestive tract. It helps to break down large fat molecules into smaller ones that can be absorbed through the walls of the intestines and transported to other parts of the body for energy or storage.

Cholecystolithiasis is the medical term for the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ located under the liver that stores and concentrates bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. Gallstones are hardened deposits that can form in the gallbladder when substances in the bile, such as cholesterol or bilirubin, become concentrated and crystallize.

Gallstones can vary in size, from tiny grains of sand to large stones several centimeters in diameter. Some people may have a single gallstone, while others may have many. Gallstones may cause no symptoms at all, but if they block the flow of bile out of the gallbladder, they can cause pain, inflammation, and infection.

Symptoms of cholecystolithiasis may include abdominal pain, often in the upper right or center of the abdomen, that may be sharp or crampy and may occur after eating fatty foods. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, fever, and chills. If gallstones are left untreated, they can lead to serious complications such as cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), or cholangitis (infection of the bile ducts). Treatment for cholecystolithiasis may include medication to dissolve the gallstones, shock wave lithotripsy to break up the stones, or surgery to remove the gallbladder.

Choledocholithiasis is a medical condition characterized by the presence of one or more gallstones in the common bile duct, which is the tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps break down fats in the small intestine. Gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluids that can form in the gallbladder or, less commonly, in the bile ducts.

Choledocholithiasis can cause a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), nausea, vomiting, and fever. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as infection or inflammation of the bile ducts or pancreas, which can be life-threatening.

The condition is typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and may require endoscopic or surgical intervention to remove the gallstones from the common bile duct.

Gallbladder neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the tissue of the gallbladder, which can be benign or malignant. Benign neoplasms are non-cancerous and typically do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant neoplasms, also known as gallbladder cancer, can invade nearby tissues and organs and may metastasize (spread) to distant parts of the body. Gallbladder neoplasms can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, and nausea, but they are often asymptomatic until they have advanced to an advanced stage. The exact causes of gallbladder neoplasms are not fully understood, but risk factors include gallstones, chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, and certain inherited genetic conditions.

The cystic duct is a short tube that connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct, which carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine. The cystic duct allows bile to flow from the gallbladder into the common bile duct when it is needed for digestion. It is a part of the biliary system and plays an important role in the digestive process.

Anthracosilicosis is a type of pneumoconiosis, which is a lung disease caused by inhaling dust particles. This particular form of the disease results from exposure to both coal mine dust (anthracotic dust) and silica dust. The inhalation of these dusts can lead to inflammation, fibrosis (scarring) and nodular lesions in the lungs.

The symptoms of anthracosilicosis can be quite varied, but they often include coughing, shortness of breath, and decreased lung function. The severity of the disease depends on the duration and intensity of exposure to the dusts. While there is no cure for anthracosilicosis, treatments can help alleviate symptoms and slow progression. These may include lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking, and various medical interventions, such as bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, or in some cases, lung transplantation. Prevention is key, and occupational health and safety measures should be implemented to minimize exposure to harmful dusts in high-risk industries like coal mining and construction.

Cholangiography is a medical procedure that involves taking X-ray images of the bile ducts (the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine). This is typically done by injecting a contrast dye into the bile ducts through an endoscope or a catheter that has been inserted into the body.

There are several types of cholangiography, including:

* Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): This procedure involves inserting an endoscope through the mouth and down the throat into the small intestine. A dye is then injected into the bile ducts through a small tube that is passed through the endoscope.
* Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC): This procedure involves inserting a needle through the skin and into the liver to inject the contrast dye directly into the bile ducts.
* Operative cholangiography: This procedure is performed during surgery to examine the bile ducts for any abnormalities or blockages.

Cholangiography can help diagnose a variety of conditions that affect the bile ducts, such as gallstones, tumors, or inflammation. It can also be used to guide treatment decisions, such as whether surgery is necessary to remove a blockage.

Opium is defined as the dried latex obtained from incisions made in the unripe seedpods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). It contains a number of alkaloids, including morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Opium has been used for its pain-relieving, euphoric, and sedative effects since ancient times. However, its use is highly regulated due to the risk of addiction and other serious side effects.

A biliary fistula is an abnormal connection or passage between the biliary system (which includes the gallbladder, bile ducts, and liver) and another organ or structure, usually in the abdominal cavity. This connection allows bile, which is a digestive fluid produced by the liver, to leak out of its normal pathway and into other areas of the body.

Biliary fistulas can occur as a result of trauma, surgery, infection, or inflammation in the biliary system. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, fever, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), nausea, vomiting, and clay-colored stools. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the fistula, such as draining an infection or repairing damaged tissue, and diverting bile flow away from the site of the leak. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the fistula.

Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin is a radiopharmaceutical used in nuclear medicine imaging procedures, specifically for hepatobiliary scintigraphy. It is a technetium-labeled compound, where the radioisotope technetium-99m (^99m^Tc) is bound to lidofenin, a liver-imaging agent.

The compound is used to assess the function and anatomy of the liver, gallbladder, and biliary system. After intravenous administration, Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin is taken up by hepatocytes (liver cells) and excreted into the bile ducts and ultimately into the small intestine. The distribution and excretion of this radiopharmaceutical can be monitored using a gamma camera, providing functional information about the liver and biliary system.

It is essential to note that the use of Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin should be under the guidance and supervision of healthcare professionals trained in nuclear medicine, as its administration and handling require specific expertise and safety measures due to the radioactive nature of the compound.

Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment that is produced by the liver when it breaks down old red blood cells. It is a normal byproduct of hemoglobin metabolism and is usually conjugated (made water-soluble) in the liver before being excreted through the bile into the digestive system. Elevated levels of bilirubin can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes. Increased bilirubin levels may indicate liver disease or other medical conditions such as gallstones or hemolysis. It is also measured to assess liver function and to help diagnose various liver disorders.

Situs Inversus is a congenital condition in which the major visceral organs are situated in mirror-image positions to their normal locations. Instead of being on the left side, the heart and its large blood vessels are on the right side, while the liver is on the left side and the lungs are reversed. The stomach, spleen, and pancreas may also be affected. It's important to note that this condition is generally asymptomatic and often goes unnoticed unless there are complications or associated abnormalities.

There are two types of Situs Inversus: total (complete reversal of all organs) and partial (reversal of only some organs). Total Situs Inversus is also sometimes referred to as "mirror-image dextrocardia" because the heart, which is usually on the left side, is located on the right side in a mirrored position.

While Situs Inversus itself does not typically cause health problems, people with this condition may have an increased risk for certain medical conditions, such as congenital heart defects or primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), which can lead to chronic respiratory infections and infertility.

Gilbert's disease, also known as Gilbert's syndrome, is a common and mild condition characterized by **intermittent** elevations in bilirubin levels in the bloodstream without any evidence of liver damage or disease. Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment that forms when hemoglobin breaks down. Normally, it gets processed in the liver and excreted through bile.

In Gilbert's disease, there is an impaired ability to conjugate bilirubin due to a deficiency or dysfunction of the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), which is responsible for the glucuronidation process. This results in mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, where bilirubin levels may rise and cause mild jaundice, particularly during times of fasting, illness, stress, or dehydration.

Gilbert's disease is typically an incidental finding, as it usually does not cause any significant symptoms or complications. It is often discovered during routine blood tests when bilirubin levels are found to be slightly elevated. The condition is usually harmless and does not require specific treatment, but avoiding triggers like fasting or dehydration may help minimize the occurrence of jaundice.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a medical procedure that combines upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems of the bile ducts and pancreas.

During ERCP, a flexible endoscope (a long, thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end) is passed through the patient's mouth and throat, then through the stomach and into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A narrow plastic tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope and into the bile ducts and/or pancreatic duct. Contrast dye is injected through the catheter, and X-rays are taken to visualize the ducts.

ERCP can be used to diagnose a variety of conditions affecting the bile ducts and pancreas, including gallstones, tumors, strictures (narrowing of the ducts), and chronic pancreatitis. It can also be used to treat certain conditions, such as removing gallstones from the bile duct or placing stents to keep the ducts open in cases of stricture.

ERCP is an invasive procedure that carries a risk of complications, including pancreatitis, infection, bleeding, and perforation (a tear in the lining of the GI tract). It should only be performed by experienced medical professionals in a hospital setting.

Biliary tract diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the biliary system, which includes the gallbladder, bile ducts, and liver. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine through the bile ducts to help digest fats.

Biliary tract diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, fever, nausea, vomiting, and changes in stool color. Some of the common biliary tract diseases include:

1. Gallstones: Small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts made up of cholesterol or bilirubin.
2. Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by gallstones.
3. Cholangitis: Infection or inflammation of the bile ducts.
4. Biliary dyskinesia: A motility disorder that affects the contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the biliary system.
5. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: A chronic autoimmune disease that causes scarring and narrowing of the bile ducts.
6. Biliary tract cancer: Rare cancers that affect the gallbladder, bile ducts, or liver.

Treatment for biliary tract diseases varies depending on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, surgery, or a combination of both.

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder that affects the hemoglobin in red blood cells. Hemoglobin is responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. In sickle cell anemia, the hemoglobin is abnormal and causes the red blood cells to take on a sickle shape, rather than the normal disc shape. These sickled cells are stiff and sticky, and they can block blood vessels, causing tissue damage and pain. They also die more quickly than normal red blood cells, leading to anemia.

People with sickle cell anemia often experience fatigue, chronic pain, and jaundice. They may also have a higher risk of infections and complications such as stroke, acute chest syndrome, and priapism. The disease is inherited from both parents, who must both be carriers of the sickle cell gene. It primarily affects people of African descent, but it can also affect people from other ethnic backgrounds.

There is no cure for sickle cell anemia, but treatments such as blood transfusions, medications to manage pain and prevent complications, and bone marrow transplantation can help improve quality of life for affected individuals. Regular medical care and monitoring are essential for managing the disease effectively.

Somatotype is a term used in the field of human biology and medicine, particularly in anthropometry, which refers to the scientific study of measurements of the human body. It was introduced by American psychologist William H. Sheldon in the 1940s as part of his concept of "constitutional psychology."

Somatotype is a classification system that categorizes human body types based on their skeletal frame, muscle development, and body fat distribution. The system uses a three-number rating scale to describe an individual's somatotype, with each number ranging from 1 to 7:

1. Endomorphy (softness, roundness): Refers to the degree of relative body fatness or adiposity, which is determined by measuring skinfold thicknesses at various sites on the body. Higher values indicate a greater amount of body fat.
2. Mesomorphy (muscularity, hardness): Represents the degree of muscular development and bone structure, assessed through measurements of muscle circumferences and skeletal breadths. Higher values suggest a more muscular and robust build.
3. Ectomorphy (linearity, slenderness): Describes the relative leanness and linearity of the body, evaluated using height-to-weight ratios and other anthropometric measures. Higher values indicate a leaner and more delicate physique.

An individual's somatotype is typically expressed as a set of three numbers, such as 4-6-2 or 2-5-3, representing their endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy ratings, respectively. It is important to note that somatotypes are not fixed and can change over time due to factors like aging, lifestyle choices, and exercise habits.

While Sheldon's constitutional psychology theory has been largely discredited, the concept of somatotyping remains a valuable tool in various fields such as sports science, health, and fitness for assessing and comparing body composition and structure.

Bile acids and salts are naturally occurring steroidal compounds that play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of lipids (fats) in the body. They are produced in the liver from cholesterol and then conjugated with glycine or taurine to form bile acids, which are subsequently converted into bile salts by the addition of a sodium or potassium ion.

Bile acids and salts are stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion, where they help emulsify fats, allowing them to be broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. They also aid in the elimination of waste products from the liver and help regulate cholesterol metabolism.

Abnormalities in bile acid synthesis or transport can lead to various medical conditions, such as cholestatic liver diseases, gallstones, and diarrhea. Therefore, understanding the role of bile acids and salts in the body is essential for diagnosing and treating these disorders.

Cholangitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the bile ducts, which are the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver that helps break down fats in food.

There are two types of cholangitis: acute and chronic. Acute cholangitis is a sudden and severe infection that can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and dark urine. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection that enters the bile ducts through a blockage or obstruction.

Chronic cholangitis, on the other hand, is a long-term inflammation of the bile ducts that can lead to scarring and narrowing of the ducts. This can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, itching, and jaundice. Chronic cholangitis can be caused by various factors, including primary sclerosing cholangitis (an autoimmune disease), bile duct stones, or tumors in the bile ducts.

Treatment for cholangitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition. Antibiotics may be used to treat bacterial infections, and surgery may be necessary to remove blockages or obstructions in the bile ducts. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms and prevent further complications.

The biliary tract is a system of ducts that transport bile from the liver to the gallbladder and then to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the breakdown and absorption of fats in the small intestine. The main components of the biliary tract are:

1. Intrahepatic bile ducts: These are the smaller branches of bile ducts located within the liver that collect bile from the liver cells or hepatocytes.
2. Gallbladder: A small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver, which stores and concentrates bile received from the intrahepatic bile ducts. The gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine when food is ingested, particularly fats, to aid digestion.
3. Common hepatic duct: This is a duct that forms by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts, which carry bile from the right and left lobes of the liver, respectively.
4. Cystic duct: A short duct that connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct, forming the beginning of the common bile duct.
5. Common bile duct: This is a larger duct formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct. It carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine.
6. Pancreatic duct: A separate duct that originates from the pancreas, a gland located near the liver and stomach. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just before they both enter the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine.
7. Ampulla of Vater: This is the dilated portion where the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct join together and empty their contents into the duodenum through a shared opening called the papilla of Vater.

Disorders related to the biliary tract include gallstones, cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), bile duct stones, bile duct strictures or obstructions, and primary sclerosing cholangitis, among others.

Czechoslovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 28, 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until January 1, 1993. On that date, Czechoslovakia underwent a "velvet divorce" into two separate countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

The medical definition of 'Czechoslovakia' is not applicable as it was a country and not a medical term or condition.

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the bile ducts and pancreatic duct. This diagnostic test does not use radiation like other imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) scans or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

During an MRCP, the patient lies on a table that slides into the MRI machine. Contrast agents may be used to enhance the visibility of the ducts. The MRI machine uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the internal structures, allowing radiologists to assess any abnormalities or blockages in the bile and pancreatic ducts.

MRCP is often used to diagnose conditions such as gallstones, tumors, inflammation, or strictures in the bile or pancreatic ducts. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments for these conditions. However, it does not allow for therapeutic interventions like ERCP, which can remove stones or place stents.

Pancreatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, a gland located in the abdomen that plays a crucial role in digestion and regulating blood sugar levels. The inflammation can be acute (sudden and severe) or chronic (persistent and recurring), and it can lead to various complications if left untreated.

Acute pancreatitis often results from gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption, while chronic pancreatitis may be caused by long-term alcohol abuse, genetic factors, autoimmune conditions, or metabolic disorders like high triglyceride levels. Symptoms of acute pancreatitis include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and increased heart rate, while chronic pancreatitis may present with ongoing abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and malabsorption issues due to impaired digestive enzyme production. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, pain management, and addressing the underlying cause. In severe cases, hospitalization and surgery may be necessary.

Bile duct diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the bile ducts, which are tiny tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver that helps break down fats in food.

There are several types of bile duct diseases, including:

1. Choledocholithiasis: This occurs when stones form in the common bile duct, causing blockage and leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, and fever.
2. Cholangitis: This is an infection of the bile ducts that can cause inflammation, pain, and fever. It can occur due to obstruction of the bile ducts or as a complication of other medical procedures.
3. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC): This is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the bile ducts in the liver, causing inflammation and scarring that can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure.
4. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC): This is another autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts, leading to liver damage and potential liver failure.
5. Bile Duct Cancer: Also known as cholangiocarcinoma, this is a rare form of cancer that affects the bile ducts and can cause jaundice, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
6. Benign Strictures: These are narrowing of the bile ducts that can occur due to injury, inflammation, or surgery, leading to blockage and potential infection.

Symptoms of bile duct diseases may include jaundice, abdominal pain, fever, itching, dark urine, and light-colored stools. Treatment depends on the specific condition and may involve medication, surgery, or other medical interventions.

The common bile duct is a duct that results from the union of the cystic duct (which drains bile from the gallbladder) and the common hepatic duct (which drains bile from the liver). The common bile duct transports bile, a digestive enzyme, from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine.

The common bile duct runs through the head of the pancreas before emptying into the second part of the duodenum, either alone or in conjunction with the pancreatic duct, via a small opening called the ampulla of Vater. The common bile duct plays a crucial role in the digestion of fats by helping to break them down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

Intrahepatic bile ducts are the small tubular structures inside the liver that collect bile from the liver cells (hepatocytes). Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from food. The intrahepatic bile ducts merge to form larger ducts, which eventually exit the liver and join with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct. The common bile duct then empties into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, where bile aids in digestion. Intrahepatic bile ducts can become obstructed or damaged due to various conditions such as gallstones, tumors, or inflammation, leading to complications like jaundice, liver damage, and infection.

An intestinal fistula is an abnormal communication or connection between the intestines (or a portion of the intestine) and another organ or the skin surface. This connection forms a tract or passage, allowing the contents of the intestines, such as digestive enzymes, bacteria, and waste materials, to leak into other body areas or outside the body. Intestinal fistulas can develop due to various reasons, including inflammatory bowel diseases (like Crohn's disease), infections, complications from surgery, radiation therapy, or trauma. They can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, skin irritation, and infection. Treatment of intestinal fistulas often involves a combination of medical management, nutritional support, and surgical intervention.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase) is an enzyme belonging to the family of glycosyltransferases. It plays a crucial role in the process of biotransformation and detoxification of various endogenous and exogenous substances, including drugs, hormones, and environmental toxins, in the liver and other organs.

The enzyme functions by transferring a glucuronic acid moiety from a donor molecule, uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcUA), to an acceptor molecule, which can be a variety of hydrophobic compounds. This reaction results in the formation of a more water-soluble glucuronide conjugate, facilitating the excretion of the substrate through urine or bile.

There are multiple isoforms of glucuronosyltransferase, classified into two main families: UGT1 and UGT2. These isoforms exhibit different substrate specificities and tissue distributions, allowing for a wide range of compounds to be metabolized through the glucuronidation pathway.

In summary, Glucuronosyltransferase is an essential enzyme in the detoxification process, facilitating the elimination of various substances from the body by conjugating them with a glucuronic acid moiety.

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a naturally occurring bile acid that is used medically as a therapeutic agent. It is commonly used to treat gallstones, particularly cholesterol gallstones, and other conditions associated with abnormal liver function, such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). UDCA works by decreasing the amount of cholesterol in bile and protecting liver cells from damage. It is also known as ursodiol or Ursotan.

Extrahepatic cholestasis is a medical condition characterized by the impaired flow of bile outside of the liver. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the absorption and digestion of fats. When the flow of bile is obstructed or blocked, it can lead to an accumulation of bile components, such as bilirubin, in the bloodstream, resulting in jaundice, dark urine, light-colored stools, and itching.

Extrahepatic cholestasis can be caused by various factors, including gallstones, tumors, strictures, or inflammation of the bile ducts. It is essential to diagnose and treat extrahepatic cholestasis promptly to prevent further complications, such as liver damage or infection. Treatment options may include medications, endoscopic procedures, or surgery, depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

Ultrasonography, also known as sonography, is a diagnostic medical procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to produce dynamic images of organs, tissues, or blood flow inside the body. These images are captured in real-time and can be used to assess the size, shape, and structure of various internal structures, as well as detect any abnormalities such as tumors, cysts, or inflammation.

During an ultrasonography procedure, a small handheld device called a transducer is placed on the patient's skin, which emits and receives sound waves. The transducer sends high-frequency sound waves into the body, and these waves bounce back off internal structures and are recorded by the transducer. The recorded data is then processed and transformed into visual images that can be interpreted by a medical professional.

Ultrasonography is a non-invasive, painless, and safe procedure that does not use radiation like other imaging techniques such as CT scans or X-rays. It is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions in various parts of the body, including the abdomen, pelvis, heart, blood vessels, and musculoskeletal system.

The Czech Republic is a country located in Central Europe. It is not a medical term or concept, so it does not have a specific medical definition. However, like any other country, the Czech Republic has its own healthcare system and medical facilities that provide various health services to its population. The Czech Republic is known for its high-quality healthcare and medical education, with many institutions being recognized worldwide.

Cholesterol is a type of lipid (fat) molecule that is an essential component of cell membranes and is also used to make certain hormones and vitamins in the body. It is produced by the liver and is also obtained from animal-derived foods such as meat, dairy products, and eggs.

Cholesterol does not mix with blood, so it is transported through the bloodstream by lipoproteins, which are particles made up of both lipids and proteins. There are two main types of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol: low-density lipoproteins (LDL), also known as "bad" cholesterol, and high-density lipoproteins (HDL), also known as "good" cholesterol.

High levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood can lead to a buildup of cholesterol in the walls of the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. On the other hand, high levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with a lower risk of these conditions because HDL helps remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream and transport it back to the liver for disposal.

It is important to maintain healthy levels of cholesterol through a balanced diet, regular exercise, and sometimes medication if necessary. Regular screening is also recommended to monitor cholesterol levels and prevent health complications.

Cholestasis is a medical condition characterized by the interruption or reduction of bile flow from the liver to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the breakdown and absorption of fats. When the flow of bile is blocked or reduced, it can lead to an accumulation of bile components, such as bilirubin, in the blood, which can cause jaundice, itching, and other symptoms.

Cholestasis can be caused by various factors, including liver diseases (such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or cancer), gallstones, alcohol abuse, certain medications, pregnancy, and genetic disorders. Depending on the underlying cause, cholestasis may be acute or chronic, and it can range from mild to severe in its symptoms and consequences. Treatment for cholestasis typically involves addressing the underlying cause and managing the symptoms with supportive care.

Endoscopic sphincterotomy is a medical procedure that involves the use of an endoscope (a flexible tube with a light and camera) to cut the papilla of Vater, which contains the sphincter of Oddi muscle. This procedure is typically performed to treat gallstones or to manage other conditions related to the bile ducts or pancreatic ducts.

The sphincterotomy helps to widen the opening of the papilla, allowing stones or other obstructions to pass through more easily. It may also be used to relieve pressure and pain caused by spasms of the sphincter of Oddi muscle. The procedure is usually done under sedation or anesthesia and carries a risk of complications such as bleeding, infection, perforation, and pancreatitis.

Bile ducts are tubular structures that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage or directly to the small intestine to aid in digestion. There are two types of bile ducts: intrahepatic and extrahepatic. Intrahepatic bile ducts are located within the liver and drain bile from liver cells, while extrahepatic bile ducts are outside the liver and include the common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and common bile duct. These ducts can become obstructed or inflamed, leading to various medical conditions such as cholestasis, cholecystitis, and gallstones.

'Inbred AKR mice' is a strain of laboratory mice used in biomedical research. The 'AKR' designation stands for "Akita Radioactive," referring to the location where this strain was first developed in Akita, Japan. These mice are inbred, meaning that they have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a genetically homogeneous population with minimal genetic variation.

Inbred AKR mice are known for their susceptibility to certain types of leukemia and lymphoma, making them valuable models for studying these diseases and testing potential therapies. They also develop age-related cataracts and have a higher incidence of diabetes than some other strains.

It is important to note that while inbred AKR mice are widely used in research, their genetic uniformity may limit the applicability of findings to more genetically diverse human populations.

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by the replacement of normal liver tissue with scarred (fibrotic) tissue, leading to loss of function. The scarring is caused by long-term damage from various sources such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and other causes. As the disease advances, it can lead to complications like portal hypertension, fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), impaired brain function (hepatic encephalopathy), and increased risk of liver cancer. It is generally irreversible, but early detection and treatment of underlying causes may help slow down its progression.

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a medical condition characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from one or more of the parathyroid glands in the neck. These glands are normally responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body by releasing PTH, which helps to maintain an appropriate balance of calcium and phosphate in the bloodstream.

In primary hyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid gland(s) become overactive and produce too much PTH, leading to elevated calcium levels (hypercalcemia) in the blood. This can result in a variety of symptoms, such as fatigue, weakness, bone pain, kidney stones, and cognitive impairment, although some individuals may not experience any symptoms at all.

The most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is a benign tumor called an adenoma that develops in one or more of the parathyroid glands. In rare cases, primary hyperparathyroidism can be caused by cancer of the parathyroid gland(s) or by enlargement of all four glands (four-gland hyperplasia). Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the affected parathyroid gland(s), which is usually curative.

"Helicobacter" is a genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the stomach. The most well-known species is "Helicobacter pylori," which is known to cause various gastrointestinal diseases, such as gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. These bacteria are able to survive in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach by producing urease, an enzyme that neutralizes stomach acid. Infection with "Helicobacter pylori" is usually acquired in childhood and can persist for life if not treated.

Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) is a bile acid that is naturally produced in the human body. It is formed in the liver from cholesterol and is then conjugated with glycine or taurine to become a primary bile acid. CDCA is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion, where it helps to emulsify fats and facilitate their absorption.

CDCA also has important regulatory functions in the body, including acting as a signaling molecule that binds to specific receptors in the liver, intestines, and other tissues. It plays a role in glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, and cell growth and differentiation.

In addition to its natural functions, CDCA is also used as a medication for the treatment of certain medical conditions. For example, it is used to dissolve gallstones that are composed of cholesterol, and it is also used to treat a rare genetic disorder called cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), which is characterized by the accumulation of CDCA and other bile acids in various tissues.

It's important to note that while CDCA has therapeutic uses, it can also have adverse effects if taken in high doses or for extended periods of time. Therefore, it should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Beta-thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Specifically, beta-thalassemia is caused by mutations in the beta-globin gene, which leads to reduced or absent production of the beta-globin component of hemoglobin.

There are two main types of beta-thalassemia:

1. Beta-thalassemia major (also known as Cooley's anemia): This is a severe form of the disorder that typically becomes apparent in early childhood. It is characterized by a significant reduction or absence of beta-globin production, leading to anemia, enlarged spleen and liver, jaundice, and growth retardation.
2. Beta-thalassemia intermedia: This is a milder form of the disorder that may not become apparent until later in childhood or even adulthood. It is characterized by a variable reduction in beta-globin production, leading to mild to moderate anemia and other symptoms that can range from nonexistent to severe.

Treatment for beta-thalassemia depends on the severity of the disorder and may include blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy, and/or bone marrow transplantation. In some cases, genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis may also be recommended for families with a history of the disorder.

A tracheostomy is a surgically created opening through the neck into the trachea (windpipe). It is performed to provide an airway in cases where the upper airway is obstructed or access to the lower airway is required, such as in prolonged intubation, severe trauma, or chronic lung diseases. The procedure involves making an incision in the front of the neck and creating a direct opening into the trachea, through which a tracheostomy tube is inserted to maintain the patency of the airway. This allows for direct ventilation of the lungs, suctioning of secretions, and prevention of complications associated with upper airway obstruction.

The term cholelithiasis may refer to the presence of gallstones or to any disease caused by gallstones, and choledocholithiasis ... The presence of stones in the gallbladder is referred to as cholelithiasis, from the Greek chole- (χολή, 'bile') + lith- (λίθος ... Gallstones-Cholelithiasis; Gallbladder attack; Biliary colic; Gallstone attack; Bile calculus; Biliary calculus Archived 2011- ... "Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination". emedicine.medscape.com. Archived from the ...
Schirmer BD, Winters KL, Edlich RF (2005). "Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis". Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants ...
p. 6. "Clinical Cases Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)". University of Michigan. Retrieved 12 May 2015. Mega List of Mnemonics for ...
Ursodiol is given to treat cholelithiasis. In diffuse cases of Caroli disease, treatment options include conservative or ...
Busiri suffered from cholelithiasis. On 3 August 1982, Busiri, accompanied by his wife, his son, and his private secretary, ...
Cause of death cholelithiasis, cerebral hemorrhage. Randolph Thomas Edwards, known as Thomas R Edwards at the University of ...
Stinton LM, Shaffer EA (2012). "Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer". Gut Liver. 6 (2): 172-87. doi: ... "Is the oral contraceptive or hormone replacement therapy a risk factor for cholelithiasis: A systematic review and meta- ...
Cholelithiasis (gallstones) are typically asymptomatic but can cause biliary pain episodically combined with other signs and ... Stinton, Laura M.; Shaffer, Eldon A. (15 April 2012). "Epidemiology of Gallbladder Disease: Cholelithiasis and Cancer". Gut and ... Stinton LM, Shaffer EA (2012). "Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer". Gut Liver. 6 (2): 172-87. doi: ... cholelithiasis). The gallbladder is designed to aid in the digestion of fats by concentrating and storing the bile made in the ...
Hence, they are associated with gallstones (cholelithiasis). Cases of gall bladder cancer have also been reported to arise from ...
... , also known as symptomatic cholelithiasis, a gallbladder attack or gallstone attack, is when a colic (sudden pain ... Stinton, Laura M.; Shaffer, Eldon A. (15 April 2012). "Epidemiology of Gallbladder Disease: Cholelithiasis and Cancer". Gut and ... Internal Clinical Guidelines Team (October 2014). "Gallstone Disease: Diagnosis and Management of Cholelithiasis, Cholecystitis ...
These include cholelithiasis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer. Duodenal micro-inflammation caused by an altered ...
As mentioned, cholelithiasis is the most common cause of hyperbilirubinemia. Gallstones can be removed using acid or shock ... Infection caused by cholelithiasis has symptoms of jaundice, fever and pain, collectively labelled Charcot's triad. Secondary ... Gallstones in the gallbladder, known as cholelithiasis, are the most common finding and may progress to cholecystitis, ... Reshetnyak, Vasiliy Ivanovich (2012). "Concept of the pathogenesis and treatment of cholelithiasis". World Journal of ...
48 (725-727), (1882) - A case of extirpation of the gallbladder for chronic cholelithiasis. Cure. Ueber die Principien des ... Ein Fall von Exstirpation der Gallenblase wegen chronischer Cholelithiasis. Heilung; In: Berliner klinische Wohenschrift. ...
Internal Clinical Guidelines Team (October 2014). "Gallstone Disease: Diagnosis and Management of Cholelithiasis, Cholecystitis ...
WorldCat Search A treatise on cholelithiasis [1] Oskar Minkowski @ Who Named It Zinman et al. (2017). Diabetes Research and ... Naunyn made contributions in his research of cholelithiasis and diabetes. He published an important treatise on diabetes titled ... "A treatise on cholelithiasis" (1896). With Oskar Minkowski (1858-1931), he theorized that bile pigment formation was a function ... Der Diabetes mellitus (1898), and his Klinik der Cholelithiasis was translated into English by Archibald Garrod (1857-1936) as ...
Lee, Sum-ping (1981). "Acknowledgement". Mucous substances in experimental cholelithiasis (MD). University of Hong Kong. doi: ... Lee, Sum Ping (1977). "Acknowledgement" (PDF). The gallbladder epithelium in experimental cholelithiasis (PhD). University of ...
Other potential hepatobiliary dysfunctions include steatosis, steatohepatitis, cholestasis, and cholelithiasis. Six percent of ...
It can occur as a complication following biliary trauma (such as cholelithiasis), as an iatrogenic effect or as a result of a ... "Internal biliary fistula due to cholelithiasis: a single-centre experience". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 13 (34): 4606- ...
Internal Clinical Guidelines Team (UK) (October 2014). "Gallstone Disease: Diagnosis and Management of Cholelithiasis, ... compared with single-stage treatment with intraoperative ERCP for patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis with possible ...
Estimates for prevalence of symptomatic cholecystitis after Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass range from 3-13%. Cholelithiasis can be ...
German surgeon Carl Langenbuch performed the first cholecystectomy in 1882 for a sufferer of cholelithiasis. Before this, ... PMID: 35502586; PMCID: PMC9099388 "Cholelithiasis - Hepatic and Biliary Disorders - MSD Manual Professional Edition". MSD ... which is known as cholelithiasis. Blocked bile accumulates, and pressure on the gallbladder wall may lead to the release of ...
The presence of gallstones (cholelithiasis) is not clearly associated with cholangiocarcinoma. However, intrahepatic stones ( ...
The Relation of the Reaction of the Bile to Experimental Cholelithiasis". Journal of Experimental Medicine. 39 (3): 403-423. ...
Gallstone disease, or cholelithiasis, is very common in the United States, impacting over 20 million people. Gallstones ... frequently occur without causing symptoms- this is known as asymptomatic cholelithiasis. Sometimes gallstones may get stuck in ...
Ann Hepatol Rosmorduc O, Poupon R (2007). "Low phospholipid associated cholelithiasis: association with mutation in the MDR3/ ... Other conditions that have been associated with mutations in this gene include low phospholipid associated cholelithiasis ... 2007). "MDR3 mutations associated with intrahepatic and gallbladder cholesterol cholelithiasis: an update". Annals of ... "MDR3 gene defect in adults with symptomatic intrahepatic and gallbladder cholesterol cholelithiasis". Gastroenterology. 120 (6 ...
"A contribution to the problems of the pathogenesis and microbial etiology of cholelithiasis". Acta Universitatis Palackianae ...
It is not tied to cholelithiasis (gallstones) or cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder). Micrograph of cholesterolosis ...
In the field of experimental pathology, he performed research of cholelithiasis and hepatic disease. Among his written works ...
Decreased GBEF may be indicative of asymptomatic cholelithiasis, which is usually without gallbladder pain. Only pain during ...
He improved the operation of cholelithiasis and laid the foundation of hepatobiliary surgery in China. He is also one of the ...
Cholelithiasis) form when substances in bile harden. Stones that block bile ducts can cause gallbladder attacks. Find out who ...
Cholelithiasis is the medical term for gallstone disease. Gallstones are concretions that form in the biliary tract, usually in ... encoded search term (Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)) and Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) What to Read Next on Medscape ... Gallstones (Cholelithiasis). Updated: Apr 01, 2019 * Author: Douglas M Heuman, MD, FACP, FACG, AGAF; Chief Editor: BS Anand, MD ... Low-phospholipid associated cholelithiasis (LPAC) syndrome: a synthetic review. J Visc Surg. 2019 Mar 25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
... Gastroenterology. 1998 Oct; ...
Cholelithiasis is defined as "the presence or formation of stones in the gall bladder". Cholelithiasis incidence ranges from ... Cholelithiasis is common throughout the adult population, affecting as many as 25 million Americans and resulting in 500,000- ... The prevalence of Cholelithiasis has been rising in the pediatric population. Gallbladder disease (Homeopathy Treatment for ... 2, 3. Cholelithiasis can occur at any age, including prenatally, but is most common during puberty. Females are at ...
Cholelithiasis. *There are 10 ICD-9-CM codes below 574 that define this diagnosis in greater detail. Do not use this code on a ...
Cholelithiasis (Gallstones). *If available, other language equivalent is indented below the English version* ...
Diagnosing Cholelithiasis. To properly diagnose cholelithiasis, your doctor will request several different tests to rule out ... Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) Treatment. If gallstones are not causing any symptoms, treatment may not be necessary, but if ... Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Written by Dr. Victor Marchione ... Home » Colon And Digestive » Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention ...
... refers to the presence of abnormal concretions (gallstones) in the gallbladder. About 10-20% of American adults ... Indication: best initial test in suspected symptomatic cholelithiasis [6][7] * Characteristic findings [6] *Cholelithiasis [8] ... Symptomatic cholelithiasis. * Asymptomatic cholelithiasis with any of the following: * Increased risk of gallbladder cancer (e. ... Cholelithiasis → migration of gallstones into the common bile duct. *Cholelithiasis (most common) or biliary sludge → ...
cholelithiasis - News From Journal World. Cholelithiasis and Its Management: A Clinical Study Background: The goal of this ... Cholelithiasis] - PubMed. Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cholelithiasis]. Loginov AS. Loginov AS. Ter Arkh. 2001;73 ... Gallstones , Cholelithiasis , MedlinePlus. Cholelithiasis) form when substances in bile harden. Stones that block bile ducts ... Cholelithiasis And Cholecystitis. In glycemic control trials of Victoza, the incidence of cholelithiasis was 0.3% in both ... ...
In most cases, cholelithiasis is caused by excessive amounts of cholesterol in the bile that is stored in the gallbladder. The ... Cholelithiasis. It is also known as gallstone. It is a crystalline concretion formed within the gallbladder by accretion of ... Cholelithiasis may cause serious complications if gallstones lodge in the common bile duct, which is the large duct formed ... Several treatment options are now available for cholelithiasis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is currently the most frequently ...
... , ➤ 13 clinics, Addresses, $ Prices for treatments and diagnostics, ☺ 41 reviews, ✎ Make an ... Cholelithiasis treatment. Cholelithiasis treatment in India. ➠ Cholelithiasis treatment in India ➠ 13 clinics Addresses $ ... Cholelithiasis treatment in other cities. New Delhi Chennai Mumbai Gurgaon Delhi Hyderabad Kolkata Bangalor Jaipur Mohali Noida ... Cholelithiasis is a disease in which the gall accumulates, the so-called "stones" (dense bodies, indicating the violation of ...
Cholelithiasis is a serious and sensitive situation that needs to be fixed as soon as possible. Cholelithiasis can cause ... The definitive way to diagnose cholelithiasis is using an ultrasound. Because cholelithiasis has stones, the stones contrast ... Patients can take a few steps to lessen their risk of cholelithiasis by eating a diet that is relatively low in greasy or fatty ... After a diagnosis of cholelithiasis has been made, the physician will ask the patient whether or not they wish to take out ...
... the incidence of cholelithiasis in children has increased. ... Go to Cholelithiasis for more complete information on this ... The complications of cholelithiasis in children are similar to those in adults. Cholelithiasis primarily affects the ... Factors in the incidence of pediatric cholelithiasis. Factors affecting the increasing incidence of cholelithiasis in children ... encoded search term (Pediatric Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)) and Pediatric Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) What to Read Next on ...
Cholelithiasis symptoms, causes, pathology and Diagnosis of Gall stone with indicated Homeopathic medicines for gall stone ... Gall Bladder Stone or Cholelithiasis is a condition where cholesterol monohydrate stone starts coagulating and neucleate ... which later agregates and coagulate to neucleate and form Cholelithiasis or Gall Stone or Gall Bladder stone. ...
Cholelithiasis. Fenofibrate, like clofibrate and gemfibrozil, may increase cholesterol excretion into the bile, leading to ... If cholelithiasis is suspected, gallbladder studies are indicated. Fenofibrate tablets therapy should be discontinued if ... There was however, a difference in the rate of cholelithiasis and cholecystitis requiring surgery between the two groups (3.0% ... DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Anorexia, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, colitis, diarrhea, duodenal ulcer, dyspepsia, eructation, ...
Tag: cholelithiasis. A 35-year-old female with abdominal discomfort. July 21, 2018. July 21, 2018. ~ iEM Education Project Team ...
I was diagnosed with Cholelithiasis and abdominal pain, acute, right upper quadrant. The hospital called my back on Mond ... Treatment for ACUTE abdominal pain with CHOLELITHIASIS.. Resolved Question:. I was diagnosed with Cholelithiasis and abdominal ...
In patients in whom cholelithiasis with numerous stones is incidentally noted on imaging, should ursodeoxycholic acid be ... In Cholelithiasis, What Role for Ursodeoxycholic Acid Rx?. August 14, 2013. Article ... In patients in whom cholelithiasis with numerous stones is incidentally noted on imaging, should ursodeoxycholic acid be ... In patients in whom cholelithiasis with numerous stones is incidentally noted on imaging, ursodeoxycholic acid (ursodiol) ...
To demonstrate the incidence of cholelithiasis in patients underwent bariatric suregery [one year] ...
HomeShopClothing, Fragrance, Health And Beauty, Optics, Personal AccessoriesHomeopathicKent 52 Cholelithiasis Drops. ...
5.2 Cholelithiasis. Fenofibrate increases cholesterol excretion into the bile, leading to risk of cholelithiasis. If ... Fenofibrate increases cholesterol excretion into the bile, leading to risk of cholelithiasis. If cholelithiasis is suspected, ... 5.2 Cholelithiasis 5.3 Concomitant Coumarin Anticoagulants 5.4 Skeletal Muscle 5.5 Serum Creatinine 5.6 Mortality and Coronary ... cholelithiasis is suspected, gallbladder studies are indicated. Fenoglide therapy should be discontinued if gallstones are ...
Return to Article Details Gall bladder stump cholelithiasis: a rare presentation Download Download PDF ...
Cholelithiasis - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional ... Prognosis for Cholelithiasis Patients with asymptomatic gallstones become symptomatic at a rate of about 2% per year (1 ... Pathophysiology of Cholelithiasis Biliary sludge is often a precursor of gallstones. It consists of calcium bilirubinate (a ... In the United States, gallstones are present in over 15% of those aged 60 to 75 (1 General reference Cholelithiasis is the ...
Cholelithiasis - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional ... Prognosis for Cholelithiasis Patients with asymptomatic gallstones become symptomatic at a rate of about 2% per year (1 ... Pathophysiology of Cholelithiasis Biliary sludge is often a precursor of gallstones. It consists of calcium bilirubinate (a ... In the United States, gallstones are present in over 15% of those aged 60 to 75 (1 General reference Cholelithiasis is the ...
Fifteen biliary dyskinesia (BD) and 13 symptomatic cholelithiasis (CL) patients undergoing cholecystectomy were prospectively ... Table 2 Mast cell densities by layer for cholelithiasis and biliary dyskinesia patients. Full size table. ... Global clinical response grades for biliary dyskinesia (BD) and cholelithiasis (CL) patients 30 days post-cholecystectomy. ... Distribution of mast cell degranulation indices for biliary dyskinesia (BD) and cholelithiasis (CL) patients. ...
The present study was conducted to evaluate cholelithiasis cases in children. ... Evaluation of cholelithiasis cases in children: A clinical study. Int J Paediatrics Geriatrics 2018;1(1):17-19. DOI: 10.33545/ ... Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted on 56 cases of cholelithiasis in children age ranged 6-14 years of both ... Gallstones were detected by abdominal ultrasonography (USG). Risk factors for cholelithiasis were recorded. Results: Out of 56 ...
Cholelithiasis: gallbladder full of gallstones (ultrasonography) - Video answers are found in the Evidence-Based Medicine ... Cholelithiasis: gallbladder full of gallstones (ultrasonography) - Video. Evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines. Duodecim Medical ... Cholelithiasis: Gallbladder Full of Gallstones (ultrasonography) - Video [Internet]. In: Evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines. ... "Cholelithiasis: Gallbladder Full of Gallstones (ultrasonography) - Video." Evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines, Duodecim Medical ...
Copy For Citation Yilmaz H., Kotan C., Soylemez O., Arslanturk H. SAUDI MEDICAL JOURNAL, vol.25, no.11, pp.1732-1733, 2004 (SCI-Expanded) ...
The term cholelithiasis may refer to the presence of gallstones or to any disease caused by gallstones, and choledocholithiasis ... The presence of stones in the gallbladder is referred to as cholelithiasis, from the Greek chole- (χολή, bile) + lith- (λίθος ... Gallstones-Cholelithiasis; Gallbladder attack; Biliary colic; Gallstone attack; Bile calculus; Biliary calculus Archived 2011- ... "Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination". emedicine.medscape.com. Archived from the ...
  • Cholelithiasis involves the presence of gallstones (see the image below), which are concretions that form in the biliary tract, usually in the gallbladder. (medscape.com)
  • In children, one fourth of total Cholelithiasis cases are Calcium carbonate stones, the remaining 48% of gallstones in children get Black pigment stones. (hpathy.com)
  • Cholelithiasis refers to the presence of abnormal concretions ( gallstones ) in the gallbladder . (amboss.com)
  • Cholelithiasis may cause serious complications if gallstones lodge in the common bile duct, which is the large duct formed where the major gallbladder bile duct joins the major liver bile duct. (renaihospital.com)
  • Cholelithiasis is the presence of one or more calculi (gallstones) in the gallbladder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The term cholelithiasis may refer to the presence of gallstones or to any disease caused by gallstones, and choledocholithiasis refers to the presence of migrated gallstones within bile ducts. (wikipedia.org)
  • To investigate this, the researchers identified 76 randomized controlled trials of GLP-1 agonists in 103,371 patients that had data for the following safety outcomes: cholelithiasis (gallstones, 61 trials), cholecystitis (inflamed gallbladder, 53 trials), biliary disease (21 trials), cholecystectomy (surgical removal of the gallbladder, seven trials), and biliary cancer (12 trials). (medscape.com)
  • BACKGROUND & AIMS: Gallstones (cholelithiasis) constitute a major health burden with high costs related to surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy), generally indicated for symptomatic gallstones. (lu.se)
  • Cholecystectomy is the procedure of choice for symptomatic children with Cholelithiasis, regardless of age. (hpathy.com)
  • Symptomatic cholelithiasis is managed with laparoscopic cholecystectomy . (amboss.com)
  • After a diagnosis of cholelithiasis has been made, the physician will ask the patient whether or not they wish to take out their gall bladder in a procedure known as a cholecystectomy. (floridasurgicalclinic.com)
  • As in adults, treatment for simple cholelithiasis is largely symptomatic, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains the criterion standard in treatment for symptomatic cholelithiasis (see Treatment and Management). (medscape.com)
  • If cholelithiasis causes symptoms or complications, cholecystectomy is necessary. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Fifteen biliary dyskinesia (BD) and 13 symptomatic cholelithiasis (CL) patients undergoing cholecystectomy were prospectively enrolled. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For patients presenting with symptomatic cholelithiasis, cholecystectomy is the definitive treatment modality. (blogspot.com)
  • Objective and Background: The decision regarding elective cholecystectomy in older patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis is complicated. (utmb.edu)
  • Methods: We used Medicare claims (1996-2005) to identify the first episode of symptomatic cholelithiasis in patients older than 65 years who did not undergo hospitalization or elective cholecystectomy within 2.5 months of the episode. (utmb.edu)
  • mean age 48.34 y) underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy utilizing the SPIDER system for a variety of diagnoses, primarily chronic cholecystitis with cholelithiasis. (sages.org)
  • Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. (lookformedical.com)
  • In most cases, cholelithiasis is caused by excessive amounts of cholesterol in the bile that is stored in the gallbladder. (renaihospital.com)
  • The formation of stones in the gallbladder is called cholelithiasis. (floridasurgicalclinic.com)
  • While this procedure is elective, almost every patient with cholelithiasis will have their gallbladder removed at some point in time. (floridasurgicalclinic.com)
  • Cholelithiasis primarily affects the gallbladder and may cause irritation of the gallbladder mucosa, resulting in chronic calculous cholecystitis and symptoms of biliary colic. (medscape.com)
  • If cholelithiasis is suspected, gallbladder studies are indicated. (nih.gov)
  • Biliary colic , also known as symptomatic cholelithiasis , a gallbladder attack or gallstone attack , is when a colic (sudden pain) occurs due to a gallstone temporarily blocking the cystic duct . (wikipedia.org)
  • Our goal was to evaluate the surgical follow-up and outcomes in patients seen in the emergency department (ED) for an episode of symptomatic cholelithiasis and discharged home for elective follow-up. (blogspot.com)
  • In patients with additional ED visits for symptomatic cholelithiasis, 60.9% had more than one abdominal ultrasound or computed tomography scan during the course of multiple visits. (blogspot.com)
  • The developed technique for the surgical treatment of choledocholithiasis in cholelithiasis ensures the restoration of bile outflow in the duodenum, normalizes its morphofunctional state, prevents the development of various postoperative complications, in particular, there was no leakage and bleeding from the choledochoduodenoanastomosis in the main group. (hvt-journal.com)
  • One of the most important problems of biliary tract surgery is the treatment of choledocholithiasis, the frequency of which in cholelithiasis varies from 10 to 38% (4). (hvt-journal.com)
  • The complications of Cholelithiasis in children are similar to those in adults. (hpathy.com)
  • Although there has been extensive evaluation of the pathophysiology of cholelithiasis, the pathophysiology of FGD or BD has not been well described. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overall, 35 patients who underwent surgical treatment of cholelithiasis, cholangitis, benign genesis obstructive jaundice (BGOJ) were included to the study. (hvt-journal.com)
  • In patients in whom cholelithiasis with numerous stones is incidentally noted on imaging, should ursodeoxycholic acid be considered to help dissolve the stones and reduce the risk of biliary disease? (patientcareonline.com)
  • Treatment for ACUTE abdominal pain with CHOLELITHIASIS. (doctorspring.com)
  • I was diagnosed with Cholelithiasis and abdominal pain, acute, right upper quadrant. (doctorspring.com)
  • Cholelithiasis is defined as "the presence or formation of stones in the gall bladder" . (hpathy.com)
  • Gall Bladder Stone or Cholelithiasis is a condition where cholesterol monohydrate stone starts coagulating and neucleate together to form stone in gall bladder. (atomictherapy.org)
  • Then this excess cholestrol which was no further able to mix in bile salt and lecithin due to oversaturation starts forming dispersed cholestrol monohydrate crystals, which later agregates and coagulate to neucleate and form Cholelithiasis or Gall Stone or Gall Bladder stone. (atomictherapy.org)
  • however, the incidence of cholelithiasis in children has increased. (medscape.com)
  • Ultrasonography of the RUQ is the study of choice in patients with uncomplicated cholelithiasis (see Workup). (medscape.com)
  • Fenofibrate increases cholesterol excretion into the bile, leading to risk of cholelithiasis. (nih.gov)
  • Cholelithiasis is a disease in which the gall accumulates, the so-called "stones" (dense bodies, indicating the violation of the metabolism of bile acids). (doclandmed.com)
  • Sometimes, this bile can form stones which is called cholelithiasis. (floridasurgicalclinic.com)
  • Because cholelithiasis has stones, the stones contrast markedly in density with the liquid and air in the area. (floridasurgicalclinic.com)
  • Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted on 56 cases of cholelithiasis in children age ranged 6-14 years of both genders. (paediatricjournal.com)
  • GESTIÓN EN SALUD PÚBLICA: Hospital readmission after emergency room visit for cholelithiasis. (blogspot.com)
  • Hospital readmission after emergency room visit for cholelithiasis. (blogspot.com)
  • We performed a retrospective review of consecutive patients seen in the ED for cholelithiasis and discharged without hospital admission between August 2009 and May 2014. (blogspot.com)
  • Cholelithiasis is common throughout the adult population, affecting as many as 25 million Americans and resulting in 500,000-700,000 cholecystectomies per year. (hpathy.com)
  • Patients can take a few steps to lessen their risk of cholelithiasis by eating a diet that is relatively low in greasy or fatty foods, taking care of their liver by drinking alcohol only in moderation, and exercising regularly. (floridasurgicalclinic.com)
  • Cholelithiasis can occur at any age, including prenatally, but is most common during puberty. (hpathy.com)
  • Cholelithiasis (GI) is currently one of the most common diseases and occurs in 10-20% of the world's population(1- 3). (hvt-journal.com)