Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.
Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers.
Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.
Diseases of the first cranial (olfactory) nerve, which usually feature anosmia or other alterations in the sense of smell and taste. Anosmia may be associated with NEOPLASMS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; inherited conditions; toxins; METABOLIC DISEASES; tobacco abuse; and other conditions. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp229-31)
Diseases of the tenth cranial nerve, including brain stem lesions involving its nuclei (solitary, ambiguus, and dorsal motor), nerve fascicles, and intracranial and extracranial course. Clinical manifestations may include dysphagia, vocal cord weakness, and alterations of parasympathetic tone in the thorax and abdomen.
Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.
Diseases of the sixth cranial (abducens) nerve or its nucleus in the pons. The nerve may be injured along its course in the pons, intracranially as it travels along the base of the brain, in the cavernous sinus, or at the level of superior orbital fissure or orbit. Dysfunction of the nerve causes lateral rectus muscle weakness, resulting in horizontal diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is abducted and ESOTROPIA. Common conditions associated with nerve injury include INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ISCHEMIA; and INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS.
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE, including the branches of COCHLEAR NERVE and VESTIBULAR NERVE. Common examples are VESTIBULAR NEURITIS, cochlear neuritis, and ACOUSTIC NEUROMA. Clinical signs are varying degree of HEARING LOSS; VERTIGO; and TINNITUS.
Diseases of the twelfth cranial (hypoglossal) nerve or nuclei. The nuclei and fascicles of the nerve are located in the medulla, and the nerve exits the skull via the hypoglossal foramen and innervates the muscles of the tongue. Lower brain stem diseases, including ischemia and MOTOR NEURON DISEASES may affect the nuclei or nerve fascicles. The nerve may also be injured by diseases of the posterior fossa or skull base. Clinical manifestations include unilateral weakness of tongue musculature and lingual dysarthria, with deviation of the tongue towards the side of weakness upon attempted protrusion.
Diseases of the ninth cranial (glossopharyngeal) nerve or its nuclei in the medulla. The nerve may be injured by diseases affecting the lower brain stem, floor of the posterior fossa, jugular foramen, or the nerve's extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include loss of sensation from the pharynx, decreased salivation, and syncope. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia refers to a condition that features recurrent unilateral sharp pain in the tongue, angle of the jaw, external auditory meatus and throat that may be associated with SYNCOPE. Episodes may be triggered by cough, sneeze, swallowing, or pressure on the tragus of the ear. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1390)
Diseases of the trigeminal nerve or its nuclei, which are located in the pons and medulla. The nerve is composed of three divisions: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular, which provide sensory innervation to structures of the face, sinuses, and portions of the cranial vault. The mandibular nerve also innervates muscles of mastication. Clinical features include loss of facial and intra-oral sensation and weakness of jaw closure. Common conditions affecting the nerve include brain stem ischemia, INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS, and TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA.
Benign and malignant neoplasms that arise from one or more of the twelve cranial nerves.
Diseases of the oculomotor nerve or nucleus that result in weakness or paralysis of the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, or levator palpebrae muscles, or impaired parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. With a complete oculomotor palsy, the eyelid will be paralyzed, the eye will be in an abducted and inferior position, and the pupil will be markedly dilated. Commonly associated conditions include neoplasms, CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, ischemia (especially in association with DIABETES MELLITUS), and aneurysmal compression. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p270)
Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation.
Filarial infection of the eyes transmitted from person to person by bites of Onchocerca volvulus-infected black flies. The microfilariae of Onchocerca are thus deposited beneath the skin. They migrate through various tissues including the eye. Those persons infected have impaired vision and up to 20% are blind. The incidence of eye lesions has been reported to be as high as 30% in Central America and parts of Africa.
Diseases of the eleventh cranial (spinal accessory) nerve. This nerve originates from motor neurons in the lower medulla (accessory portion of nerve) and upper spinal cord (spinal portion of nerve). The two components of the nerve join and exit the skull via the jugular foramen, innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, which become weak or paralyzed if the nerve is injured. The nerve is commonly involved in MOTOR NEURON DISEASE, and may be injured by trauma to the posterior triangle of the neck.
Diseases of the fourth cranial (trochlear) nerve or its nucleus in the midbrain. The nerve crosses as it exits the midbrain dorsally and may be injured along its course through the intracranial space, cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, or orbit. Clinical manifestations include weakness of the superior oblique muscle which causes vertical DIPLOPIA that is maximal when the affected eye is adducted and directed inferiorly. Head tilt may be seen as a compensatory mechanism for diplopia and rotation of the visual axis. Common etiologies include CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS.
The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS of the carotid sinus.
The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain.
The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.
Traumatic injuries to the HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE.
The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication.
The 6th cranial nerve which originates in the ABDUCENS NUCLEUS of the PONS and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the EYE. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control.
The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (COCHLEAR NERVE) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (VESTIBULAR NERVE) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI.
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A syndrome of congenital facial paralysis, frequently associated with abducens palsy and other congenital abnormalities including lingual palsy, clubfeet, brachial disorders, cognitive deficits, and pectoral muscle defects. Pathologic findings are variable and include brain stem nuclear aplasia, facial nerve aplasia, and facial muscle aplasia, consistent with a multifactorial etiology. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1020)
Mechanical compression of nerves or nerve roots from internal or external causes. These may result in a conduction block to nerve impulses (due to MYELIN SHEATH dysfunction) or axonal loss. The nerve and nerve sheath injuries may be caused by ISCHEMIA; INFLAMMATION; or a direct mechanical effect.
The 11th cranial nerve which originates from NEURONS in the MEDULLA and in the CERVICAL SPINAL CORD. It has a cranial root, which joins the VAGUS NERVE (10th cranial) and sends motor fibers to the muscles of the LARYNX, and a spinal root, which sends motor fibers to the TRAPEZIUS and the sternocleidomastoid muscles.
Traumatic injuries to the LARYNGEAL NERVE.
Paralysis of one or more of the ocular muscles due to disorders of the eye muscles, neuromuscular junction, supporting soft tissue, tendons, or innervation to the muscles.
Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. FACIAL NERVE DISEASES generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISEASES and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause facial paralysis or paresis.
Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.
The 4th cranial nerve. The trochlear nerve carries the motor innervation of the superior oblique muscles of the eye.
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)
Junction between the cerebellum and the pons.
Neoplasms of the base of the skull specifically, differentiated from neoplasms of unspecified sites or bones of the skull (SKULL NEOPLASMS).
Traumatic injuries to the facial nerve. This may result in FACIAL PARALYSIS, decreased lacrimation and salivation, and loss of taste sensation in the anterior tongue. The nerve may regenerate and reform its original pattern of innervation, or regenerate aberrantly, resulting in inappropriate lacrimation in response to gustatory stimuli (e.g., "crocodile tears") and other syndromes.
Traumatic injuries to the TROCHLEAR NERVE.
The 12th cranial nerve. The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles.
A paraganglioma involving the glomus jugulare, a microscopic collection of chemoreceptor tissue in the adventitia of the bulb of the jugular vein. It may cause paralysis of the vocal cords, attacks of dizziness, blackouts, and nystagmus. It is not resectable but radiation therapy is effective. It regresses slowly, but permanent control is regularly achieved. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1603-4)
Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.
Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.
The dense rock-like part of temporal bone that contains the INNER EAR. Petrous bone is located at the base of the skull. Sometimes it is combined with the MASTOID PROCESS and called petromastoid part of temporal bone.
A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot.
An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone.
A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand.
Treatment of muscles and nerves under pressure as a result of crush injuries.
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.
The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot.
The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.
A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm.
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.
The infratentorial compartment that contains the CEREBELLUM and BRAIN STEM. It is formed by the posterior third of the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid (SPHENOID BONE), by the occipital, the petrous, and mastoid portions of the TEMPORAL BONE, and the posterior inferior angle of the PARIETAL BONE.
A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.

Hypoglossal nerve injury as a complication of anterior surgery to the upper cervical spine. (1/228)

Injury to the hypoglossal nerve is a recognised complication after soft tissue surgery in the upper part of the anterior aspect of the neck, e.g. branchial cyst or carotid body tumour excision. However, this complication has been rarely reported following surgery of the upper cervical spine. We report the case of a 35-year-old woman with tuberculosis of C2-3. She underwent corpectomy and fusion from C2 to C5 using iliac crest bone graft, through a left anterior oblique incision. She developed hypoglossal nerve palsy in the immediate postoperative period, with dysphagia and dysarthria. It was thought to be due to traction neurapraxia with possible spontaneous recovery. At 18 months' follow-up, she had a solid fusion and tuberculosis was controlled. The hypoglossal palsy persisted, although with minimal functional disability. The only other reported case of hypoglossal lesion after anterior cervical spine surgery in the literature also failed to recover. It is concluded that hypoglossal nerve palsy following anterior cervical spine surgery is unlikely to recover spontaneously and it should be carefully identified.  (+info)

MR of CNS sarcoidosis: correlation of imaging features to clinical symptoms and response to treatment. (2/228)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic systemic granulomatous disease, recognized in a patient when clinical and radiologic findings are confirmed by histopathologic analysis. The objective was to identify a relationship between MR imaging and clinical findings in CNS sarcoidosis. METHODS: The clinical charts of 461 patients with biopsy-proved sarcoidosis were reviewed retrospectively. Criteria for including patients in the study included those with symptoms referable to the CNS, excluding those with another explanation for their symptoms, those with headaches or other subjective complaints without accompanying objective findings, and those with peripheral neuropathy other than cranial nerve involvement or myopathy without CNS manifestations. Thirty-four of 38 patients whose conditions met the criteria for CNS sarcoidosis underwent a total of 82 MR examinations. The positive imaging findings were divided into categories as follows: pachymeningeal, leptomeningeal, nonenhancing brain parenchymal, enhancing brain parenchymal, cranial nerve, and spinal cord and nerve root involvement. Treatment response, clinical symptomatology, and any available histopathologic studies were analyzed with respect to imaging manifestations in each of the categories. RESULTS: Eighty-two percent of the patients with sarcoidosis with neurologic symptoms referable to the CNS had findings revealed by MR imaging. However, eight (40%) of 20 cranial nerve deficits seen at clinical examination of 13 patients were not seen at contrast-enhanced MR imaging, and 50% of the patients with symptoms referable to the pituitary axis had no abnormal findings on routine contrast-enhanced MR images. In contradistinction, 44% of 18 cranial nerves in nine patients with MR evidence of involvement had no symptoms referable to the involved cranial nerve. Clinical and radiologic deterioration occurred more commonly with leptomeningeal and enhancing brain parenchymal lesions. CONCLUSION: MR imaging can be used to confirm clinical suspicion and to show subclinical disease and the response of pathologic lesions to treatment.  (+info)

Clinical and MRI study of brain stem and cerebellar involvement in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis. (3/228)

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical and MRI features of brain stem and cerebellar lesions in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis. METHODS: A retrospective study of 66 consecutive Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis (42 women and 24 men) was done by reviewing the medical records and MRI films. Forty nine patients were diagnosed as having clinically definite multiple sclerosis and 17 patients as having clinically probable multiple sclerosis according to Poser's criteria. Prevalence rates of each brain stem and cerebellar manifestation and frequency and distribution of MRI lesions in these patients were studied. RESULTS: Forty three patients (65%) had one or more infratentorial manifestations. Cranial nerves were clinically involved in 28 patients (42%), and most of the lesions were identified by MRI. Among them, manifestations of facial, trigeminal, and abducens nerves were relatively common. Cerebellar ataxia was found in 20 patients (30%). The MRI study showed that the lesions responsible for ataxia in these patients were mainly found in the cerebellar peduncles, but cerebellar hemispheric lesions were detected in only four patients (6.4%). CONCLUSION: The low frequency (6.4%) of the cerebellar MRI lesions in these patients is in sharp contrast with the figures reported for white patients with multiple sclerosis (50%-90%). Racial and genetic differences may have an influence on the susceptibility of each part of the CNS to demyelination in multiple sclerosis.  (+info)

CNS involvement in children with newly diagnosed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. (4/228)

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency of CNS involvement at diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), to characterize its pattern of presentation, and to determine its prognostic significance. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of 445 children (1975 through 1995) diagnosed with NHL (small noncleaved cell NHL/B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia [SNCC NHL/B-ALL], 201 patients; lymphoblastic, 113; large cell, 119; other, 12). Tumor burden was estimated by serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) measurement and reclassification of disease stage irrespective of CNS involvement (modified stage). RESULTS: Thirty-six of 445 children with newly diagnosed NHL had CNS involvement (lymphoma cells in the CSF [n = 23], cranial nerve palsy [n = 9], both features [n = 4]), representing 13%, 7%, and 1% of small noncleaved cell lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, and large-cell cases, respectively. By univariate analysis, CNS disease at diagnosis did not significantly impact event-free survival (P =. 095), whereas stage and LDH did; however, children with CNS disease at diagnosis were at 2.0 times greater risk of death than those without CNS disease at diagnosis. In a multivariate analysis, CNS disease was not significantly associated with either overall or event-free survival, whereas both serum LDH and stage influenced both overall and event-free survival. Among cases of SNCC NHL/B-ALL, CNS disease was significantly associated with event-free and overall survival (univariate analysis); however, in multivariate analysis, only LDH had independent prognostic significance. Elevated serum LDH or higher modified stage were associated with a trend toward poorer overall survival among children with CNS disease. CONCLUSION: A greater tumor burden at diagnosis adversely influences the treatment outcome of children with NHL and CNS disease at diagnosis, suggesting a need for ongoing improvement in both systemic and CNS-directed therapy.  (+info)

Corneal structure and sensitivity in type 1 diabetes mellitus. (5/228)

PURPOSE: Corneal wound healing is impaired in diabetic cornea. The purpose of this study was to examine patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus for changes in corneal morphology and to correlate corneal sensitivity, subbasal nerve morphology, and degree of polyneuropathy with each other. METHODS: Forty-four eyes of 23 patients with diabetes and nine control eyes were included. Corneal sensitivity was tested with a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer (Luneau, Paris, France), and corneal morphology and epithelial and corneal thickness were determined by in vivo confocal microscopy. The density of subbasal nerves was evaluated by calculating the number of long subbasal nerve fiber bundles per confocal microscopic field. The degree of polyneuropathy was evaluated using the clinical part of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) classification, and retinopathy was evaluated using fundus photographs. RESULTS: A reduction of long nerve fiber bundles per image was noted to have occurred already in patients with mild to moderate neuropathy, but corneal mechanical sensitivity was reduced only in patients with severe neuropathy. Compared with control subjects the corneal thickness was increased in patients with diabetes without neuropathy. The epithelium of patients with diabetes with severe neuropathy was significantly thinner than that of patients with diabetes without neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: Confocal microscopy appears to allow early detection of beginning neuropathy, because decreases in nerve fiber bundle counts precede impairment of corneal sensitivity. Apparently, the cornea becomes thicker in a relatively early stage of diabetes but does not further change with the degree of neuropathy. A reduction in neurotrophic stimuli in severe neuropathy may induce a thin epithelium that may lead to recurrent erosions.  (+info)

An unusual case of multiple cranial nerve palsies in Wegener's granulomatosis. (6/228)

We describe an unusual case of Wegener's granulomatosis, which initially caused fulminant palsies affecting cranial nerves II, V, VI, VII, and VIII during a brief episode of the disease. The patient was successfully treated with immunosuppressive therapy. Wegener's granulomatosis should be suspected when multiple cranial nerves are initially affected.  (+info)

Corneal morphology and sensitivity in lattice dystrophy type II (familial amyloidosis, Finnish type). (7/228)

PURPOSE: To describe the corneal abnormalities and to measure different modalities of corneal sensitivity in corneal lattice dystrophy type II (familial amyloidosis, Finnish type, also known as gelsolin-related amyloidosis and originally as Meretoja syndrome). METHODS: Twenty eyes of 20 patients were examined by in vivo confocal microscopy and noncontact gas esthesiometry. RESULTS: Pleomorphism of, and dense deposits between or posterior to, the basal epithelial cells were frequently observed, as well as a reduction of long nerve fiber bundles in the subbasal nerve plexus. The anterior stroma was altered in most cases, with fibrosis and abnormal extracellular matrix. In 15 corneas, thick anterior and midstromal filaments, corresponding to lattice lines, and in 11 corneas, thin undulated structures were observed. The average mechanical sensitivity threshold of 12 subjects was increased, and in the remaining 8 subjects there was no response, even to the highest intensity of stimuli used. Three patients did not respond to CO(2), 11 to heat, and 2 to cold, but those patients who responded had normal thresholds. Patients with more long nerve fiber bundles per confocal microscopic image had better mechanical and cold sensitivity than patients with fewer nerve fiber bundles. CONCLUSIONS: Lattice lines seem to be related to amyloid material and not to corneal nerves. However, the subbasal nerve density appears reduced, which results mainly in a decrease in mechanical and, to a lesser extent, thermal sensitivity. The location of stromal filaments and undulated structures changes with increasing age.  (+info)

Parapharyngeal second branchial cyst manifesting as cranial nerve palsies: MR findings. (8/228)

SUMMARY: We report the MR findings of parapharyngeal branchial cleft cyst manifesting as multiple, lower cranial nerve palsies in a 35-year-old woman. On MR images, a well-marginated cystic mass was detected in the right parapharyngeal space, with displacement of both the right internal carotid artery and the right internal jugular vein on the posterolateral side. The cyst contained a whitish fluid that was slightly hyperintense on T1-weighted images and slightly hypointense to CSF on T2-weighted images. No enhancement on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images was present. The right side of the tongue showed high signal intensity on T2-weighted images, suggesting denervation.  (+info)

Cranial nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the cranial nerves, which are a set of 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and control various functions in the head and neck. These functions include vision, hearing, taste, smell, movement of the eyes and face, and sensation in the face.

Diseases of the cranial nerves can result from a variety of causes, including injury, infection, inflammation, tumors, or degenerative conditions. The specific symptoms that a person experiences will depend on which cranial nerve is affected and how severely it is damaged.

For example, damage to the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) can cause vision loss or visual disturbances, while damage to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) can result in weakness or paralysis of the face. Other common symptoms of cranial nerve diseases include pain, numbness, tingling, and hearing loss.

Treatment for cranial nerve diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause and relieve symptoms. Physical therapy or rehabilitation may also be recommended to help individuals regain function and improve their quality of life.

Cranial nerves are a set of twelve pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and skull, rather than the spinal cord. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory information (such as sight, smell, hearing, and taste) to the brain, as well as controlling various muscles in the head and neck (including those involved in chewing, swallowing, and eye movement). Each cranial nerve has a specific function and is named accordingly. For example, the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) transmits visual information from the eyes to the brain, while the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) controls parasympathetic functions in the body such as heart rate and digestion.

Optic nerve diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as vision loss, decreased visual acuity, changes in color vision, and visual field defects. Examples of optic nerve diseases include optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve), glaucoma (damage to the optic nerve due to high eye pressure), optic nerve damage from trauma or injury, ischemic optic neuropathy (lack of blood flow to the optic nerve), and optic nerve tumors. Treatment for optic nerve diseases varies depending on the specific condition and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Olfactory nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the olfactory nerve, which is the first cranial nerve responsible for the sense of smell. These diseases can result in impaired or loss of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia), as well as distorted perception of smells (parosmia). The causes of olfactory nerve diseases can include trauma, infection, inflammation, neurological disorders, and exposure to certain chemicals. Some examples of specific olfactory nerve diseases include sinusitis, upper respiratory infections, head injuries, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Treatment for these conditions depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Vagus nerve diseases, also known as vagus nerve disorders, refer to conditions that affect the functioning of the vagus nerve. The vagus nerve is the tenth cranial nerve and extends from the brainstem to the abdomen, playing a crucial role in regulating various automatic functions of the body such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and sweating.

Diseases of the vagus nerve can result from various causes, including inflammation, infection, trauma, compression, or degeneration. Some common vagus nerve disorders include:

1. Vagus nerve dysfunction: This is a general term used to describe any abnormality in the functioning of the vagus nerve. Symptoms may vary depending on the specific functions affected but can include difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, voice changes, and abnormal heart rate or blood pressure.
2. Vagus nerve neuropathy: This is a condition that results from damage to the vagus nerve fibers. It can cause symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, voice changes, and abnormal digestive function.
3. Gastroparesis: This is a condition in which the stomach muscles fail to contract properly, leading to delayed gastric emptying. Vagus nerve dysfunction is a common cause of gastroparesis.
4. Orthostatic hypotension: This is a condition characterized by a drop in blood pressure when standing up from a sitting or lying down position. Vagus nerve dysfunction can contribute to this condition by causing an abnormal response in the heart rate and blood vessels.
5. Inflammatory disorders: Certain inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and sarcoidosis can affect the vagus nerve and cause various symptoms.

Treatment for vagus nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Cranial nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma to one or more of the twelve cranial nerves (CN I through CN XII). These nerves originate from the brainstem and are responsible for transmitting sensory information (such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, and balance) and controlling various motor functions (like eye movement, facial expressions, swallowing, and speaking).

Cranial nerve injuries can result from various causes, including head trauma, tumors, infections, or neurological conditions. The severity of the injury may range from mild dysfunction to complete loss of function, depending on the extent of damage to the nerve. Treatment options vary based on the type and location of the injury but often involve a combination of medical management, physical therapy, surgical intervention, or rehabilitation.

The abducens nerve, also known as the sixth cranial nerve, is responsible for controlling the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, which enables the eye to move outward. Abducens nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and can result in various symptoms, primarily affecting eye movement.

Here are some medical definitions related to abducens nerve diseases:

1. Abducens Nerve Palsy: A condition characterized by weakness or paralysis of the abducens nerve, causing difficulty in moving the affected eye outward. This results in double vision (diplopia), especially when gazing towards the side of the weakened nerve. Abducens nerve palsy can be congenital, acquired, or caused by various factors such as trauma, tumors, aneurysms, infections, or diseases like diabetes and multiple sclerosis.
2. Sixth Nerve Palsy: Another term for abducens nerve palsy, referring to the weakness or paralysis of the sixth cranial nerve.
3. Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (INO): A neurological condition affecting eye movement, often caused by a lesion in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the abducens nucleus with the oculomotor nucleus. INO results in impaired adduction (inward movement) of the eye on the side of the lesion and nystagmus (involuntary eye movements) of the abducting eye on the opposite side when attempting to look towards the side of the lesion.
4. One-and-a-Half Syndrome: A rare neurological condition characterized by a combination of INO and internuclear ophthalmoplegia with horizontal gaze palsy on the same side, caused by damage to both the abducens nerve and the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF). This results in limited or no ability to move the eyes towards the side of the lesion and impaired adduction of the eye on the opposite side.
5. Brainstem Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brainstem, which can affect the abducens nerve and other cranial nerves, leading to various neurological symptoms such as diplopia (double vision), ataxia (loss of balance and coordination), and facial weakness. Brainstem encephalitis can be caused by infectious agents, autoimmune disorders, or paraneoplastic syndromes.
6. Multiple Sclerosis (MS): An autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation and demyelination of the central nervous system, including the brainstem and optic nerves. MS can cause various neurological symptoms, such as diplopia, nystagmus, and INO, due to damage to the abducens nerve and other cranial nerves.
7. Wernicke's Encephalopathy: A neurological disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, often seen in alcoholics or individuals with malnutrition. Wernicke's encephalopathy can affect the brainstem and cause various symptoms such as diplopia, ataxia, confusion, and oculomotor abnormalities.
8. Pontine Glioma: A rare type of brain tumor that arises from the glial cells in the pons (a part of the brainstem). Pontine gliomas can cause various neurological symptoms such as diplopia, facial weakness, and difficulty swallowing due to their location in the brainstem.
9. Brainstem Cavernous Malformation: A benign vascular lesion that arises from the small blood vessels in the brainstem. Brainstem cavernous malformations can cause various neurological symptoms such as diplopia, ataxia, and facial weakness due to their location in the brainstem.
10. Pituitary Adenoma: A benign tumor that arises from the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain. Large pituitary adenomas can compress the optic nerves and cause various visual symptoms such as diplopia, visual field defects, and decreased vision.
11. Craniopharyngioma: A benign tumor that arises from the remnants of the Rathke's pouch, a structure that gives rise to the anterior pituitary gland. Craniopharyngiomas can cause various neurological and endocrine symptoms such as diplopia, visual field defects, headaches, and hormonal imbalances due to their location near the optic nerves and pituitary gland.
12. Meningioma: A benign tumor that arises from the meninges, the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas can cause various neurological symptoms such as diplopia, headaches, and seizures depending on their location in the brain or spinal cord.
13. Chordoma: A rare type of malignant tumor that arises from the remnants of the notochord, a structure that gives rise to the spine during embryonic development. Chordomas can cause various neurological and endocrine symptoms such as diplopia, visual field defects, headaches, and hormonal imbalances due to their location near the brainstem and spinal cord.
14. Metastatic Brain Tumors: Malignant tumors that spread from other parts of the body to the brain. Metastatic brain tumors can cause various neurological symptoms such as diplopia, headaches, seizures, and cognitive impairment depending on their location in the brain.
15. Other Rare Brain Tumors: There are many other rare types of brain tumors that can cause diplopia or other neurological symptoms, including gliomas, ependymomas, pineal region tumors, and others. These tumors require specialized diagnosis and treatment by neuro-oncologists and neurosurgeons with expertise in these rare conditions.

In summary, diplopia can be caused by various brain tumors, including pituitary adenomas, meningiomas, chordomas, metastatic brain tumors, and other rare types of tumors. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you experience diplopia or other neurological symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.

The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the 8th cranial nerve, is responsible for transmitting sound and balance information from the inner ear to the brain. Vestibulocochlear nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and can result in hearing loss, vertigo, and balance problems.

These diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infection, trauma, tumors, or degeneration. Some examples of vestibulocochlear nerve diseases include:

1. Vestibular neuritis: an inner ear infection that causes severe vertigo, nausea, and balance problems.
2. Labyrinthitis: an inner ear infection that affects both the vestibular and cochlear nerves, causing vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
3. Acoustic neuroma: a benign tumor that grows on the vestibulocochlear nerve, causing hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance problems.
4. Meniere's disease: a inner ear disorder that causes vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the ear.
5. Ototoxicity: damage to the inner ear caused by certain medications or chemicals that can result in hearing loss and balance problems.
6. Vestibular migraine: a type of migraine that is associated with vertigo, dizziness, and balance problems.

Treatment for vestibulocochlear nerve diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. It may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the 12th cranial nerve (CN XII), is primarily responsible for controlling tongue movements. Hypoglossal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and result in various tongue-related symptoms. These disorders can be congenital or acquired, and they may stem from different causes such as trauma, tumors, infections, inflammation, or degenerative processes.

Hypoglossal nerve diseases can present with the following symptoms:

1. Weakness or paralysis of the tongue muscles on one or both sides.
2. Deviation of the tongue towards the affected side when protruded.
3. Fasciculations (involuntary muscle twitches) or atrophy (wasting) of the tongue muscles.
4. Difficulty with speaking, swallowing, and chewing due to tongue weakness.
5. Changes in taste and sensation on the back of the tongue and throat.

Some specific hypoglossal nerve diseases include:

1. Hypoglossal nerve palsy: A condition characterized by unilateral or bilateral weakness or paralysis of the tongue due to damage to the hypoglossal nerve. Causes can include trauma, tumors, stroke, multiple sclerosis, or other neurological disorders.
2. Hypoglossal neuritis: Inflammation of the hypoglossal nerve, often caused by viral infections or autoimmune processes, leading to tongue weakness and atrophy.
3. Congenital hypoglossal nerve anomalies: Abnormal development of the hypoglossal nerve during fetal growth can result in various tongue-related symptoms and difficulties with speech and swallowing.
4. Tumors affecting the hypoglossal nerve: Both benign and malignant tumors, such as schwannomas or neurofibromas, can compress or infiltrate the hypoglossal nerve, causing weakness or paralysis.
5. Hypoglossal-facial anastomosis: A surgical procedure that connects the hypoglossal nerve to the facial nerve to restore facial movement in cases of facial nerve palsy. This connection can lead to tongue weakness as a side effect.

The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve (CN IX), is primarily responsible for providing motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle and sensory innervation to parts of the pharynx, middle ear, and posterior tongue. It also plays a role in the reflexive control of heart rate via the baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus.

Glossopharyngeal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the function of this nerve, leading to various symptoms. These diseases can be classified into two main categories: peripheral and central. Peripheral disorders are caused by damage or injury to the nerve itself, while central disorders result from problems in the brainstem where the glossopharyngeal nerve originates.

Some examples of glossopharyngeal nerve diseases include:

1. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia: A rare condition characterized by severe, stabbing pain in the throat, ear, or tongue, often triggered by swallowing or talking. This disorder may be caused by compression of the nerve by blood vessels or other structures.

2. Infections: Bacterial and viral infections can cause inflammation and damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve, leading to dysfunction. Examples include Lyme disease, herpes zoster (shingles), and meningitis.

3. Tumors: Benign or malignant growths in the head and neck region can compress and injure the glossopharyngeal nerve, resulting in symptoms related to its dysfunction.

4. Trauma: Direct trauma to the neck or skull base can damage the glossopharyngeal nerve, causing various deficits depending on the severity of the injury.

5. Neurological disorders: Conditions such as multiple sclerosis and stroke can affect the central connections of the glossopharyngeal nerve in the brainstem, leading to dysfunction.

6. Genetic conditions: Rare genetic disorders like Moersch-Woltman syndrome (also known as stiff person syndrome) can involve the glossopharyngeal nerve and cause symptoms related to its dysfunction.

Symptoms of glossopharyngeal nerve dysfunction may include difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, loss of taste on the back of the tongue, decreased sensation in the throat or ear, and pain in the neck, throat, or ear. Treatment for these conditions depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions to address the specific problem.

Trigeminal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the trigeminal nerve, which is one of the cranial nerves responsible for sensations in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. The trigeminal nerve has three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular, which innervate different parts of the face and head.

Trigeminal nerve diseases can cause various symptoms, including facial pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness. Some common trigeminal nerve diseases include:

1. Trigeminal neuralgia: A chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, causing intense, stabbing, or electric shock-like pain in the face.
2. Hemifacial spasm: A neuromuscular disorder that causes involuntary muscle spasms on one side of the face, often affecting the muscles around the eye and mouth.
3. Trigeminal neuropathy: Damage or injury to the trigeminal nerve, which can result in numbness, tingling, or weakness in the face.
4. Herpes zoster oticus (Ramsay Hunt syndrome): A viral infection that affects the facial nerve and geniculate ganglion of the trigeminal nerve, causing facial paralysis, ear pain, and a rash around the ear.
5. Microvascular compression: Compression of the trigeminal nerve by a blood vessel, which can cause symptoms similar to trigeminal neuralgia.

Treatment for trigeminal nerve diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or radiation therapy.

Cranial nerve neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within or near the cranial nerves. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory and motor information between the brain and various parts of the head, neck, and trunk. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, each with a specific function and location in the skull.

Cranial nerve neoplasms can be benign or malignant and may arise from the nerve itself (schwannoma, neurofibroma) or from surrounding tissues that invade the nerve (meningioma, epidermoid cyst). The growth of these tumors can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include:

* Facial weakness or numbness
* Double vision or other visual disturbances
* Hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Loss of smell or taste
* Uncontrollable eye movements or drooping eyelids

Treatment for cranial nerve neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and extent of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or complications.

The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve (CN III), is responsible for controlling several important eye movements and functions. Oculomotor nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and can lead to various symptoms related to eye movement and function. Here's a medical definition of oculomotor nerve diseases:

Oculomotor nerve diseases are a group of medical disorders characterized by the dysfunction or damage to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), resulting in impaired eye movements, abnormalities in pupillary response, and potential effects on eyelid position. These conditions can be congenital, acquired, or traumatic in nature and may lead to partial or complete paralysis of the nerve. Common oculomotor nerve diseases include oculomotor nerve palsy, third nerve ganglionopathies, and compressive oculomotor neuropathies caused by various pathologies such as aneurysms, tumors, or infections.

Facial nerve diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the function of the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve. This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression, and it also carries sensory information from the taste buds in the front two-thirds of the tongue, and regulates saliva flow and tear production.

Facial nerve diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the specific location and extent of the nerve damage. Common symptoms include:

* Facial weakness or paralysis on one or both sides of the face
* Drooping of the eyelid and corner of the mouth
* Difficulty closing the eye or keeping it closed
* Changes in taste sensation or dryness of the mouth and eyes
* Abnormal sensitivity to sound (hyperacusis)
* Twitching or spasms of the facial muscles

Facial nerve diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Infections such as Bell's palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and Lyme disease
* Trauma or injury to the face or skull
* Tumors that compress or invade the facial nerve
* Neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Guillain-Barre syndrome
* Genetic disorders such as Moebius syndrome or hemifacial microsomia

Treatment for facial nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the symptoms. In some cases, medication, physical therapy, or surgery may be necessary to restore function and relieve symptoms.

Onchocerciasis, Ocular is a medical condition that specifically refers to the eye manifestations caused by the parasitic infection, Onchocerca volvulus. Also known as "river blindness," this disease is spread through the bite of infected blackflies.

Ocular onchocerciasis affects various parts of the eye, including the conjunctiva, cornea, iris, and retina. The infection can cause symptoms such as itching, burning, and redness of the eyes. Over time, it may lead to more serious complications like punctate keratitis (small, scattered opacities on the cornea), cataracts, glaucoma, and ultimately, blindness.

The infection is diagnosed through a skin snip or blood test, which can detect the presence of microfilariae (the larval stage of the parasite) or antibodies against the parasite. Treatment typically involves administering oral medications such as ivermectin, which kills the microfilariae and reduces the risk of eye damage. However, it does not kill the adult worms, so multiple doses are often required to control the infection. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove advanced ocular lesions.

The accessory nerve, also known as the 11th cranial nerve (CN XI), has both a cranial and spinal root and innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius muscle. Accessory nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the function of this nerve, leading to weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.

Some examples of accessory nerve diseases include:

1. Traumatic injury: Direct trauma to the neck or posterior scalene region can damage the spinal root of the accessory nerve. This can result in weakness or paralysis of the trapezius muscle, leading to difficulty with shoulder movement and pain.
2. Neuralgia: Accessory nerve neuralgia is a condition characterized by painful spasms or shooting pains along the course of the accessory nerve. It can be caused by nerve compression, inflammation, or injury.
3. Tumors: Tumors in the neck region, such as schwannomas or neurofibromas, can compress or invade the accessory nerve, leading to weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.
4. Infections: Viral infections, such as poliovirus or West Nile virus, can cause inflammation and damage to the accessory nerve, resulting in weakness or paralysis.
5. Neuropathy: Accessory nerve neuropathy is a condition characterized by degeneration of the accessory nerve fibers due to various causes such as diabetes, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to toxins. This can result in weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.
6. Congenital defects: Some individuals may be born with congenital defects that affect the development and function of the accessory nerve, leading to weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.

Treatment for accessory nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and can include physical therapy, medications, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

The trochlear nerve, also known as the fourth cranial nerve (CN IV), is responsible for controlling the movement of the eye. It innervates the superior oblique muscle, which helps in depressing and rotating the eye downwards and outwards. Trochlear nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and impair its function, leading to symptoms such as double vision (diplopia), vertical misalignment of the eyes, and difficulty with depth perception.

Trochlear nerve diseases can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, inflammation, infection, or tumors. Some common conditions that affect the trochlear nerve include:

1. Trochlear nerve palsy: This is a weakness or paralysis of the trochlear nerve, which can cause vertical and torsional diplopia, especially when looking downwards or to the side. It can be congenital or acquired due to trauma, compression, or other causes.
2. Aneurysm: Aneurysms in the vicinity of the trochlear nerve can compress or damage it, leading to palsy and diplopia.
3. Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges (the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) due to infection or other causes can affect the trochlear nerve and cause palsy.
4. Multiple sclerosis (MS): This is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, including the cranial nerves. MS can cause demyelination of the trochlear nerve, leading to palsy and diplopia.
5. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at risk of developing diabetic neuropathy, which can affect any peripheral nerve, including the trochlear nerve.
6. Tumors: Space-occupying lesions in the brain or skull base, such as meningiomas, schwannomas, or pituitary adenomas, can compress the trochlear nerve and cause palsy.

The diagnosis of trochlear nerve diseases involves a thorough neurological examination, including assessment of eye movements and alignment. Imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans may be ordered to identify any structural lesions causing compression or damage to the nerve. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve surgical intervention, medication, or observation.

The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. Its functions include controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and secretomotor function to the lacrimal and salivary glands.

The facial nerve originates from the brainstem and exits the skull through the internal acoustic meatus. It then passes through the facial canal in the temporal bone before branching out to innervate various structures of the face. The main branches of the facial nerve include:

1. Temporal branch: Innervates the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi muscles responsible for eyebrow movements and eyelid closure.
2. Zygomatic branch: Supplies the muscles that elevate the upper lip and wrinkle the nose.
3. Buccal branch: Innervates the muscles of the cheek and lips, allowing for facial expressions such as smiling and puckering.
4. Mandibular branch: Controls the muscles responsible for lower lip movement and depressing the angle of the mouth.
5. Cervical branch: Innervates the platysma muscle in the neck, which helps to depress the lower jaw and wrinkle the skin of the neck.

Damage to the facial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as facial weakness or paralysis, loss of taste sensation, and dry eyes or mouth due to impaired secretion.

Optic neuritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. This condition can result in various symptoms such as vision loss, pain with eye movement, color vision disturbances, and pupillary abnormalities. Optic neuritis may occur in isolation or be associated with other underlying medical conditions, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and autoimmune disorders. The diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, dilated funduscopic examination, and possibly imaging studies like MRI to evaluate the optic nerve and brain. Treatment options may include corticosteroids or other immunomodulatory therapies to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the optic nerve.

The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, running from the lower back through the buttocks and down the legs to the feet. It is formed by the union of the ventral rami (branches) of the L4 to S3 spinal nerves. The sciatic nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and skin areas in the lower limbs, including the hamstrings, calf muscles, and the sole of the foot. Sciatic nerve disorders or injuries can result in symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the lower back, hips, legs, and feet, known as sciatica.

The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve (IX), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. It originates from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem and has several functions:

1. Sensory function: The glossopharyngeal nerve provides general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue, the tonsils, the back of the throat (pharynx), and the middle ear. It also carries taste sensations from the back one-third of the tongue.
2. Special visceral afferent function: The nerve transmits information about the stretch of the carotid artery and blood pressure to the brainstem.
3. Motor function: The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle, which helps elevate the pharynx during swallowing. It also provides parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland, stimulating saliva production.
4. Visceral afferent function: The glossopharyngeal nerve carries information about the condition of the internal organs in the thorax and abdomen to the brainstem.

Overall, the glossopharyngeal nerve plays a crucial role in swallowing, taste, saliva production, and monitoring blood pressure and heart rate.

The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve (CN III), is a motor nerve that originates from the midbrain. It controls the majority of the eye muscles, including the levator palpebrae superioris muscle that raises the upper eyelid, and the extraocular muscles that enable various movements of the eye such as looking upward, downward, inward, and outward. Additionally, it carries parasympathetic fibers responsible for pupillary constriction and accommodation (focusing on near objects). Damage to this nerve can result in various ocular motor disorders, including strabismus, ptosis, and pupillary abnormalities.

Peripheral nerves are nerve fibers that transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS, consisting of the brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body. These nerves convey motor, sensory, and autonomic information, enabling us to move, feel, and respond to changes in our environment. They form a complex network that extends from the CNS to muscles, glands, skin, and internal organs, allowing for coordinated responses and functions throughout the body. Damage or injury to peripheral nerves can result in various neurological symptoms, such as numbness, weakness, or pain, depending on the type and severity of the damage.

Hypoglossal nerve injuries refer to damages or impairments to the twelfth cranial nerve, also known as the hypoglossal nerve. This nerve is primarily responsible for controlling the movements of the tongue.

An injury to this nerve can result in various symptoms, depending on the severity and location of the damage. These may include:

1. Deviation of the tongue to one side when protruded (usually away from the side of the lesion)
2. Weakness or paralysis of the tongue muscles
3. Difficulty with speaking, swallowing, and articulation
4. Changes in taste and sensation on the back of the tongue (in some cases)

Hypoglossal nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as trauma, surgical complications, tumors, or neurological disorders like stroke or multiple sclerosis. Treatment for hypoglossal nerve injuries typically focuses on managing symptoms and may involve speech and language therapy, exercises to strengthen the tongue muscles, and, in some cases, surgical intervention.

The trigeminal nerve, also known as the fifth cranial nerve or CNV, is a paired nerve that carries both sensory and motor information. It has three major branches: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3). The ophthalmic branch provides sensation to the forehead, eyes, and upper portion of the nose; the maxillary branch supplies sensation to the lower eyelid, cheek, nasal cavity, and upper lip; and the mandibular branch is responsible for sensation in the lower lip, chin, and parts of the oral cavity, as well as motor function to the muscles involved in chewing. The trigeminal nerve plays a crucial role in sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and pressure in the face and mouth, and it also contributes to biting, chewing, and swallowing functions.

The abducens nerve, also known as the sixth cranial nerve (CN VI), is a motor nerve that controls the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. This muscle is responsible for moving the eye away from the midline (towards the temple) and enables the eyes to look towards the side while keeping them aligned. Any damage or dysfunction of the abducens nerve can result in strabismus, where the eyes are misaligned and point in different directions, specifically an adduction deficit, also known as abducens palsy or sixth nerve palsy.

The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the auditory-vestibular nerve or cranial nerve VIII, is a paired peripheral nerve that transmits sensory information from the inner ear to the brain. It has two distinct parts: the cochlear part and the vestibular part.

The cochlear part is responsible for hearing and transmits sound signals from the cochlea to the brain. The vestibular part, on the other hand, is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation by transmitting information about head movement and position from the vestibular apparatus (utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals) in the inner ear to the brain.

Together, these two parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve play a crucial role in our ability to hear and maintain balance. Damage to this nerve can result in hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (dizziness), or balance problems.

The optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, is the nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. It is composed of approximately one million nerve fibers that carry signals related to vision, such as light intensity and color, from the eye's photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) to the visual cortex in the brain. The optic nerve is responsible for carrying this visual information so that it can be processed and interpreted by the brain, allowing us to see and perceive our surroundings. Damage to the optic nerve can result in vision loss or impairment.

Nerve fibers are specialized structures that constitute the long, slender processes (axons) of neurons (nerve cells). They are responsible for conducting electrical impulses, known as action potentials, away from the cell body and transmitting them to other neurons or effector organs such as muscles and glands. Nerve fibers are often surrounded by supportive cells called glial cells and are grouped together to form nerve bundles or nerves. These fibers can be myelinated (covered with a fatty insulating sheath called myelin) or unmyelinated, which influences the speed of impulse transmission.

Möbius syndrome is a rare neurological disorder characterized by congenital facial palsy and abducens palsy, which are paralyses of the muscles that control lateral movement of the eye and facial expression. The condition is present at birth and is thought to be caused by underdevelopment of the cranial nerves (VI and VII) during embryonic development.

Individuals with Möbius syndrome may have a variety of symptoms, including:

* Inability to move the eyes from side to side
* Absent or weak facial expressions
* Difficulty with sucking, swallowing, and speaking
* Dental abnormalities
* Hearing loss
* Limb abnormalities

Möbius syndrome is typically diagnosed based on physical examination and medical history. There is no cure for the condition, but treatment may include physical therapy, speech therapy, and surgical interventions to improve function and appearance. The exact cause of Möbius syndrome is not known, but it is believed to be related to genetic or environmental factors during fetal development.

Nerve compression syndromes refer to a group of conditions characterized by the pressure or irritation of a peripheral nerve, causing various symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected area. This compression can occur due to several reasons, including injury, repetitive motion, bone spurs, tumors, or swelling. Common examples of nerve compression syndromes include carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, radial nerve compression, and ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist or elbow. Treatment options may include physical therapy, splinting, medications, injections, or surgery, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

The accessory nerve, also known as the eleventh cranial nerve (XI), has both a cranial and spinal component. It primarily controls the function of certain muscles in the back of the neck and shoulder.

The cranial part arises from nuclei in the brainstem and innervates some of the muscles that help with head rotation, including the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The spinal root originates from nerve roots in the upper spinal cord (C1-C5), exits the spine, and joins the cranial part to form a single trunk. This trunk then innervates the trapezius muscle, which helps with shoulder movement and stability.

Damage to the accessory nerve can result in weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles, causing symptoms such as difficulty turning the head, weak shoulder shrugging, or winged scapula (a condition where the shoulder blade protrudes from the back).

Laryngeal nerve injuries refer to damages or injuries to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and/or the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), which are the primary nerves that supply the larynx, or voice box. These nerves play crucial roles in controlling the vocal cord movements and protecting the airway during swallowing.

The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides motor function to all intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle, which is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve. The RLN also carries sensory fibers from a small area of the mucous membrane below the vocal folds.

Injuries to these nerves can result in voice changes, breathing difficulties, and swallowing problems. Depending on the severity and location of the injury, patients may experience hoarseness, weak voice, breathy voice, coughing while swallowing, or even complete airway obstruction in severe cases. Laryngeal nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as surgical complications (e.g., thyroid, esophageal, and cardiovascular surgeries), neck trauma, tumors, infections, or iatrogenic causes.

Ophthalmoplegia is a medical term that refers to the paralysis or weakness of the eye muscles, which can result in double vision (diplopia) or difficulty moving the eyes. It can be caused by various conditions, including nerve damage, muscle disorders, or neurological diseases such as myasthenia gravis or multiple sclerosis. Ophthalmoplegia can affect one or more eye muscles and can be partial or complete. Depending on the underlying cause, ophthalmoplegia may be treatable with medications, surgery, or other interventions.

Facial paralysis is a loss of facial movement due to damage or dysfunction of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). This nerve controls the muscles involved in facial expressions, such as smiling, frowning, and closing the eyes. Damage to one side of the facial nerve can cause weakness or paralysis on that side of the face.

Facial paralysis can result from various conditions, including:

1. Bell's palsy - an idiopathic (unknown cause) inflammation of the facial nerve
2. Trauma - skull fractures, facial injuries, or surgical trauma to the facial nerve
3. Infections - Lyme disease, herpes zoster (shingles), HIV/AIDS, or bacterial infections like meningitis
4. Tumors - benign or malignant growths that compress or invade the facial nerve
5. Stroke - damage to the brainstem where the facial nerve originates
6. Congenital conditions - some people are born with facial paralysis due to genetic factors or birth trauma

Symptoms of facial paralysis may include:

* Inability to move one or more parts of the face, such as the eyebrows, eyelids, mouth, or cheeks
* Drooping of the affected side of the face
* Difficulty closing the eye on the affected side
* Changes in saliva and tear production
* Altered sense of taste
* Pain around the ear or jaw
* Speech difficulties due to weakened facial muscles

Treatment for facial paralysis depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, such as Bell's palsy, spontaneous recovery may occur within a few weeks to months. However, physical therapy, medications, and surgical interventions might be necessary in other situations to improve function and minimize complications.

Nerve regeneration is the process of regrowth and restoration of functional nerve connections following damage or injury to the nervous system. This complex process involves various cellular and molecular events, such as the activation of support cells called glia, the sprouting of surviving nerve fibers (axons), and the reformation of neural circuits. The goal of nerve regeneration is to enable the restoration of normal sensory, motor, and autonomic functions impaired due to nerve damage or injury.

The trochlear nerve, also known as the fourth cranial nerve (CN IV), is a nerve that originates in the midbrain and innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye. This muscle helps with the downward and outward movement of the eye, playing a crucial role in controlling eye movements and maintaining binocular vision. The trochlear nerve's main function is to provide motor (efferent) innervation to the superior oblique muscle, enabling fine-tuning of eye movements during activities such as reading, writing, or driving. Damage to this nerve can result in vertical diplopia (double vision), strabismus (eye misalignment), and other visual impairments.

Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which is one of the largest nerves in the head. It carries sensations from the face to the brain.

Medically, trigeminal neuralgia is defined as a neuropathic disorder characterized by episodes of intense, stabbing, electric shock-like pain in the areas of the face supplied by the trigeminal nerve (the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular divisions). The pain can be triggered by simple activities such as talking, eating, brushing teeth, or even touching the face lightly.

The condition is more common in women over 50, but it can occur at any age and in either gender. While the exact cause of trigeminal neuralgia is not always known, it can sometimes be related to pressure on the trigeminal nerve from a nearby blood vessel or other causes such as multiple sclerosis. Treatment typically involves medications, surgery, or a combination of both.

Paralysis is a loss of muscle function in part or all of your body. It can be localized, affecting only one specific area, or generalized, impacting multiple areas or even the entire body. Paralysis often occurs when something goes wrong with the way messages pass between your brain and muscles. In most cases, paralysis is caused by damage to the nervous system, especially the spinal cord. Other causes include stroke, trauma, infections, and various neurological disorders.

It's important to note that paralysis doesn't always mean a total loss of movement or feeling. Sometimes, it may just cause weakness or numbness in the affected area. The severity and extent of paralysis depend on the underlying cause and the location of the damage in the nervous system.

The cerebellopontine angle (CPA) is a narrow space located at the junction of the brainstem and the cerebellum, where the pons and cerebellum meet. This region is filled with several important nerves, blood vessels, and membranous coverings called meninges. The CPA is a common site for various neurological disorders because it contains critical structures such as:

1. Cerebellum: A part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
2. Pons: A portion of the brainstem that plays a role in several vital functions, including facial movements, taste sensation, sleep regulation, and respiration.
3. Cranial nerves: The CPA is home to the following cranial nerves:
* Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII): This nerve has two components - cochlear and vestibular. The cochlear part is responsible for hearing, while the vestibular part contributes to balance and eye movement.
* Facial nerve (CN VII): This nerve controls facial expressions, taste sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, salivary gland function, and lacrimation (tear production).
4. Blood vessels: The CPA contains critical blood vessels like the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), which supplies blood to various parts of the brainstem, cerebellum, and cranial nerves.
5. Meninges: These are protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. In the CPA, the meninges include the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Disorders that can affect the structures in the cerebellopontine angle include acoustic neuromas (vestibular schwannomas), meningiomas, epidermoids, and arteriovenous malformations. These conditions may cause symptoms such as hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (dizziness), facial weakness or numbness, difficulty swallowing, and imbalance.

Skull base neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors located in the skull base, which is the region where the skull meets the spine and where the brain connects with the blood vessels and nerves that supply the head and neck. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from various types of cells in this area, including bone, nerve, glandular, and vascular tissue.

Skull base neoplasms can cause a range of symptoms depending on their size, location, and growth rate. Some common symptoms include headaches, vision changes, hearing loss, facial numbness or weakness, difficulty swallowing, and balance problems. Treatment options for skull base neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. The specific treatment plan will depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history.

Facial nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma inflicted on the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII). This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, eyelid movement, and taste sensation in the front two-thirds of the tongue.

There are two main types of facial nerve injuries:

1. Peripheral facial nerve injury: This type of injury occurs when damage affects the facial nerve outside the skull base, usually due to trauma from cuts, blunt force, or surgical procedures in the parotid gland or neck region. The injury may result in weakness or paralysis on one side of the face, known as Bell's palsy, and may also impact taste sensation and salivary function.

2. Central facial nerve injury: This type of injury occurs when damage affects the facial nerve within the skull base, often due to stroke, brain tumors, or traumatic brain injuries. Central facial nerve injuries typically result in weakness or paralysis only on the lower half of the face, as the upper motor neurons responsible for controlling the upper face receive innervation from both sides of the brain.

Treatment for facial nerve injuries depends on the severity and location of the damage. For mild to moderate injuries, physical therapy, protective eyewear, and medications like corticosteroids and antivirals may be prescribed. Severe cases might require surgical intervention, such as nerve grafts or muscle transfers, to restore function. In some instances, facial nerve injuries may heal on their own over time, particularly when the injury is mild and there is no ongoing compression or tension on the nerve.

A Trochlear nerve injury, also known as Fourth cranial nerve palsy, refers to damage or dysfunction of the fourth cranial nerve (trochlear nerve). This nerve is responsible for controlling the movement of the eye's superior oblique muscle, which helps in downward and outward movement of the eye.

Trochlear nerve injuries can result in vertical diplopia (double vision), where images appear double when looking downwards or to the side. The diplopia may be worse when looking down and out, such as when walking down stairs or reading.

The injury can be caused by various factors including head trauma, increased intracranial pressure, tumors, aneurysms, or other neurological conditions. Treatment options depend on the severity and cause of the injury and may include eye patches, prism lenses, or surgical intervention in some cases.

The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the 12th cranial nerve (CN XII), is primarily responsible for innervating the muscles of the tongue, allowing for its movement and function. These muscles include the intrinsic muscles that alter the shape of the tongue and the extrinsic muscles that position it in the oral cavity. The hypoglossal nerve also has some minor contributions to the innervation of two muscles in the neck: the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius. These functions are related to head turning and maintaining head position. Any damage to this nerve can lead to weakness or paralysis of the tongue, causing difficulty with speech, swallowing, and tongue movements.

A Glomus Jugulare Tumor is a rare, usually benign, slow-growing tumor that develops from the glomus body, a small collection of modified blood vessels involved in temperature regulation, located near the jugular bulb in the skull. This type of tumor can cause symptoms such as hearing loss, pulsatile tinnitus (a rhythmic sound in the ear), and cranial nerve palsies due to its proximity to critical structures in the head and neck. Treatment typically involves surgical removal or radiation therapy.

A nerve block is a medical procedure in which an anesthetic or neurolytic agent is injected near a specific nerve or bundle of nerves to block the transmission of pain signals from that area to the brain. This technique can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, such as identifying the source of pain, providing temporary or prolonged relief, or facilitating surgical procedures in the affected region.

The injection typically contains a local anesthetic like lidocaine or bupivacaine, which numbs the nerve, preventing it from transmitting pain signals. In some cases, steroids may also be added to reduce inflammation and provide longer-lasting relief. Depending on the type of nerve block and its intended use, the injection might be administered close to the spine (neuraxial blocks), at peripheral nerves (peripheral nerve blocks), or around the sympathetic nervous system (sympathetic nerve blocks).

While nerve blocks are generally safe, they can have side effects such as infection, bleeding, nerve damage, or in rare cases, systemic toxicity from the anesthetic agent. It is essential to consult with a qualified medical professional before undergoing this procedure to ensure proper evaluation, technique, and post-procedure care.

Nerve endings, also known as terminal branches or sensory receptors, are the specialized structures present at the termination point of nerve fibers (axons) that transmit electrical signals to and from the central nervous system (CNS). They primarily function in detecting changes in the external environment or internal body conditions and converting them into electrical impulses.

There are several types of nerve endings, including:

1. Free Nerve Endings: These are unencapsulated nerve endings that respond to various stimuli like temperature, pain, and touch. They are widely distributed throughout the body, especially in the skin, mucous membranes, and visceral organs.

2. Encapsulated Nerve Endings: These are wrapped by specialized connective tissue sheaths, which can modify their sensitivity to specific stimuli. Examples include Pacinian corpuscles (responsible for detecting deep pressure and vibration), Meissner's corpuscles (for light touch), Ruffini endings (for stretch and pressure), and Merkel cells (for sustained touch).

3. Specialised Nerve Endings: These are nerve endings that respond to specific stimuli, such as auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, and vestibular information. They include hair cells in the inner ear, photoreceptors in the retina, taste buds in the tongue, and olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity.

Nerve endings play a crucial role in relaying sensory information to the CNS for processing and initiating appropriate responses, such as reflex actions or conscious perception of the environment.

The petrous bone is a part of the temporal bone, one of the 22 bones in the human skull. It is a thick and irregularly shaped bone located at the base of the skull and forms part of the ear and the cranial cavity. The petrous bone contains the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals of the inner ear, which are responsible for hearing and balance. It also helps protect the brain from injury by forming part of the bony structure surrounding the brain.

The term "petrous" comes from the Latin word "petrosus," meaning "stony" or "rock-like," which describes the hard and dense nature of this bone. The petrous bone is one of the densest bones in the human body, making it highly resistant to fractures and other forms of damage.

In medical terminology, the term "petrous" may also be used to describe any structure that resembles a rock or is hard and dense, such as the petrous apex, which refers to the portion of the petrous bone that points towards the sphenoid bone.

The sural nerve is a purely sensory peripheral nerve in the lower leg and foot. It provides sensation to the outer ( lateral) aspect of the little toe and the adjacent side of the fourth toe, as well as a small portion of the skin on the back of the leg between the ankle and knee joints.

The sural nerve is formed by the union of branches from the tibial and common fibular nerves (branches of the sciatic nerve) in the lower leg. It runs down the calf, behind the lateral malleolus (the bony prominence on the outside of the ankle), and into the foot.

The sural nerve is often used as a donor nerve during nerve grafting procedures due to its consistent anatomy and relatively low risk for morbidity at the donor site.

The cavernous sinus is a venous structure located in the middle cranial fossa, which is a depression in the skull that houses several important nerves and blood vessels. The cavernous sinus is situated on either side of the sphenoid bone, near the base of the skull, and it contains several important structures:

* The internal carotid artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the brain
* The abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI), which controls lateral movement of the eye
* The oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III), which controls most of the muscles that move the eye
* The trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV), which controls one of the muscles that moves the eye
* The ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), which transmit sensory information from the face and head

The cavernous sinus is an important structure because it serves as a conduit for several critical nerves and blood vessels. However, it is also vulnerable to various pathological conditions such as thrombosis (blood clots), infection, tumors, or aneurysms, which can lead to serious neurological deficits or even death.

The median nerve is one of the major nerves in the human body, providing sensation and motor function to parts of the arm and hand. It originates from the brachial plexus, a network of nerves that arise from the spinal cord in the neck. The median nerve travels down the arm, passing through the cubital tunnel at the elbow, and continues into the forearm and hand.

In the hand, the median nerve supplies sensation to the palm side of the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and half of the ring finger. It also provides motor function to some of the muscles that control finger movements, allowing for flexion of the fingers and opposition of the thumb.

Damage to the median nerve can result in a condition called carpal tunnel syndrome, which is characterized by numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers.

A nerve crush injury is a type of peripheral nerve injury that occurs when there is excessive pressure or compression applied to a nerve, causing it to become damaged or dysfunctional. This can happen due to various reasons such as trauma from accidents, surgical errors, or prolonged pressure on the nerve from tight casts, clothing, or positions.

The compression disrupts the normal functioning of the nerve, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or pain in the affected area. In severe cases, a nerve crush injury can cause permanent damage to the nerve, leading to long-term disability or loss of function. Treatment for nerve crush injuries typically involves relieving the pressure on the nerve, providing supportive care, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair the damaged nerve.

Peripheral nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves transmit information between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, including sensory, motor, and autonomic functions. Peripheral nerve injuries can result in various symptoms, depending on the type and severity of the injury, such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or paralysis in the affected area.

Peripheral nerve injuries are classified into three main categories based on the degree of damage:

1. Neuropraxia: This is the mildest form of nerve injury, where the nerve remains intact but its function is disrupted due to a local conduction block. The nerve fiber is damaged, but the supporting structures remain intact. Recovery usually occurs within 6-12 weeks without any residual deficits.
2. Axonotmesis: In this type of injury, there is damage to both the axons and the supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium). The nerve fibers are disrupted, but the connective tissue sheaths remain intact. Recovery can take several months or even up to a year, and it may be incomplete, with some residual deficits possible.
3. Neurotmesis: This is the most severe form of nerve injury, where there is complete disruption of the nerve fibers and supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium). Recovery is unlikely without surgical intervention, which may involve nerve grafting or repair.

Peripheral nerve injuries can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, stretching, lacerations, or chemical exposure. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the injury and may include conservative management, such as physical therapy and pain management, or surgical intervention for more severe cases.

The Tibial nerve is a major branch of the sciatic nerve that originates in the lower back and runs through the buttock and leg. It provides motor (nerve impulses that control muscle movement) and sensory (nerve impulses that convey information about touch, temperature, and pain) innervation to several muscles and skin regions in the lower limb.

More specifically, the Tibial nerve supplies the following structures:

1. Motor Innervation: The Tibial nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles in the back of the leg (posterior compartment), including the calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) and the small muscles in the foot (intrinsic muscles). These muscles are responsible for plantarflexion (pointing the foot downward) and inversion (turning the foot inward) of the foot.
2. Sensory Innervation: The Tibial nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin on the sole of the foot, as well as the heel and some parts of the lower leg.

The Tibial nerve travels down the leg, passing behind the knee and through the calf, where it eventually joins with the common fibular (peroneal) nerve to form the tibial-fibular trunk. This trunk then divides into several smaller nerves that innervate the foot's intrinsic muscles and skin.

Damage or injury to the Tibial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as weakness or paralysis of the calf and foot muscles, numbness or tingling sensations in the sole of the foot, and difficulty walking or standing on tiptoes.

The skull base is the lower part of the skull that forms the floor of the cranial cavity and the roof of the facial skeleton. It is a complex anatomical region composed of several bones, including the frontal, sphenoid, temporal, occipital, and ethmoid bones. The skull base supports the brain and contains openings for blood vessels and nerves that travel between the brain and the face or neck. The skull base can be divided into three regions: the anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, and posterior cranial fossa, which house different parts of the brain.

The Ulnar nerve is one of the major nerves in the forearm and hand, which provides motor function to the majority of the intrinsic muscles of the hand (except for those innervated by the median nerve) and sensory innervation to the little finger and half of the ring finger. It originates from the brachial plexus, passes through the cubital tunnel at the elbow, and continues down the forearm, where it runs close to the ulna bone. The ulnar nerve then passes through the Guyon's canal in the wrist before branching out to innervate the hand muscles and provide sensation to the skin on the little finger and half of the ring finger.

Diplopia is a medical term that refers to the condition where a person sees two images of a single object. It is commonly known as double vision. This can occur due to various reasons, such as nerve damage or misalignment of the eyes. Diplopia can be temporary or chronic and can affect one or both eyes. If you're experiencing diplopia, it's essential to consult an eye care professional for proper evaluation and treatment.

The posterior cranial fossa is a term used in anatomy to refer to the portion of the skull that forms the lower, back part of the cranial cavity. It is located between the occipital bone and the temporal bones, and it contains several important structures including the cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, and the lower cranial nerves (IX-XII). The posterior fossa also contains the foramen magnum, which is a large opening through which the spinal cord connects to the brainstem. This region of the skull is protected by the occipital bone, which forms the base of the skull and provides attachment for several neck muscles.

The femoral nerve is a major nerve in the thigh region of the human body. It originates from the lumbar plexus, specifically from the ventral rami (anterior divisions) of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves (L2-L4). The femoral nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and areas in the lower limb.

Motor Innervation:
The femoral nerve is responsible for providing motor innervation to several muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh, including:

1. Iliacus muscle
2. Psoas major muscle
3. Quadriceps femoris muscle (consisting of four heads: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius)

These muscles are involved in hip flexion, knee extension, and stabilization of the hip joint.

Sensory Innervation:
The sensory distribution of the femoral nerve includes:

1. Anterior and medial aspects of the thigh
2. Skin over the anterior aspect of the knee and lower leg (via the saphenous nerve, a branch of the femoral nerve)

The saphenous nerve provides sensation to the skin on the inner side of the leg and foot, as well as the medial malleolus (the bony bump on the inside of the ankle).

In summary, the femoral nerve is a crucial component of the lumbar plexus that controls motor functions in the anterior thigh muscles and provides sensory innervation to the anterior and medial aspects of the thigh and lower leg.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Spinal nerves are the bundles of nerve fibers that transmit signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the human body, which can be divided into five regions: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each spinal nerve carries both sensory information (such as touch, temperature, and pain) from the periphery to the spinal cord, and motor information (such as muscle control) from the spinal cord to the muscles and other structures in the body. Spinal nerves also contain autonomic fibers that regulate involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure.

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"Simultaneous involvement of third and sixth cranial nerve in a patient with Lyme disease". Neuroradiology. 45 (2): 85-7. doi: ... Magnetic resonance imaging allows direct visualization of the cranial nerves. Furthermore, it provides significant information ... Damage to the peripheral nerves, along with injury to the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve, also cause dysgeusia. A ... For example, the blink reflex may be used to evaluate the integrity of the trigeminal nerve-pontine brainstem-facial nerve ...
Glossopharyngeal nerve". Manual Therapy for the Cranial Nerves. Churchill Livingstone. pp. 181-189. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020- ... ISBN 978-0-7295-3752-0. Thomas, P. K.; Mathias, Christopher J. (2005). "52 - Diseases of the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and ... The tympanic nerve is also known as the nerve of Jacobson, or Jacobson's nerve. Lesser petrosal nerve Sympathetic connections ... The tympanic nerve (Jacobson's nerve) is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve found near the ear. It gives sensation to the ...
"Cranial nerve involvement in CMT disease type 1 due to early growth response 2 gene mutation". Neurology. 54 (8): 1696-8. doi: ... partial fusion of the trigeminal nerve (V) with the facial (VII) and auditory (VII) nerves, the proximal nerve roots coming off ... Mutations in this gene are associated with the autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 1D, Dejerine-Sottas disease ... It is later expressed in the neural crest derived cells of the cranial ganglion. The protein encoded by Krox20 contains two ...
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Sowka JW, Gurwood AS, Kabat AG (2000-2001). "Cranial Nerve VI Palsy". Handbook of Ocular Disease Management. Jobson Publishing ... Sixth nerve palsy, or abducens nerve palsy, is a disorder associated with dysfunction of cranial nerve VI (the abducens nerve ... fibers of the seventh cranial nerve wrap around the VIth nerve nucleus, and, if this is also affected, a VIth nerve palsy with ... The unilateral abducens nerve palsy is the most common of the isolated ocular motor nerve palsies. The nerve dysfunction ...
... silvery-blonde scalp hair Cranial nerve paralysis, moyamoya disease, stroke, intellectual disability Treatment of Roberts ... John Bingham Roberts (1852-1924) of Philadelphia, who reported the disease characteristics in 1919. Roberts reported a disease ... Carriers for the disorder are heterozygotes due to the autosomal recessive nature of the disease. Carriers are also not at risk ... The prognosis of the disease depends on the malformations, as the severity of the malformations correlates with survival. The ...
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Trauma to the skull, disease of bone, such as Paget's disease, and injury to nerves during surgery are other causes of nerve ... The exits of the various cranial nerves are marked with red. Cranial nerve mnemonics Spinal nerve Plexus Nerve plexus Brachial ... Some considered there to be thirteen pairs of cranial nerves, including cranial nerve zero. The numbering of the cranial nerves ... The nerves are: the olfactory nerve (I), the optic nerve (II), oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), trigeminal nerve ( ...
... and Other Cranial Nerve Disorders Chapter 434: Diseases of the Spinal Cord Chapter 435: Concussion and Other Traumatic Brain ... Pulmonic Valve Disease Chapter 263: Multiple and Mixed Valvular Heart Disease Chapter 264: Congenital Heart Disease in the ... Diseases of the Aorta Chapter 275: Arterial Diseases of the Extremities Chapter 276: Chronic Venous Disease and Lymphedema ... Diseases of the Esophagus Chapter 317: Peptic Ulcer Disease and Related Disorders Chapter 318: Disorders of Absorption Chapter ...
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... cranial nerves, and the spinal cord. "ADan amyloidosis - About the Disease". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 22 July 2023 ... as well as very thin and virtually demyelinated cranial nerves. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in this disorder is severe. CAA is ... and the presence of exceedingly thin and nearly totally demyelinated cranial nerves. FDD is an autosomal dominant disorder ... Differential diagnosis includes Begger syndrome and Refsum disease. Most people with this condition die when they reach their ...
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Physical examinations showing papilledema, visual field defects, cranial nerves palsy, dysphasia, and focal neurological ... The prognosis of the disease is more positive for adults than for children, who have a higher probability of having sequelae ... It is a rare disease occurring mostly among children, accounting for 1.9 to 7% of childhood brain tumors. Symptoms involve ... The effect of treatment strategies such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy on the prognosis of the disease is still ...
Metastases to the skull base quickly become symptomatic because of their proximity to cranial nerves and vascular structures. ... Some tumors, such as testicular cancer of Hodgkin's disease, may be cured even when they are widespread. As chemotherapy may be ... The spine most often is affected by metastatic disease involving the epidural space. This usually occurs as direct tumor spread ... Mechanisms of pain include spinal cord ischemia and traction on the periosteum, dura, nearby soft tissues, and nerve roots. ...
... cranial nerve palsy) Impaired muscle coordination Weakness (muscle) Loss of sensation Impaired vision Unsteady gait Spastic ... A demyelinating disease refers to any disease affecting the nervous system where the myelin sheath surrounding neurons is ... Demyelinating diseases are traditionally classified into two types: demyelinating myelinoclastic diseases and demyelinating ... The Poser criteria named this second group dysmyelinating diseases. In the most well-known demyelinating disease, multiple ...
If the central nervous system is involved, symptoms can include headaches, dizziness, seizures, paralysis of cranial nerves, ... In 1941, this disease was first described by Köhlmeier. However, it was not until 1942 that the disease was recognized as a new ... Degos disease, also known as Köhlmeier-Degos disease or malignant atrophic papulosis, is an extremely rare condition caused by ... Initially the condition was referred to as Degos disease or Köhlmeier-Degos disease. However, Degos himself subsequently ...
... cranial nerve palsy, carditis, fatigue, and influenza-like illness Treatment: Antibiotics - amoxicillin in pregnant adults and ... Diseases and Conditions. Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic Staff. "Lyme disease: Treatments and drugs". MayoClinic.com. Diseases and ... Arbovirus Climate change and infectious diseases List of diseases spread by invertebrates List of insect-borne diseases ... "Tick-Borne Diseases". cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Institute for Occupational Safety and ...
The facial nerve is the seventh of 12 cranial nerves. This cranial nerve controls the muscles in the face. Facial nerve palsy ... Cranial nerve disease is an impaired functioning of one of the twelve cranial nerves. Although it could theoretically be ... Eyes Oculomotor nerve palsy - Oculomotor nerve (III) Fourth nerve palsy - Trochlear nerve (IV) Sixth nerve palsy - Abducens ... It is possible for a disorder of more than one cranial nerve to occur at the same time, if a trauma occurs at a location where ...
... it has become the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. We report a case of 38-year-old man with Lyme disease ... presenting with simultaneous palsy of 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, and 10th cranial nerves. ... Lyme disease is a tick-transmitted multisystem inflammatory disease caused by the spirochete,i, Borrelia burgdorferi,/i,. With ... Lyme Disease Presenting with Multiple Cranial Nerve Deficits: Report of a Case. Abhishek Chaturvedi. ,1Keith Baker. ,1Donald ...
Asymmetric Type F Botulism with Cranial Nerve Demyelination. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):102-104. doi:10.3201/ ... Cranial nerve demyelination was found during autopsy. Bilateral, asymmetric clinical signs, although rare, do not rule out ... Postmortem cranial nerve tissue from a patient with botulism. A) Fragmentation of myelin sheaths and inflammatory infiltration ... Postmortem cranial nerve tissue from a patient with botulism. A) Fragmentation of myelin sheaths and inflammatory infiltration ...
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ... Asymmetric Type F Botulism with Cranial Nerve Demyelination Alina Filozov1. , Jessica A. Kattan1, Lavanya Jitendranath, C. ... Postmortem cranial nerve tissue from a patient with botulism. A) Fragmentation of myelin sheaths and inflammatory infiltration ... Asymmetric Type F Botulism with Cranial Nerve Demyelination. ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four ...
Cranial nerve involvement in CMT disease type 1 due to early growth response 2 gene mutation.. D Pareyson, F Taroni, S Botti, M ... The authors describe a unique combination of cranial nerve deficits in one member of a Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1 family carrying an ... This finding further supports the role of EGR2 in cranial nerve development. ...
"Cranial Nerve Diseases" by people in this website by year, and whether "Cranial Nerve Diseases" was a major or minor topic of ... "Cranial Nerve Diseases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Cranial Nerve Diseases" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Cranial Nerve Diseases". ...
... nerve and of the lower cranial nerves (IX to XII), as well as certain diseases that affect the trigeminal (V) nerve. These are ... "Diseases of the Cranial Nerves." Adams and Victors Principles of Neurology, 11e Ropper AH, Samuels MA, Klein JP, Prasad S. ... Diseases of the Cranial Nerves. In: Ropper AH, Samuels MA, Klein JP, Prasad S. Ropper A.H., & Samuels M.A., & Klein J.P., & ... Diseases of the cranial nerves. Ropper AH, Samuels MA, Klein JP, Prasad S. Ropper A.H., & Samuels M.A., & Klein J.P., & Prasad ...
Cranial neuropathy was the most frequent problem, and a peripheral facial nerve palsy was the single most common abnormality. ... Other manifestations were aseptic meningitis, hydrocephalus, parenchymatous disease of the central nervous system, peripheral ... delineate the extent of disease, and guide therapy. ... Nervous System Diseases / drug therapy * Optic Nerve Diseases ...
... cranial nerve palsies, a cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte count less than 1,000 cells/mm3, and gram-positive cocci in ... Cranial Nerve Diseases / epidemiology * Double-Blind Method * Early Diagnosis * Female * Humans * Male ...
It has the longest subarachnoid course of all the cranial nerves; therefore, its syndromes are similar to those of the fourth ... also known as the abducens nerve, innervates the ipsilateral lateral rectus (LR), which functions to abduct the ipsilateral eye ... The Wills Eye Manual: Office and Emergency Room diagnosis and treatment of eye disease. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999. ... encoded search term (Abducens Nerve Palsy (Sixth Cranial Nerve Palsy)) and Abducens Nerve Palsy (Sixth Cranial Nerve Palsy) ...
Cranial nerve disorders in diseases classified elsewhere. Note: Code first underlying neoplasm (C00-D49) ... Nerve root and plexus compressions in diseases classified elsewhere. ICD-10-CM Coding instruction note: Code also underlying ... Polyneuropathy in diseases classified elsewhere. ICD-10-CM Coding instruction note: Code first underlying disease, such as: ... Myelopathy in diseases classified elsewhere. ICD-10-CM Coding instruction: Code first underlying disease, such as: neoplasm ( ...
The toxin binds irreversibly to the presynaptic membranes of peripheral neuromuscular and autonomic nerve junctions. ... Cranial nerves are affected early in the disease course. Later complications include paralytic ileus, severe constipation, and ... Cranial nerve paralysis manifests as blurred vision, diplopia, ptosis, extraocular muscle weakness or paresis, fixed/dilated ... American Venereal Disease Association, Association of American Physicians, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Society of ...
Neurologic exam findings during initial evaluation included cranial nerve deficits (five of 11), nuchal rigidity (four of 12), ... cranial nerve palsies or lower extremity weakness). Only one patient developed seizures (5 months after the initial diagnosis) ... 5Division of Infectious Diseases, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California; 6Infectious Diseases Section, Baylor College of ... 9East Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Tyler, Texas; 10Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas ...
Schwannomas of other cranial nerves can accompany the disease, as can meningiomas, spinal schwannomas, and ependymomas. NF2 ... NF2 is a debilitating disease that develops as the result of loss of the NF2 tumor suppressor gene. Because NF2 is a single- ... Combines with Glutamine Amidotransferase Inhibition to Suppress Growth of Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor ...
Veterinary Partner notes that a disruption of cranial nerve VIII causes vestibular disease, which manifests as an unsteady gait ... Some cases also impact cranial nerve VIII, the vestibulocochlear nerve, which lies in close proximity to cranial nerve VII. ... Facial paralysis results from damage to a facial nerve called cranial nerve VII. This nerve is connected to the muscles that ... From their point of origin in the brain, the fibers of cranial nerve VII run close to the middle ear on their way to the face. ...
Lymphocytic hypophysitis, pituitary apoplexy, and evidence of more extensive disease such as cranial nerve palsies, temporal ... Bellastella A , Bizzarro A, Coronella C, et al. Lymphocytic hypophysitis: a rare or underestimated disease? Eur J Endocrinol ... Particularly if used first line, the cost of this treatment modality is a major consideration when long term disease control is ... The diagnosis of pituitary disease is generally uncomplicated. This is despite the high prevalence of occult pituitary adenomas ...
Sample Decks: FF oral pharyngeal diseases, emesis and ulcer drugs, cranial nerves and innervations ... Sample Decks: Infectious respiratory disease in small animals 1&2, SDL: Small animal nasal disease, SDL: A difficult pet show ... Sample Decks: Acute Abdomen, Disease and conditions of the avian digestive system, Metabolic Disease With Neuro Signs ... Sample Decks: Upper airway surgery, Lower Respiratory tract diseases of large animals, Diseases of small ruminant respiratory ...
Disease exclusively localized into the central nervous system, CSF, cranial nerves or eyes. At least one measurable lesion. ... E.1 Medical condition or disease under investigation. E.1.1. Medical condition(s) being investigated newly diagnosed primary ... No known HIV disease or immunodeficiency. Adequate bone marrow (PLT ≥ 100000 mm3, Hb ≥ 9 g/dl, ANC &# ... Symptomatic coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias uncontrolled with medication or myocardial infarction within the last ...
i,Conclusions,/i,. Most recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma is advanced disease. Patients with different recurrent interval time ... So the high incidence of cranial nerve injury in our series may be due to the extensive invasion of the recurrent disease, ... But hypoglossal nerve palsy was found most frequently, followed by vagus nerve palsy and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy [5, 14 ... The incidence of cranial nerve injury in our series (35.3%) appears much higher than that in newly diagnosed patients (11.7% to ...
 head trauma and inflammatory diseases of the cranial nerves (sarcoidosis, brucellosis, etc.). In these conditions, the ... cranial nerves, demyelination, facial nerves, facial palsy, herpes zoster, Inflammation, nerve dysfunction, paralysis on ... cranial nerves Bells palsy Part 2 Pathology. It is thought that as a result of inflammation of the facial nerve, pressure is ... blocking the transmission of neural signals or damaging the nerve. Patients with facial palsy for which an underlying cause can ...
Atherosclerosis is a degenerative disease of the arteries resulting in plaques consisting of necrotic cells, lipids, and ... Cranial nerve injuries occur in 2-7% of patients. Recurrent laryngeal and hypoglossal nerve dysfunctions are the most common. ... In addition, the odds of periprocedural myocardial infarction (MI) or cranial nerve injury (CNI) were higher among the CEA ... Incidence, outcomes, and effect on quality of life of cranial nerve injury in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy ...
Studies find TCAR associated with lower risk of stroke and cranial nerve injury , UH News Release ... Measures could make it possible to eliminate heart disease, UH Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute cardiologist and ... Continued Progress Against Heart Disease Depends on Addressing "Previously Unaddressed Environmental Factors and Re-Imagining ... UH Contributes to Valuable Research for Patients with Carotid Artery Disease. ...
Oculomotor Nerve Diseases Entry term(s). Cranial Nerve III Diseases Nerve Disease, Oculomotor Nerve Diseases, Oculomotor Nerve ... Cranial Nerve III Diseases. Nerve Disease, Oculomotor. Nerve Diseases, Oculomotor. Nerve Disorder, Oculomotor. Nerve Disorders ... Paralysis, Third-Nerve Third Cranial Nerve Diseases Third Nerve Palsy Third Nerve Paralysis Third-Nerve Palsies Third-Nerve ... Partial Third Nerve Palsy. Partial Third-Nerve Palsies. Partial Third-Nerve Palsy. Third Cranial Nerve Diseases. Third Nerve ...
Cranial nerves (107). *. Dementia (7). *. Drugs: CNS (not psychiatric) (33). *. Epilepsy and seizures (116) ... Crohns disease of the gallbladder Callam Scott, Amit Patel, Noori Maka, Jonathan C MacDonald ... Atypical case of Crohns colitis in a patient with adult-onset Stills disease Anantha Narayanan, Chris Kim, Elizabeth R ... Ménétriers disease in a patient with refractory ulcerative colitis: a clinical challenge and review of the literature Sofia ...
Provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). ... and cranial nerve palsies. People at risk for more severe ... Chikungunya virus disease is a notifiable disease in the United States, and cases should be reported to state, territorial, and ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) protects peoples health and safety by preventing and controlling diseases ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is issuing this Health Alert Network (HAN) Health Advisory to notify ...
Cranial nerves (107). *. Dementia (7). *. Drugs: CNS (not psychiatric) (33). *. Epilepsy and seizures (116) ... Findings that shed new light on the possible pathogenesis of a disease or an adverse effect (247) ...
Cranial nerve lesions. 20. Diseases affecting the spinal cord (myelopathy). 21. Motor neuron disease. 22. Radiculopathy and ... Part 11: Diseases and Disorders. 15. Dementia. 16. Epilepsy. 17. Headache and cranial facial pain. 18. Parkinsons disease, ... Systemic disease and the nervous system. 31. The effects of vitamin deficiencies and. toxins on the nervous system. 32. ... Vascular diseases of the nervous system. 27. Intracranial tumours. 28. Infections of the nervous system. 29. Multiple sclerosis ...
Cranial Nerve Diseases Medicine & Life Sciences 100% * Hemangioma Medicine & Life Sciences 82% ... Propranolol-responsive cranial nerve palsies in a patient with PHACES syndrome. / El Rassi, Edward; MacArthur, Carol J. In: ... El Rassi, Edward ; MacArthur, Carol J. / Propranolol-responsive cranial nerve palsies in a patient with PHACES syndrome. In: ... El Rassi, E., & MacArthur, C. J. (2015). Propranolol-responsive cranial nerve palsies in a patient with PHACES syndrome. ...
Cranial Nerve Diseases Medicine & Life Sciences 45% * Recurrence Medicine & Life Sciences 40% ... nerve palsy is described. The signs and symptoms of the cranial nerve palsy resolved within two weeks of initiating ... nerve palsy is described. The signs and symptoms of the cranial nerve palsy resolved within two weeks of initiating ... nerve palsy is described. The signs and symptoms of the cranial nerve palsy resolved within two weeks of initiating ...
  • Facial nerve palsy is more abundant in older adults than in children and is said to affect 15-40 out of 100,000 people per year. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most common cause of this cranial nerve damage is Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial palsy) which is a paralysis of the facial nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bell's Palsy is thought to occur by an infection of the herpes virus which may cause demyelination and has been found in patients with facial nerve palsy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recovery rate also depends on the cause of the facial nerve palsy (e.g. infections, perinatal injury, congenital dysplastic). (wikipedia.org)
  • Facial nerve palsy may be the indication of a severe condition and when diagnosed a full clinical history and examination are recommended. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although rare, facial nerve palsy has also been found in patients with HIV seroconversion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Few cases of bilateral facial nerve palsy have been reported and is said to only effect 1 in every 5 million per year. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eyes Oculomotor nerve palsy - Oculomotor nerve (III) Fourth nerve palsy - Trochlear nerve (IV) Sixth nerve palsy - Abducens nerve (VI) Other Trigeminal neuralgia - Trigeminal nerve (V) Facial nerve paralysis, Bell's palsy, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, Central seven - Facial nerve (VII) Accessory nerve disorder - Accessory nerve (XI) Pavlou, E., Gkampeta, A., & Arampatzi, M. (2011). (wikipedia.org)
  • Facial nerve palsy in childhood. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bilateral lower motor neuron facial nerve palsy due to HIV seroconversion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Presentation of Bilateral Peripheral Seventh Cranial Nerve Palsy in an HIV Patient. (wikipedia.org)
  • We report a case of 38-year-old man with Lyme disease presenting with simultaneous palsy of 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, and 10th cranial nerves. (hindawi.com)
  • Cranial neuropathy was the most frequent problem, and a peripheral facial nerve palsy was the single most common abnormality. (nih.gov)
  • Congenital sixth nerve palsy (Duane syndrome) is a well-recognized entity. (medscape.com)
  • Examination for a sixth nerve palsy involves documenting the presence or absence of papilledema, examining the ocular motility, evaluating the eyelids and pupils, and excluding involvement of other cranial nerves (eg, V, VII, VIII). (medscape.com)
  • Poor or no resolution of sixth nerve palsy should prompt a full neurologic evaluation. (medscape.com)
  • Damage to the sixth nerve nucleus results in an ipsilateral gaze palsy. (medscape.com)
  • Abducens palsy can be a false localizing sign with lesions that cause increased intracranial pressure and stretching of the sixth nerve as it ascends the clival area. (medscape.com)
  • Abducens nerve palsy is frequently seen as a postviral syndrome in younger patients and as an ischemic mononeuropathy in the adult population. (medscape.com)
  • Pet parents familiar with Bell's Palsy, a form of facial paralysis in people that the Mayo Clinic notes also includes nerve damage, will notice a similar change in the appearance of their dog's face. (hillspet.com)
  • A 45-year-old hemodialysis patient presenting with recurrence of SLE which manifested predominantly as a unilateral left abducens (VIth) nerve palsy is described. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The signs and symptoms of the cranial nerve palsy resolved within two weeks of initiating corticosteroid therapy. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This is the first reported case of an abducens nerve palsy occurring in a maintenance hemodialysis patient associated with recurrence of SLE. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Cranial Nerve Palsy After Vaginal Delivery with Epidural Anesthesia, a" by Jennifer Olivarez, Caylyne Arnold et al. (hcahealthcare.com)
  • MRS may be characterized by three main features: recurrent facial nerve palsy, episodes of swelling of the face and lips, and fissuring of the tongue (formation of deep grooves). (nih.gov)
  • If Lyme disease goes untreated, it can manifest as swollen joints, cranial nerve palsy or heart block. (childrens.com)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging of third cranial nerve palsy and trigeminal sensory loss caused by herpes zoster. (ouhsc.edu)
  • Disease course and treatment patterns in progressive supranuclear palsy: A real-world study. (uchicago.edu)
  • Sixth cranial nerve palsy affects the lateral rectus muscle, impairing eye abduction. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, the cause of an isolated 6th cranial nerve palsy is often not identified. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Symptoms of 6th cranial nerve palsy include binocular horizontal diplopia when looking to the side of the paretic eye. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Palsy resulting from a cavernous sinus lesion can cause severe head pain, chemosis (conjunctival edema), anesthesia in the distribution of the 1st and 2nd division of the 5th cranial nerve, and paralysis of the 3rd, 4th, and 6th cranial nerves. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A 6th nerve palsy is usually obvious, but the cause is not. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Other tests may be done depending on the suspected cause of 6th cranial nerve palsy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Diseases of the nervous system resulting from toxic exposures in the workplace were known as early as the first century A.D., when Pliny identified palsy as a manifestation of lead poisoning among workers exposed to lead dust. (cdc.gov)
  • The exact cause of vaccination-related cranial nerve palsy in children is not known. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Recovery is usually complete in case of benign sixth nerve palsy in childhood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The clinical signs of botulism typically consist of bilateral, symmetric cranial nerve palsies and descending, symmetric, flaccid paralysis ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In the analysis, 6 of 22 variables that are routinely available within 1 hour after admission were robust enough for inclusion in the final risk score: age, heart rate, Glasgow Coma Scale score, cranial nerve palsies, a cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte count less than 1,000 cells/mm3, and gram-positive cocci in cerebrospinal fluid Gram's stain. (nih.gov)
  • Sixth nerve palsies fall into the following categories: 3%-30% trauma, 0%-6% aneurysm, 0%-36% ischemic, 8%-30% idiopathic, and 10%-30% demyelination/miscellaneous. (medscape.com)
  • Patients older than 55 years with isolated sixth nerve palsies may require a less aggressive initial workup if they have predisposing microvascular ischemic risk factors, but no history of cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Lymphocytic hypophysitis, pituitary apoplexy, and evidence of more extensive disease such as cranial nerve palsies, temporal lobe epilepsy, hydrocephalus, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhoea are fortunately rarer. (bmj.com)
  • We present the ?rst case of propranolol-responsive congenital trigeminal and facial nerve palsies secondary to an intracranial hemangioma in a patient with PHACES syndrome. (elsevierpure.com)
  • El Rassi, E & MacArthur, CJ 2015, ' Propranolol-responsive cranial nerve palsies in a patient with PHACES syndrome ', International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology , vol. 79, no. 10, pp. 1778-1781. (elsevierpure.com)
  • A recent review of spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery producing cranial nerve palsies at our institution identified nine patients. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Hinni, ML & Zimmerman, RS 1998, ' Spontaneous dissection of the carotid artery presenting with lower cranial nerve palsies ', Skull Base Surgery , vol. 8, no. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Less common neurological manifestations, such as cranial nerve palsies, also occur. (cdc.gov)
  • Eye movement disorders: third, fourth, and sixth nerve palsies and other causes of diplopia and ocular misalignment. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. (sdsu.edu)
  • With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate. (sdsu.edu)
  • There remain to be described the disorders of the facial (VII) nerve and of the lower cranial nerves (IX to XII), as well as certain diseases that affect the trigeminal (V) nerve. (mhmedical.com)
  • thus, they can be considered cranial nerve disorders, neuro-ophthalmologic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Leading work-related diseases and injuries -- United States (neurotoxic disorders). (cdc.gov)
  • Neurotoxic disorders are on the NIOSH list of Ten Leading Work-Related Diseases and Injuries because of their potential severity--as exemplified by the neurotoxicity of chlordecone--and because of the large number of workers potentially at risk. (cdc.gov)
  • Cranial nerve disease is an impaired functioning of one of the twelve cranial nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cranial nerve demyelination was found during autopsy. (cdc.gov)
  • Demyelination of cranial nerves might be underrecognized during autopsy of botulism patients. (cdc.gov)
  • We report atypical type F botulism associated with demyelination of cranial nerves. (cdc.gov)
  • The pulsatile vascular compression may result in nerve demyelination and/or fixation of the artery to the nerve by arachnoid adhesions [ 6 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • The authors describe a unique combination of cranial nerve deficits in one member of a Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1 family carrying an EGR2 mutation (Arg381His). (qxmd.com)
  • Therefore, the potential for morbidity associated with therapy to the foramen magnum, most frequently in the form of lower cranial nerve deficits, has encouraged the search for methods that can effectively treat lesions of this region while sparing the important neighboring structures. (researchwithnj.com)
  • Nervous System Diseases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Nervous System Diseases" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
  • The cranial nerves occupy a special place in neurology because examination of their function and dysfunction can provide critical information localizing lesions to the brainstem or skull base. (mhmedical.com)
  • Some cases of Lyme disease may also cause cardiac symptoms like atrioventricular block, myocarditis and mild left ventricular dysfunction. (childrens.com)
  • Among cranial neuropathies, CN XII dysfunction was evident in four (11%) patients. (researchwithnj.com)
  • Initially, the hypothesis of VCS was suggested by McKenzie in 1936 and later, discussed by Jannetta in 1975, to refer to cranial nerve dysfunction [ 2 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Several chemicals are known to cause selective impairment of cranial-nerve function, including dysfunction of the fifth cranial nerve (trichloroethylene). (cdc.gov)
  • It is possible for a disorder of more than one cranial nerve to occur at the same time, if a trauma occurs at a location where many cranial nerves run together, such as the jugular fossa. (wikipedia.org)
  • An incremental increase in M-wave amplitude with rapid repetitive nerve stimulation may help to localize the disorder to the neuromuscular junction. (medscape.com)
  • Huntington disease (HD) is an incurable, inherited disorder that occurs from gene mutation and results in the progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the brain [2] .The basal ganglia is the primary location of degeneration, specifically the striatum located within it. (physio-pedia.com)
  • Cranial mononeuropathy VI is a nerve disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Because there are common nerve pathways through the skull, the same disorder that damages the sixth cranial nerve may affect other cranial nerves (such as the third or fourth cranial nerve). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Facial paralysis results from damage to a facial nerve called cranial nerve VII. (hillspet.com)
  • If you suspect your dog has facial nerve paralysis, contact your veterinarian. (hillspet.com)
  • Pet Health Network notes that a significant risk of facial nerve paralysis in dogs is keratoconjunctivitis sicca, commonly known as dry eye. (hillspet.com)
  • Diseases of the oculomotor nerve or nucleus that result in weakness or paralysis of the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, or levator palpebrae muscles, or impaired parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. (bvsalud.org)
  • Injury to this nerve results in lateral rectus muscle weakness or paralysis. (uchicago.edu)
  • Many arboviruses cause neuroinvasive disease such as aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, or acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). (cdc.gov)
  • There is less chance of recovery in case of complete paralysis of the sixth nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Symptoms of this disease may start to appear as a Child. (nih.gov)
  • The age symptoms may begin to appear differs between diseases. (nih.gov)
  • The symptoms from some diseases may begin at any age. (nih.gov)
  • The types of symptoms experienced, and their intensity, may vary among people with this disease. (nih.gov)
  • Lyme disease is characterized by a myriad of symptoms: rash, fatigue, and fever are often present while joint swelling, heart conduction abnormalities, specifically heart block and meningitis, are far less common. (childrens.com)
  • If a child presents with symptoms, Dr. Kahn recommends physicians ask four key questions to help them catch a Lyme infection early -- or to make a different diagnosis if the signs don't point to Lyme disease. (childrens.com)
  • Overtreating for Lyme disease can draw attention away from conditions that present with similar symptoms like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. (childrens.com)
  • In endemic areas, the disease should be ruled out in all patients who develop unexplained neurological symptoms. (who.int)
  • Tinnitus, sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), and vertigo are common audio-vestibular symptoms and they are well-known classic triad in inner ear disease involving the membranous labyrinth [ 1 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • This affects your cranial nerves and may result in people having symptoms like problems opening their eyes, moving their eyes, and swallowing. (cdc.gov)
  • Because the symptoms of peripheral neuropathy are more specific and the nerves themselves more directly accessible to precise diagnostic examinations, the effects of neurotoxic agents on the peripheral nervous system are usually more easily identified than effects on the central nervous system (CNS). (cdc.gov)
  • The Connecticut Department of Public Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were contacted for a botulism consultation. (cdc.gov)
  • Postmortem cranial nerve tissue from a patient with botulism. (cdc.gov)
  • On March 22, 2013, the FDA approved the first botulism antitoxin that can neutralize all 7 known botulinum nerve toxin serotypes. (medscape.com)
  • It is also the only available drug for treating infant botulism that is not caused by nerve toxin type A or B. (medscape.com)
  • When the toxin gets into somebody's bloodstream it blocks the release of a neurotransmitter between nerves and muscles and this is actually what causes botulism. (cdc.gov)
  • A neurological examination can test the functioning of individual cranial nerves, and detect specific impairments. (wikipedia.org)
  • They will perform a comprehensive physical exam of your dog's eyes, ears and motor coordination and check for other cranial nerve and systemic neurological problems. (hillspet.com)
  • Clinical and functional consequences of GRIA variants in patients with neurological diseases. (harvard.edu)
  • McGee S. Nerves of the eye muscles (III, IV, and VI): approach to diplopia. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A brainstem lesion could also cause impaired functioning of multiple cranial nerves, but this condition would likely also be accompanied by distal motor impairment. (wikipedia.org)
  • The abducens nerve emerges from the brainstem at the pontomedullary junction to enter the subarachnoid space, coursing upward between the pons and clivus to enter the Dorello canal. (medscape.com)
  • MRI is indicated for any brainstem findings to exclude pontine glioma in children (most have papilledema and nystagmus without other cranial nerve involvement) and in adults who show no improvement. (medscape.com)
  • The "quarterback" for dizziness is an area in the lower part (medulla oblongata) of the brainstem, in a tight collection of nerve cells termed the vestibular nuclei ( vestibular nucleus is the singular). (drjosephpengecir.com)
  • Some cases also impact cranial nerve VIII, the vestibulocochlear nerve, which lies in close proximity to cranial nerve VII. (hillspet.com)
  • The name of the nerve that innervates the ear is the vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as Cranial Nerve VIII. (drjosephpengecir.com)
  • The provider initially believes that source of the adverse afferent that is causing a patient's dizziness is the inner ear and/or the vestibular component of the vestibulocochlear nerve. (drjosephpengecir.com)
  • It has been proposed that compression of the vestibulocochlear nerve (8th cranial nerve) by a vascular loop of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) could be the causative factor resulting in the otologic symptom. (springeropen.com)
  • Experience in the SEER registries has shown that using the Supplemental List increases casefinding for benign brain and CNS, hematopoietic neoplasms, and other reportable diseases. (cancer.gov)
  • Common conditions affecting the nerve include brain stem ischemia, INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS, and TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA. (ouhsc.edu)
  • The working differential diagnosis for the patient included multiple sclerosis, vascular insult, diabetic neuropathy, intracranial mass, dural venous sinus thrombosis, and Lyme disease. (hindawi.com)
  • High-dose B vitamin supplementation acid, vitamins B6, B12, D and calcium improves folate and folate levels uncovered making use of deeply and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: status and decreases plasma homocysteine sequenced large datasets [url=https://modestedu.com/technology/order-online-pirfenex-no-rx/] medications neuropathy purchase generic pirfenex online[/url]. (ehd.org)
  • The sixth cranial nerve has a long subarachnoid course. (medscape.com)
  • The sixth nerve nucleus is located in the pons, just ventral to the floor of the fourth ventricle and just lateral to the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF). (medscape.com)
  • The sixth cranial nerve is the most commonly affected of the ocular motor nerves. (medscape.com)
  • Traumatic injury to the abducens, or sixth, cranial nerve. (uchicago.edu)
  • It affects the function of the sixth cranial (skull) nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cranial mononeuropathy VI is damage to the sixth cranial nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When the sixth cranial nerve doesn't work properly, you can't turn your eye outward toward your ear. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This cranial nerve controls the muscles in the face. (wikipedia.org)
  • This nerve is connected to the muscles that control your dog's eyelids, lips, nose, ears and cheeks, and when it's damaged a portion of his face can appear frozen or droopy. (hillspet.com)
  • The mandibular nerve also innervates muscles of mastication. (ouhsc.edu)
  • It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. (lecturio.com)
  • For example, intramuscular injections of BTX produce local relaxation of treated muscles by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is present at the junctions of nerve and muscle cells and that regulates the delivery of messages from neurons to muscle fibers. (suffernomore.com)
  • The patient was seen by his primary care doctor at that time and had a negative test for Lyme disease. (hindawi.com)
  • His neurologic exam was remarkable for decreased sensation to fine touch and temperature on the left side of his face in the entire distribution of cranial nerve V. The patient had incomplete left sided facial weakness with forehead sparing with inability to close his left eye independently. (hindawi.com)
  • A case study by Fukai et al of a patient with perineural spread of adenoid cystic carcinoma along the mandibular nerve suggested that progression of this lesion is associated with elevated expression of ephrin type-A receptor 2 and a transition of the tumor cells from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype. (medscape.com)
  • CIO Responsible for this publication: National Center for Prevention Services, Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV Prevention DISEASES CHARACTERIZED BY GENITAL ULCERS Management of the Patient with Genital Ulcers In the United States, most patients with genital ulcers have genital herpes, syphilis, or chancroid. (cdc.gov)
  • The relative frequency of each varies by geographic area and patient population, but in most areas of the United States genital herpes is the most common of these diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Le retard au diagnostic a été classé en trois catégories : lié au patient, lié au professionnel et global. (who.int)
  • Cranial nerve VI, also known as the abducens nerve, innervates the ipsilateral lateral rectus (LR), which functions to abduct the ipsilateral eye. (medscape.com)
  • Central nervous system lesions of the abducens nerve tract are localized easily secondary to the typical findings associated with each kind of lesion. (medscape.com)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Abducens Nerve Injury" by people in this website by year, and whether "Abducens Nerve Injury" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uchicago.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Abducens Nerve Injury" by people in Profiles. (uchicago.edu)
  • This nerve is also called the abducens nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
  • From their point of origin in the brain, the fibers of cranial nerve VII run close to the middle ear on their way to the face. (hillspet.com)
  • Because of their extensive and intricate network of nerve fibers within the head and neck, the trigeminal and facial nerves are the nerves most commonly affected. (medscape.com)
  • The cerebral hemispheres are joined by a thick band of nerve fibers known as the corpus callosum. (suffernomore.com)
  • A thorough investigation of patients with suspected neurosarcoidosis is recommended to establish the diagnosis, delineate the extent of disease, and guide therapy. (nih.gov)
  • The diagnosis of pituitary disease is generally uncomplicated. (bmj.com)
  • This simulated case study involves a 45-year-old male (Johnny Miller) with a recent diagnosis of early-stage Huntington's disease. (physio-pedia.com)
  • Following his diagnosis of Huntington's Disease and referral to an outpatient rehabilitation physiotherapy clinic, Mr. Miller received an extensive assessment to appropriately guide his treatment plan. (physio-pedia.com)
  • Cranial nerve VIII transmits both sound and information about the body's sense of balance from the ear to the brain. (hillspet.com)
  • Veterinary Partner notes that a disruption of cranial nerve VIII causes vestibular disease, which manifests as an unsteady gait, weakness, head tilt and nystagmus (abnormal eye movement). (hillspet.com)
  • For patients with suspected chikungunya disease, it is important to rule out dengue virus infection because proper clinical management of dengue can improve the outcome. (cdc.gov)
  • I've encountered a lot of these problems, and they can lead you down a rabbit hole to where it becomes easy to misdiagnose the problem and treat the wrong disease," says Jeffrey Kahn, M.D., Ph.D. , Chief of Infectious Disease at Children's Healthâ„  and Division Director of Infectious Disease at UT Southwestern, "Physicians need to use their clinical judgement when diagnosing early Lyme disease. (childrens.com)
  • Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We reviewed the clinical manifestations and outcome of 20 cases of neurobrocellosis out of 1375 patients with brucellosis admitted to the infectious diseases ward of a tertiary hospital in Hamedan, Islamic Republic of Iran. (who.int)
  • Clinical disease ranges from mild febrile illness to severe encephalitis. (cdc.gov)
  • For the purposes of surveillance and reporting, based on their clinical presentation, arboviral disease cases are often categorized into two primary groups: neuroinvasive disease and non-neuroinvasive disease. (cdc.gov)
  • MRI also provides a more accurate assessment of intracranial spread to the Meckel cave, the cavernous sinus, the cisternal portion of the trigeminal nerve, and the facial nerve in the internal auditory canal (IAC) or cerebellopontine angle (CPA). (medscape.com)
  • The fifth nerve ( Fig. 44-1 ) is a mixed sensory and motor nerve. (mhmedical.com)
  • It also provides the sensory innervation of the dura in the anterior and middle cranial fossae. (mhmedical.com)
  • The cell bodies of the sensory part of the nerve lie in the gasserian , or semilunar, ganglion . (mhmedical.com)
  • This, the largest sensory ganglion in humans, lies in the inferomedial part of the middle cranial fossa in a recess called Meckel's cave. (mhmedical.com)
  • The central axons of the ganglion cells form the sensory root of the nerve. (mhmedical.com)
  • The nerve is composed of three divisions: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular, which provide sensory innervation to structures of the face, sinuses, and portions of the cranial vault. (ouhsc.edu)
  • The primary input for the present discussion is that dizziness is being caused by the sensory nerves (afferents) that arise in the neck (cervical spine). (drjosephpengecir.com)
  • The CNS, which receives sensory impulses from and sends motor impulses to the peripheral nervous system (i.e., nerves outside the CNS), plays an essential role in the coordination and control of the entire body. (suffernomore.com)
  • Multiple Mononeuropathy Multiple mononeuropathies are characterized by sensory disturbances and weakness in the distribution of ≥ 2 affected peripheral nerves. (msdmanuals.com)
  • As the disease progresses, clumsiness or incoordination due to both sensory and motor changes may develop. (cdc.gov)
  • Diseases of the trigeminal nerve or its nuclei, which are located in the pons and medulla. (ouhsc.edu)
  • Specialized clusters of nerve cells or nuclei within the caudate receive input from certain regions of the cerebral cortex. (suffernomore.com)
  • In these conditions, the neurologic findings are rarely restricted to the facial nerve. (intelligentdental.com)
  • Recommendations on Social Determinants of Health in Neurologic Disease. (harvard.edu)
  • MRI provides greater resolution of the orbits, cavernous sinus, posterior fossa, and cranial nerves. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is issuing this Health Alert Network (HAN) Health Advisory to notify clinicians and public health authorities of an increase in the number of cases of chikungunya reported in Paraguay. (cdc.gov)
  • Lyme disease is on the rise, with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reporting that cases of tick-borne illnesses more than doubled from 2004 to 2016, from 22,000 to 48,000. (childrens.com)
  • 09/24/1993 SUGGESTED CITATION Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • Inclusion in the update does not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention nor does it imply endorsement of the article's methods or findings. (cdc.gov)
  • Announcer] This program is presented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has developed a list of 10 leading work-related diseases and injuries. (cdc.gov)
  • An ear canal exam helps rule out an external ear infection, but in order to definitively determine if middle or inner ear or brain disease exists, CT or MRI scans are often needed. (hillspet.com)
  • And the only FDA-approved antibody test identifies later stages of Lyme disease but often misses the infection in its earlier stages. (childrens.com)
  • Colony Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor Expressing Cells Infiltrating the Cornea Control Corneal Nerve Degeneration in Response to HSV-1 Infection. (ouhsc.edu)
  • Each disease has been associated with an increased risk for HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • The abduces nerve then proceeds through the superior orbital fissure and innervates the lateral rectus muscle. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment of atherosclerosis of the carotid artery is dependent on the severity and degree of the disease. (medscape.com)
  • The limited systemic absorption of vancomycin and broad-spectrum led to its widespread applicability in the prevention of SSI in all types of cranial neurosurgery. (neurologyindia.com)
  • Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. (harvard.edu)
  • Possible causes include tumor, meningitis, stroke, diabetes mellitus, head trauma and inflammatory diseases of the cranial nerves (sarcoidosis, brucellosis, etc. (intelligentdental.com)
  • However, its use and efficiency in cranial neurosurgery is not well established. (neurologyindia.com)
  • The aim of this study is to study the efficacy of topical vancomycin in cranial neurosurgery. (neurologyindia.com)
  • Patients can experience pain, burning, or dysethetic sensations following the course of the nerve involved. (medscape.com)
  • More than one of these diseases may be present among at least 3%-10% of patients with genital ulcers. (cdc.gov)
  • Data were collected prospectively for 307 newly diagnosed patients, including detailed demographic data, disease history, health care consultations and referral process. (who.int)
  • Cranial Nerve Diseases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (sdsu.edu)
  • Cranial nerve involvement in CMT disease type 1 due to early growth response 2 gene mutation. (qxmd.com)
  • The process was initially thought to occur via spread through lymphatics within the nerve sheath, but this concept was rejected after the discovery that lymphatic channels do not penetrate the epineurium. (medscape.com)
  • In children, it is the second most common after the fourth nerve, with an incidence of 2.5 cases per 100,000 in the population. (medscape.com)
  • If regional CBF further diminishes below about 15% of normal (10-12 ml/100 g per minute), there is absolute membrane failure resulting in an irreversible nerve cell injury, as in an infarct. (vin.com)
  • The chances of recovery are less in children than in adults in case of traumatic injury of the nerve. (medlineplus.gov)