The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex.
The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS) of the BRAIN STEM. They mediate the sense of hearing.
NEURAL PATHWAYS and connections within the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, beginning at the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI, continuing along the eighth cranial nerve, and terminating at the AUDITORY CORTEX.
The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (COCHLEAR NERVE) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (VESTIBULAR NERVE) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI.
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.
Electrical waves in the CEREBRAL CORTEX generated by BRAIN STEM structures in response to auditory click stimuli. These are found to be abnormal in many patients with CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE lesions, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, or other DEMYELINATING DISEASES.
A part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA situated in the olivary body. It is involved with motor control and is a major source of sensory input to the CEREBELLUM.
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.
The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
The posterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which contain centers for auditory function.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.
Any sound which is unwanted or interferes with HEARING other sounds.
The part of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, as a snail-like structure that is situated almost horizontally anterior to the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH.
Multi-channel hearing devices typically used for patients who have tumors on the COCHLEAR NERVE and are unable to benefit from COCHLEAR IMPLANTS after tumor surgery that severs the cochlear nerve. The device electrically stimulates the nerves of cochlea nucleus in the BRAIN STEM rather than the inner ear as in cochlear implants.
The audibility limit of discriminating sound intensity and pitch.
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
A dimension of auditory sensation varying with cycles per second of the sound stimulus.
The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.
Nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. It is divided cytoarchitectonically into three parts: oralis, caudalis (TRIGEMINAL CAUDAL NUCLEUS), and interpolaris.
The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.
Ability to determine the specific location of a sound source.
The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.
A genus of the family Chinchillidae which consists of three species: C. brevicaudata, C. lanigera, and C. villidera. They are used extensively in biomedical research.
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
A type of non-ionizing radiation in which energy is transmitted through solid, liquid, or gas as compression waves. Sound (acoustic or sonic) radiation with frequencies above the audible range is classified as ultrasonic. Sound radiation below the audible range is classified as infrasonic.
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
The sensory ganglion of the COCHLEAR NERVE. The cells of the spiral ganglion send fibers peripherally to the cochlear hair cells and centrally to the COCHLEAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM.
A vesicular glutamate transporter protein that is predominately expressed in the DIENCEPHALON and lower brainstem regions of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.
Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the LATERAL VENTRICLE, in the region of the OLFACTORY TUBERCLE, lying between the head of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE. It is part of the so-called VENTRAL STRIATUM, a composite structure considered part of the BASAL GANGLIA.
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
Hearing loss due to disease of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS (in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM) which originate in the COCHLEAR NUCLEI of the PONS and then ascend bilaterally to the MIDBRAIN, the THALAMUS, and then the AUDITORY CORTEX in the TEMPORAL LOBE. Bilateral lesions of the auditory pathways are usually required to cause central hearing loss. Cortical deafness refers to loss of hearing due to bilateral auditory cortex lesions. Unilateral BRAIN STEM lesions involving the cochlear nuclei may result in unilateral hearing loss.
Three nuclei located beneath the dorsal surface of the most rostral part of the thalamus. The group includes the anterodorsal nucleus, anteromedial nucleus, and anteroventral nucleus. All receive connections from the MAMILLARY BODY and BRAIN FORNIX, and project fibers to the CINGULATE BODY.
A member of the vesicle-associated membrane protein family involved in the MEMBRANE FUSION of TRANSPORT VESICLES to their target membrane.
Inbred CBA mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical and uniform, which makes them useful for scientific research, particularly in the areas of immunology and cancer.
Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.
Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.
A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.
A vesicular glutamate transporter protein that is predominately expressed in TELENCEPHALON of the BRAIN.
An order of BIRDS with the common name owls characterized by strongly hooked beaks, sharp talons, large heads, forward facing eyes, and facial disks. While considered nocturnal RAPTORS, some owls do hunt by day.
A short muscle that arises from the pharyngotympanic tube (EUSTACHIAN TUBE) and inserts into the handle of the MALLEUS. This muscle pulls the handle medially thus controlling the tension and movement of TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.
A condition characterized by abnormal posturing of the limbs that is associated with injury to the brainstem. This may occur as a clinical manifestation or induced experimentally in animals. The extensor reflexes are exaggerated leading to rigid extension of the limbs accompanied by hyperreflexia and opisthotonus. This condition is usually caused by lesions which occur in the region of the brainstem that lies between the red nuclei and the vestibular nuclei. In contrast, decorticate rigidity is characterized by flexion of the elbows and wrists with extension of the legs and feet. The causative lesion for this condition is located above the red nuclei and usually consists of diffuse cerebral damage. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p358)
Hearing loss due to interference with the mechanical reception or amplification of sound to the COCHLEA. The interference is in the outer or middle ear involving the EAR CANAL; TYMPANIC MEMBRANE; or EAR OSSICLES.
Several groups of nuclei in the thalamus that serve as the major relay centers for sensory impulses in the brain.
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
GRAY MATTER located in the dorsomedial part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of HOMEOSTASIS. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS which are found therein.
Substances used for their pharmacological actions on glycinergic systems. Glycinergic agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Inbred ICR mice are a strain of albino laboratory mice that have been selectively bred for consistent genetic makeup and high reproductive performance, making them widely used in biomedical research for studies involving reproduction, toxicology, pharmacology, and carcinogenesis.
A nervous tissue specific protein which is highly expressed in NEURONS during development and NERVE REGENERATION. It has been implicated in neurite outgrowth, long-term potentiation, SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, and NEUROTRANSMITTER release. (From Neurotoxicology 1994;15(1):41-7) It is also a substrate of PROTEIN KINASE C.
Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.
Vestibular nucleus lying immediately superior to the inferior vestibular nucleus and composed of large multipolar nerve cells. Its upper end becomes continuous with the superior vestibular nucleus.
The ability or act of sensing and transducing ACOUSTIC STIMULATION to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is also called audition.
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.
Collections of small neurons centrally scattered among many fibers from the level of the TROCHLEAR NUCLEUS in the midbrain to the hypoglossal area in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The smallest difference which can be discriminated between two stimuli or one which is barely above the threshold.
Hyperpolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during NEUROTRANSMISSION. They are local changes which diminish responsiveness to excitatory signals.
The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.
Four clusters of neurons located deep within the WHITE MATTER of the CEREBELLUM, which are the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii.
Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. They have afferent and cholinergic efferent connections with a variety of FOREBRAIN and BRAIN STEM areas including the HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, the LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS, the tegmentum, and the AMYGDALA. Included are the dorsal, lateral, medial, and triangular septal nuclei, septofimbrial nucleus, nucleus of diagonal band, nucleus of anterior commissure, and the nucleus of stria terminalis.
Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.
Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.
A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma.
Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and GABA RECEPTOR AGONISTS.
Cell surface receptors that bind GLYCINE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glycine receptors in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM have an intrinsic chloride channel and are usually inhibitory.
An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology.
Nucleus in the anterior part of the HYPOTHALAMUS.
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.
The science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound.
Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.
A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for the agonist AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid).
The ability to estimate periods of time lapsed or duration of time.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Transient potassium currents regulate the discharge patterns of dorsal cochlear nucleus pyramidal cells. (1/432)

Pyramidal cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) show three distinct temporal discharge patterns in response to sound: "pauser," "buildup," and "chopper." Similar discharge patterns are seen in vitro and depend on the voltage from which the cell is depolarized. It has been proposed that an inactivating A-type K+ current (IKI) might play a critical role in generating the three different patterns. In this study we examined the characteristics of transient currents in DCN pyramidal cells to evaluate this hypothesis. Morphologically identified pyramidal cells in rat brain slices (P11-P17) exhibited the three voltage-dependent discharge patterns. Two inactivating currents were present in outside-out patches from pyramidal cells: a rapidly inactivating (IKIF, tau approximately 11 msec) current insensitive to block by tetraethylammonium (TEA) and variably blocked by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) with half-inactivation near -85 mV, and a slowly inactivating TEA- and 4-AP-sensitive current (IKIS, tau approximately 145 msec) with half-inactivation near -35 mV. Recovery from inactivation at 34 degrees C was described by a single exponential with a time constant of 10-30 msec, similar to the rate at which first spike latency increases with the duration of a hyperpolarizing prepulse. Acutely isolated cells also possessed a rapidly activating (<1 msec at 22 degrees C) transient current that activated near -45 mV and showed half-inactivation near -80 mV. A model demonstrated that the deinactivation of IKIF was correlated with the discharge patterns. Overall, the properties of the fast inactivating K+ current were consistent with their proposed role in shaping the discharge pattern of DCN pyramidal cells.  (+info)

Voltage-gated Ca2+ conductances in acutely isolated guinea pig dorsal cochlear nucleus neurons. (2/432)

Although it is known that voltage-gated Ca2+ conductances (VGCCs) contribute to the responses of dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) neurons, little is known about the properties of VGCCs in the DCN. In this study, the whole cell voltage-clamp technique was used to examine the pharmacology and voltage dependence of VGCCs in unidentified DCN neurons acutely isolated from guinea pig brain stem. The majority of cells responded to depolarization with sustained inward currents that were enhanced when Ca2+ was replaced by Ba2+, were blocked partially by Ni2+ (100 microM), and were blocked almost completely by Cd2+ (50 microM). Experiments using nifedipine (10 microM), omegaAga IVA (100 nM) and omegaCTX GVIA (500 nM) demonstrated that a variety of VGCC subtypes contributed to the Ba2+ current in most cells, including the L, N, and P/Q types and antagonist-insensitive R type. Although a large depolarization from rest was required to activate VGCCs in DCN neurons, VGCC activation was rapid at depolarized levels, having time constants <1 ms at 22 degrees C. No fast low-threshold inactivation was observed, and a slow high-threshold inactivation was observed at voltages more positive than -20 mV, indicating that Ba2+ currents were carried by high-voltage activated VGCCs. The VGCC subtypes contributing to the overall Ba2+ current had similar voltage-dependent properties, with the exception of the antagonist-insensitive R-type component, which had a slower activation and a more pronounced inactivation than the other components. These data suggest that a variety of VGCCs is present in DCN neurons, and these conductances generate a rapid Ca2+ influx in response to depolarizing stimuli.  (+info)

Quantal size is correlated with receptor cluster area at glycinergic synapses in the rat brainstem. (3/432)

1. Whole-cell patch electrode recordings of glycinergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) were obtained in neurons of the rat anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN). Mean mIPSC peak amplitude was found to vary considerably between AVCN neurons (range, -19.1 to -317.9 pA; mean +/- s.d., -159.1 +/- 100.7 pA; 14 cells). 2. Immunolabelling of glycinergic receptor clusters in AVCN neurons was performed using antibodies against the glycine receptor clustering protein gephyrin. Measurements of the area of gephyrin immunoreactive clusters were obtained using confocal fluorescence microscopy. These measurements showed a large variability in cluster area, not only in the same cell (mean coefficient of variation, c.v., 0.66 +/- 0.18; 16 cells), but also in mean cluster area between cells (range, 0.21-0.84 microm2; 16 cells). 3. A possible relationship between mIPSC amplitude and receptor cluster area was investigated in a further series of experiments, in which mIPSCs recordings and immunolabelling of glycine receptor clusters were obtained for the same cells. In these experiments, AVCN neurons were identified using intracellular labelling with neurobiotin. Successful results using a combination of whole-cell recordings, neurobiotin identification and immunolabelling were obtained for a total of 10 AVCN neurons. Analysis of the results revealed a positive, statistically significant correlation between mean receptor cluster size and mean mIPSC amplitude (P < 0.05, 10 cells, Spearman's correlation test). 4. These results provide direct experimental evidence supporting a hypothesis of central glycinergic transmission in which synaptic strength may be regulated by changes in the size of the postsynaptic receptor region.  (+info)

Role of intrinsic conductances underlying responses to transients in octopus cells of the cochlear nucleus. (4/432)

Recognition of acoustic patterns in natural sounds depends on the transmission of temporal information. Octopus cells of the mammalian ventral cochlear nucleus form a pathway that encodes the timing of firing of groups of auditory nerve fibers with exceptional precision. Whole-cell patch recordings from octopus cells were used to examine how the brevity and precision of firing are shaped by intrinsic conductances. Octopus cells responded to steps of current with small, rapid voltage changes. Input resistances and membrane time constants averaged 2.4 MOmega and 210 microseconds, respectively (n = 15). As a result of the low input resistances of octopus cells, action potential initiation required currents of at least 2 nA for their generation and never occurred repetitively. Backpropagated action potentials recorded at the soma were small (10-30 mV), brief (0.24-0.54 msec), and tetrodotoxin-sensitive. The low input resistance arose in part from an inwardly rectifying mixed cationic conductance blocked by cesium and potassium conductances blocked by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). Conductances blocked by 4-AP also contributed to the repolarization of the action potentials and suppressed the generation of calcium spikes. In the face of the high membrane conductance of octopus cells, sodium and calcium conductances amplified depolarizations produced by intracellular current injection over a time course similar to that of EPSPs. We suggest that this transient amplification works in concert with the shunting influence of potassium and mixed cationic conductances to enhance the encoding of the onset of synchronous auditory nerve fiber activity.  (+info)

Axons from anteroventral cochlear nucleus that terminate in medial superior olive of cat: observations related to delay lines. (5/432)

The differences in path length of axons from the anteroventral cochlear nuclei (AVCN) to the medial superior olive (MSO) are thought to provide the anatomical substrate for the computation of interaural time differences (ITD). We made small injections of biotinylated dextran into the AVCN that produced intracellular-like filling of axons. This permitted three-dimensional reconstructions of individual axons and measurements of axonal length to individual terminals in MSO. Some axons that innervated the contralateral MSO had collaterals with lengths that were graded in the rostrocaudal direction with shorter collaterals innervating more rostral parts of MSO and longer collaterals innervating more caudal parts of MSO. These could innervate all or part of the length of the MSO. Other axons had restricted terminal fields comparable to the size of a single dendritic tree in the MSO. In the ipsilateral MSO, some axons had a reverse, but less steep, gradient in axonal length with greater axonal length associated with more rostral locations; others had restricted terminal fields. Thus, the computation of ITDs is based on gradients of axonal length in both the contralateral and ipsilateral MSO, and these gradients may account for a large part of the range of ITDs encoded by the MSO. Other factors may be involved in the computation of ITDs to compensate for differences between axons.  (+info)

Glutamate regulates IP3-type and CICR stores in the avian cochlear nucleus. (6/432)

Neurons of the avian cochlear nucleus, nucleus magnocellularis (NM), are activated by glutamate released from auditory nerve terminals. If this stimulation is removed, the intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) of NM neurons rises and rapid atrophic changes ensue. We have been investigating mechanisms that regulate [Ca2+]i in these neurons based on the hypothesis that loss of Ca2+ homeostasis causes the cascade of cellular changes that results in neuronal atrophy and death. In the present study, video-enhanced fluorometry was used to monitor changes in [Ca2+]i stimulated by agents that mobilize Ca2+ from intracellular stores and to study the modulation of these responses by glutamate. Homobromoibotenic acid (HBI) was used to stimulate inositol trisphosphate (IP3)-sensitive stores, and caffeine was used to mobilize Ca2+ from Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) stores. We provide data indicating that Ca2+ responses attributable to IP3- and CICR-sensitive stores are inhibited by glutamate, acting via a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR). We also show that activation of C-kinase by a phorbol ester will reduce HBI-stimulated calcium responses. Although the protein kinase A accumulator, Sp-cAMPs, did not have an effect on HBI-induced responses. CICR-stimulated responses were not consistently attenuated by either the phorbol ester or the Sp-cAMPs. We have previously shown that glutamate attenuates voltage-dependent changes in [Ca2+]i. Coupled with the present findings, this suggests that in these neurons mGluRs serve to limit fluctuations in intracellular Ca2+ rather than increase [Ca2+]i. This system may play a role in protecting highly active neurons from calcium toxicity resulting in apoptosis.  (+info)

Intracellular responses of onset chopper neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus to tones: evidence for dual-component processing. (7/432)

Intracellular responses of onset chopper neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus to tones: evidence for dual-component processing. The ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) contains a heterogeneous collection of cell types reflecting the multiple processing tasks undertaken by this nucleus. This in vivo study in the rat used intracellular recordings and dye filling to examine membrane potential changes and firing characteristics of onset chopper (OC) neurons to acoustic stimulation (50 ms pure tones, 5 ms r/f time). Stable impalements were made from 15 OC neurons, 7 identified as multipolar cells. Neurons responded to characteristic frequency (CF) tones with sustained depolarization below spike threshold. With increasing stimulus intensity, the depolarization during the initial 10 ms of the response became peaked, and with further increases in intensity the peak became narrower. Onset spikes were generated during this initial depolarization. Tones presented below CF resulted in a broadening of this initial depolarizing component with high stimulus intensities required to initiate onset spikes. This initial component was followed by a sustained depolarizing component lasting until stimulus cessation. The amplitude of the sustained depolarizing component was greatest when frequencies were presented at high intensities below CF resulting in increased action potential firing during this period when compared with comparable high intensities at CF. During the presentation of tones at or above the high-frequency edge of a cell's response area, hyperpolarization was evident during the sustained component. The presence of hyperpolarization and the differences seen in the level of sustained depolarization during CF and off CF tones suggests that changes in membrane responsiveness between the initial and sustained components may be attributed to polysynaptic inhibitory mechanisms. The dual-component processing resulting from convergent auditory nerve excitation and polysynaptic inhibition enables OC neurons to respond in a unique fashion to intensity and frequency features contained within an acoustic stimulus.  (+info)

Responses of cochlear nucleus units in the chinchilla to iterated rippled noises: analysis of neural autocorrelograms. (8/432)

Temporal encoding of stimulus features related to the pitch of iterated rippled noises was studied for single units in the chinchilla cochlear nucleus. Unlike other periodic complex sounds that produce pitch, iterated rippled noises have neither periodic waveforms nor highly modulated envelopes. Infinitely iterated rippled noise (IIRN) is generated when wideband noise (WBN) is delayed (tau), attenuated, and then added to (+) or subtracted from (-) the undelayed WBN through positive feedback. The pitch of IIRN[+, tau, -1 dB] is at 1/tau, whereas the pitch of IIRN[-, tau, -1 dB] is at 1/2tau. Temporal responses of cochlear nucleus units were measured using neural autocorrelograms. Synchronous responses as shown by peaks in neural autocorrelograms that occur at time lags corresponding to the IIRN tau can be observed for both primarylike and chopper unit types. Comparison of the neural autocorrelograms in response to IIRN[+, tau, -1 dB] and IIRN[-, tau, -1 dB] indicates that the temporal discharge of primarylike units reflects the stimulus waveform fine structure, whereas the temporal discharge patterns of chopper units reflect the stimulus envelope. The pitch of IIRN[+/-, tau, -1 dB] can be accounted for by the temporal discharge patterns of primarylike units but not by the temporal discharge of chopper units. To quantify the temporal responses, the height of the peak in the neural autocorrelogram at a given time lag was measured as normalized rate. Although it is well documented that chopper units give larger synchronous responses than primarylike units to the fundamental frequency of periodic complex stimuli, the largest normalized rates in response to IIRN[+, tau, -1 dB] were obtained for primarylike units, not chopper units. The results suggest that if temporal encoding is important in pitch processing, then primarylike units are likely to be an important cochlear nucleus subsystem that carries the pitch-related information to higher auditory centers.  (+info)

The cochlear nucleus is the first relay station in the auditory pathway within the central nervous system. It is a structure located in the lower pons region of the brainstem and receives sensory information from the cochlea, which is the spiral-shaped organ of hearing in the inner ear.

The cochlear nucleus consists of several subdivisions, each with distinct neuronal populations that process different aspects of auditory information. These subdivisions include the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN), dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), and the granule cell domain.

Neurons in these subdivisions perform various computations on the incoming auditory signals, such as frequency analysis, intensity coding, and sound localization. The output of the cochlear nucleus is then sent via several pathways to higher brain regions for further processing and interpretation, including the inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, and eventually the auditory cortex.

Damage or dysfunction in the cochlear nucleus can lead to hearing impairments and other auditory processing disorders.

The cochlear nerve, also known as the auditory nerve, is the sensory nerve that transmits sound signals from the inner ear to the brain. It consists of two parts: the outer spiral ganglion and the inner vestibular portion. The spiral ganglion contains the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons that receive input from hair cells in the cochlea, which is the snail-shaped organ in the inner ear responsible for hearing. These neurons then send their axons to form the cochlear nerve, which travels through the internal auditory meatus and synapses with neurons in the cochlear nuclei located in the brainstem.

Damage to the cochlear nerve can result in hearing loss or deafness, depending on the severity of the injury. Common causes of cochlear nerve damage include acoustic trauma, such as exposure to loud noises, viral infections, meningitis, and tumors affecting the nerve or surrounding structures. In some cases, cochlear nerve damage may be treated with hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive devices to help restore or improve hearing function.

Auditory pathways refer to the series of structures and nerves in the body that are involved in processing sound and transmitting it to the brain for interpretation. The process begins when sound waves enter the ear and cause vibrations in the eardrum, which then move the bones in the middle ear. These movements stimulate hair cells in the cochlea, a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear, causing them to release neurotransmitters that activate auditory nerve fibers.

The auditory nerve carries these signals to the brainstem, where they are relayed through several additional structures before reaching the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe of the brain. Here, the signals are processed and interpreted as sounds, allowing us to hear and understand speech, music, and other environmental noises.

Damage or dysfunction at any point along the auditory pathway can lead to hearing loss or impairment.

The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the auditory-vestibular nerve or cranial nerve VIII, is a paired peripheral nerve that transmits sensory information from the inner ear to the brain. It has two distinct parts: the cochlear part and the vestibular part.

The cochlear part is responsible for hearing and transmits sound signals from the cochlea to the brain. The vestibular part, on the other hand, is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation by transmitting information about head movement and position from the vestibular apparatus (utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals) in the inner ear to the brain.

Together, these two parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve play a crucial role in our ability to hear and maintain balance. Damage to this nerve can result in hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (dizziness), or balance problems.

The cell nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in the eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus). It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as DNA molecules in complex with proteins, RNA molecules, and histones to form chromosomes.

The primary function of the cell nucleus is to regulate and control the activities of the cell, including growth, metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction. It also plays a crucial role in the process of mitosis (cell division) by separating and protecting the genetic material during this process. The nuclear membrane, or nuclear envelope, surrounding the nucleus is composed of two lipid bilayers with numerous pores that allow for the selective transport of molecules between the nucleoplasm (nucleus interior) and the cytoplasm (cell exterior).

The cell nucleus is a vital structure in eukaryotic cells, and its dysfunction can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.

Acoustic stimulation refers to the use of sound waves or vibrations to elicit a response in an individual, typically for the purpose of assessing or treating hearing, balance, or neurological disorders. In a medical context, acoustic stimulation may involve presenting pure tones, speech sounds, or other types of auditory signals through headphones, speakers, or specialized devices such as bone conduction transducers.

The response to acoustic stimulation can be measured using various techniques, including electrophysiological tests like auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) or otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), behavioral observations, or functional imaging methods like fMRI. Acoustic stimulation is also used in therapeutic settings, such as auditory training programs for hearing impairment or vestibular rehabilitation for balance disorders.

It's important to note that acoustic stimulation should be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional to ensure safety and effectiveness.

Auditory brainstem evoked potentials (ABEPs or BAEPs) are medical tests that measure the electrical activity in the auditory pathway of the brain in response to sound stimulation. The test involves placing electrodes on the scalp and recording the tiny electrical signals generated by the nerve cells in the brainstem as they respond to clicks or tone bursts presented through earphones.

The resulting waveform is analyzed for latency (the time it takes for the signal to travel from the ear to the brain) and amplitude (the strength of the signal). Abnormalities in the waveform can indicate damage to the auditory nerve or brainstem, and are often used in the diagnosis of various neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, acoustic neuroma, and brainstem tumors.

The test is non-invasive, painless, and takes only a few minutes to perform. It provides valuable information about the functioning of the auditory pathway and can help guide treatment decisions for patients with hearing or balance disorders.

The olivary nucleus is a structure located in the medulla oblongata, which is a part of the brainstem. It consists of two main parts: the inferior olive and the accessory olive. The inferior olive is further divided into several subnuclei.

The olivary nucleus plays an important role in the coordination of movements, particularly in the regulation of fine motor control and rhythmic movements. It receives input from various sources, including the cerebellum, spinal cord, and other brainstem nuclei, and sends output to the cerebellum via the climbing fibers.

Damage to the olivary nucleus can result in a variety of neurological symptoms, including ataxia (loss of coordination), tremors, and dysarthria (speech difficulties). Certain neurodegenerative disorders, such as multiple system atrophy, may also affect the olivary nucleus and contribute to its degeneration.

Tinnitus is the perception of ringing or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present. It can be described as a sensation of hearing sound even when no actual noise is present. The sounds perceived can vary widely, from a whistling, buzzing, hissing, swooshing, to a pulsating sound, and can be soft or loud.

Tinnitus is not a disease itself but a symptom that can result from a wide range of underlying causes, such as hearing loss, exposure to loud noises, ear infections, earwax blockage, head or neck injuries, circulatory system disorders, certain medications, and age-related hearing loss.

Tinnitus can be temporary or chronic, and it may affect one or both ears. While tinnitus is not usually a sign of a serious medical condition, it can significantly impact quality of life and interfere with daily activities, sleep, and concentration.

The brainstem is the lower part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brainstem controls many vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory and motor information between the cerebral cortex and the rest of the body. Additionally, several cranial nerves originate from the brainstem, including those that control eye movements, facial movements, and hearing.

The inferior colliculi are a pair of rounded eminences located in the midbrain, specifically in the tectum of the mesencephalon. They play a crucial role in auditory processing and integration. The inferior colliculi receive inputs from various sources, including the cochlear nuclei, superior olivary complex, and cortical areas. They then send their outputs to the medial geniculate body, which is a part of the thalamus that relays auditory information to the auditory cortex.

In summary, the inferior colliculi are important structures in the auditory pathway that help process and integrate auditory information before it reaches the cerebral cortex for further analysis and perception.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Gerbillinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes gerbils, jirds, and sand rats. These small mammals are primarily found in arid regions of Africa and Asia. They are characterized by their long hind legs, which they use for hopping, and their long, thin tails. Some species have adapted to desert environments by developing specialized kidneys that allow them to survive on minimal water intake.

In the context of medicine, particularly in audiology and otolaryngology (ear, nose, and throat specialty), "noise" is defined as unwanted or disturbing sound in the environment that can interfere with communication, rest, sleep, or cognitive tasks. It can also refer to sounds that are harmful to hearing, such as loud machinery noises or music, which can cause noise-induced hearing loss if exposure is prolonged or at high enough levels.

In some medical contexts, "noise" may also refer to non-specific signals or interfering factors in diagnostic tests and measurements that can make it difficult to interpret results accurately.

The cochlea is a part of the inner ear that is responsible for hearing. It is a spiral-shaped structure that looks like a snail shell and is filled with fluid. The cochlea contains hair cells, which are specialized sensory cells that convert sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The cochlea has three main parts: the vestibular canal, the tympanic canal, and the cochlear duct. Sound waves enter the inner ear and cause the fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn causes the hair cells to bend. This bending motion stimulates the hair cells to generate electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

The brain then interprets these signals as sound, allowing us to hear and understand speech, music, and other sounds in our environment. Damage to the hair cells or other structures in the cochlea can lead to hearing loss or deafness.

An auditory brainstem implant (ABI) is a surgically placed device that provides a sense of sound to individuals who have severe hearing loss and cannot benefit from cochlear implants. Unlike cochlear implants, which stimulate the auditory nerve directly, ABIs transmit electrical signals directly to the brainstem, bypassing the inner ear entirely.

The ABI consists of a microphone, processor, and a series of electrodes that are surgically placed on the surface of the brainstem. The microphone picks up sounds from the environment, and the processor converts them into electrical signals. These signals are then sent to the electrodes, which stimulate the nearby nerve cells in the brainstem.

The brain interprets these stimuli as sound, allowing the individual to perceive some level of hearing. While ABIs do not provide the same level of hearing as cochlear implants, they can help individuals with profound hearing loss to communicate more effectively and improve their quality of life.

It's important to note that ABIs are typically reserved for individuals who have severe hearing loss due to damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve, and who are not candidates for cochlear implants. The procedure is complex and carries risks, so it is only recommended in cases where the potential benefits outweigh the risks.

The auditory threshold is the minimum sound intensity or loudness level that a person can detect 50% of the time, for a given tone frequency. It is typically measured in decibels (dB) and represents the quietest sound that a person can hear. The auditory threshold can be affected by various factors such as age, exposure to noise, and certain medical conditions. Hearing tests, such as pure-tone audiometry, are used to measure an individual's auditory thresholds for different frequencies.

"Cat" is a common name that refers to various species of small carnivorous mammals that belong to the family Felidae. The domestic cat, also known as Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus, is a popular pet and companion animal. It is a subspecies of the wildcat, which is found in Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Domestic cats are often kept as pets because of their companionship, playful behavior, and ability to hunt vermin. They are also valued for their ability to provide emotional support and therapy to people. Cats are obligate carnivores, which means that they require a diet that consists mainly of meat to meet their nutritional needs.

Cats are known for their agility, sharp senses, and predatory instincts. They have retractable claws, which they use for hunting and self-defense. Cats also have a keen sense of smell, hearing, and vision, which allow them to detect prey and navigate their environment.

In medical terms, cats can be hosts to various parasites and diseases that can affect humans and other animals. Some common feline diseases include rabies, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and toxoplasmosis. It is important for cat owners to keep their pets healthy and up-to-date on vaccinations and preventative treatments to protect both the cats and their human companions.

An action potential is a brief electrical signal that travels along the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron) or muscle cell. It is initiated by a rapid, localized change in the permeability of the cell membrane to specific ions, such as sodium and potassium, resulting in a rapid influx of sodium ions and a subsequent efflux of potassium ions. This ion movement causes a brief reversal of the electrical potential across the membrane, which is known as depolarization. The action potential then propagates along the cell membrane as a wave, allowing the electrical signal to be transmitted over long distances within the body. Action potentials play a crucial role in the communication and functioning of the nervous system and muscle tissue.

Pitch perception is the ability to identify and discriminate different frequencies or musical notes. It is the way our auditory system interprets and organizes sounds based on their highness or lowness, which is determined by the frequency of the sound waves. A higher pitch corresponds to a higher frequency, while a lower pitch corresponds to a lower frequency. Pitch perception is an important aspect of hearing and is crucial for understanding speech, enjoying music, and localizing sounds in our environment. It involves complex processing in the inner ear and auditory nervous system.

Auditory perception refers to the process by which the brain interprets and makes sense of the sounds we hear. It involves the recognition and interpretation of different frequencies, intensities, and patterns of sound waves that reach our ears through the process of hearing. This allows us to identify and distinguish various sounds such as speech, music, and environmental noises.

The auditory system includes the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, and the auditory nerve, which transmits electrical signals to the brain's auditory cortex for processing and interpretation. Auditory perception is a complex process that involves multiple areas of the brain working together to identify and make sense of sounds in our environment.

Disorders or impairments in auditory perception can result in difficulties with hearing, understanding speech, and identifying environmental sounds, which can significantly impact communication, learning, and daily functioning.

The spinal trigeminal nucleus is a component of the trigeminal nerve sensory nuclear complex located in the brainstem. It is responsible for receiving and processing pain, temperature, and tactile discrimination sensations from the face and head, particularly from the areas of the face that are more sensitive to pain and temperature (the forehead, eyes, nose, and mouth). The spinal trigeminal nucleus is divided into three subnuclei: pars oralis, pars interpolaris, and pars caudalis. These subnuclei extend from the pons to the upper part of the medulla oblongata.

Neural inhibition is a process in the nervous system that decreases or prevents the activity of neurons (nerve cells) in order to regulate and control communication within the nervous system. It is a fundamental mechanism that allows for the balance of excitation and inhibition necessary for normal neural function. Inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and glycine, are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, reducing its likelihood of firing an action potential. This results in a decrease in neural activity and can have various effects depending on the specific neurons and brain regions involved. Neural inhibition is crucial for many functions including motor control, sensory processing, attention, memory, and emotional regulation.

Sound localization is the ability of the auditory system to identify the location or origin of a sound source in the environment. It is a crucial aspect of hearing and enables us to navigate and interact with our surroundings effectively. The process involves several cues, including time differences in the arrival of sound to each ear (interaural time difference), differences in sound level at each ear (interaural level difference), and spectral information derived from the filtering effects of the head and external ears on incoming sounds. These cues are analyzed by the brain to determine the direction and distance of the sound source, allowing for accurate localization.

Auditory evoked potentials (AEP) are medical tests that measure the electrical activity in the brain in response to sound stimuli. These tests are often used to assess hearing function and neural processing in individuals, particularly those who cannot perform traditional behavioral hearing tests.

There are several types of AEP tests, including:

1. Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) or Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEP): This test measures the electrical activity generated by the brainstem in response to a click or tone stimulus. It is often used to assess the integrity of the auditory nerve and brainstem pathways, and can help diagnose conditions such as auditory neuropathy and retrocochlear lesions.
2. Middle Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (MLAEP): This test measures the electrical activity generated by the cortical auditory areas of the brain in response to a click or tone stimulus. It is often used to assess higher-level auditory processing, and can help diagnose conditions such as auditory processing disorders and central auditory dysfunction.
3. Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (LLAEP): This test measures the electrical activity generated by the cortical auditory areas of the brain in response to a complex stimulus, such as speech. It is often used to assess language processing and cognitive function, and can help diagnose conditions such as learning disabilities and dementia.

Overall, AEP tests are valuable tools for assessing hearing and neural function in individuals who cannot perform traditional behavioral hearing tests or who have complex neurological conditions.

## I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "chinchilla."

A chinchilla is actually a type of rodent that is native to South America. They have thick, soft fur and are often kept as exotic pets or used in laboratory research. If you're looking for information about chinchillas in a medical context, such as their use in research or any potential health concerns related to keeping them as pets, I would be happy to help you try to find more information on those topics.

Nerve fibers are specialized structures that constitute the long, slender processes (axons) of neurons (nerve cells). They are responsible for conducting electrical impulses, known as action potentials, away from the cell body and transmitting them to other neurons or effector organs such as muscles and glands. Nerve fibers are often surrounded by supportive cells called glial cells and are grouped together to form nerve bundles or nerves. These fibers can be myelinated (covered with a fatty insulating sheath called myelin) or unmyelinated, which influences the speed of impulse transmission.

A synapse is a structure in the nervous system that allows for the transmission of signals from one neuron (nerve cell) to another. It is the point where the axon terminal of one neuron meets the dendrite or cell body of another, and it is here that neurotransmitters are released and received. The synapse includes both the presynaptic and postsynaptic elements, as well as the cleft between them.

At the presynaptic side, an action potential travels down the axon and triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft through exocytosis. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic side, which can either excite or inhibit the receiving neuron. The strength of the signal between two neurons is determined by the number and efficiency of these synapses.

Synapses play a crucial role in the functioning of the nervous system, allowing for the integration and processing of information from various sources. They are also dynamic structures that can undergo changes in response to experience or injury, which has important implications for learning, memory, and recovery from neurological disorders.

In the context of medicine, particularly in the field of auscultation (the act of listening to the internal sounds of the body), "sound" refers to the noises produced by the functioning of the heart, lungs, and other organs. These sounds are typically categorized into two types:

1. **Bradyacoustic sounds**: These are low-pitched sounds that are heard when there is a turbulent flow of blood or when two body structures rub against each other. An example would be the heart sound known as "S1," which is produced by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the beginning of systole (contraction of the heart's ventricles).

2. **High-pitched sounds**: These are sharper, higher-frequency sounds that can provide valuable diagnostic information. An example would be lung sounds, which include breath sounds like those heard during inhalation and exhalation, as well as adventitious sounds like crackles, wheezes, and pleural friction rubs.

It's important to note that these medical "sounds" are not the same as the everyday definition of sound, which refers to the sensation produced by stimulation of the auditory system by vibrations.

Synaptic transmission is the process by which a neuron communicates with another cell, such as another neuron or a muscle cell, across a junction called a synapse. It involves the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic terminal of the neuron, which then cross the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, leading to changes in the electrical or chemical properties of the target cell. This process is critical for the transmission of signals within the nervous system and for controlling various physiological functions in the body.

The spiral ganglion is a structure located in the inner ear, specifically within the cochlea. It consists of nerve cell bodies that form the sensory component of the auditory nervous system. The spiral ganglion's neurons are bipolar and have peripheral processes that form synapses with hair cells in the organ of Corti, which is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals.

The central processes of these neurons then coalesce to form the cochlear nerve, which transmits these electrical signals to the brainstem and ultimately to the auditory cortex for processing and interpretation as sound. Damage to the spiral ganglion or its associated neural structures can lead to hearing loss or deafness.

Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2 (VGLUT2) is a type of protein responsible for transporting the neurotransmitter glutamate from the cytoplasm into synaptic vesicles within neurons. This protein is specifically located in the presynaptic terminals and plays a crucial role in the packaging, storage, and release of glutamate, which is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Glutamate is involved in various physiological functions, such as learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity. Dysfunction of VGLUT2 has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including epilepsy, chronic pain, and neurodevelopmental conditions like autism and schizophrenia.

Strychnine is a highly toxic, colorless, bitter-tasting crystalline alkaloid that is derived from the seeds of the Strychnos nux-vomica tree, native to India and Southeast Asia. It is primarily used in the manufacture of pesticides and rodenticides due to its high toxicity to insects and mammals.

Medically, strychnine has been used in the past as a stimulant and a treatment for various conditions such as asthma, heart failure, and neurological disorders. However, its use in modern medicine is extremely rare due to its narrow therapeutic index and high toxicity.

Strychnine works by blocking inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, leading to increased muscle contractions, stiffness, and convulsions. Ingestion of even small amounts can cause severe symptoms such as muscle spasms, rigidity, seizures, and respiratory failure, which can be fatal if left untreated.

It is important to note that strychnine has no legitimate medical use in humans and its possession and use are highly regulated due to its high toxicity and potential for abuse.

The nucleus accumbens is a part of the brain that is located in the ventral striatum, which is a key region of the reward circuitry. It is made up of two subregions: the shell and the core. The nucleus accumbens receives inputs from various sources, including the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, and sends outputs to the ventral pallidum and other areas.

The nucleus accumbens is involved in reward processing, motivation, reinforcement learning, and addiction. It plays a crucial role in the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is associated with pleasure and reinforcement. Dysfunction in the nucleus accumbens has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric conditions, including substance use disorders, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a type of sensorineural hearing loss that occurs due to exposure to harmful levels of noise. The damage can be caused by a one-time exposure to an extremely loud sound or by continuous exposure to lower level sounds over time. NIHL can affect people of all ages and can cause permanent damage to the hair cells in the cochlea, leading to hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and difficulty understanding speech in noisy environments. Prevention measures include avoiding excessive noise exposure, wearing hearing protection, and taking regular breaks from noisy activities.

Electric stimulation, also known as electrical nerve stimulation or neuromuscular electrical stimulation, is a therapeutic treatment that uses low-voltage electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles. It is often used to help manage pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and mobility. The electrical impulses can be delivered through electrodes placed on the skin or directly implanted into the body.

In a medical context, electric stimulation may be used for various purposes such as:

1. Pain management: Electric stimulation can help to block pain signals from reaching the brain and promote the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body.
2. Muscle rehabilitation: Electric stimulation can help to strengthen muscles that have become weak due to injury, illness, or surgery. It can also help to prevent muscle atrophy and improve range of motion.
3. Wound healing: Electric stimulation can promote tissue growth and help to speed up the healing process in wounds, ulcers, and other types of injuries.
4. Urinary incontinence: Electric stimulation can be used to strengthen the muscles that control urination and reduce symptoms of urinary incontinence.
5. Migraine prevention: Electric stimulation can be used as a preventive treatment for migraines by applying electrical impulses to specific nerves in the head and neck.

It is important to note that electric stimulation should only be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as improper use can cause harm or discomfort.

Central hearing loss is a type of hearing disorder that occurs due to damage or dysfunction in the central auditory pathways of the brain, rather than in the ear itself. This condition can result from various causes, such as stroke, tumors, trauma, infection, or degenerative diseases affecting the brain.

In central hearing loss, the person may have difficulty understanding and processing speech, even when they can hear sounds at normal levels. They might experience problems with sound localization, discriminating between similar sounds, and comprehending complex auditory signals. This type of hearing loss is different from sensorineural or conductive hearing loss, which are related to issues in the outer, middle, or inner ear.

The anterior thalamic nuclei are a group of nuclei in the thalamus, which is a part of the brain. The thalamus serves as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. The anterior thalamic nuclei, specifically, are involved in various functions such as memory, navigation, and arousal. They receive inputs from the hippocampus and other limbic structures and project to the cingulate gyrus and other areas of the cerebral cortex. The anterior thalamic nuclei have been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric conditions, including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia.

Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 1 (VAMP-1), also known as synaptobrevin-1, is a type of SNARE (Soluble NSF Attachment Protein REceptor) protein found on the membranes of small synaptic vesicles in neurons. It plays a crucial role in the process of neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic active zone by interacting with other SNARE proteins to form a tight complex, which brings the vesicle membrane into close proximity with the plasma membrane, allowing for the fusion of the two and subsequent release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. VAMP-1 is specifically involved in the exocytosis of dense core vesicles that contain neuropeptides and neuromodulators. Mutations or dysregulation of VAMP-1 have been implicated in various neurological disorders, including epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases.

"CBA" is an abbreviation for a specific strain of inbred mice that were developed at the Cancer Research Institute in London. The "Inbred CBA" mice are genetically identical individuals within the same strain, due to many generations of brother-sister matings. This results in a homozygous population, making them valuable tools for research because they reduce variability and increase reproducibility in experimental outcomes.

The CBA strain is known for its susceptibility to certain diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and cancer, which makes it a popular choice for researchers studying those conditions. Additionally, the CBA strain has been widely used in studies related to transplantation immunology, infectious diseases, and genetic research.

It's important to note that while "Inbred CBA" mice are a well-established and useful tool in biomedical research, they represent only one of many inbred strains available for scientific investigation. Each strain has its own unique characteristics and advantages, depending on the specific research question being asked.

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are electrical signals that occur in the dendrites and cell body of a neuron, or nerve cell. They are caused by the activation of excitatory synapses, which are connections between neurons that allow for the transmission of information.

When an action potential, or electrical impulse, reaches the end of an axon, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, the small gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. The excitatory neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, causing a local depolarization of the membrane potential. This depolarization is known as an EPSP.

EPSPs are responsible for increasing the likelihood that an action potential will be generated in the postsynaptic neuron. When multiple EPSPs occur simultaneously or in close succession, they can summate and cause a large enough depolarization to trigger an action potential. This allows for the transmission of information from one neuron to another.

It's important to note that there are also inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) which decrease the likelihood that an action potential will be generated in the postsynaptic neuron, by causing a local hyperpolarization of the membrane potential.

Afferent pathways, also known as sensory pathways, refer to the neural connections that transmit sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system (CNS), specifically to the brain and spinal cord. These pathways are responsible for carrying various types of sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, pressure, vibration, hearing, vision, and taste, to the CNS for processing and interpretation.

The afferent pathways begin with sensory receptors located throughout the body, which detect changes in the environment and convert them into electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted via afferent neurons, also known as sensory neurons, to the spinal cord or brainstem. Within the CNS, the information is further processed and integrated with other neural inputs before being relayed to higher cognitive centers for conscious awareness and response.

Understanding the anatomy and physiology of afferent pathways is essential for diagnosing and treating various neurological conditions that affect sensory function, such as neuropathies, spinal cord injuries, and brain disorders.

I must clarify that the term "Guinea Pigs" is not typically used in medical definitions. However, in colloquial or informal language, it may refer to people who are used as the first to try out a new medical treatment or drug. This is known as being a "test subject" or "in a clinical trial."

In the field of scientific research, particularly in studies involving animals, guinea pigs are small rodents that are often used as experimental subjects due to their size, cost-effectiveness, and ease of handling. They are not actually pigs from Guinea, despite their name's origins being unclear. However, they do not exactly fit the description of being used in human medical experiments.

Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1 (VGLUT1) is a type of protein responsible for transporting the neurotransmitter glutamate from the cytoplasm into synaptic vesicles within neurons. This protein plays a crucial role in the packaging and release of glutamate, which is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

VGLUT1 is specifically expressed in the majority of glutamatergic neurons and helps regulate synaptic transmission and plasticity. Defects in VGLUT1 function have been implicated in several neurological disorders, including epilepsy, neurodevelopmental disorders, and chronic pain conditions.

Strigiformes is a biological order that consists of around 200 extant species of birds, more commonly known as owls. This group is placed within the class Aves and is part of the superorder Coraciiformes. The Strigiformes are divided into two families: Tytonidae, also known as barn-owls, and Strigidae, which includes typical owls.

Owls are characterized by their unique morphological features, such as large heads, forward-facing eyes, short hooked beaks, and strong talons for hunting. They have specialized adaptations that allow them to be nocturnal predators, including excellent night vision and highly developed hearing abilities. Owls primarily feed on small mammals, birds, insects, and other creatures, depending on their size and habitat.

The medical community may not directly use the term 'Strigiformes' in a clinical setting. However, understanding the ecological roles of various animal groups, including Strigiformes, can help inform public health initiatives and disease surveillance efforts. For example, owls play an essential role in controlling rodent populations, which can have implications for human health by reducing the risk of diseases spread by these animals.

The tensor tympani is a small muscle located in the middle ear of mammals. Its primary function is to tense and dampen the movement of the eardrum (tympanic membrane) in response to loud sounds, protecting the inner ear from potential damage. The tensor tympani is innervated by a branch of the trigeminal nerve (the mandibular nerve).

The term "tensor tympani" refers specifically to this muscle and its associated tendon. It comes from Latin: "tensor," meaning "to stretch or tense," and "tympani," referring to the eardrum or tympanic membrane. Thus, the tensor tympani is the muscle that tenses the eardrum.

A decerebrate state is a medical condition that results from severe damage to the brainstem, specifically to the midbrain and above. This type of injury can cause motor responses characterized by rigid extension of the arms and legs, with the arms rotated outward and the wrists and fingers extended. The legs are also extended and the toes pointed downward. These postures are often referred to as "decerebrate rigidity" or "posturing."

The decerebrate state is typically seen in patients who have experienced severe trauma, such as a car accident or gunshot wound, or who have suffered from a large stroke or other type of brain hemorrhage. It can also occur in some cases of severe hypoxia (lack of oxygen) to the brain, such as during cardiac arrest or drowning.

The decerebrate state is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. If left untreated, it can lead to further brain damage and even death. Treatment typically involves providing supportive care, such as mechanical ventilation to help with breathing, medications to control blood pressure and prevent seizures, and surgery to repair any underlying injuries or bleeding. In some cases, patients may require long-term rehabilitation to regain lost function and improve their quality of life.

Conductive hearing loss is a type of hearing loss that occurs when there is a problem with the outer or middle ear. Sound waves are not able to transmit efficiently through the ear canal to the eardrum and the small bones in the middle ear, resulting in a reduction of sound that reaches the inner ear. Causes of conductive hearing loss may include earwax buildup, fluid in the middle ear, a middle ear infection, a hole in the eardrum, or problems with the tiny bones in the middle ear. This type of hearing loss can often be treated through medical intervention or surgery.

Thalamic nuclei refer to specific groupings of neurons within the thalamus, a key relay station in the brain that receives sensory information from various parts of the body and transmits it to the cerebral cortex for processing. The thalamus is divided into several distinct nuclei, each with its own unique functions and connections. These nuclei can be broadly categorized into three groups:

1. Sensory relay nuclei: These nuclei receive sensory information from different modalities such as vision, audition, touch, and taste, and project this information to specific areas of the cerebral cortex for further processing. Examples include the lateral geniculate nucleus (vision), medial geniculate nucleus (audition), and ventral posterior nucleus (touch and taste).
2. Association nuclei: These nuclei are involved in higher-order cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, and executive control. They receive inputs from various cortical areas and project back to those same areas, forming closed loops that facilitate information processing and integration. Examples include the mediodorsal nucleus and pulvinar.
3. Motor relay nuclei: These nuclei are involved in motor control and coordination. They receive inputs from the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia and project to the brainstem and spinal cord, helping to regulate movement and posture. Examples include the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei.

Overall, thalamic nuclei play a crucial role in integrating sensory, motor, and cognitive information, allowing for adaptive behavior and conscious experience.

Reaction time, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the time period between the presentation of a stimulus and the subsequent initiation of a response. This complex process involves the central nervous system, particularly the brain, which perceives the stimulus, processes it, and then sends signals to the appropriate muscles or glands to react.

There are different types of reaction times, including simple reaction time (responding to a single, expected stimulus) and choice reaction time (choosing an appropriate response from multiple possibilities). These measures can be used in clinical settings to assess various aspects of neurological function, such as cognitive processing speed, motor control, and alertness.

However, it is important to note that reaction times can be influenced by several factors, including age, fatigue, attention, and the use of certain medications or substances.

The solitary nucleus, also known as the nucleus solitarius, is a collection of neurons located in the medulla oblongata region of the brainstem. It plays a crucial role in the processing and integration of sensory information, particularly taste and visceral afferent fibers from internal organs. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from various cranial nerves, including the glossopharyngeal (cranial nerve IX) and vagus nerves (cranial nerve X), and is involved in reflex responses related to swallowing, vomiting, and cardiovascular regulation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Glycine Agents" is not a widely recognized or established term in medical or scientific communities. Glycine is an amino acid that serves as a neurotransmitter and has various other functions in the body. However, I'm not aware of any specific agents or medications that are referred to as "Glycine Agents."

If you have more context or information about where you encountered this term, I might be able to provide a more accurate and helpful response.

The pons is a part of the brainstem that lies between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain. Its name comes from the Latin word "ponte" which means "bridge," as it serves to connect these two regions of the brainstem. The pons contains several important structures, including nerve fibers that carry signals between the cerebellum (the part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements) and the rest of the nervous system. It also contains nuclei (clusters of neurons) that help regulate various functions such as respiration, sleep, and facial movements.

Neurological models are simplified representations or simulations of various aspects of the nervous system, including its structure, function, and processes. These models can be theoretical, computational, or physical and are used to understand, explain, and predict neurological phenomena. They may focus on specific neurological diseases, disorders, or functions, such as memory, learning, or movement. The goal of these models is to provide insights into the complex workings of the nervous system that cannot be easily observed or understood through direct examination alone.

Glycine is a simple amino acid that plays a crucial role in the body. According to the medical definition, glycine is an essential component for the synthesis of proteins, peptides, and other biologically important compounds. It is also involved in various metabolic processes, such as the production of creatine, which supports muscle function, and the regulation of neurotransmitters, affecting nerve impulse transmission and brain function. Glycine can be found as a free form in the body and is also present in many dietary proteins.

Deafness is a hearing loss that is so severe that it results in significant difficulty in understanding or comprehending speech, even when using hearing aids. It can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life due to various causes such as disease, injury, infection, exposure to loud noises, or aging. Deafness can range from mild to profound and may affect one ear (unilateral) or both ears (bilateral). In some cases, deafness may be accompanied by tinnitus, which is the perception of ringing or other sounds in the ears.

Deaf individuals often use American Sign Language (ASL) or other forms of sign language to communicate. Some people with less severe hearing loss may benefit from hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive listening devices. Deafness can have significant social, educational, and vocational implications, and early intervention and appropriate support services are critical for optimal development and outcomes.

Patch-clamp techniques are a group of electrophysiological methods used to study ion channels and other electrical properties of cells. These techniques were developed by Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann, who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1991 for their work. The basic principle of patch-clamp techniques involves creating a high resistance seal between a glass micropipette and the cell membrane, allowing for the measurement of current flowing through individual ion channels or groups of channels.

There are several different configurations of patch-clamp techniques, including:

1. Cell-attached configuration: In this configuration, the micropipette is attached to the outer surface of the cell membrane, and the current flowing across a single ion channel can be measured. This configuration allows for the study of the properties of individual channels in their native environment.
2. Whole-cell configuration: Here, the micropipette breaks through the cell membrane, creating a low resistance electrical connection between the pipette and the inside of the cell. This configuration allows for the measurement of the total current flowing across all ion channels in the cell membrane.
3. Inside-out configuration: In this configuration, the micropipette is pulled away from the cell after establishing a seal, resulting in the exposure of the inner surface of the cell membrane to the solution in the pipette. This configuration allows for the study of the properties of ion channels in isolation from other cellular components.
4. Outside-out configuration: Here, the micropipette is pulled away from the cell after establishing a seal, resulting in the exposure of the outer surface of the cell membrane to the solution in the pipette. This configuration allows for the study of the properties of ion channels in their native environment, but with the ability to control the composition of the extracellular solution.

Patch-clamp techniques have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of ion channel function and have contributed to numerous breakthroughs in neuroscience, pharmacology, and physiology.

ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) is a strain of albino Swiss mice that are widely used in scientific research. They are an outbred strain, which means that they have been bred to maintain maximum genetic heterogeneity. However, it is also possible to find inbred strains of ICR mice, which are genetically identical individuals produced by many generations of brother-sister mating.

Inbred ICR mice are a specific type of ICR mouse that has been inbred for at least 20 generations. This means that they have a high degree of genetic uniformity and are essentially genetically identical to one another. Inbred strains of mice are often used in research because their genetic consistency makes them more reliable models for studying biological phenomena and testing new therapies or treatments.

It is important to note that while inbred ICR mice may be useful for certain types of research, they do not necessarily represent the genetic diversity found in human populations. Therefore, it is important to consider the limitations of using any animal model when interpreting research findings and applying them to human health.

GAP-43 protein, also known as growth-associated protein 43 or B-50, is a neuronal protein that is highly expressed during development and axonal regeneration. It is involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, nerve impulse transmission, and neurite outgrowth. GAP-43 is localized to the growth cones of growing axons and is thought to play a role in the guidance and navigation of axonal growth during development and regeneration. It is a member of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase substrate family and undergoes phosphorylation by several protein kinases, including PKC (protein kinase C), which regulates its function. GAP-43 has been implicated in various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia.

Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron that receive and process signals from other neurons. They are typically short and highly branching, increasing the surface area for receiving incoming signals. Dendrites are covered in small protrusions called dendritic spines, which can form connections with the axon terminals of other neurons through chemical synapses. The structure and function of dendrites play a critical role in the integration and processing of information in the nervous system.

The vestibular nucleus, lateral, is a part of the vestibular nuclei complex located in the medulla oblongata region of the brainstem. It plays a crucial role in the processing and integration of vestibular information related to balance, posture, and eye movements. The lateral vestibular nucleus is primarily involved in the regulation of muscle tone and coordinating head and eye movements during changes in body position or movement. Damage to this area can result in various vestibular disorders, such as vertigo, oscillopsia, and balance difficulties.

Hearing is the ability to perceive sounds by detecting vibrations in the air or other mediums and translating them into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain for interpretation. In medical terms, hearing is defined as the sense of sound perception, which is mediated by the ear and interpreted by the brain. It involves a complex series of processes, including the conduction of sound waves through the outer ear to the eardrum, the vibration of the middle ear bones, and the movement of fluid in the inner ear, which stimulates hair cells to send electrical signals to the auditory nerve and ultimately to the brain. Hearing allows us to communicate with others, appreciate music and sounds, and detect danger or important events in our environment.

"Newborn animals" refers to the very young offspring of animals that have recently been born. In medical terminology, newborns are often referred to as "neonates," and they are classified as such from birth until about 28 days of age. During this time period, newborn animals are particularly vulnerable and require close monitoring and care to ensure their survival and healthy development.

The specific needs of newborn animals can vary widely depending on the species, but generally, they require warmth, nutrition, hydration, and protection from harm. In many cases, newborns are unable to regulate their own body temperature or feed themselves, so they rely heavily on their mothers for care and support.

In medical settings, newborn animals may be examined and treated by veterinarians to ensure that they are healthy and receiving the care they need. This can include providing medical interventions such as feeding tubes, antibiotics, or other treatments as needed to address any health issues that arise. Overall, the care and support of newborn animals is an important aspect of animal medicine and conservation efforts.

Electrophysiology is a branch of medicine that deals with the electrical activities of the body, particularly the heart. In a medical context, electrophysiology studies (EPS) are performed to assess abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) and to evaluate the effectiveness of certain treatments, such as medication or pacemakers.

During an EPS, electrode catheters are inserted into the heart through blood vessels in the groin or neck. These catheters can record the electrical activity of the heart and stimulate it to help identify the source of the arrhythmia. The information gathered during the study can help doctors determine the best course of treatment for each patient.

In addition to cardiac electrophysiology, there are also other subspecialties within electrophysiology, such as neuromuscular electrophysiology, which deals with the electrical activity of the nervous system and muscles.

The Raphe Nuclei are clusters of neurons located in the brainstem, specifically in the midline of the pons, medulla oblongata, and mesencephalon (midbrain). These neurons are characterized by their ability to synthesize and release serotonin, a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating various functions such as mood, appetite, sleep, and pain perception.

The Raphe Nuclei project axons widely throughout the central nervous system, allowing serotonin to modulate the activity of other neurons. There are several subdivisions within the Raphe Nuclei, each with distinct connections and functions. Dysfunction in the Raphe Nuclei has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and chronic pain.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

The Differential Threshold, also known as the Just Noticeable Difference (JND), is the minimum change in a stimulus that can be detected or perceived as different from another stimulus by an average human observer. It is a fundamental concept in psychophysics, which deals with the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they produce.

The differential threshold is typically measured using methods such as the method of limits or the method of constant stimuli, in which the intensity of a stimulus is gradually increased or decreased until the observer can reliably detect a difference. The difference between the original stimulus and the barely detectable difference is then taken as the differential threshold.

The differential threshold can vary depending on a number of factors, including the type of stimulus (e.g., visual, auditory, tactile), the intensity of the original stimulus, the observer's attention and expectations, and individual differences in sensory sensitivity. Understanding the differential threshold is important for many applications, such as designing sensory aids for people with hearing or vision impairments, optimizing the design of multimedia systems, and developing more effective methods for detecting subtle changes in physiological signals.

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are electrical signals that occur in the postsynaptic neuron when an inhibitory neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic neuron and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. This binding causes a decrease in the excitability of the postsynaptic neuron, making it less likely to fire an action potential.

IPSPs are typically caused by neurotransmitters such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, which open chloride channels in the postsynaptic membrane. The influx of negatively charged chloride ions into the neuron causes a hyperpolarization of the membrane potential, making it more difficult for the neuron to reach the threshold needed to generate an action potential.

IPSPs play an important role in regulating the activity of neural circuits and controlling the flow of information through the nervous system. By inhibiting the activity of certain neurons, IPSPs can help to sharpen the signals that are transmitted between neurons and prevent unwanted noise or interference from disrupting communication within the circuit.

Neuronal plasticity, also known as neuroplasticity or neural plasticity, refers to the ability of the brain and nervous system to change and adapt as a result of experience, learning, injury, or disease. This can involve changes in the structure, organization, and function of neurons (nerve cells) and their connections (synapses) in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Neuronal plasticity can take many forms, including:

* Synaptic plasticity: Changes in the strength or efficiency of synaptic connections between neurons. This can involve the formation, elimination, or modification of synapses.
* Neural circuit plasticity: Changes in the organization and connectivity of neural circuits, which are networks of interconnected neurons that process information.
* Structural plasticity: Changes in the physical structure of neurons, such as the growth or retraction of dendrites (branches that receive input from other neurons) or axons (projections that transmit signals to other neurons).
* Functional plasticity: Changes in the physiological properties of neurons, such as their excitability, responsiveness, or sensitivity to stimuli.

Neuronal plasticity is a fundamental property of the nervous system and plays a crucial role in many aspects of brain function, including learning, memory, perception, and cognition. It also contributes to the brain's ability to recover from injury or disease, such as stroke or traumatic brain injury.

The cerebellar nuclei are clusters of neurons located within the white matter of the cerebellum, a region of the brain responsible for motor coordination, balance, and fine movement regulation. There are four main pairs of cerebellar nuclei: the fastigial, interpositus, dentate, and vestibular nuclei. These nuclei receive input from various parts of the cerebellar cortex and project to different areas of the brainstem and thalamus, contributing to the regulation of muscle tone, posture, and movement.

The septal nuclei are a collection of gray matter structures located in the basal forebrain, specifically in the septum pellucidum. They consist of several interconnected subnuclei that play important roles in various functions such as reward and reinforcement, emotional processing, learning, and memory.

The septal nuclei are primarily composed of GABAergic neurons (neurons that release the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid or GABA) and receive inputs from several brain regions, including the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and prefrontal cortex. They also send projections to various areas, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, and other limbic structures.

Stimulation of the septal nuclei has been associated with feelings of pleasure and reward, while damage or lesions can lead to changes in emotional behavior and cognitive functions. The septal nuclei are also involved in neuroendocrine regulation, particularly in relation to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the release of stress hormones.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Active Transport, Cell Nucleus" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. Active transport typically refers to the energy-dependent process by which cells move molecules across their membranes against their concentration gradient. This process is facilitated by transport proteins and requires ATP as an energy source. However, this process primarily occurs in the cell membrane and not in the cell nucleus.

The cell nucleus, on the other hand, contains genetic material (DNA) and is responsible for controlling various cellular activities such as gene expression, replication, and repair. While there are transport processes that occur within the nucleus, they do not typically involve active transport in the same way that it occurs at the cell membrane.

Therefore, a medical definition of "Active Transport, Cell Nucleus" would not be applicable or informative in this context.

Elapid venoms are the toxic secretions produced by elapid snakes, a family of venomous snakes that includes cobras, mambas, kraits, and coral snakes. These venoms are primarily composed of neurotoxins, which can cause paralysis and respiratory failure in prey or predators.

Elapid venoms work by targeting the nervous system, disrupting communication between the brain and muscles. This results in muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventually respiratory failure if left untreated. Some elapid venoms also contain hemotoxins, which can cause tissue damage, bleeding, and other systemic effects.

The severity of envenomation by an elapid snake depends on several factors, including the species of snake, the amount of venom injected, the location of the bite, and the size and health of the victim. Prompt medical treatment is essential in cases of elapid envenomation, as the effects of the venom can progress rapidly and lead to serious complications or death if left untreated.

The arcuate nucleus is a part of the hypothalamus in the brain. It is involved in the regulation of various physiological functions, including appetite, satiety, and reproductive hormones. The arcuate nucleus contains two main types of neurons: those that produce neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein, which stimulate feeding and reduce energy expenditure; and those that produce pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine-and-amphetamine-regulated transcript, which suppress appetite and increase energy expenditure. These neurons communicate with other parts of the brain to help maintain energy balance and reproductive function.

The caudate nucleus is a part of the brain located within the basal ganglia, a group of structures that are important for movement control and cognition. It has a distinctive C-shaped appearance and plays a role in various functions such as learning, memory, emotion, and motivation. The caudate nucleus receives inputs from several areas of the cerebral cortex and sends outputs to other basal ganglia structures, contributing to the regulation of motor behavior and higher cognitive processes.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) antagonists are substances that block the action of GABA, which is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. GABA plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability and reducing the transmission of nerve impulses.

GABA antagonists work by binding to the GABA receptors without activating them, thereby preventing the normal function of GABA and increasing neuronal activity. These agents can cause excitation of the nervous system, leading to various effects depending on the specific type of GABA receptor they target.

GABA antagonists are used in medical treatments for certain conditions, such as sleep disorders, depression, and cognitive enhancement. However, they can also have adverse effects, including anxiety, agitation, seizures, and even neurotoxicity at high doses. Examples of GABA antagonists include picrotoxin, bicuculline, and flumazenil.

Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are ligand-gated ion channel proteins that play a crucial role in mediating inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system. They belong to the Cys-loop family of receptors, which also includes GABA(A), nicotinic acetylcholine, and serotonin receptors.

GlyRs are composed of pentameric assemblies of subunits, with four different subunit isoforms (α1, α2, α3, and β) identified in vertebrates. The most common GlyR composition consists of α and β subunits, although homomeric receptors composed solely of α subunits can also be formed.

When glycine binds to the orthosteric site on the extracellular domain of the receptor, it triggers a conformational change that leads to the opening of an ion channel, allowing chloride ions (Cl-) to flow through and hyperpolarize the neuronal membrane. This inhibitory neurotransmission is essential for regulating synaptic excitability, controlling motor function, and modulating sensory processing in the brainstem, spinal cord, and other regions of the central nervous system.

Dysfunction of GlyRs has been implicated in various neurological disorders, including hyperekplexia (startle disease), epilepsy, chronic pain, and neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorder.

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is not a medical term, but a type of enzyme that is derived from the horseradish plant. In biological terms, HRP is defined as a heme-containing enzyme isolated from the roots of the horseradish plant (Armoracia rusticana). It is widely used in molecular biology and diagnostic applications due to its ability to catalyze various oxidative reactions, particularly in immunological techniques such as Western blotting and ELISA.

HRP catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, while simultaneously converting a variety of substrates into colored or fluorescent products that can be easily detected. This enzymatic activity makes HRP a valuable tool in detecting and quantifying specific biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, in biological samples.

The Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus (PVN) is a nucleus in the hypothalamus, which is a part of the brain that regulates various autonomic functions and homeostatic processes. The PVN plays a crucial role in the regulation of neuroendocrine and autonomic responses to stress, as well as the control of fluid and electrolyte balance, cardiovascular function, and energy balance.

The PVN is composed of several subdivisions, including the magnocellular and parvocellular divisions. The magnocellular neurons produce and release two neuropeptides, oxytocin and vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone), into the circulation via the posterior pituitary gland. These neuropeptides play important roles in social behavior, reproduction, and fluid balance.

The parvocellular neurons, on the other hand, project to various brain regions and the pituitary gland, where they release neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is responsible for the stress response. The PVN also contains neurons that produce corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a key neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of the HPA axis and the stress response.

Overall, the Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus is an essential component of the brain's regulatory systems that help maintain homeostasis and respond to stressors. Dysfunction of the PVN has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including hypertension, obesity, and mood disorders.

An axon is a long, slender extension of a neuron (a type of nerve cell) that conducts electrical impulses (nerve impulses) away from the cell body to target cells, such as other neurons or muscle cells. Axons can vary in length from a few micrometers to over a meter long and are typically surrounded by a myelin sheath, which helps to insulate and protect the axon and allows for faster transmission of nerve impulses.

Axons play a critical role in the functioning of the nervous system, as they provide the means by which neurons communicate with one another and with other cells in the body. Damage to axons can result in serious neurological problems, such as those seen in spinal cord injuries or neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis.

High-frequency hearing loss is a type of sensorineural hearing impairment in which the ability to hear and discriminate sounds in the higher frequency range (3000 Hz or above) is diminished. This type of hearing loss can make it difficult for individuals to understand speech, especially in noisy environments, as many consonant sounds fall within this frequency range. High-frequency hearing loss can be caused by various factors including aging, exposure to loud noises, genetics, certain medical conditions, and ototoxic medications. It is typically diagnosed through a series of hearing tests, such as pure tone audiometry, and may be treated with hearing aids or other assistive listening devices.

Psychoacoustics is a branch of psychophysics that deals with the study of the psychological and physiological responses to sound. It involves understanding how people perceive, interpret, and react to different sounds, including speech, music, and environmental noises. This field combines knowledge from various areas such as psychology, acoustics, physics, and engineering to investigate the relationship between physical sound characteristics and human perception. Research in psychoacoustics has applications in fields like hearing aid design, noise control, music perception, and communication systems.

Interneurons are a type of neuron that is located entirely within the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord. They are called "inter" neurons because they connect and communicate with other nearby neurons, forming complex networks within the CNS. Interneurons receive input from sensory neurons and/or other interneurons and then send output signals to motor neurons or other interneurons.

Interneurons are responsible for processing information and modulating neural circuits in the CNS. They can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects on their target neurons, depending on the type of neurotransmitters they release. Excitatory interneurons release neurotransmitters such as glutamate that increase the likelihood of an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron, while inhibitory interneurons release neurotransmitters such as GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) or glycine that decrease the likelihood of an action potential.

Interneurons are diverse and can be classified based on various criteria, including their morphology, electrophysiological properties, neurochemical characteristics, and connectivity patterns. They play crucial roles in many aspects of CNS function, such as sensory processing, motor control, cognition, and emotion regulation. Dysfunction or damage to interneurons has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorder.

AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptors are ligand-gated ion channels found in the postsynaptic membrane of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. They play a crucial role in fast synaptic transmission and are responsible for the majority of the fast excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in the brain.

AMPA receptors are tetramers composed of four subunits, which can be any combination of GluA1-4 (previously known as GluR1-4). When the neurotransmitter glutamate binds to the AMPA receptor, it causes a conformational change that opens the ion channel, allowing the flow of sodium and potassium ions. This leads to depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane and the generation of an action potential if the depolarization is sufficient.

In addition to their role in synaptic transmission, AMPA receptors are also involved in synaptic plasticity, which is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time in response to changes in activity. This process is thought to underlie learning and memory.

Time perception, in the context of medicine and neuroscience, refers to the subjective experience and cognitive representation of time intervals. It is a complex process that involves the integration of various sensory, attentional, and emotional factors.

Disorders or injuries to certain brain regions, such as the basal ganglia, thalamus, or cerebellum, can affect time perception, leading to symptoms such as time distortion, where time may seem to pass more slowly or quickly than usual. Additionally, some neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depression, have been associated with altered time perception.

Assessment of time perception is often used in neuropsychological evaluations to help diagnose and monitor the progression of certain neurological disorders. Various tests exist to measure time perception, such as the temporal order judgment task, where individuals are asked to judge which of two stimuli occurred first, or the duration estimation task, where individuals are asked to estimate the duration of a given stimulus.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

... the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). The ventral cochlear nucleus is unlayered whereas the ... At the nerve root the fibers branch to innervate the ventral cochlear nucleus and the deep layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus ... The outputs from the cochlear nuclei are received in higher regions of the auditory brainstem. The cochlear nuclei (CN) are ... and the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN). The major input to the cochlear nucleus is from the auditory nerve, a part of ...
Along with the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), it forms the cochlear nucleus (CN), where all auditory nerve fibers from the ... Classified as cochlear nucleus type IV cells, the firing rate may be very rapid in response to a low intensity sound at one ... The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN, also known as the "tuberculum acusticum") is a cortex-like structure on the dorso-lateral ... The second set of inputs is relayed through a set of small granule cells in the cochlear nucleus. There are also a great number ...
The ventral cochlear nucleus is divided into the anterior ventral (anteroventral) cochlear nucleus (AVCN) and the posterior ... The anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) (or accessory), is placed between the two divisions of the cochlear nerve, and is on ... ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB), nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (PGL), and ventral nucleus of the lateral ... In the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), auditory nerve fibers enter the brain via the nerve root in the VCN. ...
Dorsal cochlear granule cells Pyramidal cells from the primary auditory cortex project directly on to the cochlear nucleus. ... The granule cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus are small neurons with two or three short dendrites that give rise to a few ... Granule cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus play a role in the perception and response to sounds in our environment. Olfactory ... Its axon projects to the molecular layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus where it forms parallel fibers, also similar to ...
... the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) the posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN) Each of ... Cochlear implant Auditory Brainstem Response Palmer, A R (1987). "Physiology of the cochlear nerve and cochlear nucleus". ... Ear anatomy Cochlear nucleus innervated by a branching auditory nerve fibre Terminal nuclei of the vestibular nerve, with their ... There, its fibers synapse with the cell bodies of the cochlear nucleus. In mammals, cochlear nerve fibers are classified as ...
He conducted some of the first studies of the neural coding of complex (speech-like) sounds in the cochlear nucleus and showed ... Møller, Aage R. (1974). "Coding of sounds with rapidly varying spectrum in the cochlear nucleus". The Journal of the Acoustical ... "The Cochlear Nucleus-A tribute to Aage Møller". "Aage R. Moller". Møller, Aage R. (1972). "Coding of sounds in lower levels of ... Møller found evidence that the spasm was created by the facial motor nucleus probably through the process of activation of ...
"Technology for an Advanced Cochlear Nucleus Auditory Prosthesis" (5R01DC009643). NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools ...
Robert Aaron Levine (1999). "Somatic (craniocervical) tinnitus and the dorsal cochlear nucleus hypothesis". American Journal of ... Hearing loss may have many different causes, but among those with tinnitus, the major cause is cochlear injury. In many cases ... About 75% of new cases are related to emotional stress as the trigger factor rather than to precipitants involving cochlear ...
At the level of the cochlear nucleus, several cell types show an enhancement of ENVn information. Multipolar cells can show ... Some cochlear implant systems transmit information about TFSp in the channels of the cochlear implants that are tuned to low ... in the ventral cochlear nucleus. These synapses contact bushy cells (Spherical and globular) and faithfully transmit (or ... nucleus multi-electrode cochlear implant". Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 38: V-IX, 1-181. doi:10.1159/000414597. PMID ...
"Dual Coding of Frequency Modulation in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus". The Journal of Neuroscience. 38 (17): 4123-4137. doi: ... cochlear) or central damage, development, ageing and rehabilitation systems (e.g., hearing aids or cochlear implants) on the ... Lorenzi, C.; Gallégo, S.; Patterson, R. D. (July 1997). "Discrimination of temporal asymmetry in cochlear implantees". The ... Füllgrabe, Christian; Meyer, Bernard; Lorenzi, Christian (2003-04-01). "Effect of cochlear damage on the detection of complex ...
A gammatone response was originally proposed in 1972 as a description of revcor functions measured in the cochlear nucleus of ... P. I. M. Johannesma (1972). "The pre-response stimulus ensemble of neurons in the cochlear nucleus". IPO Symposium on Hearing ...
... spike timing-dependent plasticities in the dorsal cochlear nucleus". Nat Neurosci. 7 (7): 719-725. doi:10.1038/nn1272. PMID ...
Saada AA; Niparko JK; Ryugo DK (1996). "Morphological changes in the cochlear nucleus of congenitally deaf white cats". Brain ...
Smith L, Gross J, Morest DK (July 2002). "Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in the cochlear nucleus of the adult mouse following ... Kim JJ, Gross J, Potashner SJ, Morest DK (September 2004). "Fine structure of degeneration in the cochlear nucleus of the ... Josephson EM, Morest DK (July 2003). "Synaptic nests lack glutamate transporters in the cochlear nucleus of the mouse". Synapse ... in the embryonic development of the mouse cochlear nucleus". Journal of Neurobiology. 66 (9): 897-915. doi:10.1002/neu.20264. ...
These somatosensory neurons (fusiform cells) send signals to the cochlear nucleus and make it respond to sound. She showed that ... Specifically, the Auricle (or Michigan Tinnitus Device) looks to reprogram the fusiform cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. ... Martel, David T.; Pardo-Garcia, Thibaut R.; Shore, Susan E. (May 21, 2019). "Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus Fusiform-cell Plasticity ... Shore, Susan Ellen (1976). Cochlear partition responses to frequency-varying signals (Thesis). Place of publication not ...
Hashisaki GT, Rubel EW (1989). "Effects of unilateral cochlea removal on anteroventral cochlear nucleus neurons in developing ... Born DE, Rubel EW (1985). "Afferent influences on brain stem auditory nuclei of the chicken: neuron number and size following ... His group also studied the effects of cochlear removal on brainstem organization in chick and in gerbil, demonstrating a ... Parks TN, Rubel EW (1975). "Organization and development of brain stem auditory nuclei of the chicken: organization of ...
The cochlear nerve is lateral to the root of the vestibular nerve. Its fibers end in two nuclei: one, the accessory nucleus, ... The acoustic tubercle is a nucleus on the end of the cochlear nerve. ...
Fu, Qian-Jie; Shannon, Robert V. (January 2000). "Effect of stimulation rate on phoneme recognition by Nucleus-22 cochlear ... "A computer interface for psychophysical and speech research with the Nucleus cochlear implant". The Journal of the Acoustical ... Shannon has been one of the earlier and main researchers studying the psychophysics of electrical stimulation in cochlear- ... Fu, Qian-Jie; Shannon, Robert V. (November 1998). "Effects of amplitude nonlinearity on phoneme recognition by cochlear implant ...
"Temperature affects voltage-sensitive conductances differentially in octopus cells of the mammalian cochlear nucleus". J ... stochastic oscillations in pacemaker neurons in suprachiasmatic nucleus are partially responsible for the organization of ...
Model for the Convergence of Inputs Upon Neurons in the Cochlear Nucleus, D.Sc. Thesis, MIT, 1966. Chaney, T.J. and C.E. Molnar ... Kim, D.O. and C.E. Molnar: Cochlear mechanics: Measurements and models, in The Nervous System, Vol. 3, Human Communication and ...
"Prof (Dr.) Mohan Kameswaran's keynote address at Cochlear™ Nucleus® 6 launch for MERF recipients". YouTube video. Cochlear ... He is one of the pioneers of cochlear implant surgery in India and a visiting professor at Rajah Muthiah Medical College of the ... "Description". COCHLEAR IMPLANT GROUP OF INDIA. 2005. Retrieved 12 December 2015. "City to Host Meet for ENT Surgeons". Indian ... Honouring his introduction of Cochlear Implant Program in Sri Lanka, the President of the country presented him with the Award ...
... reticular thalamic nuclei, cortical and hippocampal interneurons > inferior colliculi, cochlear and vestibular nuclei), and in ... Kv3.1 channels are prominently expressed in brain (cerebellum > globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra > ... focus on the nucleus tractus solitarii". The Journal of Physiology. 562 (Pt 3): 655-72. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.073338. PMC ...
... the cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (mammalian anteroventral cochlear nucleus) and the cochlear nucleus angularis (see figure ... mammalian posteroventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei). The neurons of the nucleus magnocellularis phase-lock, but are fairly ... Neurons from the nucleus laminaris project to the core of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus and to the anterior ... The fibers of the auditory nerve innervate both cochlear nuclei in the brainstem, ...
"Effects of monaural and binaural sound deprivation on cell development in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of rats". Exp. ... "Late appearance and deprivation-sensitive growth of permanent dendrites in the avian cochlear nucleus (nuc. magnocellularis)". ... Webster DB, Webster M (1979). "Effects of neonatal conductive hearing loss on brain stem auditory nuclei". Ann. Otol. Rhinol. ... Smith ZD, Gray L, Rubel EW (October 1983). "Afferent influences on brainstem auditory nuclei of the chicken: n. laminaris ...
Moushegian, G.; Rupert, A. L. (1973). "Response diversity of neurons in ventral cochlear nucleus of kangaroo rat to low- ... This phenomenon came to be known as the cochlear microphonic (CM). The FFR may have been accidentally discovered back in 1930; ... but it was later discovered that the response is non-neural and is cochlear in origin, specifically from the outer hair cells. ... to describe the CM-like neural components recorded directly from several brainstem nuclei (research based on Jewett and ...
... and the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). Sufficient FGF levels ensure proper morphology of the cochlear nuclei, while Math5 ... Globular bushy cells in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) send axons to the contralateral medial nucleus of the ... of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus to the principal neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). As a synapse ... Math1/Math5 and FGF are two regulators essential for appropriate growth and development of the cochlear nucleus complex, which ...
Her principal field of research has been studies of the cochlear nuclei. She has been active in the Norwegian chapter of the ...
The cochlear and vestibular nuclei, which contain the special somatic afferent column. The inferior olivary nucleus, which ... The dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve and the inferior salivatory nucleus, both of which form the general visceral efferent fibers ... The dorsal column nuclei, which contain the gracile and cuneate nuclei. Basal plate neuroblasts give rise to: The hypoglossal ... They are caused by masses of gray matter known as the gracile nucleus and the cuneate nucleus. The soma (cell bodies) in these ...
"The effect of the acoustic nerve chronic electric stimulation upon the guinea pig cochlear nucleus development". Acta ... By using the same approach to reconstruct the solitary tract and its gustatory nuclei, he observed that the nucleus of the last ... "History of the french cochlear implant". Chouard, CH (Dec 2014). "Technical survey of the French role in multichannel cochlear ... the cochlear implant would need several electrodes, so it could stimulate the different frequency regions on the "cochlear ...
... known as the antero-ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), postero-ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN) and dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) ... The SOC receives input from cochlear nuclei, primarily the ipsilateral and contralateral AVCN. Four nuclei make up the SOC but ... Next in the pathway is the cochlear nucleus, which receives mainly ipsilateral (that is, from the same side) afferent input. ... The IC is situated in the midbrain and consists of a group of nuclei the largest of these is the central nucleus of inferior ...
... the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), and ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). The VCN is further divided by the nerve root into the ... and receives projections predominantly from the ventral cochlear nucleus, although the dorsal cochlear nucleus projects there ... posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN) and the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN). The trapezoid body is a bundle of ... Some of these axons come from the cochlear nucleus and cross over to the other side before traveling on to the superior olivary ...
... the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). The ventral cochlear nucleus is unlayered whereas the ... At the nerve root the fibers branch to innervate the ventral cochlear nucleus and the deep layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus ... The outputs from the cochlear nuclei are received in higher regions of the auditory brainstem. The cochlear nuclei (CN) are ... and the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN). The major input to the cochlear nucleus is from the auditory nerve, a part of ...
Cochlear Nucleus System. The Cochlear™ Nucleus® implant system features a range of options we design to meet an individuals ... Cochlear Limited. D193280. Cochlear Nucleus Reliability Report Volume 20 December 2021. 2022, March. ... Cochlear Limited. D1805413. Cochlear Nucleus Reliability Report, Volume 19 December 2020. 2020, March. ... Cochlear has a range of implants and electrodes for most types of hearing loss and cochlea anatomy. Discover what sets Nucleus ...
... the latest technology in cochlear implants from Cochlear. Experience clear sound quality and wireless connectivity. ... Compared to Nucleus 6 and Nucleus 7 sound processors.. ^When the technology becomes available for the Cochlear Nucleus 8 Sound ... The Cochlear Nucleus Smart App is available on App Store and Google Play. For compatibility information visit www.cochlear.com/ ... Compare Nucleus® Sound Processors. Whether you choose a Cochlear Sound Processor that sits behind-the-ear or off-the-ear, you ...
Cochlear expert, Roger Smith, talks about the improvements in hearing performance technology in the Cochlear™ Nucleus® 8 Sound ... Cochlear™ Nucleus® 8 Sound Processor - Whats new in hearing performance technology?. June 1, 2023 ... What can Hearing Health Professionals and their #cochlearimplant patients expect from Cochlears latest sound processor ... Roger also speaks to his own experience as a bilaterial cochlear implant recipient. ...
Oscillating neurons in the cochlear nucleus (Bahmer Langner 2006a, b, and 2007). Oscillating neurons in the cochlear nucleus ( ... Oscillating neurons in the cochlear nucleus (Bahmer Langner 2006a, b, and 2007). Oscillating neurons in the cochlear nucleus ( ... Oscillating neurons in the cochlear nucleus (Bahmer Langner 2006a, b, and 2007). Oscillating neurons in the cochlear nucleus ( ... Oscillating neurons in the cochlear nucleus (Bahmer Langner 2006a, b, and 2007). Oscillating neurons in the cochlear nucleus ( ...
Cochlear ganglion cell Type II; CN stellate cell; Ventral cochlear nucleus T stellate (chopper) neuron; Abstract integrate-and- ... 1 . Bahmer A, Langner G (2006) Oscillating neurons in the cochlear nucleus: II. Simulation results. Biol Cybern 95:381-92 [ ... 4 . Bahmer A, Langner G (2009) A simulation of chopper neurons in the cochlear nucleus with wideband input from onset neurons. ... 5 . Bahmer A, Langner G (2010) Parameters for a model of an oscillating neuronal network in the cochlear nucleus defined by ...
Cochlear Nordic AB Konstruktionsvägen 14 435 33 Mölnlycke Sverige I samarbete med Svea Bank AB erbjuder COCHLEAR betalning via ... Cochlear Deutschland GmbH & Co KG. Cochlear Deutschland GmbH & Co KG. Organisationsnummer: HRA201323. Momsnummer: ... Both Cochlear Sweden and our subcontractors (e.g. Idium AS as supplier of this website) stores data locally on your unit. ... This declaration applies to Cochlear Sweden with associated websites. What is a cookie and local storage of data? When you ...
Cochlear Danmark. Lejrvej 41. DK 3500 VÆRLØSE. Danmark. Hjemmeside. Kontaktformular. E-mail: denmark@cochlear.com. Telefon: +45 ... Both Cochlear Denmark and our subcontractors (e.g. Idium AS as supplier of this website) stores data locally on your unit. ... This declaration applies to Cochlear Denmark with associated websites. What is a cookie and local storage of data? When you ... Cochlear Deutschland GmbH & Co KG. Organisationsnummer: HRA201323. Momsnummer: DK13037213. Mailänder Straße 4 A. 30539 Hannover ...
One set of skins covers two Nucleus Kanso processors (left and right). Each HEAROES skin set includes: Skins for bilateral ... HEAROES custom made skins allow you to personalise your Nucleus Kanso. Our skins are printed on premium self adhesive vinyl, ... HEAROES custom made skins allow you to personalise your Nucleus Kanso. Our skins are printed on premium self adhesive vinyl, ... One set of skins covers two Nucleus Kanso processors (left and right). ...
Our Zombie eyeballs cochlear implant skins are sure to be a hit this Halloween season! Available in kanso and cochlear 6 and 7 ... SKU: N/A Categories:Cochlear Nucleus 6 & 7 Skins, Hearing Aid & CI Skins / Stickers Tags:cochlear implant skins cochlear ... HomePrivate: ShopHearing Aid & CI Skins / StickersCochlear Nucleus 6 & 7 SkinsZombie Eyeballs Cochlear Nucleus 6 & 7 Skins ... Be the first to review "Zombie Eyeballs Cochlear Nucleus 6 & 7 Skins" Cancel reply. Your email address will not be published. ...
The First SmartPhone friendly Cochlear Implant. Nucleus 7 Cochlear Implant Sound Processor. ... Nucleus 7 Cochlear Implant, a sound processor for a person with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. ... Nucleus 7 Cochlear Implant Sound Processor. The Nucleus 7 is the latest Cochlear Implant Sound Processor for a person with ... Cochlear is a Sydney, Australia based medical device company that designs, manufactures and supplies the Nucleus cochlear ...
title = "Synaptic inputs to granule cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus",. abstract = "The mammalian dorsal cochlear nucleus ( ... Balakrishnan, V., & Trussell, L. O. (2008). Synaptic inputs to granule cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. Journal of ... Balakrishnan, Veeramuthu ; Trussell, Laurence O. / Synaptic inputs to granule cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. In: Journal ... Synaptic inputs to granule cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. / Balakrishnan, Veeramuthu; Trussell, Laurence O. In: Journal ...
Determination of the position of nucleus cochlear implant electrodes in the inner ear. Am J Otol. 1994 Sep; 15(5):644-51. ... Determination of the position of nucleus cochlear implant electrodes in the inner ear. ... Determination of the position of nucleus cochlear implant electrodes in the inner ear. ...
... stickers for Nucleus 6 audio processor - rocket NUCLEUS 6 - ROCKET , DECORATIONS \ SKINS \ COCHLEAR \ NUCLEUS 6 ... Cochlear Kanso). Headbands available in various colors and sizes. Recommended especially for children, protecting devices ...
Susan Shore: The dorsal cochlear nucleus.. Tegan Taylor: This is home to fusiform cells which usually fire when your brain ...
Cochlear Nucleus Receives FDA Approval for UHL/SSD. Cochlear implants are already FDA approved for those with moderate-to- ... With this approval, Cochlear can expand implantable treatment options for those with UHL/SSD to include cochlear implants, for ...
Ptf1a expression is necessary for correct targeting of spiral ganglion neurons within the cochlear nuclei. Karen L Elliott, ... Two transcription factors, Atoh1 and Ptf1a, are essential for cochlear nuclei development. Atoh1 is needed to develop ... Ptf1a expression is necessary for correct targeting of spiral ganglion neurons within the cochlear nuclei. Neuroscience letters ... a transient posterior expansion of projections to the dorsal cochlear nucleus occurs at a later stage. In addition, in older ( ...
The pigeon cochlear nucleus angularis (NA) and nucleus magnocellularis (NM) were analyzed with Golgi and Nissl techniques. NA ... N2 - The pigeon cochlear nucleus angularis (NA) and nucleus magnocellularis (NM) were analyzed with Golgi and Nissl techniques ... AB - The pigeon cochlear nucleus angularis (NA) and nucleus magnocellularis (NM) were analyzed with Golgi and Nissl techniques ... abstract = "The pigeon cochlear nucleus angularis (NA) and nucleus magnocellularis (NM) were analyzed with Golgi and Nissl ...
Nelken, I. ; Young, E. D. / Two separate inhibitory mechanisms shape the responses of dorsal cochlear nucleus type IV units to ... Nelken, I., & Young, E. D. (1994). Two separate inhibitory mechanisms shape the responses of dorsal cochlear nucleus type IV ... Nelken, I & Young, ED 1994, Two separate inhibitory mechanisms shape the responses of dorsal cochlear nucleus type IV units to ... 1. The principal cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) are mostly inhibited by best frequency (BF) tones but are mostly ...
Histopathologic analysis of cochlear nuclei from host-encoded prion protein (PrP)-a mice (C57/BL6) inoculated with (A) fixed ... The BSE-challenged mice (A-C) show confluent vacuolation in the dorsal cochlear nucleus that extends ventrally with increasing ... Cerl, cerebellum; DCo, dorsal cochlear nucleus; Icp, inferior cerebellar peduncle; SptV, spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. ...
McCreery, D. B. (2008). Cochlear nucleus auditory prostheses. Hear. Res. 242, 64-73. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2007.11.014 ... Wilson, B. S., and Dorman, M. F. (2008). Cochlear implants: a remarkable past and a brilliant future. Hear. Res. 242, 3-21. doi ... 2014) a CH fabricated from PEDOT/PVA-Hep was applied to cochlear implants and increased the charge injection limit of the Pt ... Hassarati, R., Dueck, W., Tasche, C., Carter, P., Poole-Warren, L., and Green, R. (2014). Improving Cochlear implant properties ...
Wave II - Cochlear nucleus (and CN VIII). * Wave III - Ipsilateral superior olivary nucleus ... Whether nuclei, tracts, or both generate the peak latencies is not known. Currently, the generators are postulated to be as ... Increased I-III interpeak latency indicates a lesion from CN VIII to the superior olivary nucleus, whereas increased III-V ... probably in the dorsal column nuclei. The negativity recorded in the Fz-Cc derivation (N19) is the difference in negativity ...
Instrument identification through a simulated cochlear implant processing system / , Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of ... Studies were undertaken to investigate the ability of a user of the Nucleus multi-electrode cochlear implant to judge pitch in ... The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate adult Ineraid and Nucleus cochlear implant (CI) users perceptual accuracy ... This study compares the musical perception of 17 adult recipients of the Nucleus cochlear implant using two different formant ...
dorsal cochlear nucleus. CeM. central medial nucleus of thalamus. CeS. central sulcus. ...
the cochlear nucleus--implications for,br /,. tinnitus. Hearing ,strong,Research,/strong,. 2011; 281(1-2):38-46.,br /, ...
Staller, S., Dowell, R., Beiter, A. (1991). Perceptual abilities of children with the Nucleus 22 channel cochlear implant. Ear ... What Are Some Questions to Ask in Choosing Cochlear Implants?. * Where can I find out more about cochlear implants? * What type ... What Are the Limitations of Cochlear Implants?. Little is currently known about the long-term effect of the cochlear implant. ... What Is Meant by a Cochlear Implant?. A cochlear implant prosthesis is a device that includes an external package (microphone ...
1990) Encoding of amplitude modulation in the gerbil cochlear nucleus: II. Possible neural mechanisms. Hear Res 44:123-141. doi ... 1987) Glycine immunoreactivity localized in the cochlear nucleus and superior olivary complex. Neuroscience 22:897-912. doi: ... Axonal labeling has revealed a lack of systematic axonal delay lines from the cochlear nucleus to the MSO (Karino et al., 2011 ... 5A). Electrical stimulation of bushy cell axons from the cochlear nucleus evoked EPSPs that were widest in tonic neurons, and ...
Single Granule Cells Excite Golgi Cells and Evoke Feedback Inhibition in the Cochlear Nucleus Daniel B. Yaeger and Laurence O. ... Single Granule Cells Excite Golgi Cells and Evoke Feedback Inhibition in the Cochlear Nucleus Daniel B. Yaeger and Laurence O. ... Serotonergic Regulation of Excitability of Principal Cells of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus Zheng-Quan Tang and Laurence O. ... Serotonergic Regulation of Excitability of Principal Cells of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus Zheng-Quan Tang and Laurence O. ...
Anterior cochlear nucleus, ventral. nTPM: 27.6 1984. Male, age 76, both hemispheres. 33.1. ... Dorsal cochlear nucleus. nTPM: 28.6 2802. Male, age 74, right hemisphere. 32.6. ... Posteroventral cochlear nucleus. nTPM: 27.9 2752. Female, age 85, both hemispheres. 33.2. ... Nuclei of the trapezoid body. nTPM: 34.3 2735. Female, age 85, both hemispheres. 40.1. ...
  • The cochlear nuclear (CN) complex comprises two cranial nerve nuclei in the human brainstem, the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). (wikipedia.org)
  • The ventral cochlear nucleus is unlayered whereas the dorsal cochlear nucleus is layered. (wikipedia.org)
  • At the nerve root the fibers branch to innervate the ventral cochlear nucleus and the deep layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), also known as the tuberculum acusticum or acoustic tubercle, curves over the VCN and wraps around the cerebellar peduncle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Axons from the spiral ganglion cells of the lower frequencies innervate the ventrolateral portions of the ventral cochlear nucleus and lateral-ventral portions of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The axons from the higher frequency organ of corti hair cells project to the dorsal portion of the ventral cochlear nucleus and the dorsal-medial portions of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mammalian dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) integrates auditory nerve input with nonauditory signals via a cerebellar-like granule cell circuit. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Balakrishnan, V & Trussell, LO 2008, ' Synaptic inputs to granule cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus ', Journal of neurophysiology , vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 208-219. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The BSE-challenged mice (A-C) show confluent vacuolation in the dorsal cochlear nucleus that extends ventrally with increasing lesion severity. (cdc.gov)
  • 1. The principal cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) are mostly inhibited by best frequency (BF) tones but are mostly excited by broadband noise (BBN), producing the so-called type IV response characteristic. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) on the ventral aspect of the brain stem, ventrolateral to the inferior peduncle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Three types of principal cells convey information out of the ventral cochlear nucleus: Bushy cells, stellate cells, and octopus cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The medium multipolar cells were most common, and resembled the multipolar cells of the mammalian ventral cochlear nucleus. (njit.edu)
  • Axons from the ventral cochlear nucleus project through the trapezoid body to the ipsilateral and contralateral superior olivary complex. (slavery.org.uk)
  • This is the first iPhone compatible device designed to work with cochlear implants that does not require an app to be downloaded. (adafruitdaily.com)
  • It is a direct descendant of the original cochlear implants, also known as Nucleus, developed by Dr Graeme Clark in Melbourne during the 1970s. (techinfobit.com)
  • Cochlear implants are already FDA approved for those with moderate-to-profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. (hearingreview.com)
  • With this approval, Cochlear can expand implantable treatment options for those with UHL/SSD to include cochlear implants, for the first time, according to its announcement. (hearingreview.com)
  • Cogan, 2008 ), with cochlear implants, DBS and retinal implants all using Pt for neural interfacing. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cochlear implants are options for habilitation (i.e., helping a person develop or learn new skills or abilities) or rehabilitation (i.e., helping a person relearn old skills that were lost somehow) available for individuals with profound hearing impairment (Geers & Moog, 1994). (hoagiesgifted.org)
  • In 1990 cochlear implants were approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for children between the ages of 2 and 17. (hoagiesgifted.org)
  • Most early research focused on the benefit gained from use of cochlear implants in conjunction with speechreading (Geers & Moog, 1992). (hoagiesgifted.org)
  • More recent research has investigated the receptive and expressive language gains experienced by users of cochlear implants (Hasenstab & Tobey, 1991). (hoagiesgifted.org)
  • Research shows that pediatric implant users gain substantial benefit from multichannel cochlear implants, that these benefits develop over a long course of time, and that multichannel implants are more beneficial than single-channel devices (Hasenstab, 1989). (hoagiesgifted.org)
  • Several significant factors interact in the consideration of cochlear implants as an option. (hoagiesgifted.org)
  • Trends in effective use of cochlear implants have been observed. (hoagiesgifted.org)
  • Applicants with cochlear implants meet this eligibility requirement. (disabled-world.com)
  • Those who are born deaf (prelingual deafness), as well as children and adults who lost their hearing from either disease or trauma (post lingual deafness), can experience the gift of hearing thanks to cochlear implants. (earsurgery.org)
  • The earliest cochlear implants consisted of a single active electrode, introduced into the inner ear, through the cochlear wall next to the round window. (earsurgery.org)
  • Today's cochlear implants feature multiple electrodes that stimulate the residual nerve of hearing, combined with sophisticated processing strategies allows for excellent recognition and understanding of speech in most implanted patients after appropriate programming sessions. (earsurgery.org)
  • The Cochlear Corporation Nucleus C-512 implant is currently being used in most of Dr. Levenson's implants. (earsurgery.org)
  • Guidelines for cochlear implants have broadened over the years and patience with some residual hearing but very poor word understanding may also be candidates for cochlear implants. (earsurgery.org)
  • In addition, some pilot studies here and abroad have confirmed that cochlear implants achieve major benefits in some individuals with single-sided deafness and over time this may become an option for those who have lost all hearing in one ear. (earsurgery.org)
  • Programming adjustments to a cochlear implant are performed at specialized cochlear implant centers or at clinics by audiologists with expertise in cochlear implants. (nyrealestatelawblog.com)
  • According to the National Institutes of Health, in the United States, roughly 58,000 cochlear implants have been implanted in adults and 38,000 in children, as of 2012. (nyrealestatelawblog.com)
  • Cochlear implants often require regular programming visits with an audiologist. (nyrealestatelawblog.com)
  • In 2018, Dr Shivdasani joined UNSW as a Senior Lecturer in Bionics and Neuromodulation and continues to dabble in various bionics projects related to retinal implants, cochlear implants, neuroscience of touch and nerve stimulation to treat chronic pain. (edu.au)
  • Medial nucleus of trapezoid body (MNTB) - Contralateral stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hearing effect pulsed microwave exposure increases rat brain glucose metabolism by [ 14 C] 2-deoxy-D-glucose with particular auditory pathway prominence in the cochlear nucleus, the superior olivary complex, the inferior colliculus, and medial geniculate body. (slavery.org.uk)
  • Extensive interconnections exist between many of these nuclei, as well as with other brainstem nuclei and white matter tracts, such as the medial lemniscus and medial longitudinal fasciculus . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The division of cranial nerve (CN) VIII into the cochlear and vestibular branches may occur in the medial segment of the IAC or in the subarachnoid space. (medscape.com)
  • There are three major fiber bundles, axons of cochlear nuclear neurons, that carry information from the cochlear nuclei to targets that are mainly on the opposite side of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The inferior colliculus receives direct, monosynaptic projections from the superior olivary complex, the contralateral dorsal acoustic stria, some classes of stellate neurons of the VCN, as well as from the different nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1 . Bahmer A, Langner G (2006) Oscillating neurons in the cochlear nucleus: II. (yale.edu)
  • 2 . Bahmer A, Langner G (2006) Oscillating neurons in the cochlear nucleus: I. Experimental basis of a simulation paradigm. (yale.edu)
  • 4 . Bahmer A, Langner G (2009) A simulation of chopper neurons in the cochlear nucleus with wideband input from onset neurons. (yale.edu)
  • Ptf1a expression is necessary for correct targeting of spiral ganglion neurons within the cochlear nuclei. (illumina.com)
  • Cochlear implant prostheses are designed to create hearing sensation by direct electrical stimulation of auditory neurons (nerves). (hoagiesgifted.org)
  • The longer central processes of the bipolar cochlear neurons unite to form the cochlear nerve trunk. (medscape.com)
  • 2016 ) Altered vesicular glutamate transporter distributions in the mouse cochlear nucleus following cochlear insult Neuroscience . (neurotree.org)
  • The outputs from the cochlear nuclei are received in higher regions of the auditory brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cochlear nuclei (CN) are located at the dorso-lateral side of the brainstem, spanning the junction of the pons and medulla. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cochlear nerve arises from the vestibulocochlear nerve for transmission to the cochlear nuclear complex at the brainstem pontomedullary junction. (slavery.org.uk)
  • Other nuclei, however, are long and span several regions of the brainstem contributing to several cranial nerves. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Several motor and sensory nuclei form longitudinal columns in the brainstem, leading to some authors describing them as single discontinuous longitudinal nuclear columns rather than the more numerous individual separate nuclei. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Central nervous system (CNS) components that mediate motion sickness include the vestibular system and brain stem nuclei, the hypothalamus, the nodulus and uvula of the cerebellum, and emetic pathways (eg, medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone, vomiting center, and emetic efferents). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Auditory nerve fibers, fibers that travel through the auditory nerve (also known as the cochlear nerve or eighth cranial nerve) carry information from the inner ear, the cochlea, on the same side of the head, to the nerve root in the ventral cochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The VCN is further divided by the nerve root into the posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN) and the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN). (wikipedia.org)
  • The major input to the cochlear nucleus is from the auditory nerve, a part of cranial nerve VIII (the vestibulocochlear nerve). (wikipedia.org)
  • This tonotopic organization is preserved because only a few inner hair cells synapse on the dendrites of a nerve cell in the spiral ganglion, and the axon from that nerve cell synapses on only a very few dendrites in the cochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cranial nerve nuclei are a series of bilateral grey matter motor and sensory nuclei located in the midbrain , pons and medulla that are the collections of afferent and efferent cell bodies for many of the cranial nerves . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Some nuclei are small and contribute to a single cranial nerve, such as some of the motor nuclei. (radiopaedia.org)
  • 2021 ) Age-related decline in cochlear ribbon synapses and its relation to different metrics of auditory-nerve activity. (neurotree.org)
  • The cochlear implant is thought to function by directly stimulating the surviving nerve population in the cochlea and spiral ganglion. (earsurgery.org)
  • The eighth cranial nerve (CN VIII) or vestibulocochlear nerve is composed of 2 different sets of fibers: (1) the cochlear nerve and (2) the vestibular nerve. (medscape.com)
  • The peripheral segments of the cochlear and vestibular nerves join at the lateral part of the internal auditory canal (IAC) to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. (medscape.com)
  • The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from an aggregation of nerve cell bodies in the spiral ganglion, located in the modiolus of the cochlea. (medscape.com)
  • The longer central fibers, also called the primary auditory fibers, form the cochlear nerve, and the shorter, peripheral fibers extend to the bases of the inner and outer hair cells. (medscape.com)
  • The lateral lemniscus contains cells of the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, and in turn projects to the inferior colliculus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The DCN is therefore in a sense a second order sensory nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another pathway, called the dorsal acoustic stria (DAS, also known as the stria of von Monakow), rises above the medulla into the pons where it hits the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus along with its kin, the intermediate acoustic stria (IAS, also known as the stria of Held). (wikipedia.org)
  • Lateral lemniscus (LL) and lemniscal nuclei (LN) - Ipsilateral and contralateral stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Determination of the position of nucleus cochlear implant electrodes in the inner ear. (uchicago.edu)
  • A cochlear implant prosthesis is a device that includes an external package (microphone and speech processor) worn by the user and an internal package (an array of electrodes that is surgically implanted into the cochlea (end organ of hearing) in the inner ear. (hoagiesgifted.org)
  • The vestibular and cochlear (acoustic) ganglia neuroblasts are derived almost exclusively from the otocyst epithelium, in contrast to other cranial sensory ganglia in which both ganglionic and neural crest placodes make extensive contributions to the neuroblast populations. (medscape.com)
  • Engage with the moments that matter and enjoy the comfort of the world's smallest and lightest behind-the-ear cochlear implant sound processor. (cochlear.com)
  • The Nucleus 7 is the latest Cochlear Implant Sound Processor for a person with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. (techinfobit.com)
  • The remote programming feature is indicated for patients who have had six months of experience with their cochlear implant sound processor and are comfortable with the programming process. (nyrealestatelawblog.com)
  • The cochlear nuclei have long been thought to receive input only from the ipsilateral ear. (wikipedia.org)
  • Periolivary nuclei (PON) - Ipsilateral and contralateral stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • in this way the tonotopic organization that is established in the cochlea is preserved in the cochlear nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the NL deviates from the Jeffress model in that there are striking differences in intrinsic electrical properties along the tonotopic axis of the nucleus that have been proposed to aid effective neural coding over different frequency ranges. (jneurosci.org)
  • A cochlear implant is an implanted electronic hearing device, designed to produce useful hearing sensations to a person with severe to profound hearing loss, by electrically stimulating nerves inside the inner ear. (nyrealestatelawblog.com)
  • Herein, the idea is to explore obtaining the acoustic signals that would directly drive the cochlear nerves, without using a microphone, in which only the vibrations of the ossicles are employed. (researchgate.net)
  • Cochlear Nucleus Reliability Report Volume 20 December 2021. (cochlear.com)
  • 2018 ) Glutamatergic Projections to the Cochlear Nucleus are Redistributed in Tinnitus. (neurotree.org)
  • Cochlear implanted children with prelinguistic sensorineural bilateral deafness of profound degree, using either the ACE or SPEAK coding strategy, were evaluated and compared. (cun.es)
  • Building on the direct streaming capabilities and connectivity features available in our latest sound processors, the Nucleus 8 Sound Processor offers you even more ways to connect. (cochlear.com)
  • 11 Cochlear sound processors can be worn with any hearing aid, so no matter what hearing aid your child is using, they'll get the benefits of hearing with both ears. (cochlear.com)
  • One set of skins covers two Nucleus Kanso processors (left and right). (hearoes.co.uk)
  • Nucleus 7 and its compatibility with the smartphone is fascinating when you think as a person's perspective who is having the hearing loss problems or who are using the older or other kinds of sound processors. (techinfobit.com)
  • We offer various types of bands for speech processors or hearing aids: universal, EasyFlex, custom-made bands or all-in-one processors (eg Med-El Rondo, Cochlear Kanso). (smartear.eu)
  • Vowels, consonants, and sentences were processed through software emulations of cochlear-implant signal processors with 2-9 output channels. (researchgate.net)
  • Cochlear is a Sydney, Australia based medical device company that designs, manufactures and supplies the Nucleus cochlear implant, the Hybrid electro-acoustic implant, and the Baha bone conduction implant since 1981. (techinfobit.com)
  • All acoustic information thus enters the brain through the cochlear nuclei, where the processing of acoustic information begins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The purpose of the device is to improve speech recognition of cochlear implant users by representing acoustic (sound) information. (hoagiesgifted.org)
  • Following acoustic trauma, MEMRI, the SNA index, showed evidence of spatially dependent rearrangement of Mn2+ uptake within specific brain nuclei (i.e., reorganization). (cdc.gov)
  • Background and Objectives: Since its invention in the 1970s, the cochlear implant (CI) has been substantially developed. (bvsalud.org)
  • Clinical evaluation of higher stimulation rates in the nucleus research platform 8 system. (wikigenes.org)
  • In the present study, the ABVN was targeted using PRF, which can alter the sensory nociceptors [ 9 ] and the electric stimulation switch on the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract (NTS) [ 10 ]. (tinnitusjournal.com)
  • Reorganization of Mn2+ uptake in the superior olivary complex and cochlear nucleus was dependent upon tinnitus status. (cdc.gov)
  • Cochlear expects to start shipping the Nucleus 7 in September of 2017. (adafruitdaily.com)
  • Long lasting batteries requiring little electric current will allow for a completely implantable cochlear device in the future. (earsurgery.org)
  • The results clearly demonstrate significant benefit of cochlear implantation in prelinguistically deafened children for speech perception ability when using either the SPEAK or ACE speech coding strategies. (cun.es)
  • the early results of cochlear implantation in very young children now appear to surpass those results obtained in older children. (earsurgery.org)
  • Cochlear Nucleus Reliability Report, Volume 19 December 2020. (cochlear.com)
  • The Nucleus is a system combining an electrical simulation device that is surgically implanted behind a patient's ear, a processor that captures sounds, and an electrode array that relays the sounds to the brain. (techinfobit.com)
  • Evaluation of streamlined programming procedures for the Nucleus cochlear implant with the Contour electrode array. (wikigenes.org)
  • The Graeme Clark Scholarship is a unique award open to Nucleus® cochlear implant recipients around the world. (disabled-world.com)
  • HEAROES custom made skins allow you to personalize your Cochlear Implant. (deafmetalusa.com)
  • Histopathologic analysis of cochlear nuclei from host-encoded prion protein (PrP)-a mice (C57/BL6) inoculated with (A) fixed material from the suspected case, (B) fixed material from experimental goat bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), (C) unfixed material from experimental sheep BSE, and (D) fixed material from experimental goat scrapie. (cdc.gov)
  • The Cochlearâ„¢ Nucleus® implant system features a range of options we design to meet an individual's hearing needs and to provide them with high-quality hearing performance. (cochlear.com)
  • There are two main components of the Cochlearâ„¢ Nucleus® system: an internal implant and an external sound processor. (cochlear.com)
  • This paper presents a pathological voice identification system employing signal processing techniques through cochlear implant models. (researchgate.net)
  • Parameter selection and programming recommendations for the ACE and CIS speech-processing strategies in the Nucleus 24 cochlear implant system. (wikigenes.org)
  • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved a remote feature for follow-up programming sessions for the Nucleus Cochlear Implant System through a telemedicine platform. (nyrealestatelawblog.com)
  • To support the approval of the remote programming feature for the Nucleus Cochlear Implant System, the FDA evaluated data from a clinical study of 39 patients, aged 12 or older, each of whom had a cochlear implant for at least one year. (nyrealestatelawblog.com)
  • The FDA granted the approval of the Nucleus Cochlear Implant System to Cochlear Americas. (nyrealestatelawblog.com)
  • those lacking a functional vestibulo-cochlear system are immune to motion sickness. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cochlear expert, Roger Smith, talks about the improvements in hearing performance technology in the Cochlearâ„¢ Nucleus® 8 Sound Processor and what these advances will mean for patients choosing to get a #cochlearimplant or upgrading their device from a previous sound processor generation. (audiologyonline.com)
  • Monitor, manage and control your Nucleus 8 Sound Processor using the Nucleus Smart App from a compatible Apple or Android device. (cochlear.com)
  • all they need to do is connect the Nucleus 7 Sound Processor with the phone via Nucleus Smart app, once the device is connected with the phone it will work similar to the normal wireless headphones and now you can play the music on your phone, watch the video, and make phone calls seamlessly. (techinfobit.com)
  • The critical center frequencies of those filters are selected to mimic the human cochlear vibration patterns caused by audio signals. (researchgate.net)
  • 2016 ) Selective hair cell ablation and noise exposure lead to different patterns of changes in the cochlea and the cochlear nucleus. (neurotree.org)