Alkaloids extracted from various species of Cinchona.
A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic CINCHONA ALKALOIDS from their bark; QUININE; QUINIDINE; chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat MALARIA and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.
The Madder plant family of the order Rubiales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida includes important medicinal plants that provide QUININE; IPECAC; and COFFEE. They have opposite leaves and interpetiolar stipules.
ACETIC ACID or acetic acid esters substituted with one or more CHLORINE atoms.
Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water.
An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.
An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood.
The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Transformation of Cinchona alkaloids into 1-N-oxide derivatives by endophytic Xylaria sp isolated from Cinchona pubescens. (1/15)

The microbial transformation of four Cinchona alkaloids (quinine, quinidine, cinchonidine, and cinchonine) by endophytic fungi isolated from Cinchona pubescens was investigated. The endophytic filamentous fungus Xylaria sp. was found to transform the Cinchona alkaloids into their 1-N-oxide derivatives.  (+info)

Screening for antimicrobial activity of ten medicinal plants used in Colombian folkloric medicine: a possible alternative in the treatment of non-nosocomial infections. (2/15)

BACKGROUND: The antimicrobial activity and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extracts of Bidens pilosa L., Bixa orellana L., Cecropia peltata L., Cinchona officinalis L., Gliricidia sepium H.B. & K, Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don, Justicia secunda Vahl., Piper pulchrum C.DC, P. paniculata L. and Spilanthes americana Hieron were evaluated against five bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus beta hemolitic, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli), and one yeast (Candida albicans). These plants are used in Colombian folk medicine to treat infections of microbial origin. METHODS: Plants were collected by farmers and traditional healers. The ethanol, hexane and water extracts were obtained by standard methods. The antimicrobial activity was found by using a modified agar well diffusion method. All microorganisms were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). MIC was determined in the plant extracts that showed some efficacy against the tested microorganisms. Gentamycin sulfate (1.0 microg/ml), clindamycin (0.3 microg/ml) and nystatin (1.0 microg/ml) were used as positive controls. RESULTS: The water extracts of Bidens pilosa L., Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don, and Piper pulchrum C.DC showed a higher activity against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli than gentamycin sulfate. Similarly, the ethanol extracts of all species were active against Staphylococcus aureus except for Justicia secunda. Furthermore, Bixa orellana L, Justicia secunda Vahl. and Piper pulchrum C.DC presented the lowest MICs against Escherichia coli (0.8, 0.6 and 0.6 microg/ml, respectively) compared to gentamycin sulfate (0.9 8 g/ml). Likewise, Justicia secunda and Piper pulchrum C.DC showed an analogous MIC against Candida albicans (0.5 and 0.6 microg/ml, respectively) compared to nystatin (0.6 microg/ml). Bixa orellana L, exhibited a better MIC against Bacillus cereus (0.2 microg/ml) than gentamycin sulfate (0.5 microg/ml). CONCLUSION: This in vitro study corroborated the antimicrobial activity of the selected plants used in folkloric medicine. All these plants were effective against three or more of the pathogenic microorganisms. However, they were ineffective against Streptococcus beta hemolytic and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Their medicinal use in infections associated with these two species is not recommended. This study also showed that Bixa orellana L, Justicia secunda Vahl. and Piper pulchrum C.DC could be potential sources of new antimicrobial agents.  (+info)

Polymer-supported Cinchona alkaloid-derived ammonium salts as recoverable phase-transfer catalysts for the asymmetric synthesis of alpha-amino acids. (3/15)

Alkaloids such as cinchonidine, quinine and N-methylephedrine have been N-alkylated using polymeric benzyl halides or co-polymerized and then N-alkylated, thus affording a series of polymer-supported chiral ammonium salts which have been employed as phase-transfer catalysts in the asymmetric benzylation of an N-(diphenylmethylene)glycine ester. These new polymeric catalysts can be easily recovered by simple filtration after the reaction and reused. The best ee's were achieved when Merrifield resin-anchored cinchonidinium ammonium salts were employed.  (+info)

Cinchona alkaloids are also produced by an endophytic filamentous fungus living in cinchona plant. (4/15)

We report that the endophytic filamentous fungus Diaporthe sp., isolated from Cinchona ledgeriana and cultivated in a synthetic liquid medium, produces Cinchona alkaloids (quinine, quinidine, cinchonidine, and cinchonine). This shows that Cinchona alkaloids are produced not only in Cinchona plant cells, but also in endophytic microbe cells.  (+info)

Malaria drug resistance: new observations and developments. (5/15)

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Induced terpene accumulation in Norway spruce inhibits bark beetle colonization in a dose-dependent manner. (6/15)

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Integration efficiency in DNA-induced transformation of Pneumococcus. I. A method of transformation in solid medium and its use for isolation of transformation-deficient and recombination-modified mutants. (7/15)

A method of transformation on solid medium especially adapted for pneumococcus has been developed. Under specific conditions, all colonies that are allowed to grow in the presence of transforming DNA for six hours give rise to transformed bacteria. Combined with replica plating this technique has been used to isolate mutants modified with regard to recombination. Most of the mutants found are transformation-defective and show a large diversity in their response to ultraviolet light. Some of these mutants have lost their ability to take up transforming DNA. One shows a reduced yield of transformants for a given quantity of DNA taken up. Mutants that manifest altered behavior with regard to marker efficiencies have also been isolated. One of these exhibits a decrease in the transformation efficiency of only the high efficiency markers and two mutants show a decrease in the transformation efficiency of the low efficiency markers.  (+info)

Integration efficiency in DNA-induced transformation of Pneumococcus. II. Genetic studies of mutant integrating all the markers with a high efficiency. (8/15)

Transformation of the pneumococcus mutant 401 by DNA's bearing the standard reference marker and several other markers belonging to two unlinked loci has shown that differences in the integration efficiencies of these markers were considerably reduced in this strain compared to the wild-type strain Cl(3). The sensitivities of mutant 401 to ultraviolet light and to X-ray irradiation are the same as those of Cl(3). However, in 401 all the markers tested are more resistant to inactivation as shown by transformation of 401 and Cl(3) by ultraviolet-irradiated DNA. The increase in resistance is greater for low efficiency (LE) markers than for high efficiency (HE) markers.-The decreased discrimination between LE and HE markers in strain 401 is not due to a mechanism related to modification of markers in the transforming DNA by the recipient cells, nor are the proteins inducing competence of the cells responsible for the differences in the integration efficiencies of various markers.-Genetic studies of the fate of recombinants as well as the measure of the amount of DNA taken up have shown that all the markers are integrated in strain 401 by the same recombination process, that specific to high efficiency markers.  (+info)

Cinchona alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that are found in the bark of Cinchona trees, which are native to South America. These alkaloids have been used for centuries in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, most notably malaria. The main cinchona alkaloids include quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, and cinchonidine.

Quinine is the most well-known of these alkaloids and has been used for centuries as an effective antimalarial agent. It works by interfering with the reproduction of the malaria parasite in the red blood cells. Quinine is also used to treat other medical conditions, such as leg cramps and restless legs syndrome.

Quinidine is another important cinchona alkaloid that is used primarily as an antiarrhythmic agent to treat irregular heart rhythms. It works by slowing down the electrical conduction in the heart and stabilizing its rhythm.

Cinchonine and cinchonidine have more limited medical uses, mainly as bitter-tasting ingredients in tonics and other beverages. However, they also have some medicinal properties, such as being used as antimalarial agents and antiarrhythmic drugs in some countries.

It is important to note that cinchona alkaloids can have serious side effects if not used properly, so they should only be taken under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Cinchona is a genus of tropical Cinchona trees or shrubs, native to western South America. The bark of these plants contains a variety of alkaloids, including quinine and cinchonine, which have been used historically in the treatment of malaria and other febrile illnesses.

In medical terminology, "Cinchona" can also refer to the dried bark of these trees or shrubs, which is used to prepare various medicinal preparations. The term may also be used more broadly to describe any medication that contains alkaloids derived from Cinchona plants, including synthetic derivatives such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine.

It's important to note that while Cinchona bark and its derivatives have been used for centuries in traditional medicine, their use is not without risks or side effects. In particular, high doses of quinine can be toxic and may cause a range of adverse reactions, including tinnitus, hearing loss, visual disturbances, and cardiac arrhythmias. As such, the use of Cinchona-derived medications should always be supervised by a qualified healthcare professional.

Rubiaceae is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in botany. It refers to the family of flowering plants that includes more than 13,500 species, distributed across approximately 600 genera. Some well-known members of this family include coffee (Coffea arabica), gardenias (Gardenia jasminoides), and madder (Rubia tinctorum).

In a medical context, certain plants from the Rubiaceae family have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes. For example:

* Coffee (Coffea arabica) beans are used to prepare caffeinated beverages that can help with alertness and concentration.
* Gardenia fruits and flowers have been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat anxiety, insomnia, and inflammation.
* Madder root (Rubia tinctorum) has been used as a dye and in traditional medicine to treat skin conditions and digestive disorders.

However, it's important to note that the medicinal use of plants from this family should be based on scientific evidence and under the guidance of healthcare professionals, as some of these plants can have side effects or interact with medications.

Chloroacetates are organic compounds that contain the group-CHClCOO- (chloroacetate). They are derivatives of acetic acid, where one hydrogen atom is replaced by a chlorine atom. Chloroacetates can be esters or salts of chloroacetic acid. These compounds have various applications in industry and research, including as herbicides, biocides, and chemical intermediates. However, they can also be harmful to human health and the environment, requiring careful handling and disposal.

Anhydrides are chemical compounds that form when a single molecule of water is removed from an acid, resulting in the formation of a new compound. The term "anhydride" comes from the Greek words "an," meaning without, and "hydor," meaning water.

In organic chemistry, anhydrides are commonly formed by the removal of water from a carboxylic acid. For example, when acetic acid (CH3COOH) loses a molecule of water, it forms acetic anhydride (CH3CO)2O. Acetic anhydride is a reactive compound that can be used to introduce an acetyl group (-COCH3) into other organic compounds.

Inorganic anhydrides are also important in chemistry and include compounds such as sulfur trioxide (SO3), which is an anhydride of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Sulfur trioxide can react with water to form sulfuric acid, making it a key intermediate in the production of this important industrial chemical.

It's worth noting that some anhydrides can be hazardous and may require special handling and safety precautions.

Quinidine is a Class IA antiarrhythmic medication that is primarily used to treat and prevent various types of cardiac arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms). It works by blocking the rapid sodium channels in the heart, which helps to slow down the conduction of electrical signals within the heart and stabilize its rhythm.

Quinidine is derived from the bark of the Cinchona tree and has been used for centuries as a treatment for malaria. However, its antiarrhythmic properties were discovered later, and it became an important medication in cardiology.

In addition to its use in treating arrhythmias, quinidine may also be used off-label for other indications such as the treatment of nocturnal leg cramps or myasthenia gravis. It is available in various forms, including tablets and injectable solutions.

It's important to note that quinidine has a narrow therapeutic index, meaning that there is only a small difference between an effective dose and a toxic one. Therefore, it must be carefully monitored to ensure that the patient is receiving a safe and effective dose. Common side effects of quinidine include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, as well as visual disturbances, headache, and dizziness. More serious side effects can include QT prolongation, which can lead to dangerous arrhythmias, and hypersensitivity reactions.

Quinine is defined as a bitter crystalline alkaloid derived from the bark of the Cinchona tree, primarily used in the treatment of malaria and other parasitic diseases. It works by interfering with the reproduction of the malaria parasite within red blood cells. Quinine has also been used historically as a muscle relaxant and analgesic, but its use for these purposes is now limited due to potential serious side effects. In addition, quinine can be found in some beverages like tonic water, where it is present in very small amounts for flavoring purposes.

Stereoisomerism is a type of isomerism (structural arrangement of atoms) in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the three-dimensional orientation of their atoms in space. This occurs when the molecule contains asymmetric carbon atoms or other rigid structures that prevent free rotation, leading to distinct spatial arrangements of groups of atoms around a central point. Stereoisomers can have different chemical and physical properties, such as optical activity, boiling points, and reactivities, due to differences in their shape and the way they interact with other molecules.

There are two main types of stereoisomerism: enantiomers (mirror-image isomers) and diastereomers (non-mirror-image isomers). Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, but cannot be superimposed on one another. Diastereomers, on the other hand, are non-mirror-image stereoisomers that have different physical and chemical properties.

Stereoisomerism is an important concept in chemistry and biology, as it can affect the biological activity of molecules, such as drugs and natural products. For example, some enantiomers of a drug may be active, while others are inactive or even toxic. Therefore, understanding stereoisomerism is crucial for designing and synthesizing effective and safe drugs.

... mutisii Lamb. Cinchona nitida Ruiz & Pav. Cinchona officinalis L. Cinchona parabolica Pav. in J.E.Howard Cinchona ... Cinchona barbacoensis H.Karst. Cinchona calisaya Wedd. Cinchona capuli L.Andersson Cinchona fruticosa L.Andersson Cinchona ... Cinchona pubescens Vahl Cinchona pyrifolia L.Andersson Cinchona rugosa Pav. in J.E.Howard Cinchona scrobiculata Humb. & Bonpl. ... Cinchona krauseana L.Andersson Cinchona lancifolia Mutis Cinchona lucumifolia Pav. ex Lindl. Cinchona macrocalyx Pav. ex DC. ...
Cinchona lutea Pav. Cinchona morado Ruiz Cinchona ovata Ruiz & Pav. Cinchona palescens Vell. Cinchona pelalba Pav. ex DC. ... Cinchona rubicunda Tafalla ex Wedd. Cinchona rufinervis Wedd. Cinchona rugosa Pav. ex DC. Cinchona subsessilis Miq. Cinchona ... Cinchona purpurascens Wedd. Cinchona purpurea Vell. Cinchona purpurea Ruiz & Pav. Cinchona rosulenta Howard ex Wedd. Cinchona ... Cinchona decurrentifolia Pav. Cinchona elliptica Wedd. Cinchona goudotiana Klotzsch ex Triana Cinchona govana Miq. Cinchona ...
... is a species of beetle in the family Carabidae. It was described by Jedlicka in 1964. "Tetragonoderus ... cinchona Jedlicka, 1964". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2023-04-08. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is ...
NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive - USS Cinchona (AN-12) - ex - USS Cinchona (YN-7) (1942 - 1944) - Cinchona (YN-7 ... Cinchona was placed out of commission in reserve 6 November 1946 at Vancouver, Washington. Cinchona received two battle stars ... USS Cinchona (AN-12/YN-7) was an Aloe-class net laying ship which was assigned to serve the U.S. Navy during World War II with ... Cinchona (YN-7) was launched 2 July 1941 by Commercial Iron Works, Portland, Oregon; sponsored by Mrs. W. Casey; outfitted by ...
... is a medicinal plant, one of several Cinchona species used for the production of quinine, which is an anti ... English: quinine, red cinchona, cinchona bark, Jesuit's bark, loxa bark, Jesuit's powder, countess powder, Peruvian bark. ... Media related to Cinchona officinalis at Wikimedia Commons Tropical Plants Database: Cinchona officinalis Data related to ... Cinchona officinalis is a South American tree in the family Rubiaceae. It is native to wet montane forests in Colombia, Ecuador ...
Cinchona can refer to Cinchona, a genus in the Rubiaceae plant family Jesuit's bark, also called cinchona: bark from any of ... several Cinchona species used to extract quinine used in medicine Cinchona, Costa Rica, epicenter of the 2009 Costa Rica ... This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cinchona. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to ... earthquake USS Cinchona (AN-12), a World War II-era ship Chinchón (disambiguation) ...
"Cinchona Missions Expedition". Steere, William Campbell (1945). "The Cinchona-Bark Industry of South America". The Scientific ... Wild populations of cinchona were also to be exploited. At its peak, as many as 30 American botanists were involved with the ... The Cinchona Missions (1942-1945) were a series of expeditions led by the United States to find natural sources of quinine in ... The objective was to find supplies of cinchona bark in the Andes for military use. It had three goals: to control all sites ...
... is a species of shrub or tree in the family Rubiaceae. It is native to the forests of the eastern slopes of ... "Ability of endophytic filamentous fungi associated with Cinchona ledgeriana to produce Cinchona alkaloids". Journal of Natural ... Andersson, Lennart (1997). A Revision of the Genus Cinchona (Rubiaceae-Cinchoneae). New York Botanical Garden. pp. 51-54. ISBN ... Cinchona, Flora of the Andes, Flora of the Amazon, Flora of Bolivia, Flora of Colombia, Trees of the Amazon rainforest, Trees ...
The 2009 Cinchona earthquake occurred at 1:21:35 pm local time on January 8 with an Mwc magnitude of 6.1 and a maximum Mercalli ... The town of Cinchona was heavily hit, and all of the buildings there were heavily damaged. Power was temporarily disrupted in ...
Cinchona bark, a source of quinine, was the first known treatment for malaria and other tropical diseases. These plans were ... "Cinchona". Agridept.gov.lk. Government of Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 29 March 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2009. A. ... "Cinchona". Agridept.gov.lk. Government of Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 29 March 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2009. ... The idea of introducing cinchona to India was first made in 1813, by W. Ainslie, and, years later, in 1839, John Forbes Royle ...
Practically nothing is left of the old cinchona tree plantations, which were almost completely destroyed in the mid to late ... Cinchona spp.), fruits and spices (e.g. Garcinia spp.), valuable timber (e.g. Cedrela, Eucalyptus), cosmetics (i.e. Cananga), ... Stuhlmann introduced the first systematic planting of cinchona bark trees in East Africa, which was to be used for the ...
1918). "Cinchona". The Dispensatory of the United States of America. "Bitter orange". National Center for Complementary and ... examples are quinine from the cinchona, morphine and codeine from the poppy, and digoxin from the foxglove. In Europe, ...
Government Cinchona nursery. "Obituary". Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. Proceedings; Royal ... Actual manufacturing operations did not therefore begin until 1875." Wood was succeeded at the Rungbee cinchona plantations in ... King, George (1880). A Manual of Cinchona Cultivation in India. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. ... Retrieved 17 July 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Hooper, David (1889). "Cinchona cultivation ...
Arrangement of cracks and wrinkles in case of stem bark of varieties of Cinchona bark, or the color of aloe can separate in ... They are used as medicine for humans and animals, internally and externally for curing diseases, e.g., Senna and Cinchona. A ...
"Cinchona Botanical Gardens". Jamaica National Heritage Trust. Jamaica National Heritage Trust. Retrieved 15 August 2023. ( ... Bath Botanical Gardens Castleton Botanical Garden Cinchona Botanical Gardens Hope Botanical Gardens National Heroes Park "Bath ...
from Cinchona calisaya." Jurnal Penelitian Teh dan Kina 18.1 (2016). Fan, Xin-Lei, et al. "Diaporthe rostrata, a novel ...
Cinchona Macrocneumum Vand. = Remijia Quinquina Boehm. = Cinchona "World Checklist of Rubiaceae". Retrieved 19 October 2016. ... Currently accepted names Ciliosemina Antonelli (2 sp) Cinchona L. (24 sp) Cinchonopsis L.Andersson (1 sp) Joosia H.Karst. (12 ...
Anthocephalus) and Cinchona species. They are gregarious and feed from within a webbing that is spun over the leaves. The ...
... , also known as cinchona bark, Peruvian bark or China bark, is a former remedy for malaria, as the bark contains ... Under the pseudonym of Antimus Conygius, Fabri wrote in 1655 the first paper on cinchona published in Italy, as well as the ... The bark of several species of the genus Cinchona, family Rubiaceae indigenous to the western Andes of South America, was ... The celebrated Jesuit theologian John de Lugo, who became a cardinal in 1643, learned about the cinchona from Tafur, and ...
... cinchono-fulvic acid or cinchona red. Cinchona Bark (Cortex Cinchonae). Part 3 Cinchonaceae on chestofbooks.com Quinine on www. ... Cinchotannic acid is a tannin contained in many cinchona barks, which by oxidation rapidly yields a dark-coloured phlobaphene ...
Cinchona L. Klossia Ridl. Knoxia L. Kochummenia K.M.Wong Koehneago Kuntze = Hoffmannia Sw. Kohautia Cham. & Schltdl. Kotchubaea ... Ciliosemina Antonelli Cinchona L. Cinchonopsis L.Andersson Cladoceras Bremek. Clarkella Hook.f. Clavenna Neck. ex Standl. = ... Cinchona L. Rachicallis DC. Ramonadoxa Paudyal & Delprete Ramosmania Tirveng. & Verdc. Ramspekia Scop. = Posoqueria Aubl. ...
U. S. Cinchona, Cinch. [Peruvian Bark, Yellow Peruvian Bark]. Cinchona Rubra, Red Cinchona. , Henriette's Herbal Homepage ... 1658 at the Plantin Press Political writings upholding the rights of the House of Austria and Burgundy against France Cinchona ...
"A short history of Cinchona". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 19 February ...
He also planted cinchona trees. James Taylor is widely considered to be the first man to plant tea in British Ceylon as an ... However, a granite monument at Rookwood erected by his children claims that Armstrong grew cinchona and tea there from 1864 to ... Charles Spearman Armstrong (1847-1924) was an Irish-born pioneer of tea and cinchona in British Ceylon, where he arrived in ...
"Bista push on Cinchona wing". Kalimpong News, 13 September 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2020. "Netas fight for control as hill ... Mansong Cinchona Plantation Hospital functions with 16 beds. "District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 ... According to some political leaders, Cinchona plantations are no longer profitable because of competition from abroad. ...
Campbell also attempted to grow the first few samples of Cinchona brought to India from Kew in 1834 by Robert Fortune. These ... "Introduction of Cinchona to India". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). 1931 (3): 113-117. 1931 ... introduction of tea cultivation in Darjeeling and for playing a role in the early experiments on the cultivation of Cinchona. ...
McIvor received cinchona plants in 1861 that had been brought from South America by Clements Markham. The first set of plants ... King, George (1880). A manual of Cinchona cultivation in India (2 ed.). Calcutta: Government Press. pp. 16-27. Van Gorkom, ... McIvor, William Graham (1863). Notes on the propagation and cultivation of the medicinal Cinchonas or Peruvian Bark Trees. ... William Graham McIvor (1824 or 1825 - 8 June 1876) was a Scottish gardener and superintendent of the Neilgherry Cinchona ...
The bark of trees in the genus Cinchona is the source of a variety of alkaloids, the most familiar of which is quinine, one of ... Cinchona officinalis is the national tree of Ecuador and Peru. Coffea arabica is the national flower of Yemen. Ixora coccinea ... Economically important genera include Coffea, the source of coffee, Cinchona, the source of the antimalarial alkaloid quinine, ... Cinchona, Nauclea), lianas (e.g. Psychotria samoritourei), or herbs (e.g. Galium, Spermacoce). Some epiphytes are also present ...
Was partially destroyed by the 2009 Cinchona earthquake, reconstruction took five years and was concluded on 2014. Among the ... "Una ruta vital para Cinchona". 23 November 2009. Retrieved 16 September 2019. Fernández, Tatiana (22 March 2014). "Carretera ... revive desarrollo económico en Cinchona". Retrieved 16 September 2019. Recio, Patricia (17 January 2014). "Finaliza ...
The cinchona alkaloids, certain oligopeptides. Synthetic catalysts derived from biomolecules. Hydrogen bonding catalysts, ...
Cinchona mutisii Lamb. Cinchona nitida Ruiz & Pav. Cinchona officinalis L. Cinchona parabolica Pav. in J.E.Howard Cinchona ... Cinchona barbacoensis H.Karst. Cinchona calisaya Wedd. Cinchona capuli L.Andersson Cinchona fruticosa L.Andersson Cinchona ... Cinchona pubescens Vahl Cinchona pyrifolia L.Andersson Cinchona rugosa Pav. in J.E.Howard Cinchona scrobiculata Humb. & Bonpl. ... Cinchona krauseana L.Andersson Cinchona lancifolia Mutis Cinchona lucumifolia Pav. ex Lindl. Cinchona macrocalyx Pav. ex DC. ...
Note: Cinchona succirubra=Cinchona pubescens. *Mauchamp, A. 1997. Threats from alien plant species in the Galapagos Islands. ... Cinchona pubescens. Taxonavigation[edit]. Taxonavigation: Gentianales Classification System: APG IV Superregnum: Eukaryota ... USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Cinchona pubescens in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U ... Botánica de las Cinchonas. Pages 29-55 in M. Acosta Solis, editor. Flora. Instituto Ecuadoriano de Ciencias Naturales, Quito. ...
Peruvian bark or Cinchona Indication: Diarrhea with gas and bloating. ... Boiron Cinchona officinalis (China) is a homeopathic remedy that is useful for diarrhea with gas and bloating. ...
Cinchona ( China ) Officinalis - Vertigo, Dizziness symptoms China, Peruvian Bark, Chinchona, China Officinalis, Cinchona ... HPUS indication of Cinchona ( China ) Officinalis: Debility. Common symptoms: Debility, Diarrhea, Chills, Exhaustion, Fever, ... Filter Cinchona ( China ) Officinalis vertigo, dizziness symptoms:. , , China- main page Below are the main rubriks (i.e ...
HPUS indication of Cinchona ( China ) Officinalis: Debility. Common symptoms: Debility, Diarrhea, Chills, Exhaustion, Fever, ... Cinchona ( China ) Officinalis - Mental (inc. personality) symptoms - T.F. Allen China, Peruvian Bark, Chinchona, China ... Filter Cinchona ( China ) Officinalis mind symptoms:. , , China- main page Below are the main rubriks (i.e strongest ...
The Peruvian bark tree, also known as the Jesuit Tree or the fever tree, is a cinchona1 of the family Rubiaceae, native to the ... Many of the coveted cinchona seeds cling to twigs to the right of the flowers. A small branch in the upper right corner ... After the Jesuits learned about cinchona and brought it to Europe, its bark was widely used there to treat fevers starting in ... Portrait of the Coveted Cinchona. Volume 21, Number 7-July 2015. Article Views: 618. Data is collected weekly and does not ...
Cinchona officinalis - 12C 1. Leave a Comment / By Brian Wood / September 2, 2021 ...
Cinchona Officinalis Bark (UNII: S003A158SB) (Cinchona Officinalis Bark - UNII:S003A158SB) Cinchona Officinalis Bark. 10 [hp_X ... 10x, Baptisia 10x, Bryonia 10x, Cinchona 10x, Graphites 10x, Hydrastis 10x, Ipecac. 10x, Lachesis 10x, Lycopodium 10x, Myrrha ... nit., arnica, arsenicum alb., baptisia, bryonia, cinchona, graphites, hydrastis, ipecac., lachesis, lycopodium, myrrha, nat. ... nit., arnica, arsenicum alb., baptisia, bryonia, cinchona, graphites, hydrastis, ipecac., lachesis, lycopodium, myrrha, nat. ...
i>Cinchona officinalis. RUBIACEAE quinine, Peruvian bark, cinchona ... Genus Cinchona Species officinalis Variety Cultivar Common names quinine Peruvian bark cinchona Family RUBIACEAE Specimen ... Peruvian bark (sometimes called cinchona and quinine) is only to be administered with proper professional knowledge. This plant ... Other species with the same medicinal qualities include Cinchona ledgeriana and Chinchona calisaya. Herbal remedies are only ...
Soda y Mirador Cinchona, Alajuela, Costa Rica Costa Rica ... Pinto con Huevo y Carne : Soda y Mirador Cinchona, Cinchona. ...
Boiron Homeopathic Single Remedy Homeopathic Medicine 1 tube
For the analysis of cinchona alkaloids, cinchonine and quinine, which are basic drug components having tertiary amino groups, ...
Cinchona amygdalifolia Wedd.; Cinchona australis Wedd.; Cinchona carabayensis Wedd.; Cinchona delondriana Wedd.; Cinchona ... Cinchona gammiana King; Cinchona gironensis Mutis; Cinchona hasskarliana Miq.; Cinchona josephiana (Wedd.) Wedd.; Cinchona ... Cinchona peruviana Howard; Cinchona thwaitesii King; Cinchona weddelliana Kuntze; Quinquina calisaya (Wedd.) Kuntze; Quinquina ... 243232 Cinchona calisaya Wedd. drawing: W.H. Fitch family: Rubiaceae. subfamily: Cinchonoideae. tribe: Cinchoneae. subtribe: ...
Cinchona amygdalifolia Wedd.; Cinchona australis Wedd.; Cinchona carabayensis Wedd.; Cinchona delondriana Wedd.; Cinchona ... Cinchona gammiana King; Cinchona gironensis Mutis; Cinchona hasskarliana Miq.; Cinchona josephiana (Wedd.) Wedd.; Cinchona ... Cinchona peruviana Howard; Cinchona thwaitesii King; Cinchona weddelliana Kuntze; Quinquina calisaya (Wedd.) Kuntze; Quinquina ... 243232 Cinchona calisaya Wedd. drawing: W.H. Fitch family: Rubiaceae. subfamily: Cinchonoideae. tribe: Cinchoneae. subtribe: ...
Cinchona amygdalifolia Wedd.; Cinchona australis Wedd.; Cinchona carabayensis Wedd.; Cinchona delondriana Wedd.; Cinchona ... Cinchona gammiana King; Cinchona gironensis Mutis; Cinchona hasskarliana Miq.; Cinchona josephiana (Wedd.) Wedd.; Cinchona ... Cinchona peruviana Howard; Cinchona thwaitesii King; Cinchona weddelliana Kuntze; Quinquina calisaya (Wedd.) Kuntze; Quinquina ... 243232 Cinchona calisaya Wedd. drawing: W.H. Fitch family: Rubiaceae. subfamily: Cinchonoideae. tribe: Cinchoneae. subtribe: ...
Cinchona amygdalifolia Wedd.; Cinchona australis Wedd.; Cinchona carabayensis Wedd.; Cinchona delondriana Wedd.; Cinchona ... Cinchona gammiana King; Cinchona gironensis Mutis; Cinchona hasskarliana Miq.; Cinchona josephiana (Wedd.) Wedd.; Cinchona ... Cinchona peruviana Howard; Cinchona thwaitesii King; Cinchona weddelliana Kuntze; Quinquina calisaya (Wedd.) Kuntze; Quinquina ... 243232 Cinchona calisaya Wedd. drawing: W.H. Fitch family: Rubiaceae. subfamily: Cinchonoideae. tribe: Cinchoneae. subtribe: ...
In 2021, Top exporters of Alkaloids, vegetable; of cinchona and their derivatives; salts thereof, other than quinine and its ... Alkaloids, vegetable; of cinchona and their derivatives; salts thereof, other than quinine and its salts exports to China. in ... Alkaloids, vegetable; of cinchona and their derivatives; salts thereof, other than quinine and its salts. 2021. China. 686.36. ... Alkaloids, vegetable; of cinchona and their derivatives; salts thereof, other than quinine and its salts. 2021. China. 439.17. ...
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Disclaimer: The Field Museums online Botanical Collections Database may contain specimens and historical records that are culturally sensitive. Some records may also include offensive language. These records do not reflect the Field Museums current viewpoint but rather the social attitudes and circumstances of the time period when specimens were collected or cataloged. We welcome feedback. The web database is not a complete record of the Museums botanical holdings, and documentation for specimens will vary due to when and how they were collected as well as how recently they were acquired. While efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of the information available on this website, some content may contain errors. We work with communities and stakeholders around the world to interpret the collections in order to promote a greater understanding of global heritage and, through consultation, will revise or remove information that is inaccurate or inappropriate. We encourage and welcome members of ...
Our Botanical Collection includes vintage illustrations of medicinal plants and flowers. Medical Botanicals have been used by healers dating back to the Paleolithic age, approximately 60 000 years ago. Framed prints: Canvas Option: Digital artwork is printed on high quality 360gsm canvas and stretched over a frame to k
The database contains information about 600 tree species useful in agrofrorestry. Species descriptions include the trees characteristics, ecology, native range, management, and agroforestry uses. The database is searchable by country, native or exotics species, products and/or services provided, and by the first letter of the species.. ...
Cinchona has also been known to be used in issues with fever, influenza, leg cramps, cancer, enlarged spleen, muscle cramps, ... Cinchona or Fever Tree Bark is known as the only Anti-Malaria cure in the 1700s and has been thought to be of help in recent ... Cinchona HAS NOT been proven in these early stages of the Coronavirus pandemic and should only be kept on hand if necessary and ... Cinchona has also been known to be used in issues with fever, influenza, leg cramps, cancer, enlarged spleen, muscle cramps, ...
Use cinchona bark to create your own bracing infused tonic wate ... cinchona was used to make quinine, the only effective treatment ... Cinchona Bark. Regular Price $7.50 Sale Price $7.50 Regular Price Save -Infinity ... Use cinchona bark to create your own bracing infused tonic water and take your cocktails to the next level!. 1.5 oz Jar. ... Native to South America, cinchona was used to make quinine, the only effective treatment for malaria available prior to the ...
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Cinchona officinalis, Use of Cinchona Bark Herb consists of making Organic Cinchona Bark Tea, quinine tea, quinine Tonic, Tonic ... Cinchona Bark, Cinchona officinalis,. Use of Cinchona Bark Herb consists of making Organic Cinchona Bark Tea, quinine tea, ... Cinchona herb has been known for hundreds of years. In 1663 there was a documented claim that the bark had cured malaria ... By 1944 Cinchona Bark was being commercially synthesized to obtain the alkaloids Quinine and andquinidine. What was claimed to ...
Cinchona bark is widely used as a cooking ingredient. Taken from the bark of the cinchona tree, it is full of a compound called ... Peruvian cinchona bark is also known as quina roja and is steeped in hot water to create a herbal tea. Steep the bark in water ... One use for cinchona bark is to flavour your own tonic water. Simply steep the bark in boiling water before straining and using ... As with all of our products, this cinchona bark is sourced from the most reliable suppliers and carefully packaged to ensure ...
Cinchona pubescens) LM1, 1g Granuler er et homeopatisk legemiddel. Regulert av Statens Legemiddelverk ... China ( Cinchona pubescens) LM1, 1g Granuler er et homeopatisk legemiddel. For mer informasjon om indikasjoner, bruksmåte og ...
Cinchona officinalis 6C 80 Pellets,Homeopathic Medicine,Diarrhea with Gas and Bloating,at CAMFormulas.com Free shipping on all ... ACTIVE INGREDIENT: Cinchona officinalis INACTIVE INGREDIENTS: sucrose, lactose USE: for self-limiting condition listed below or ... Cinchona officinalis 6C 80 Pellets. Homeopathic Medicine. Diarrhea with Gas and Bloating ...
Cinchona officinalis, commonly known as Peruvian bark or China bark, is a plant that has been used in traditional ... Cinchona officinalis, commonly known as Peruvian bark or China bark, is a plant that has been used in traditional medicine for ... Cinchona officinalis, commonly known as Peruvian bark or China bark, is a plant that has been used in traditional medicine for ... Cinchona officinalis, commonly known as Peruvian bark or China bark, is a plant that has been used in traditional medicine for ...
  • Linnaeus described the genus based on the species Cinchona officinalis, which is found only in a small region of Ecuador and is of little medicinal significance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Boiron Cinchona officinalis (China) is a homeopathic remedy that is useful for diarrhea with gas and bloating. (bigelowchemists.com)
  • Cinchona officinalis has numerous traditional medicinal uses. (crescentbloom.com)
  • Cinchona Bark, Cinchona officinalis, Use of Cinchona Bark Herb consists of making Organic Cinchona Bark Tea, quinine tea, quinine Tonic, Tonic Water, quinine syrup and various herbal extracts. (tamethespiritherbs.com)
  • Cinchona officinalis, commonly known as Peruvian bark or China bark, is a plant that has been used in traditional medicine for centuries. (beehealthyhomeopathic.com)
  • Cinchona Officinalis is a tree native to the rainforests of South America, and the homeopathic preparation of the bark is used to provide relief from pain and cramps. (hylands.com)
  • Cinchona has been historically sought after for its medicinal value, as the bark of several species yields quinine and other alkaloids. (wikipedia.org)
  • The artificial synthesis of quinine in 1944, an increase in resistant forms of malaria, and the emergence of alternate therapies eventually ended large-scale economic interest in Cinchona cultivation. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2005. The cost of quinine Cinchona pubescens control on Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos. (wikimedia.org)
  • 1988. The invasion of highlands in Galapagos by the red quinine-tree Cinchona succirubra . (wikimedia.org)
  • Not long after French scientists Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou isolated quinine from cinchona bark in 1820, the governments of Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru unsuccessfully attempted to embargo the exportation of cinchona seeds, seedlings, or trees. (cdc.gov)
  • Peruvian bark (sometimes called cinchona and quinine) is only to be administered with proper professional knowledge. (crescentbloom.com)
  • For the analysis of cinchona alkaloids, cinchonine and quinine, which are basic drug components having tertiary amino groups, good separation can be obtained with alkaline eluent at pH9.0 using an Asahipak ODP-50 6D column. (shodex.com)
  • Cinchona Bark contains the constituents of quinine, quinadine, cinchonine and cinchonadine which are alkaloids derived from it's natural source. (movingmountainsstore.com)
  • Native to South America, cinchona was used to make quinine, the only effective treatment for malaria available prior to the modern era. (curiospice.com)
  • By 1944 Cinchona Bark was being commercially synthesized to obtain the alkaloids Quinine and andquinidine. (tamethespiritherbs.com)
  • Taken from the bark of the cinchona tree, it is full of a compound called quinine. (valleyoftea.com)
  • Cinchona bark is still used to produce quinine for tonic water, though making this at home is not recommended - careful measurement is needed, with overdose leading to 'cinchonism': symptoms include ringing of the ears, headache, blurred vision, dizziness, nausea, confusion and diarrhoea. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Most of you probably have not heard of Cinchona before but its key ingredient is quinine which you will know as an ingredient in tonic water? (drinkskitchen.online)
  • Nowadays, quinine is extracted from the cinchona bark and purified to form a white powder which delivers the astringent bitterness found in tonic waters. (drinkskitchen.online)
  • However, an absence of available genomic resources is essential for placing the Cinchona species within the tree of life and setting the foundation for exploring the evolution and biosynthesis of quinine alkaloids. (sciety.org)
  • present the long-read based assembly and annotation of the genome of fever tree (Cinchona pubescens), well known as the source of quinine alkaloids traditionally used to treat malaria. (sciety.org)
  • The term derives from cinchona bark, the natural source of quinine. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1942, Japan had seized control of the cinchona trees grown for quinine in the Dutch East Indies and other parts of Asia, and Germany had seized control of captured quinine reserves and manufacturing facilities in Amsterdam. (cdc.gov)
  • Cinchona alkaloids (eg, quinine) are effective in eradicating the parasite. (medscape.com)
  • Cinchona alkaloids show promise in treating Plasmodium falciparum malaria, which has evolved resistance to synthetic drugs. (wikipedia.org)
  • The bark of the cinchona tree produces several alkaloids. (thenaturalherbalist.com)
  • Some alkaloids of the cinchona bark are not soluble in water, but soluble in wine, therefore wine has been used to make an infusion of the bark for ingestion. (thenaturalherbalist.com)
  • Cinchona pubescens in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) , U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. (wikimedia.org)
  • 2004. The Control of a Highly Invasive Tree Cinchona pubescens in Galapagos. (wikimedia.org)
  • Impact of the introduced tree Cinchona pubescens Vahl. (wikimedia.org)
  • China ( Cinchona pubescens) LM1, 1g Granuler er et homeopatisk legemiddel. (arnika.no)
  • Cinchona (pronounced /sɪŋˈkoʊnə/ or /sɪnˈtʃoʊnə/) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae containing at least 23 species of trees and shrubs. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Cinchona plants belong to the family Rubiaceae and are large shrubs or small trees with evergreen foliage, growing 5 to 15 m (16 to 49 ft) in height. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Peruvian bark tree, also known as the Jesuit Tree or the fever tree, is a cinchona 1 of the family Rubiaceae, native to the western forests of the South American Andes. (cdc.gov)
  • Native to the tropical Andean forests of western South America, Cinchona belongs to the family Rubiaceae, and are large shrubs or small trees with evergreen foliage, growing 16 to 49 ft in height. (tamethespiritherbs.com)
  • Traditional medicine uses from South America known as Jesuit's bark and Jesuit's powder have been traced to Cinchona. (wikipedia.org)
  • In South America, natural populations of Cinchona species have geographically distinct distributions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cinchona is native to South America, and is named for the (probably false) story that its bark cured the wife of the Count of Chinchón. (cam.ac.uk)
  • the national tree of Peru is in the genus Cinchona. (wikipedia.org)
  • The febrifugal properties of bark from trees now known to be in the genus Cinchona were used by many South American cultures prior to European contact,Jesuits played a key role in the transfer of remedies from the New World. (wikipedia.org)
  • Use cinchona bark to create your own bracing infused tonic water and take your cocktails to the next level! (curiospice.com)
  • One use for cinchona bark is to flavour your own tonic water. (valleyoftea.com)
  • The traditional story connecting Cinchona species with malaria treatment was first recorded by Italian physician Sebastiano Bado in 1663. (wikipedia.org)
  • Linnaeus used the Italian spelling Cinchona, but the name Chinchón (pronounced [tʃinˈtʃon] in Spanish) led to Clements Markham and others proposing a correction of the spelling to Chinchona, and some prefer the pronunciation /tʃɪnˈtʃoʊnə/ for the common name of the plant. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cinchona or Fever Tree Bark is known as the only Anti-Malaria cure in the 1700's and has been thought to be of help in recent studies and trials for COVID 19 in the form of Chloroquine which is derived and extracted from the natural plant. (movingmountainsstore.com)
  • The medicinal properties of the cinchona tree are thought to have been discovered by the Quechua, indigenous people from Peru and Bolivia. (cdc.gov)
  • The red cinchona tree is also known as fever bark. (gall-shop.com)
  • The Andean Fever tree ( Cinchona L. (sciety.org)
  • Habitat y distribución de las Cinchonas en el Ecuador. (wikimedia.org)
  • Cinchona Leona Brosy was born July 15, 1942, to Otto and Christina (Eisenbeis) Brosy in Wishek, ND. (carlsenfh.com)
  • After the Jesuits learned about cinchona and brought it to Europe, its bark was widely used there to treat fevers starting in the 17th century. (cdc.gov)
  • Cinchona bark is widely used as a cooking ingredient. (valleyoftea.com)
  • Home ⁄ St. Severin natural products ⁄ Drops & Sprays ⁄ Cinchona Bark Comp. (gall-shop.com)
  • Our cinchona extract is less refined and consequently retains its delicious mellow woody notes. (drinkskitchen.online)
  • In purchasing this product you have agreed that you understand the side effects, contraindications and risks associated with consuming Cinchona Bark. (movingmountainsstore.com)
  • There can be serious side effects and contraindications that lead to Cinchonism when taking Cinchona as in any plant based or prescription medicinal so you will need to research and speak with your personal health care provider before using Cinchona. (movingmountainsstore.com)
  • As with all of our products, this cinchona bark is sourced from the most reliable suppliers and carefully packaged to ensure freshness and quality. (valleyoftea.com)
  • Cinchona side effects can include loss of hearing, ringing in the ears, slow heart rate, constipation, CNS damage, skin rash and death if over dosing. (movingmountainsstore.com)
  • This sequence explains nonlinear enantioselectivity effects with cinchona chiral modifiers in hydrogenation catalysis. (figshare.com)
  • 1988. The invasion of highlands in Galapagos by the red quinine-tree Cinchona succirubra . (wikimedia.org)
  • Kulit batang kina ( Cinchona succirubra Cortex) merupakan salah satu bagian tanaman yang menghasilkan metabolit sekunder yaitu alkaloid berupa kinin dan memiliki aktifitas farmakologi. (unmas.ac.id)
  • What are the benefits of cinchona bark? (swirlzcupcakes.com)
  • We credit the Incas with being the first people to understand the medicinal benefits of cinchona bark. (egherbs.com)
  • Homeopathic Medicine, Main Indication: Diarrhea with gas and bloating, Common Name: Peruvian bark, Cinchona, Use for the self-limiting condition listed below or as directed by a doctor. (foodpharmacy.blog)
  • How do you extract quinine from cinchona bark? (swirlzcupcakes.com)
  • Organic No GMO's, no fillers, and no gluten liquid extract of wild red cinchona tree bark provides support for your immunity. (florenmolamarts.com)
  • 4980. Adulteration and misbranding of fluid extract cinchona. (nih.gov)
  • Traditional medicine uses from South America known as Jesuit's bark and Jesuit's powder have been traced to Cinchona. (wikipedia.org)
  • Yellow cinchona, Jesuit's powder. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cinchona bark is the natural source of quinine, that very distinctive bitter flavour that defines tonic. (swirlzcupcakes.com)
  • you can buy powdered cinchona bark from penn herb company and make your own tonic syrup. (wfmu.org)
  • In the 17th century, a Jesuit apothecary working in Peru noted the beneficial effect of cinchona bark on treating fever in the local population. (medscape.com)
  • The medicinal properties of the cinchona tree are thought to have been discovered by the Quechua, indigenous people from Peru and Bolivia. (cdc.gov)
  • After the Jesuits learned about cinchona and brought it to Europe, its bark was widely used there to treat fevers starting in the 17th century. (cdc.gov)
  • and by the late 17th century, cinchona bark was listed in the London Pharmacopoeia . (medscape.com)
  • There have been at least three noted galenicals [4] which appeared in the middle of the 17th and 18th centuries, used an infusion of Cinchona bark as a remedy for agues and fevers. (angelfire.com)
  • Cinchona bark was accepted into the London Pharmacopoeia in 1677 under the name Cortex peruvianis. (angelfire.com)
  • The two isolated active principles from Cinchona bark by Pelletier and Caventou were named quinine and cinchonine. (angelfire.com)
  • While cinchona has been used as a muscle relaxant, to treat gastric disorders, cramps, fever and general aches and pains, our main reasons for using the bark are its authenticity and inimitable flavour profile. (sinkonah.com)
  • Sometime in the early 1990s, the cinchona plantations, and its processing unit, were more or less abandoned. (elbyte.in)
  • and of cinchona alkaloid derivatives and other bactericides they hoped would prove effective against pneumococcal and other bacterial infections. (nih.gov)
  • In whatever forms Hahnemann used the Cinchona bark, the quinine content is important for our purpose. (angelfire.com)
  • Linnaeus used the Italian spelling Cinchona, but the name Chinchón (pronounced [tʃinˈtʃon] in Spanish) led to Clements Markham and others proposing a correction of the spelling to Chinchona, and some prefer the pronunciation /tʃɪnˈtʃoʊnə/ for the common name of the plant. (wikipedia.org)
  • The red bark from cinchona is usually removed from trees that are at least six years of age and then dried in the sun for grounding into a powder-like consistency. (egherbs.com)
  • At first glance it looks like cinnamon or cassia, but you'll soon find that cinchona bark doesn't have that spicy sweet fragrance. (sinkonah.com)
  • Many of the coveted cinchona seeds cling to twigs to the right of the flowers. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydroxychloroquine is extracted from the cinchona plant, one that has been grown in the Mungpo area since 1864. (elbyte.in)
  • Cinchona trees are evergreens that flower with red, pink or white blossoms. (egherbs.com)
  • Where did cinchona bark come from and where is it grown? (egherbs.com)
  • I took by way of experiment, twice a day, four drams of good China (Cinchona). (angelfire.com)
  • id":9352483277,"title":"Cinchona Bark Cut","handle":"cinchona-bark-cut","description":"\u003cp\u003eCinchona sp. (lhasakarnak.com)