The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Presence of milky lymph (CHYLE) in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, with or without infection.
The largest lymphatic vessel that passes through the chest and drains into the SUBCLAVIAN VEIN.
An opaque, milky-white fluid consisting mainly of emulsified fats that passes through the lacteals of the small intestines into the lymphatic system.
A procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from a body cavity or organ via a trocar and cannula, needle, or other hollow instrument.
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.
A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.
Syndromes of bone destruction where the cause is not obvious such as neoplasia, infection, or trauma. The destruction follows various patterns: massive (Gorham disease), multicentric (HAJDU-CHENEY SYNDROME), or carpal/tarsal.
The production of adhesions between the parietal and visceral pleura. The procedure is used in the treatment of bronchopleural fistulas, malignant pleural effusions, and pneumothorax and often involves instillation of chemicals or other agents into the pleural space causing, in effect, a pleuritis that seals the air leak. (From Fishman, Pulmonary Diseases, 2d ed, p2233 & Dorland, 27th ed)
Plastic tubes used for drainage of air or fluid from the pleural space. Their surgical insertion is called tube thoracostomy.
The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.
A transient dilatation of the lymphatic vessels.
Paired but separate cavity within the THORACIC CAVITY. It consists of the space between the parietal and visceral PLEURA and normally contains a capillary layer of serous fluid that lubricates the pleural surfaces.
Complexes of iodine and non-ionic SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS acting as carrier and solubilizing agent for the iodine in water. Iodophors usually enhance bactericidal activity of iodine, reduce vapor pressure and odor, minimize staining, and allow wide dilution with water. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Pseudochylothorax in pleural effusion due to coronary artery bypass surgery. (1/145)

This study describes a 64-yr-old male with a chronic left pleural effusion following a coronary artery bypass 3 yrs earlier. On thoracocentesis, turbid fluid was obtained with crystals of cholesterol on microscopic examination, establishing the diagnosis of pseudochylothorax. The pleural fluid cholesterol level was 207 mg x dL(-1) (5.36 mmol x L(-1)). This is the first report of pseudochylothorax in a chronic pleural effusion due to coronary artery bypass surgery.  (+info)

Chylothorax, chylopericardium and lymphoedema--the presenting features of signet-ring cell carcinoma. (2/145)

This report describes a patient with chylous pleural and pericardial effusions in conjunction with severe lymphoedema resembling elephantiasis. The chylous effusions and generalized lymphoedema were associated with a signet-ring cell carcinoma.  (+info)

Chylothorax after myocardial revascularization with the left internal thoracic artery. (3/145)

A 38-year-old male underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). A saphenous vein graft was attached to the left marginal branch. The left internal thoracic artery was anastomosed to the left anterior descending artery (LAD). The early recovery was uneventful and the patient was discharged on the 5th postoperative day. After three months, he came back to the hospital complaining of weight loss, weakness, and dyspnea on mild exertion. Chest X-rays showed left pleural effusion. On physical examination, a decreased vesicular murmur was detected. After six days, the diagnosis of chylothorax was made after a milky fluid was detected in the plural cavity and total pulmonary expansion did not occur. On the next day, both anterior and posterior pleural drainage were performed by videothoracoscopy, and prolonged parenteral nutrition (PPN) was instituted for ten days. After seven days the patient was put on a low-fat diet for 8 days. The fluid accumulation ceased, the drains were removed and the patient was discharged with normal pulmonary expansion.  (+info)

Fatal bilateral chylothorax in mice lacking the integrin alpha9beta1. (4/145)

Members of the integrin family of adhesion receptors mediate both cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and have been shown to play vital roles in embryonic development, wound healing, metastasis, and other biological processes. The integrin alpha9beta1 is a receptor for the extracellular matrix proteins osteopontin and tenacsin C and the cell surface immunoglobulin vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. This receptor is widely expressed in smooth muscle, hepatocytes, and some epithelia. To examine the in vivo function of alpha9beta1, we have generated mice lacking expression of the alpha9 subunit. Mice homozygous for a null mutation in the alpha9 subunit gene appear normal at birth but develop respiratory failure and die between 6 and 12 days of age. The respiratory failure is caused by an accumulation of large volumes of pleural fluid which is rich in triglyceride, cholesterol, and lymphocytes. alpha9(-/-) mice also develop edema and lymphocytic infiltration in the chest wall that appears to originate around lymphatics. alpha9 protein is transiently expressed in the developing thoracic duct at embryonic day 14, but expression is rapidly lost during later stages of development. Our results suggest that the alpha9 integrin is required for the normal development of the lymphatic system, including the thoracic duct, and that alpha9 deficiency could be one cause of congenital chylothorax.  (+info)

Paragonimiasis miyazakii associated with bilateral pseudochylothorax. (5/145)

A 37-year-old man who suffered from bilateral pleural effusions, subcutaneous abdominal induration and blood eosinophilia, was admitted to our hospital. He had ingested raw crabs at a pub-restaurant before the onset of his symptoms. His pleural effusions were chyliform containing cholesterol crystals, and a high level of immunoglobulin E (36,580 IU/ml) and anti-Paragonimus miyazakii antibody were detected. He was effectively treated with praziquantel. This case suggests that paragonimiasis should be strongly suspected if blood eosinophilia, pseudochylothorax, and a high level of immunoglobulin E in pleural effusion are detected.  (+info)

Pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis (LAM) developing chylothorax. (6/145)

We describe a case of pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis (LAM) with chylothorax that developed in a 46-year-old Japanese woman. This patient exhibited clinical symptoms of dyspnea and chest X-ray showed right pleural effusion. Thoracocentesis demonstrated chylous effusion. Chest computed tomography (CT) scan revealed multiple cystic lesions. Subsequent thoracoscopy revealed the chylorrhea from swelled vessels on the diaphragm. The clinical diagnosis, based on histological examinations with biopsy specimens obtained by thoracoscopy, was pulmonary LAM. Although the hormone therapy was not effective, chylous effusion was improved by the pleurodesis. Pulmonary LAM developing chylothorax is rare in Japan.  (+info)

Thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct. (7/145)

OBJECTIVE: When nonoperative treatment of chylothorax fails, thoracic duct ligation is usually performed through a thoracotomy. We describe two cases of persistent chylothorax, in a child and an adult, successfully treated with thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct. METHODS: A 4-year-old girl developed a right chylothorax following a Fontan procedure. Aggressive nonoperative management failed to eliminate the persistent chyle loss. A 72-year-old insulin-dependent diabetic man was involved in a motor vehicle accident, in which he sustained multiple fractured ribs, a right hemopneumothorax, a right femoral shaft fracture, and a T-11 thoracic vertebral fracture. Subsequently, he developed a right chylothorax, which did not respond to nonoperative management. Both patients were successfully treated with thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct. RESULTS: The child had significant decrease of chyle drainage following surgery. Increased drainage that appeared after the introduction of full feedings five days postoperatively was controlled with the somatostatin analog octreotide. The chest tube was removed two weeks after surgery. After two years' follow-up, she has had no recurrence of chylothorax. The adult had no chyle drainage following surgery. He was maintained on a medium-chain triglyceride diet postoperatively for two weeks. The chest tube was removed four days after surgery. After six months' follow-up, he has had no recurrence of chylothorax. CONCLUSIONS: Thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct provides a safe and effective treatment of chylothorax and may avoid thoracotomy and its associated morbidity.  (+info)

Video-assisted thoracic surgery for the management of pleural and pericardial effusion in Behcet's syndrome. (8/145)

A 28-year-old man, who presented with pleural and pericardial chylous effusion secondary to superior vena cava syndrome, was diagnosed with Behcet's syndrome. A pericardial window was created by video-assisted thoracic surgery to relieve cardiac tamponade, and this technique also enabled lung biopsy, pleural abrasion, and drainage of the pleural effusion. We report this case because of its rarity. To the best of our knowledge, the literature contains no other report of the use of video-assisted thoracic surgery for creating a pericardial window for the treatment of cardiac tamponade in a case of Behcet's syndrome.  (+info)

Chylothorax is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of lymphatic fluid called chyle in the pleural space, which is the space between the lungs and the chest wall. Chyle is a milky-white fluid that contains nutrients, electrolytes, and immune cells, and it is normally transported through the thoracic duct to the bloodstream.

Chylothorax can occur due to various reasons, such as trauma, surgery, tumors, or congenital abnormalities that disrupt the normal flow of chyle. As a result, chyle leaks into the pleural space, causing symptoms such as cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, and fever.

The diagnosis of chylothorax is usually made through imaging studies such as chest X-ray or CT scan, and confirmed by analyzing the fluid for the presence of chylomicrons, which are lipid particles found in chyle. The treatment options for chylothorax include dietary modifications, such as a low-fat diet with medium-chain triglycerides, chest tube drainage, and surgical interventions such as thoracic duct ligation or pleurodesis.

Chylous ascites is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of milky, fat-containing fluid in the peritoneal cavity, which is the space within the abdomen that contains the intestines, liver, and other organs. The fluid, called chyle, is normally found in the lymphatic system and is formed when dietary fats are absorbed from the small intestine.

Chylous ascites can occur as a result of damage to the lymphatic vessels that transport chyle from the intestines to the bloodstream. This damage can be caused by various conditions, such as trauma, surgery, tumors, inflammation, or congenital abnormalities. When the lymphatic vessels are damaged, chyle leaks into the peritoneal cavity and accumulates there, leading to ascites.

Symptoms of chylous ascites may include abdominal distension, pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. The condition can be diagnosed through various tests, such as imaging studies or analysis of the fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, as well as managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may include dietary modifications, medications to reduce lymphatic flow, or surgical interventions to repair damaged lymphatic vessels.

The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the human body. It is a part of the lymphatic system, which helps to regulate fluid balance and immune function. The thoracic duct originates from the cisterna chyli, a dilated sac located in the abdomen near the aorta.

The thoracic duct collects lymph from the lower extremities, abdomen, pelvis, and left side of the thorax (chest). It ascends through the diaphragm and enters the chest, where it passes through the mediastinum (the central part of the chest between the lungs) and eventually drains into the left subclavian vein.

The thoracic duct plays a crucial role in transporting lymphatic fluid, which contains white blood cells, fats, proteins, and other substances, back into the circulatory system. Any obstruction or damage to the thoracic duct can lead to lymph accumulation in the surrounding tissues, causing swelling and other symptoms.

Chyle is a milky, slightly opaque fluid that is present in the lymphatic system. It is formed in the small intestine during the digestion of food, particularly fats. Chyle consists of emulsified fat droplets (chylomicrons), proteins, electrolytes, and lymphocytes suspended in a watery solution. It is transported through the lacteals in the villi of the small intestine into the cisterna chyli and then to the thoracic duct, where it empties into the left subclavian vein. From there, it mixes with blood and circulates throughout the body. Chyle formation plays a crucial role in fat absorption and transportation in the human body.

Paracentesis is a medical procedure in which a thin needle or catheter is inserted through the abdominal wall to remove excess fluid from the peritoneal cavity. This procedure is also known as abdominal tap or paracentesis aspiration. The fluid removed, called ascites, can be analyzed for infection, malignant cells, or other signs of disease. Paracentesis may be performed to relieve symptoms caused by the buildup of excess fluid in the abdomen, such as pain, difficulty breathing, or loss of appetite. It is commonly used to diagnose and manage conditions such as liver cirrhosis, cancer, heart failure, and kidney failure.

Pleural effusion is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which is the thin, fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs and lines the inside of the chest wall. This space typically contains a small amount of fluid to allow for smooth movement of the lungs during breathing. However, when an excessive amount of fluid accumulates, it can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, and chest pain.

Pleural effusions can be caused by various underlying medical conditions, including pneumonia, heart failure, cancer, pulmonary embolism, and autoimmune disorders. The fluid that accumulates in the pleural space can be transudative or exudative, depending on the cause of the effusion. Transudative effusions are caused by increased pressure in the blood vessels or decreased protein levels in the blood, while exudative effusions are caused by inflammation, infection, or cancer.

Diagnosis of pleural effusion typically involves a physical examination, chest X-ray, and analysis of the fluid in the pleural space. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the effusion and may include medications, drainage of the fluid, or surgery.

Picibanil is not a commonly used medical term, and it may be more familiar as the brand name for a specific preparation of Group A Streptococcus OK-432. It is an immunotherapeutic agent that has been used in Japan for the treatment of certain types of cancer, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and soft tissue sarcoma.

Group A Streptococcus OK-432 is a weakened form of a bacterium that causes strep throat. When administered, it stimulates the immune system to produce cytokines, which are substances that help regulate the immune response. This can enhance the body's ability to fight off cancer cells and potentially slow or stop tumor growth.

It is important to note that Picibanil/OK-432 is not approved for use in the United States and its effectiveness as a cancer treatment has not been extensively studied outside of Japan.

Essential osteolysis is not a well-defined medical condition with a single, widely accepted medical definition. The term "osteolysis" generally refers to the loss or resorption of bone tissue. In essential osteolysis, this process occurs without an underlying cause that can be easily identified, such as a tumor, infection, or other disease.

Some sources describe essential osteolysis as a condition characterized by progressive bone loss that occurs spontaneously and symmetrically, typically affecting the small bones of the hands and feet. The exact cause of this form of osteolysis is not known, but it is thought to be related to an abnormal immune response or genetic factors.

It's important to note that essential osteolysis is a rare condition, and its symptoms and progression can vary significantly from person to person. If you have concerns about osteolysis or any other medical condition, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

Pleurodesis is a medical procedure that involves the intentional inflammation and subsequent fusion of the pleural surfaces, which are the thin layers of tissue that separate the lungs from the chest wall. This procedure is typically performed to prevent the recurrence of pneumothorax (a collapsed lung) or pleural effusions (abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural space).

During the pleurodesis procedure, an irritant such as talc, doxycycline, or silver nitrate is introduced into the pleural space. This causes an inflammatory response, leading to the formation of adhesions between the visceral and parietal pleura. These adhesions obliterate the potential space between the pleural layers, preventing the accumulation of air or fluid within that space.

There are two primary approaches to performing pleurodesis: thoracoscopic (using a video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery or VATS) and chemical (instilling a sclerosing agent through a chest tube). Both methods aim to achieve the same goal of creating adhesions between the pleural layers.

It is essential to note that, while pleurodesis can be an effective treatment for preventing recurrent pneumothorax or pleural effusions, it is not without risks and potential complications. These may include pain, fever, infection, empyema (pus in the pleural space), or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Patients should discuss these risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing the procedure.

Chest tubes are medical devices that are inserted into the chest cavity to drain fluid, air, or blood. They are typically used to treat conditions such as pneumothorax (collapsed lung), hemothorax (blood in the chest cavity), pleural effusion (excess fluid in the chest cavity), and chylothorax (milky fluid in the chest cavity).

Chest tubes are usually inserted between the ribs and directed into the chest cavity, allowing for drainage of the affected area. The tubes are connected to a collection system that creates negative pressure, which helps to remove the air or fluid from the chest cavity.

The size and number of chest tubes used may vary depending on the severity and location of the condition being treated. Chest tubes are typically removed once the underlying condition has been resolved and the drainage has decreased to a minimal amount.

Drainage, in medical terms, refers to the removal of excess fluid or accumulated collections of fluids from various body parts or spaces. This is typically accomplished through the use of medical devices such as catheters, tubes, or drains. The purpose of drainage can be to prevent the buildup of fluids that may cause discomfort, infection, or other complications, or to treat existing collections of fluid such as abscesses, hematomas, or pleural effusions. Drainage may also be used as a diagnostic tool to analyze the type and composition of the fluid being removed.

Lymphangiectasis is a medical condition characterized by the dilation and abnormal expansion of lymphatic vessels, which are responsible for transporting lymph fluid throughout the body. These dilated lymphatic vessels can be found in various tissues and organs, including the intestines, lungs, or other parts of the body.

In the case of intestinal lymphangiectasis (also known as Waldmann's disease), the lymphatic vessels in the small intestine become enlarged, leading to impaired absorption of nutrients and lymph fluid. This can result in protein-losing enteropathy, malnutrition, diarrhea, and edema (swelling) due to the loss of proteins and lymphatic fluids into the gastrointestinal tract.

Pulmonary lymphangiectasis is a rare congenital disorder where the lymphatic vessels in the lungs are abnormally developed and dilated, causing respiratory distress, recurrent lung infections, and chylous effusions (accumulation of milky lymph fluid in the pleural space surrounding the lungs).

Treatment for lymphangiectasis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. It may involve dietary modifications, medications to manage symptoms, or surgical interventions in some cases.

The pleural cavity is the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura, which are the two membranes that surround the lungs. The visceral pleura covers the outside of the lungs, while the parietal pleura lines the inside of the chest wall. Under normal conditions, these two layers are in contact with each other, and the space between them is virtually nonexistent. However, when air, fluid or inflammation accumulates within this space, it results in the formation of a pleural effusion, which can cause discomfort and difficulty breathing.

Iodophors are antiseptic solutions or preparations that contain iodine complexed with a solubilizing agent, usually a nonionic surfactant. The most common example is povidone-iodine (polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine). Iodophors are widely used for skin disinfection before surgical procedures and injections, as well as for the treatment of wounds and burns.

The advantage of iodophors over traditional tincture of iodine is that they provide a more sustained release of iodine, which results in a longer-lasting antimicrobial effect while being less irritating to the skin. The complexation with the solubilizing agent also helps to reduce staining of the skin and clothing compared to traditional iodine solutions.

Chylothoraces can also be classified as low- or high-output based on the rate of chyle accumulation: low-output chylothoraces ... Iatrogenic chylothorax after surgery is the most common variety of chylothorax. It is a common and serious complication of a ... The probability of chylothorax depends on the type of surgery. The surgery with the highest risk of chylothorax is an ... Chylothoraces most commonly occur in the right pleural space (50% of cases). Left-sided and bilateral chylothoraces are less ...
Chylothorax is often fatal. Among other health problems are laryngeal paralysis, dilated cardiomyopathy (twice as common in ... Afghan Hounds are also among the dog breeds most likely to develop chylothorax, a rare condition which causes the thoracic ... If not corrected through surgery, chylothorax can ultimately cause fibrosing pleuritis, or a hardening of the organs, due to ... Fossum, T.W.; Birchard, S.J.; Jacobs, R.M. (1986). "Chylothorax in 34 dogs". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical ...
Chylothorax in Gorham's disease. J Korean Med Sci. 2002;17:826-9. Chattopadhyay P, Bandyopadhyay A, Das S, Kundu A J. Gorham's ... A case of Gorham's disease with chylothorax treated curatively with radiation therapy. Clin Med Res. 2005;3:83-6. Lee WS, Kim ... leading to chylothorax with its serious consequences, and that the mortality rate in this group can reach as high as 64% ...
This can cause chylothorax. The discovery of this structure has been credited to Niels Stensen. Deep lymph nodes and vessels of ...
Chylous ascites and chylothorax rarely occur.[citation needed] List of cutaneous conditions Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP ...
Kilic D, Sahin E, Gulcan O, Bolat B, Turkoz R, Hatipoglu A (2005). "Octreotide for treating chylothorax after cardiac surgery ... Chan EH, Russell JL, Williams WG, Van Arsdell GS, Coles JG, McCrindle BW (November 2005). "Postoperative chylothorax after ... Siu SL, Lam DS (2006). "Spontaneous neonatal chylothorax treated with octreotide". Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 42 ... larger studies have failed to demonstrate efficacy in treating chylothorax. A small study has shown[when?] that octreotide may ...
Chylothorax can also bring LAM to attention. In some cases, a LAM diagnosis can be made with confidence on clinical grounds ( ... Chemical pleurodesis is generally an effective therapy for chylothorax, as is mechanical abrasion and talc poudrage. Renal ... chylothorax or serum VEGF-D > 800 pg/ml. If none of these clinical features are present, a biopsy may be necessary to make the ... including Chylothorax Chylous ascites Chylopericardium Chyloptysis Chyluria Chyle in vaginal discharge Chyle in stool ...
Injury to the lymphatic system can lead to postoperative chylothorax. Additional risks include lung injury, bleeding with the ...
A case of Gorham's disease with chylothorax treated curatively with radiation therapy. Clin Med Res. 2005;3:83- Yeager ND, ... The accumulations are described based on location: chylothorax is chyle in the chest; chylopericardium is chyle trapped inside ... chylothorax (chyle in the pleural cavity); and chylopericardium (chyle in the heart sack).[citation needed] Lymphangiomatosis ... Unique diagnostic features and successful management of a patient with disseminated lymphangiomatosis and chylothorax. J ...
Chylothorax is a troublesome complication and is usually managed conservatively by adjusting the diet to eliminate long-chain ... Two complications specific to this surgery are left recurrent nerve palsy and chylothorax, as the recurrent laryngeal nerve and ... http://www.ctsnet.org/article/ligation-thoracic-duct-chylothorax}[permanent dead link] Mathew, Thomas; Idhrees, Mohammed; Misra ...
Chylothorax has been observed rarely as a symptom of congenital stenosis of the superior vena cava in infant patients. ... Chylothorax results as a rare complication in which chyle leaks into the thoracic space following direct incidental damage and ... Chylothorax leakage commonly occurs in patients with additional complex congenital heart lesions, increasing the risk of ... Harrison, D; Sullivan, P; Christman, G; Takao, C (April 2017). "Intravascular Stent Implantation for Refractory Chylothorax ...
... the resulting flood of liquid into the pleural cavity is known as chylothorax. In adults, the thoracic duct is typically 38-45 ... this situation is called chylothorax. Transverse section of thorax, showing relations of pulmonary artery. The arch of the ...
... deficiencies in mice disrupt lymphatic valve development and result in lymphatic disorders including lymphedema and chylothorax ...
In addition, because of persistent chylothorax, he underwent decortication of the right lung and oversewing of the thoracic ...
2008). "A recurrent ITGA9 missense mutation in human fetuses with severe chylothorax: possible correlation with poor response ...
After joining Arkansas State in 2001 as a walk-on, O'Neal was diagnosed with chylothorax and subsequently had part of his lung ...
Fetal hydrothorax, chylothorax, or large pleural effusion associated with bronchopulmonary sequestration should be treated ...
... from the stasis and lowered cardiac output are assumed to be at the root of lymphatic complications such as chylothorax, ...
... chylothorax) or pus (empyema) from the intrathoracic space. An intrapleural chest tube is also known as a Bülau drain or an ... accumulation of fluid in the pleural space Chylothorax: a collection of lymph in the pleural space Empyema: a pyogenic ...
... chylothorax, esophageal rupture).[citation needed] Pleural tumors may be benign (i.e. solitary fibrous tumor) or malignant in ...
A 28 years young lady, a complex case of bilateral chylothorax (accumulation of chylux fluid in both the chest leading to lung ...
... and if the fluid is lymph it is known as chylothorax (resulting from rupture of the thoracic duct). Treatment of hydrothorax is ...
... chylothorax) in that they have the characteristics of lymph. A lymphogram may be performed in people with lymphedema. This can ...
Other adverse events included spinal epidural hematoma (in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine), chylothorax, injuries of ...
Castleman's disease Chylothorax Kawasaki disease Kikuchi disease Lipedema Lymphangitis Lymphatic filariasis Lymphocytic ...
By the origin of the fluid: Serous fluid (hydrothorax) Blood (haemothorax) Chyle (chylothorax) Pus (pyothorax or empyema) Urine ... chylothorax), or very rarely urine (urinothorax). When unspecified, the term "pleural effusion" normally refers to hydrothorax ...
... chylothorax) or chylous ascites, respectively. Diagnosis of a chyle fistula may be accomplished by analysis of pleural/ ...
Chylothoraces can also be classified as low- or high-output based on the rate of chyle accumulation: low-output chylothoraces ... Iatrogenic chylothorax after surgery is the most common variety of chylothorax. It is a common and serious complication of a ... The probability of chylothorax depends on the type of surgery. The surgery with the highest risk of chylothorax is an ... Chylothoraces most commonly occur in the right pleural space (50% of cases). Left-sided and bilateral chylothoraces are less ...
Chylothorax refers to the presence of lymphatic fluid in the pleural space secondary to leakage from the thoracic duct or one ... Chylothorax has no predilection for age or either sex. The incidence of chylothorax ranges from 0.4-4% in esophageal procedures ... encoded search term (Chylothorax) and Chylothorax What to Read Next on Medscape ... Clinicians must rule out all possible malignant causes before designating the chylothorax as idiopathic. Congenital chylothorax ...
Results: Chylothorax is caused by injury or obstruction of the thoracic duct or its main tributaries leading to chyle ... A contemporary review of chylothorax Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2008 Oct-Dec;50(4):343-51. ... This review will focus on anatomical and aetiologic factors as well as the conservative and operative therapy of chylothorax. ... and those with unique issues pertaining to chylothorax were reviewed independantly by both authors. Studies that were selected ...
Combined occurrence of chyloperitoneum and chylothorax after retroperitoneal surgery. G Muns, SI Rennard, AA Floreani ... Combined occurrence of chyloperitoneum and chylothorax after retroperitoneal surgery Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a ... Chyloperitoneum is a rare complication of abdominal or retroperitoneal surgery, and the combined occurrence of chylothorax and ...
Chylothorax is a disorder in which lymphatic fluid collects in the pleural cavity, the space between the cats lungs and chest ... Chylothorax in Cats: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment How To Identify Feline Chylothorax and How To Treat It BY Team PetCareRx ... How to Prevent Chylothorax In Cats. Feline Chylothorax can be difficult to prevent since the underlying causes are sometimes ... We discuss how to recover from and prevent Feline Chylothorax.. Chylothorax is a condition in cats in which lymphatic fluid ...
The etiology of chylothorax is poorly understood in the dog and cat. The incidence of chylothorax in Afghan is inordinately ... Often, a cause for chylothorax is not found and the clinician is left with a diagnosis of idiopathic chylothorax. Direct ... Chylothorax results when chyle from the cisterna chyli-thoracic duct system gains access to the pleural space. In the dog, the ... Treatment of chylothorax may be medical or surgical. Medical management is directed at draining the pleural space and reducing ...
Transudative chylothorax and frailty: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge Message subject: (Your Name) has forwarded a page ...
Chylothorax after coronary artery bypass and internal mammary artery harvesting: a case report ... In some cases, chylothorax is treated by somatostatin, and operative treatment remains an option for resistant chylothorax with ... A diagnosis of chylothorax was made due to lymphatic injury during LIMA harvesting, and the patient was placed on a low-fat ... The rarity of chylothorax following LIMA harvest is explained by the usual lymph vessel valve competency of the LAMLNC, which ...
BackgroundCongenital chylothorax (CC) is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition in newborns. It is defined as an ... About 80% of infants with chylothorax respond to conservative dietary management [15]. Nevertheless, chylothorax did not ... in the form of breast milk after resolution of chylothorax with favorable outcome in neonates with congenital chylothorax. ... Chylothorax. BR J Sur. 1997;84:15. * Maldonado F, Hawkins FJ, Daniels CE, Doerr CH, Decker PA, Ryu JH. Pleural fluid ...
Chylothorax refers to the presence of lymphatic fluid in the pleural space secondary to leakage from the thoracic duct or one ... encoded search term (Chylothorax) and Chylothorax What to Read Next on Medscape ... Post-operative chylothorax in children: an evidence-based management algorithm. J Paediatr Child Health. 2008 Dec. 44(12):716- ... Congenital chylothorax in a late preterm infant and successful treatment with octreotide. Pediatr Neonatol. 2011 Oct. 52(5):297 ...
Chylothorax following coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. P. Papagiannopoulou, N. Efstathiou, N. Barbetakis, I. Fessatidis ... Dasatinib-induced chylothorax in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia: A Case Report. Ioanna Tsiouprou, Eleni Apostolidou, ...
Chylothorax Dose: One capsule per 10-20lbs of body weight twice daily depending on the severity. Ingredients: Trichos... ... Pleural Effusion/ Chylothorax. Indications: Chylothorax. Dose: One capsule per 10-20lbs of body weight twice daily depending on ...
Chylothorax occurs when chyle from the thoracic duct empties into the pleural space. Chyle is a milky white fluid with a high ... chylothorax is the most common type of pleural effusion in neonates, due to: persistent fetal chylothorax, rupture of the ... Aetiology and management of chylothorax in adults. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007 Aug;32(2):362-9. PMID: 17580118. [Free Full ... Chylothorax occurs when chyle from the thoracic duct empties into the pleural space ...
Chylothorax. Adobe Photoshop. ...
Chylothorax. What is chylothorax?. Chylothorax is an accumulation of lymph fluid around the lungs. The excess fluid around the ... How is chylothorax treated?. The treatment goals for chylothorax are to drain the fluid and keep it from building up again and ... How is chylothorax diagnosed?. Chylothorax is sometimes discovered during pregnancy during a routine ultrasound. In other cases ... The exact cause of chylothorax in newborns is often unknown. Most cases of chylothorax are congenital (present at birth). It ...
To all my loyal readers, I am sorry that I disappeared for while. My animal family have been through some serious medical issues in the last couple of weeks. It seems that when my animals were suffering I pulled inward so that I could concentrate on their healing and drive them to vet visits, the …. Joey Read More ». ...
... PubMed, SCI, Scopus, ESCI, PMC indexed ... Chylothorax: An Unsuspected Presentation of Lymphoproliferative Disease. Article Information. Áurea Lima1-3*, Diana Dias4, ... Chylothorax. Ugeskr Laeger 179 (2017): pii: V05170429.. *Andrew M Evens, Lale Kostakoglu. The role of FDG-PET in defining ... Chylothorax is a rare but serious condition caused by obstruction or disruption of the lymphatic branches draining the lower ...
Loculated mediastinal chylothorax resulting from esophagogastrectomy: A case report. Journal of Thoracic Imaging. 1993;8(4):313 ... Loculated mediastinal chylothorax resulting from esophagogastrectomy : A case report. In: Journal of Thoracic Imaging. 1993 ; ... Loculated mediastinal chylothorax resulting from esophagogastrectomy: A case report. Jeffrey L. Lautin, Syma Baran, Otilia ... Lautin, J. L., Baran, S., Dumitrescu, O., Sakurai, H., Halpern, N., & Lautin, E. M. (1993). Loculated mediastinal chylothorax ...
... chylothoraces and/or pericardial effusions. In LMPHM6, there is a high incidence of nonimmune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) with ...
Our case is Down syndrome with congenital chylothorax which is rare complication. Neonatal chylothorax results from the ... Congenital Chylothorax in Newborn with Trisomy 21Nayomi2021-10-31T08:52:31+00:00 Journal of Bioscience & Biomedical Engineering ... Congenital chylothorax is most likely due to abnormal development or obstruction of the lymphatic system. It is often ... Congenital chylothorax in neonates is serious problem .it was interfere with respiratory drive and need respiratory support, it ...
Chylothorax and chylopericardial tamponade in a hemodialysis patient with catheter-induced superior vena cava stenosis. ... Dive into the research topics of Chylothorax and chylopericardial tamponade in a hemodialysis patient with catheter-induced ...
The thoracic duct and chylothorax. In: Patterson GA, Griffith Pearson F, Cooper JD, et al., editors. Pearsons thoracic and ... Chyle leak and chylothorax is a well-described complication in thoracic surgery.1,2 Lymphangiography has been used to identify ... Bilateral traumatic chylothorax treated by thoracic duct embolization: a rare treatment for an uncommon problem. Vasc Med 2011; ... Chylothorax after surgery is estimated to occur in less than 0.5% of all general thoracic surgery cases and 3.9% of ...
A chylothorax occurs when the thoracic duct is disrupted and chyle accumulates in the pleural space. Thoracentesis reveals ... Chylothorax is a rare and apparently underappreciated manifestation of cirrhosis resulting from transdiaphragmatic passage of ... Cirrhosis of the liver associated with chylothorax Şilotoraks ile seyreden karaciǧer sirozu olgusu ...
Pleura is the tissue that wraps around the outside of your lungs. Pleural disorders include pleurisy, pleural effusion and pneumothorax. Learn more.
Chylothorax. 4 (9.52). 0. Brain vascular disease. 3 (7.14). 8 (13.11). Immunosupression. 18 (48.9). 36 (59.0). ...
Chylothorax Need a Curbside Consult? Share cases and questions with Physicians on Medscape consult. Share a Case ...
Chylothorax. *Collapsed Lung (Pneumothorax). *Colorectal Cancer. *Congestive Heart Failure. *COPD (Chronic Obstructive ...
A case of nonsurgical traumatic chylothorax with leaks identified by lymphangiography. Honami Iwataa Teruaki Nishiumaa Koichiro ... Chest X-ray showed left pleural effusion, which was diagnosed as chylothorax. Thoracoscopy was performed with local anesthesia ...
Chylothorax is a rare and underappreciated manifestation of liver cirrhosis. The biochemical characteristics of cirrhotic ... Therefore we diagnosed this patient as having liver cirrhosis complicated with chylothorax. β-Blocker was very effective, and ... A case of chylothorax associated with liver cirrhosis successfully treated by β-blocker ... A thoracentesis yielded fluid with characteristics consistent with chylothorax, even though the pleural effusion was ...
  • In cases of postoperative chylothorax, the first sign may be persistent drainage from intercostal drains. (wikipedia.org)
  • Historically the most common form of chylothorax was non-traumatic, but traumatic chylothoraces now represent the majority of cases, with most arising as postoperative complications of surgery. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 10 ] Of the 1341 children who underwent correction of congenital heart disease, 18 (1.3%) developed postoperative chylothorax, which was managed with a therapeutic protocol that included complete drainage of chyle collection and controlled nutrition. (medscape.com)
  • As previous studies have revealed, postoperative chylothorax is a rare complication of cardiothoracic surgery procedures, especially myocardial revascularization [1-4]. (who.int)
  • The first postoperative day was uneventful, but the second was complicated by severe left-sided chylothorax. (who.int)
  • Postoperative chylothorax, albeit rare, is a serious complication with a high mortality rate, which can approach 50% in untreated patients [4]. (who.int)
  • On the second postoperative day, our patient developed severe chylothorax, which lasted for 21 days. (who.int)
  • Prevention of postoperative chylothorax with thoracic duct ligation during video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy for cancer. (medscape.com)
  • In particular, cardiothoracic surgery has been associated with 69-85% of cases of chylothorax in children. (medscape.com)
  • In conclusion, conservative therapy in uncomplicated cases of chylothorax seems to be a favourable option, and surgical intervention should remain as a final choice if conservative therapy fails. (who.int)
  • Most cases of chylothorax are congenital (present at birth). (fetaltonewborn.org)
  • A chylothorax is an abnormal accumulation of chyle, a type of lipid-rich lymph, in the space surrounding the lung. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fever or chest pain are not usually associated with chylothorax, as chyle does not generate inflammation by itself. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chylothorax is caused by injury or obstruction of the thoracic duct or its main tributaries leading to chyle accumulation in the pleural space. (nih.gov)
  • Chylothorax results when chyle from the cisterna chyli-thoracic duct system gains access to the pleural space. (dvm360.com)
  • Neonatal chylothorax results from the accumulation of chyle in the pleural space and may be either congenital or an acquired condition. (unisciencepub.com)
  • Chyle leak and chylothorax is a well-described complication in thoracic surgery. (canjsurg.ca)
  • A chylothorax occurs when the thoracic duct is disrupted and chyle accumulates in the pleural space. (omu.edu.tr)
  • chylothorax is the most common type of pleural effusion in neonates, due to: persistent fetal chylothorax, rupture of the thoracic duct from trauma during delivery, or to developmental abnormalities of the thoracic duct. (litfl.com)
  • It can be acquired due to infection like pneumonia the chylous pleural effusion impair normal development of fetal lung by pressure effects and can lead to pulmonary hypoplasia Man¬agement of chylothorax is multidisplenary include neonatolo¬gist, pulmonologist, genetics, surgeon and dietitian. (unisciencepub.com)
  • Lymphoma is the most common etiology, representing about 60% of all cases, with non-Hodgkin lymphoma more likely than Hodgkin lymphoma to cause chylothorax. (medscape.com)
  • Although the exact etiology of chylothorax in cats is often unknown, it has been linked to trauma, cancer, heart disease, and other underlying illnesses. (petcarerx.com)
  • The timing of surgical management is controversial and depends on the etiology of the chylothorax and the patient's overall condition. (medscape.com)
  • A malignant etiology of the chylothorax must be ruled out, as greater than 50% of cases are due to malignancy, of which lymphoma accounts for approximately 75% of cases, followed by lung carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • Etiology and management of chylothorax following pediatric heart surgery. (medscape.com)
  • The most common cause of non-traumatic chylothoraces is cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cancers like chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lung cancer, lymphoma, Kaposi sarcoma, metastatic carcinoma or esophageal cancer are potential causes of chylothorax. (wikipedia.org)
  • This review will focus on anatomical and aetiologic factors as well as the conservative and operative therapy of chylothorax. (nih.gov)
  • The first-line therapy of chylothorax is a combination of respiratory stabilization and dietary modification. (researchsquare.com)
  • Surgical management of chylothorax. (medscape.com)
  • Aetiology and management of chylothorax in adults. (litfl.com)
  • In a retrospective study involving 392 pediatric patients (mean age, 97 days) who underwent surgical treatment of congenital heart disease to determine whether the site of insertion of central venous lines was associated with the occurrence of chylothorax after cardiac surgery, Borasino et al reported that the insertion of central venous lines in the upper body had an increased association with postsurgical chylothorax. (medscape.com)
  • Chyloperitoneum is a rare complication of abdominal or retroperitoneal surgery, and the combined occurrence of chylothorax and chyloperitoneum has been reported in only a few cases. (ersjournals.com)
  • Thoracic duct ligation for persistent chylothorax after pediatric cardiothoracic surgery. (medscape.com)
  • Outcomes of Chylothorax Nonoperative Management After Cardiothoracic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Octreotide as therapeutic option for congenital idiopathic chylothorax: a case series. (medscape.com)
  • Results -10 of 14 dogs had idiopathic chylothorax, and 4 had an identified disease. (avma.org)
  • All but 1 dog with idiopathic chylothorax and 1 dog with chylothorax from a heart base tumor had unsuccessful thoracic duct ligation prior to pump placement. (avma.org)
  • Chylothorax refers to the presence of lymphatic fluid in the pleural space secondary to leakage from the thoracic duct or one of its main tributaries. (medscape.com)
  • Chylothorax is characterized by the presence of lymphatic fluid with triglycerides and chylomicrons in the pleural cavity [1]. (fortuneonline.org)
  • The cornerstones of treatment for chylothorax conventionally consist of chest tube drainage (CTD), respiratory support, dietary restriction of long-chain triglycerides (LCT) or total parenteral nutrition (TPN). (researchsquare.com)
  • Many instances of chylothorax are mild, in which case they can sometimes resolve themselves or be cured by drainage of the fluid. (fetaltonewborn.org)
  • Thoracentesis was performed with drainage of 1000 mL of milky-looking pleural fluid whose analysis was compatible with chylothorax (amicrobial, pH 7.5, 935 leukocytes/µL with 29% polymorphonuclear cells and a clear predominance of lymphocytes, 5.3 g/dL proteins, 684 mg/dL triglycerides, 123 mg/dL cholesterol, normal glucose and LDH). (fortuneonline.org)
  • Complication due to prolong drain of chylothorax lead to impaired of lymphatic drainage and leads to infection. (unisciencepub.com)
  • The most common cause of an infectious chylothorax is a complication of tuberculous lymphadenitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Injury of such a backflowing LAMLNC is more likely to explain chylothorax as a complication of LIMA harvesting than the injury of the thoracic duct itself since this is more deeply located in this region. (who.int)
  • Our case is Down syndrome with congenital chylothorax which is rare complication. (unisciencepub.com)
  • Neurological delayed milestone in those babies with Down syndrome, there is several complication can occur in association with development of congenital chylothorax, these include pulmonary hypoplasia, malnutrition, hypernatre¬mia and fluid imbalance. (unisciencepub.com)
  • Chylothorax after thoracic surgery is a severe complication with high morbidity and mortality rate of 0.10 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06 - 0.02). (bvsalud.org)
  • Heart disease: Chylothorax can result from fluid accumulation in the lungs due to congestive heart failure. (petcarerx.com)
  • Chylothorax is an accumulation of lymph fluid around the lungs. (fetaltonewborn.org)
  • Congenital chylothorax, involving multiple lymphatic vessel anomalies or thoracic cavity defects and potentially associated with other congenital anomalies, is the leading cause of pleural effusion in neonates. (medscape.com)
  • Neonates diagnosed with congenital chylothorax and treated at Innsbruck Medical University Hospital between 2013 and 2019 (n = 5, gestational age: 36 3/7, 32 5/7, 36 4/7, 35 0/7, 35 4/7) were eligible for this report. (researchsquare.com)
  • Further, we report the early introduction of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) in the form of breast milk after resolution of chylothorax with favorable outcome in neonates with congenital chylothorax. (researchsquare.com)
  • Congenital chylothorax in neonates is serious problem .it was interfere with respiratory drive and need respiratory support, it can be diagnosed antenatal and mange. (unisciencepub.com)
  • Other operations like mediastinal tumor resection, thoracic aneurysm repair, sympathectomy, and any other surgeries that take place in the lower neck or the mediastinum can lead to chylothorax. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study aims to introduce an optimized method named "non-grasping en bloc mediastinal lymph node dissection (MLND)" through video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). (medscape.com)
  • Non-grasping en bloc MLND enables en bloc dissection of mediastinal LNs with comparable morbidity and oncological efficacy while saving troubles of excessive interference of instruments and potential damage to the target LN. (medscape.com)
  • About 2-3% of all fluid collections surrounding the lungs (pleural effusions) are chylothoraces. (wikipedia.org)
  • A large chylothorax may lead to breathlessness or a feeling of pressure in the chest, caused by fluid restricting the expansion of the lungs, although large chylothoraces may remain asymptomatic if the chylothorax has accumulated slowly, as the lungs may have had time to become used to the pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chylothorax is a disorder in which lymphatic fluid collects in the pleural cavity, the space between the cat's lungs and chest wall. (petcarerx.com)
  • If the doctor thinks your baby may have fluid in the lungs or if your baby is showing symptoms of chylothorax, tests may be done to confirm the diagnosis. (fetaltonewborn.org)
  • Common tests for diagnosing chylothorax include a chest X-ray, an ultrasound , or thoracentesis, which has a needle drain the chylothorax, and pleural fluid analysis. (fetaltonewborn.org)
  • The treatment goals for chylothorax are to drain the fluid and keep it from building up again and to determine the cause so that it can also be treated. (fetaltonewborn.org)
  • Another common treatment method for chylothorax is inserting a chest tube through a small incision in the baby's chest to drain the excess fluid. (fetaltonewborn.org)
  • A thoracentesis yielded fluid with characteristics consistent with chylothorax, even though the pleural effusion was transudative. (or.jp)
  • Once chylothorax resolved, a 6-week diet of medium-chain triglycerides was given. (medscape.com)
  • Chylothorax is mainly treated by diet modification, including a low-fat diet or a diet with medium-chain triglycerides. (who.int)
  • We report a case of chylothorax due to liver cirrhosis. (omu.edu.tr)
  • Therefore we diagnosed this patient as having liver cirrhosis complicated with chylothorax. (or.jp)
  • Chylothorax is a rare and underappreciated manifestation of liver cirrhosis. (or.jp)
  • In some cases, chylothorax only affects one lung, but in other cases it can affect both lungs. (fetaltonewborn.org)
  • Iatrogenic chylothorax after surgery is the most common variety of chylothorax. (wikipedia.org)
  • A diagnosis of chylothorax was made due to lymphatic injury during LIMA harvesting, and the patient was placed on a low-fat diet. (who.int)
  • It also reinforces the importance of the differential diagnosis of pleural effusion, recalling the hypothesis of chylothorax as an underlying cause. (fortuneonline.org)
  • The biochemical characteristics of cirrhotic chylothorax of a transudate are useful for diagnosis. (or.jp)
  • Rapid breathing: An increased respiratory rate may be seen in cats with chylothorax. (petcarerx.com)
  • Treatment of chylothorax is multidisplenery need insertion of chest tube to decrease respiratory distress, diet management and pediatric surgery. (unisciencepub.com)
  • The incidence of chylothorax ranges from 0.4-4% in esophageal procedures to 2.5-4.7% in congenital cardiac procedures. (medscape.com)
  • Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia and pulmonary cysts develop during adulthood and manifest with dyspnea, pneumothorax, or chylothorax. (orpha.net)
  • Malignant etiologies account for more than 50% of chylothorax diagnoses and are separated into lymphomatous and nonlymphomatous causes. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital chylothorax in a late preterm infant and successful treatment with octreotide. (medscape.com)
  • showed in their literature review, most cases with early presenting chylothorax respond only to surgical procedures [1]. (who.int)
  • Between February 2009 and July 2013, 402 patients with clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) underwent "non-grasping en bloc MLND" conducted by one surgical team. (medscape.com)
  • Malignancies are the most frequent cause of non-traumatic chylothorax. (wikipedia.org)
  • Central venous lines are a risk factor for chylothorax in infants after cardiac surgery. (medscape.com)
  • It is important to distinguish a chylothorax from a pseudochylothorax (a pleural effusion that happens to be high in cholesterol), which has a similar appearance visually but is caused by more chronic inflammatory processes and requires a different treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lymphatic malformation-6 is a form of generalized lymphatic dysplasia (GLD), which is characterized by a uniform, widespread lymphedema affecting all segments of the body, with systemic involvement such as intestinal and/or pulmonary lymphangiectasia, pleural effusions, chylothoraces and/or pericardial effusions. (nih.gov)
  • Is Octreotide Treatment Useful in Patients with Congenital Chylothorax? (medscape.com)
  • The early introduction of LCFA in the form of breast milk after resolution of chylothorax was associated with favourable outcome (no recurrence of pleural effusion and adequate weight gain). (researchsquare.com)
  • Late presenting chylothorax responds more readily to conservative treatment as the leak volume is smaller and healing is more likely [3]. (who.int)
  • The purpose of this report is to point out the feasibility of a fast change from LCT fat-free nutrition to full-fat nutrition once the chylothorax has dissolved, especially the early introduction of breast milk feeding / breastfeeding in infants with chylothorax. (researchsquare.com)
  • Traumatic Chylothorax: Approach and Outcomes. (nih.gov)
  • The symptoms of a chylothorax depend its size and the underlying cause. (wikipedia.org)
  • A small chylothorax may not cause any symptoms and only be detected on a chest X-ray performed for another reason. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chest X-ray showed left pleural effusion, which was diagnosed as chylothorax. (or.jp)
  • Clinicians must rule out all possible malignant causes before designating the chylothorax as idiopathic. (medscape.com)
  • CENTRAL MESSAGE Nonoperative treatment for chylothorax after cardiothoracic procedures has significant hospital stay , morbidity , mortality , and reoperation rates. (bvsalud.org)