A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.
Health care provided to a critically ill patient during a medical emergency or crisis.
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.
Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients.
Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility.
Conditions of abnormal THYROID HORMONES release in patients with apparently normal THYROID GLAND during severe systemic illness, physical TRAUMA, and psychiatric disturbances. It can be caused by the loss of endogenous hypothalamic input or by exogenous drug effects. The most common abnormality results in low T3 THYROID HORMONE with progressive decrease in THYROXINE; (T4) and TSH. Elevated T4 with normal T3 may be seen in diseases in which THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN synthesis and release are increased.
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.
Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill infants and children. Neonates are excluded since INTENSIVE CARE UNITS, NEONATAL is available.
Procedure to accelerate the ability of a patient to walk or move about by reducing the time to AMBULATION. It is characterized by a shorter period of hospitalization or recumbency than is normally practiced.
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)
Any method of artificial breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. Artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY to increase their intake of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2).
The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include FLUID THERAPY which normalizes body fluids to restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)
An acronym for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, a scoring system using routinely collected data and providing an accurate, objective description for a broad range of intensive care unit admissions, measuring severity of illness in critically ill patients.
Techniques for effecting the transition of the respiratory-failure patient from mechanical ventilation to spontaneous ventilation, while meeting the criteria that tidal volume be above a given threshold (greater than 5 ml/kg), respiratory frequency be below a given count (less than 30 breaths/min), and oxygen partial pressure be above a given threshold (PaO2 greater than 50mm Hg). Weaning studies focus on finding methods to monitor and predict the outcome of mechanical ventilator weaning as well as finding ventilatory support techniques which will facilitate successful weaning. Present methods include intermittent mandatory ventilation, intermittent positive pressure ventilation, and mandatory minute volume ventilation.
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever >38 degrees C or HYPOTHERMIA 90 beat/minute; (3) tachypnea >24 breaths/minute; (4) LEUKOCYTOSIS >12,000 cells/cubic mm or 10% immature forms. While usually related to infection, SIRS can also be associated with noninfectious insults such as TRAUMA; BURNS; or PANCREATITIS. If infection is involved, a patient with SIRS is said to have SEPSIS.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
The personal cost of acute or chronic disease. The cost to the patient may be an economic, social, or psychological cost or personal loss to self, family, or immediate community. The cost of illness may be reflected in absenteeism, productivity, response to treatment, peace of mind, or QUALITY OF LIFE. It differs from HEALTH CARE COSTS, meaning the societal cost of providing services related to the delivery of health care, rather than personal impact on individuals.
Institutions which provide health-related care and services to individuals who do not require the degree of care which hospitals or skilled nursing facilities provide, but because of their physical or mental condition require care and services above the level of room and board.
Persons who have experienced a prolonged survival after serious disease or who continue to live with a usually life-threatening condition as well as family members, significant others, or individuals surviving traumatic life events.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.
Interfacility or intrahospital transfer of patients. Intrahospital transfer is usually to obtain a specific kind of care and interfacility transfer is usually for economic reasons as well as for the type of care provided.
Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes.
A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology.
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).
Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from CATHETERIZATION in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body.
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.
Child hospitalized for short term care.
A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.
Research aimed at assessing the quality and effectiveness of health care as measured by the attainment of a specified end result or outcome. Measures include parameters such as improved health, lowered morbidity or mortality, and improvement of abnormal states (such as elevated blood pressure).
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. There are various forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depending on the time of onset and the duration of these stress symptoms. In the acute form, the duration of the symptoms is between 1 to 3 months. In the chronic form, symptoms last more than 3 months. With delayed onset, symptoms develop more than 6 months after the traumatic event.
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include, but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.
Mechanical devices used to produce or assist pulmonary ventilation.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons.
The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
A vital statistic measuring or recording the rate of death from any cause in hospitalized populations.
Laboratory and other services provided to patients at the bedside. These include diagnostic and laboratory testing using automated information entry.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.
The delivery of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient whose sole source of nutrients is via solutions administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or by some other non-alimentary route. The basic components of TPN solutions are protein hydrolysates or free amino acid mixtures, monosaccharides, and electrolytes. Components are selected for their ability to reverse catabolism, promote anabolism, and build structural proteins.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.
The continuous measurement of physiological processes, blood pressure, heart rate, renal output, reflexes, respiration, etc., in a patient or experimental animal; includes pharmacologic monitoring, the measurement of administered drugs or their metabolites in the blood, tissues, or urine.
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.
The sorting out and classification of patients or casualties to determine priority of need and proper place of treatment.
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.
Systems for assessing, classifying, and coding injuries. These systems are used in medical records, surveillance systems, and state and national registries to aid in the collection and reporting of trauma.
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.
The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum.
Adrenal cortex hormones are steroid hormones produced by the outer portion of the adrenal gland, consisting of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens, which play crucial roles in various physiological processes such as metabolism regulation, stress response, electrolyte balance, and sexual development and function.
The administrative process of discharging the patient, alive or dead, from hospitals or other health facilities.
The confinement of a patient in a hospital.
Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.
The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.
Therapeutic modalities frequently used in PHYSICAL THERAPY SPECIALTY by PHYSICAL THERAPISTS or physiotherapists to promote, maintain, or restore the physical and physiological well-being of an individual.
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Health care provided on a continuing basis from the initial contact, following the patient through all phases of medical care.
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.
The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Precise and detailed plans for the study of a medical or biomedical problem and/or plans for a regimen of therapy.
Care of patients by a multidisciplinary team usually organized under the leadership of a physician; each member of the team has specific responsibilities and the whole team contributes to the care of the patient.
The exchange or transmission of ideas, attitudes, or beliefs between individuals or groups.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients.
A state of harmony between internal needs and external demands and the processes used in achieving this condition. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)
Coordinate set of non-specific behavioral responses to non-psychiatric illness. These may include loss of APPETITE or LIBIDO; disinterest in ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; or withdrawal from social interaction.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.

Comparison of indirect calorimetry, the Fick method, and prediction equations in estimating the energy requirements of critically ill patients. (1/2488)

BACKGROUND: Accurate measurement of resting energy expenditure (REE) is helpful in determining the energy needs of critically ill patients requiring nutritional support. Currently, the most accurate clinical tool used to measure REE is indirect calorimetry, which is expensive, requires trained personnel, and has significant error at higher inspired oxygen concentrations. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare REE measured by indirect calorimetry with REE calculated by using the Fick method and prediction equations by Harris-Benedict, Ireton-Jones, Fusco, and Frankenfield. DESIGN: REEs of 36 patients [12 men and 24 women, mean age 58+/-22 y and mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score 22+/-8] in a hospital intensive care unit and receiving mechanical ventilation and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) were measured for > or = 15 min by using indirect calorimetry and compared with REEs calculated from a mean of 2 sets of hemodynamic measurements taken during the metabolic testing period with an oximetric pulmonary artery catheter. RESULTS: Mean REE by indirect calorimetry was 8381+/-1940 kJ/d and correlated poorly with the other methods tested (r = 0.057-0.154). This correlation did not improve after adjusting for changes in respiratory quotient (r2 = 0.28). CONCLUSIONS: These data do not support previous findings showing a strong correlation between REE determined by the Fick method and other prediction equations and indirect calorimetry. In critically ill patients receiving TPN, indirect calorimetry, if available, remains the most appropriate clinical tool for accurate measurement of REE.  (+info)

Prospective randomised trial of distal arteriovenous fistula as an adjunct to femoro-infrapopliteal PTFE bypass. (2/2488)

OBJECTIVES: To compare graft patency and limb salvage rate following femoro-infrapopliteal bypass using ePTFE grafts with and without the addition of adjuvant arterio-venous fistula. DESIGN: A prospectively randomised controlled trial. MATERIALS: Patients referred to two teaching hospital vascular surgery units in the U.K. for the treatment of critical limb ischaemia. METHODS: Eighty-seven patients (M:F; 2.3:1) undergoing 89 femoro-intrapopliteal bypass operations with ePTFE grafts for critical limb ischaemia were randomly allocated to have AVF included in the operative procedure (n = 48) or to a control group without AVF (n = 41). An interposition vein-cuff was incorporated at the distal anastomosis in all patients. RESULTS: The cumulative rates of primary patency and limb salvage at 1-year after operation for patients with AVF were 55.2% and 54.1% compared to 53.4% and 43.2%, respectively, for the control group. The differences between the AVF and control groups did not reach statistical significance, in terms of either graft patency or limb salvage, at any stage after operation (Log-Rank test). CONCLUSIONS: AVF confers no additional significant clinical advantage over interposition vein cuff in patients having femoro-infrapopliteal bypass with ePTFE grants for critical limb ischaemia.  (+info)

Enteral nutritional supplementation with key nutrients in patients with critical illness and cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. (3/2488)

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials comparing enteral nutritional support supplemented with key nutrients versus standard enteral nutritional support to determine effects on morbidity and mortality rates and hospital stay. BACKGROUND DATA: Recent studies have shown that malnutrition occurs in up to 30% of patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery, resulting in an increased risk of postoperative complications and death. With the realization that key nutrients can modulate inflammatory, metabolic, and immune processes, enteral nutritional regimens (supplemented with large amounts of key nutrients) have been developed for clinical use. METHODS: Eleven prospective, randomized controlled trials evaluating 1009 patients treated with combinations of key nutrients (Impact, Immun-Aid) were evaluated. Outcome measures examined were the incidences of pneumonia, infectious complications, and death, and length of hospital stay. Meta-analyses were undertaken to obtain the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for incidences of infectious complications, pneumonia, and death, and the weighted mean difference and 95% confidence interval for length of hospital stay. RESULTS: The provision of nutritional support supplemented with key nutrients to patients with critical illness resulted in a decrease in infectious complications when compared with patients receiving standard nutritional support and a significant reduction in overall hospital stay. Similar results were documented in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. However, there were no differences between patient groups for either pneumonia or death. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis has demonstrated that nutritional support supplemented with key nutrients results in a significant reduction in the risk of developing infectious complications and reduces the overall hospital stay in patients with critical illness and in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. However, there is no effect on death. These data have important implications for the management of such patients.  (+info)

Chronic critical limb ischemia: diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. (4/2488)

Chronic critical limb ischemia is manifested by pain at rest, nonhealing wounds and gangrene. Ischemic rest pain is typically described as a burning pain in the arch or distal foot that occurs while the patient is recumbent but is relieved when the patient returns to a position in which the feet are dependent. Objective hemodynamic parameters that support the diagnosis of critical limb ischemia include an ankle-brachial index of 0.4 or less, an ankle systolic pressure of 50 mm Hg or less, or a toe systolic pressure of 30 mm Hg or less. Intervention may include conservative therapy, revascularization or amputation. Progressive gangrene, rapidly enlarging wounds or continuous ischemic rest pain can signify a threat to the limb and suggest the need for revascularization in patients without prohibitive operative risks. Bypass grafts are usually required because of the multilevel and distal nature of the arterial narrowing in critical limb ischemia. Patients with diabetes are more likely than other patients to have distal disease that is less amenable to bypass grafting. Compared with amputation, revascularization is more cost-effective and is associated with better perioperative morbidity and mortality. Limb preservation should be the goal in most patients with critical limb ischemia.  (+info)

Oedema in the lower limb of patients with chronic critical limb ischaemia (CLI). (5/2488)

OBJECTIVE: approximately 70% of patients with chronic critical limb ischaemia (CLI) show clinical signs of oedema in the distal leg and foot. The primary aim of the present investigation was to quantify this oedema. In addition we investigated whether oedema formation could be due to deep venous thrombosis (DVT). METHODS: fifteen patients with unilateral CLI and oedema were studied, four males and 11 females, with a mean age of 77+/-10.3 years. Water displacement volumetry (WDV) was used to measure limb volume. Colour duplex ultrasound (CDU) and venous occlusion plethysmography (VOP) were applied to exclude functionally significant DVT. Blood chemistry was analysed to screen for some causative factors of generalised oedema formation. RESULTS: the mean volume of the limbs with CLI was 9% greater than the contralateral limbs (1279+/-325 ml vs. 1179+/-298 ml). None of the patients had functionally significant DVT. The mean plasma albumin concentration was reduced at 28.5+/-6.6 g/l. CONCLUSION: a significantly reduced plasma albumin concentration cannot be regarded as a causative factor, since the oedema is unilateral. The aetiology of oedema formation is probably multifactorial, and further investigations are under progress to elucidate relevant pathogenetic factors.  (+info)

Continuous infusion versus intermittent administration of meropenem in critically ill patients. (6/2488)

This prospective crossover study compared the pharmacokinetics of meropenem by continuous infusion and by intermittent administration in critically ill patients. Fifteen patients were randomized to receive meropenem either as a 2 g iv loading dose, followed by a 3 g continuous infusion (CI) over 24 h, or by intermittent administration (IA) of 2 g iv every 8 h (q8h). Each regimen was followed for a period of 2 days, succeeded by crossover to the alternative regimen for the same period. Pharmacokinetic parameters (mean +/- SD) of CI included the following: concentration at steady state (Css) was 11.9+/-5.0 mg/L; area under the curve (AUC) was 117.5+/-12.9 mg/L x h. The maximum and minimum serum concentrations of meropenem (Cmax, Cmin) and total meropenem clearance (CItot) for IA were 110.1+/-6.9 mg/L, 8.5+/-1.0 mg/L and 9.4+/-1.2 L/h, respectively. The AUC during the IA regimen was larger than the AUC during CI (P < 0.001). In both treatment groups, meropenem serum concentrations remained above the MICs for the most common bacterial pathogens. We conclude that CI of meropenem is equivalent to the IA regimen and is therefore suitable for treating critically ill patients. Further studies are necessary to compare the clinical effects of CI and IA in this patient group.  (+info)

Falsely increased immunoassay measurements of total and unbound phenytoin in critically ill uremic patients receiving fosphenytoin. (7/2488)

BACKGROUND: Fosphenytoin, a phosphate ester prodrug of phenytoin, is metabolized to phenytoin in vivo. Phenytoin metabolites accumulate in renal insufficiency and cross-react in some phenytoin immunoassays. Our aim was to determine the accuracy of phenytoin immunoassays in renal patients treated with fosphenytoin. METHODS: We measured phenytoin with HPLC and with the aca, ACS:180, TDx phenytoin II, Vitros, and AxSYM methods. Specimens were collected 2-120 h after fosphenytoin administration from 17 patients with renal insufficiency. RESULTS: The AxSYM, TDx phenytoin II, ACS:180, and Vitros assays displayed falsely increased phenytoin results up to 20 times higher than the HPLC results. The aca Star results for these specimens were comparable to the HPLC results. Although fosphenytoin can cross-react with phenytoin immunoassays, no fosphenytoin was detected by a sensitive HPLC method in any sample that was tested for its presence. CONCLUSION: These results are consistent with the formation of one or more novel metabolites or adducts of fosphenytoin that accumulate in some critically ill patients with renal insufficiency and that display significant cross-reactivity with some, but not all, phenytoin immunoassay methods.  (+info)

Multiple organ failure. How valid is the "two hit" model? (8/2488)

Inflammatory "one hit" and "two hit" models have recently been proposed to account for the development of multiple organ failure (MOF) in trauma and critically ill surgical patients when no source of infection can be found. In the "one hit" model, the initial insult is so massive that a systemic inflammatory response syndrome is triggered and leads rapidly to MOF. In the "two hit" scenario, initially less severely injured patients eventually develop MOF as a result of a reactivation of their inflammatory response caused by an adverse and often minor intercurrent event. At first sight, the theory is attractive because it seems to fit commonly observed clinical patterns. Indeed, injured patients often respond to initial resuscitation but, after an insult of some sort, develop organ dysfunction and die. The "two hit" model is furthermore mirrored at the cellular level. Inflammatory cells are indeed susceptible of being primed by an initial stimulus and reactivated subsequently by a relatively innocuous insult. However, in the absence of clinical and biological corroboration based on cytokine secretion patterns, these models should not be accepted uncritically.  (+info)

A critical illness is a serious condition that has the potential to cause long-term or permanent disability, or even death. It often requires intensive care and life support from medical professionals. Critical illnesses can include conditions such as:

1. Heart attack
2. Stroke
3. Organ failure (such as kidney, liver, or lung)
4. Severe infections (such as sepsis)
5. Coma or brain injury
6. Major trauma
7. Cancer that has spread to other parts of the body

These conditions can cause significant physical and emotional stress on patients and their families, and often require extensive medical treatment, rehabilitation, and long-term care. Critical illness insurance is a type of insurance policy that provides financial benefits to help cover the costs associated with treating these serious medical conditions.

Critical care, also known as intensive care, is a medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and management of life-threatening conditions that require close monitoring and organ support. Critical care medicine is practiced in critical care units (ICUs) or intensive care units of hospitals. The goal of critical care is to prevent further deterioration of the patient's condition, to support failing organs, and to treat any underlying conditions that may have caused the patient to become critically ill.

Critical care involves a multidisciplinary team approach, including intensivists (specialist doctors trained in critical care), nurses, respiratory therapists, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals. The care provided in the ICU is highly specialized and often involves advanced medical technology such as mechanical ventilation, dialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapy.

Patients who require critical care may have a wide range of conditions, including severe infections, respiratory failure, cardiovascular instability, neurological emergencies, and multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Critical care is an essential component of modern healthcare and has significantly improved the outcomes of critically ill patients.

Polyneuropathy is a medical condition that refers to the damage or dysfunction of peripheral nerves (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord) in multiple areas of the body. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory, motor, and autonomic signals between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.

In polyneuropathies, this communication is disrupted, leading to various symptoms depending on the type and extent of nerve damage. Commonly reported symptoms include:

1. Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
2. Muscle weakness and cramps
3. Loss of reflexes
4. Burning or stabbing pain
5. Balance and coordination issues
6. Increased sensitivity to touch
7. Autonomic dysfunction, such as bowel, bladder, or digestive problems, and changes in blood pressure

Polyneuropathies can be caused by various factors, including diabetes, alcohol abuse, nutritional deficiencies, autoimmune disorders, infections, toxins, inherited genetic conditions, or idiopathic (unknown) causes. The treatment for polyneuropathy depends on the underlying cause and may involve managing underlying medical conditions, physical therapy, pain management, and lifestyle modifications.

An Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is a specialized hospital department that provides continuous monitoring and advanced life support for critically ill patients. The ICU is equipped with sophisticated technology and staffed by highly trained healthcare professionals, including intensivists, nurses, respiratory therapists, and other specialists.

Patients in the ICU may require mechanical ventilation, invasive monitoring, vasoactive medications, and other advanced interventions due to conditions such as severe infections, trauma, cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, or post-surgical complications. The goal of the ICU is to stabilize patients' condition, prevent further complications, and support organ function while the underlying illness is treated.

ICUs may be organized into different units based on the type of care provided, such as medical, surgical, cardiac, neurological, or pediatric ICUs. The length of stay in the ICU can vary widely depending on the patient's condition and response to treatment.

Intensive care is a specialized level of medical care that is provided to critically ill patients. It's usually given in a dedicated unit of a hospital called the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or Critical Care Unit (CCU). The goal of intensive care is to closely monitor and manage life-threatening conditions, stabilize vital functions, and support organs until they recover or the patient can be moved to a less acute level of care.

Intensive care involves advanced medical equipment and technologies, such as ventilators to assist with breathing, dialysis machines for kidney support, intravenous lines for medication administration, and continuous monitoring devices for heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen levels, and other vital signs.

The ICU team typically includes intensive care specialists (intensivists), critical care nurses, respiratory therapists, and other healthcare professionals who work together to provide comprehensive, round-the-clock care for critically ill patients.

Euthyroid sick syndrome, also known as non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS), is a condition characterized by abnormal thyroid function tests that occur in individuals with underlying non-thyroidal systemic illness. Despite the presence of abnormal test results, these individuals do not have evidence of clinical hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.

In euthyroid sick syndrome, the levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormones may be decreased, while thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels remain normal or low. This is thought to occur due to alterations in the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones, rather than changes in the function of the thyroid gland itself.

The condition is often seen in individuals with severe illness, such as sepsis, cancer, malnutrition, or following major surgery. It is thought to represent an adaptive response to stress and illness, although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. In most cases, euthyroid sick syndrome resolves on its own once the underlying illness has been treated.

Muscular diseases, also known as myopathies, refer to a group of conditions that affect the functionality and health of muscle tissue. These diseases can be inherited or acquired and may result from inflammation, infection, injury, or degenerative processes. They can cause symptoms such as weakness, stiffness, cramping, spasms, wasting, and loss of muscle function.

Examples of muscular diseases include:

1. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD): A genetic disorder that results in progressive muscle weakness and degeneration due to a lack of dystrophin protein.
2. Myasthenia Gravis: An autoimmune disease that causes muscle weakness and fatigue, typically affecting the eyes and face, throat, and limbs.
3. Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM): A progressive muscle disorder characterized by muscle inflammation and wasting, typically affecting older adults.
4. Polymyositis: An inflammatory myopathy that causes muscle weakness and inflammation throughout the body.
5. Metabolic Myopathies: A group of inherited disorders that affect muscle metabolism, leading to exercise intolerance, muscle weakness, and other symptoms.
6. Muscular Dystonias: Involuntary muscle contractions and spasms that can cause abnormal postures or movements.

It is important to note that muscular diseases can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, mobility, and overall health. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing symptoms and improving outcomes.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to an infection injures its own tissues and organs. It is characterized by a whole-body inflammatory state (systemic inflammation) that can lead to blood clotting issues, tissue damage, and multiple organ failure.

Sepsis happens when an infection you already have triggers a chain reaction throughout your body. Infections that lead to sepsis most often start in the lungs, urinary tract, skin, or gastrointestinal tract.

Sepsis is a medical emergency. If you suspect sepsis, seek immediate medical attention. Early recognition and treatment of sepsis are crucial to improve outcomes. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and may require oxygen, medication to raise blood pressure, and corticosteroids. In severe cases, surgery may be required to clear the infection.

A Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) is a specialized hospital unit that provides intensive care to critically ill or injured infants, children, and adolescents. The PICU is equipped with advanced medical technology and staffed by healthcare professionals trained in pediatrics, including pediatric intensivists, pediatric nurses, respiratory therapists, and other specialists as needed.

The primary goal of the PICU is to closely monitor and manage the most critical patients, providing around-the-clock care and interventions to support organ function, treat life-threatening conditions, and prevent complications. The PICU team works together to provide family-centered care, keeping parents informed about their child's condition and involving them in decision-making processes.

Common reasons for admission to the PICU include respiratory failure, shock, sepsis, severe trauma, congenital heart disease, neurological emergencies, and post-operative monitoring after complex surgeries. The length of stay in the PICU can vary widely depending on the severity of the child's illness or injury and their response to treatment.

Early ambulation, also known as early mobilization or early rehabilitation, refers to the practice of encouraging patients to get out of bed and start moving around as soon as possible after a surgical procedure or medical event such as a stroke. The goal of early ambulation is to prevent complications associated with prolonged bed rest, including muscle weakness, joint stiffness, blood clots, pneumonia, and pressure ulcers. It can also help improve patients' overall recovery, strength, and functional ability.

The specific timeline for early ambulation will depend on the individual patient's medical condition and healthcare provider's recommendations. However, in general, it is recommended to start mobilizing patients as soon as they are medically stable and able to do so safely, often within the first 24-48 hours after surgery or an event. This may involve sitting up in bed, standing, taking a few steps with assistance, or walking a short distance with the help of a walker or other assistive device.

Healthcare providers such as physicians, nurses, and physical therapists work together to develop a safe and effective early ambulation plan for each patient, taking into account their individual needs, abilities, and limitations.

Multiple Organ Failure (MOF) is a severe condition characterized by the dysfunction or failure of more than one organ system in the body. It often occurs as a result of serious illness, trauma, or infection, such as sepsis. The organs that commonly fail include the lungs, kidneys, liver, and heart. This condition can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

The definition of MOF has evolved over time, but a widely accepted one is the "Sequential Organ Failure Assessment" (SOFA) score, which evaluates six organ systems: respiratory, coagulation, liver, cardiovascular, renal, and neurologic. A SOFA score of 10 or more indicates MOF, and a higher score is associated with worse outcomes.

MOF can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary MOF occurs when the initial insult directly causes organ dysfunction, such as in severe trauma or septic shock. Secondary MOF occurs when the initial injury or illness has been controlled, but organ dysfunction develops later due to ongoing inflammation and other factors.

Early recognition and aggressive management of MOF are crucial for improving outcomes. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as mechanical ventilation, dialysis, and medication to support cardiovascular function. In some cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary to address the underlying cause of organ dysfunction.

Delirium is a serious disturbance in mental abilities that results in confused thinking and reduced awareness of the environment, which can cause people to be easily distracted and unable to focus on any one topic for very long. It can also lead to rapid changes in emotions, perception, behavior, sleep-wake cycle, and hallucinations. Delirium is caused by various underlying medical conditions, such as infection, illness, or medication side effects, and it can be a symptom of severe illness or brain disorder. It can develop quickly, often over the course of hours or days, and it may come and go.

Delirium is different from dementia, which is a chronic and progressive decline in cognitive abilities, although delirium can occur in people with dementia. Delirium is also different from a mental illness such as schizophrenia, which involves persistent disturbances in thinking and perception that are not caused by a medical condition or medication.

Delirium is a serious medical condition that requires immediate evaluation and treatment. If you suspect someone may have delirium, it's important to seek medical attention right away.

Artificial respiration is an emergency procedure that can be used to provide oxygen to a person who is not breathing or is breathing inadequately. It involves manually forcing air into the lungs, either by compressing the chest or using a device to deliver breaths. The goal of artificial respiration is to maintain adequate oxygenation of the body's tissues and organs until the person can breathe on their own or until advanced medical care arrives. Artificial respiration may be used in conjunction with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in cases of cardiac arrest.

Nutritional support is medical care that focuses on providing nutrition to individuals who are unable to consume or absorb adequate nutrients through their regular diet. This may include patients with chronic illnesses, eating disorders, swallowing difficulties, or those recovering from surgery or injury. Nutritional support can take many forms, including oral supplements, enteral feeding (tube feeding), and parenteral nutrition (intravenous feeding). The goal of nutritional support is to maintain or improve the patient's nutritional status, promote healing and recovery, enhance quality of life, and reduce complications associated with malnutrition.

Muscle weakness is a condition in which muscles cannot develop the expected level of physical force or power. This results in reduced muscle function and can be caused by various factors, including nerve damage, muscle diseases, or hormonal imbalances. Muscle weakness may manifest as difficulty lifting objects, maintaining posture, or performing daily activities. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment of muscle weakness.

"APACHE" stands for "Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation." It is a system used to assess the severity of illness in critically ill patients and predict their risk of mortality. The APACHE score is calculated based on various physiological parameters, such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, respiratory rate, and laboratory values, as well as age and chronic health conditions.

There are different versions of the APACHE system, including APACHE II, III, and IV, each with its own set of variables and scoring system. The most commonly used version is APACHE II, which includes 12 physiological variables measured during the first 24 hours of ICU admission, as well as age and chronic health points.

The APACHE score is widely used in research and clinical settings to compare the severity of illness and outcomes between different patient populations, evaluate the effectiveness of treatments and interventions, and make informed decisions about resource allocation and triage.

Ventilator weaning is the process of gradually reducing the amount of support provided by a mechanical ventilator to a patient, with the ultimate goal of completely withdrawing the mechanical assistance and allowing the patient to breathe independently. This process is typically initiated when the patient's underlying medical condition has improved to the point where they are able to sustain their own respiratory efforts.

The weaning process may involve reducing the frequency and duration of ventilator breaths, decreasing the amount of oxygen supplied by the ventilator, or adjusting the settings of the ventilator to encourage the patient to take more frequent and deeper breaths on their own. The rate at which weaning is attempted will depend on the individual patient's condition and overall progress.

Close monitoring of the patient's respiratory status, oxygenation, and work of breathing is essential during the weaning process to ensure that the patient is able to tolerate the decreased level of support and to identify any potential complications that may arise. Effective communication between the healthcare team and the patient is also important to provide education, set expectations, and address any concerns or questions that may arise during the weaning process.

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) is not a specific disease, but rather a systemic response to various insults or injuries within the body. It is defined as a combination of clinical signs that indicate a widespread inflammatory response in the body. According to the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine (ACCP/SCCM) consensus criteria, SIRS is characterized by the presence of at least two of the following conditions:

1. Body temperature >38°C (100.4°F) or 90 beats per minute
3. Respiratory rate >20 breaths per minute or arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) 12,000 cells/mm3, 10% bands (immature white blood cells)

SIRS can be caused by various factors, including infections (sepsis), trauma, burns, pancreatitis, and immune-mediated reactions. Prolonged SIRS may lead to organ dysfunction and failure, which can progress to severe sepsis or septic shock if not treated promptly and effectively.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

"Cost of Illness" is a medical-economic concept that refers to the total societal cost associated with a specific disease or health condition. It includes both direct and indirect costs. Direct costs are those that can be directly attributed to the illness, such as medical expenses for diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and medications. Indirect costs include productivity losses due to morbidity (reduced efficiency while working) and mortality (lost earnings due to death). Other indirect costs may encompass expenses related to caregiving or special education needs. The Cost of Illness is often used in health policy decision-making, resource allocation, and evaluating the economic impact of diseases on society.

Intermediate care facilities (ICFs) are healthcare facilities that provide medical, nursing, and rehabilitative services to individuals who require a level of care between acute care hospitals and skilled nursing facilities. These facilities are designed for patients who do not need the intensive level of care provided in a hospital but still require more medical attention than what can be provided in a home or assisted living setting.

ICFs provide 24-hour supervision, assistance with activities of daily living (such as bathing, dressing, and using the bathroom), and skilled nursing services for patients who may have complex medical needs, such as those recovering from surgery, stroke, or other serious illnesses. They also offer physical, occupational, and speech therapy to help patients regain their strength and independence.

There are different types of ICFs, including:

* Intermediate care facilities for individuals with intellectual disabilities (ICFs/IID): These facilities provide long-term care and treatment for individuals with intellectual disabilities who require ongoing medical and nursing services.
* Intermediate care facilities for the elderly (ICFs/E): These facilities provide medical, nursing, and rehabilitative services to older adults who require a level of care between that provided in a hospital and a skilled nursing facility.

Overall, intermediate care facilities play an important role in providing healthcare services to individuals with complex medical needs who do not require hospitalization but still need more intensive care than what can be provided in other settings.

In a medical context, "survivors" typically refers to individuals who have lived through or recovered from a serious illness, injury, or life-threatening event. This may include people who have survived cancer, heart disease, trauma, or other conditions that posed a significant risk to their health and well-being. The term is often used to describe the resilience and strength of these individuals, as well as to highlight the importance of ongoing support and care for those who have faced serious medical challenges. It's important to note that the definition may vary depending on the context in which it's used.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Burns are injuries to tissues caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. They are classified based on their severity:

1. First-degree burns (superficial burns) affect only the outer layer of skin (epidermis), causing redness, pain, and swelling.
2. Second-degree burns (partial-thickness burns) damage both the epidermis and the underlying layer of skin (dermis). They result in redness, pain, swelling, and blistering.
3. Third-degree burns (full-thickness burns) destroy the entire depth of the skin and can also damage underlying muscles, tendons, and bones. These burns appear white or blackened and charred, and they may be painless due to destroyed nerve endings.

Immediate medical attention is required for second-degree and third-degree burns, as well as for large area first-degree burns, to prevent infection, manage pain, and ensure proper healing. Treatment options include wound care, antibiotics, pain management, and possibly skin grafting or surgery in severe cases.

A coma is a deep state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be awakened, cannot respond to stimuli, and does not exhibit any sleep-wake cycles. It is typically caused by severe brain injury, illness, or toxic exposure that impairs the function of the brainstem and cerebral cortex.

In a coma, the person may appear to be asleep, but they are not aware of their surroundings or able to communicate or respond to stimuli. Comas can last for varying lengths of time, from days to weeks or even months, and some people may emerge from a coma with varying degrees of brain function and disability.

Medical professionals use various diagnostic tools and assessments to evaluate the level of consciousness and brain function in individuals who are in a coma, including the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), which measures eye opening, verbal response, and motor response. Treatment for coma typically involves supportive care to maintain vital functions, manage any underlying medical conditions, and prevent further complications.

Neuromuscular diseases are a group of disorders that involve the peripheral nervous system, which includes the nerves and muscles outside of the brain and spinal cord. These conditions can affect both children and adults, and they can be inherited or acquired. Neuromuscular diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, numbness, tingling, pain, cramping, and twitching. Some common examples of neuromuscular diseases include muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), peripheral neuropathy, and myasthenia gravis. The specific symptoms and severity of these conditions can vary widely depending on the underlying cause and the specific muscles and nerves that are affected. Treatment for neuromuscular diseases may include medications, physical therapy, assistive devices, or surgery, depending on the individual case.

A wound is a type of injury that occurs when the skin or other tissues are cut, pierced, torn, or otherwise broken. Wounds can be caused by a variety of factors, including accidents, violence, surgery, or certain medical conditions. There are several different types of wounds, including:

* Incisions: These are cuts that are made deliberately, often during surgery. They are usually straight and clean.
* Lacerations: These are tears in the skin or other tissues. They can be irregular and jagged.
* Abrasions: These occur when the top layer of skin is scraped off. They may look like a bruise or a scab.
* Punctures: These are wounds that are caused by sharp objects, such as needles or knives. They are usually small and deep.
* Avulsions: These occur when tissue is forcibly torn away from the body. They can be very serious and require immediate medical attention.

Injuries refer to any harm or damage to the body, including wounds. Injuries can range from minor scrapes and bruises to more severe injuries such as fractures, dislocations, and head trauma. It is important to seek medical attention for any injury that is causing significant pain, swelling, or bleeding, or if there is a suspected bone fracture or head injury.

In general, wounds and injuries should be cleaned and covered with a sterile bandage to prevent infection. Depending on the severity of the wound or injury, additional medical treatment may be necessary. This may include stitches for deep cuts, immobilization for broken bones, or surgery for more serious injuries. It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully to ensure proper healing and to prevent complications.

A "patient transfer" is a medical procedure that involves moving a patient from one location, piece of medical equipment, or healthcare provider to another. This can include:

1. Transferring a patient from a bed to a stretcher, wheelchair, or other mobility device.
2. Moving a patient from a hospital bed to a surgical table or imaging machine such as an MRI or CT scanner.
3. Transporting a patient between healthcare facilities, such as from a hospital to a rehabilitation center or long-term care facility.
4. Transferring a patient between medical teams during the course of their treatment, like when they are moved from the emergency department to the intensive care unit.

Patient transfers require careful planning and execution to ensure the safety and comfort of the patient, as well as to prevent any potential injuries or complications for both the patient and the healthcare providers involved in the process. Proper techniques, equipment, and communication are essential for a successful patient transfer.

Enteral nutrition refers to the delivery of nutrients to a person through a tube that is placed into the gastrointestinal tract, specifically into the stomach or small intestine. This type of nutrition is used when a person is unable to consume food or liquids by mouth due to various medical conditions such as swallowing difficulties, malabsorption, or gastrointestinal disorders.

Enteral nutrition can be provided through different types of feeding tubes, including nasogastric tubes, which are inserted through the nose and down into the stomach, and gastrostomy or jejunostomy tubes, which are placed directly into the stomach or small intestine through a surgical incision.

The nutrients provided through enteral nutrition may include commercially prepared formulas that contain a balance of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, or blenderized whole foods that are pureed and delivered through the feeding tube. The choice of formula or type of feed depends on the individual's nutritional needs, gastrointestinal function, and medical condition.

Enteral nutrition is a safe and effective way to provide nutrition support to people who are unable to meet their nutritional needs through oral intake alone. It can help prevent malnutrition, promote wound healing, improve immune function, and enhance overall health and quality of life.

Neuropsychology is a branch of psychology that deals with the study of the structure and function of the brain as they relate to cognitive and behavioral processes. It involves understanding how damage to different parts of the brain can affect various mental abilities such as memory, attention, language, perception, and problem-solving.

Neuropsychologists often work with patients who have neurological conditions like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, or epilepsy to evaluate their cognitive and behavioral strengths and weaknesses. They use various assessment tools and techniques, including neuropsychological tests, interviews, and observations, to make these evaluations.

The findings from a neuropsychological evaluation can help in several ways, such as:

1. Diagnosing neurological conditions or monitoring the progression of a known condition.
2. Developing treatment plans that take into account the individual's cognitive and behavioral strengths and weaknesses.
3. Providing recommendations for rehabilitation or accommodations in daily life, education, or work settings.
4. Monitoring changes in cognitive function over time to assess the effectiveness of treatments or the progression of a condition.
5. Conducting research to better understand the relationship between brain structure and function and behavior.

Acute Lung Injury (ALI) is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the lung tissue, which can lead to difficulty breathing and respiratory failure. It is often caused by direct or indirect injury to the lungs, such as pneumonia, sepsis, trauma, or inhalation of harmful substances.

The symptoms of ALI include shortness of breath, rapid breathing, cough, and low oxygen levels in the blood. The condition can progress rapidly and may require mechanical ventilation to support breathing. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the injury, providing supportive care, and managing symptoms.

In severe cases, ALI can lead to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), a more serious and life-threatening condition that requires intensive care unit (ICU) treatment.

Intubation is a medical procedure in which a flexible plastic tube called an endotracheal tube (ETT) is inserted into the patient's windpipe (trachea) through the mouth or nose. This procedure is performed to maintain an open airway and ensure adequate ventilation and oxygenation of the lungs during surgery, critical illness, or trauma.

The ETT is connected to a breathing circuit and a ventilator, which delivers breaths and removes carbon dioxide from the lungs. Intubation allows healthcare professionals to manage the patient's airway, control their breathing, and administer anesthesia during surgical procedures. It is typically performed by trained medical personnel such as anesthesiologists, emergency medicine physicians, or critical care specialists.

There are two main types of intubation: oral and nasal. Oral intubation involves inserting the ETT through the patient's mouth, while nasal intubation involves passing the tube through the nostril and into the trachea. The choice of technique depends on various factors, including the patient's medical condition, anatomy, and the reason for intubation.

Hyperglycemia is a medical term that refers to an abnormally high level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Fasting hyperglycemia is defined as a fasting blood glucose level greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) on two separate occasions. Alternatively, a random blood glucose level greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL in combination with symptoms of hyperglycemia (such as increased thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, and fatigue) can also indicate hyperglycemia.

Hyperglycemia is often associated with diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production. However, hyperglycemia can also occur in other conditions such as stress, surgery, infection, certain medications, and hormonal imbalances.

Prolonged or untreated hyperglycemia can lead to serious complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), and long-term damage to various organs such as the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels. Therefore, it is essential to monitor blood glucose levels regularly and maintain them within normal ranges through proper diet, exercise, medication, and lifestyle modifications.

In medical terms, shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow or when the circulatory system is not functioning properly to distribute oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and organs. This results in a state of hypoxia (lack of oxygen) and cellular dysfunction, which can lead to multiple organ failure and death if left untreated.

Shock can be caused by various factors such as severe blood loss, infection, trauma, heart failure, allergic reactions, and severe burns. The symptoms of shock include low blood pressure, rapid pulse, cool and clammy skin, rapid and shallow breathing, confusion, weakness, and a bluish color to the lips and nails. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment of shock.

A "hospitalized child" refers to a minor (an individual who has not yet reached the age of majority, which varies by country but is typically 18 in the US) who has been admitted to a hospital for the purpose of receiving medical treatment and care. This term can encompass children of all ages, from infants to teenagers, and may include those who are suffering from a wide range of medical conditions or injuries, requiring various levels of care and intervention.

Hospitalization can be necessary for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to:

1. Acute illnesses that require close monitoring, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis.
2. Chronic medical conditions that need ongoing management, like cystic fibrosis, cancer, or congenital heart defects.
3. Severe injuries resulting from accidents, such as fractures, burns, or traumatic brain injuries.
4. Elective procedures, such as surgeries for orthopedic issues or to correct congenital abnormalities.
5. Mental health disorders that necessitate inpatient care and treatment.

Regardless of the reason for hospitalization, healthcare professionals strive to provide comprehensive, family-centered care to ensure the best possible outcomes for their young patients. This may involve working closely with families to address their concerns, providing education about the child's condition and treatment plan, and coordinating care across various disciplines and specialties.

Glutamine is defined as a conditionally essential amino acid in humans, which means that it can be produced by the body under normal circumstances, but may become essential during certain conditions such as stress, illness, or injury. It is the most abundant free amino acid found in the blood and in the muscles of the body.

Glutamine plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including protein synthesis, energy production, and acid-base balance. It serves as an important fuel source for cells in the intestines, immune system, and skeletal muscles. Glutamine has also been shown to have potential benefits in wound healing, gut function, and immunity, particularly during times of physiological stress or illness.

In summary, glutamine is a vital amino acid that plays a critical role in maintaining the health and function of various tissues and organs in the body.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, serious accident, war combat, rape, or violent personal assault. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), PTSD is characterized by the following symptoms, which must last for more than one month:

1. Intrusion symptoms: These include distressing memories, nightmares, flashbacks, or intense psychological distress or reactivity to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.
2. Avoidance symptoms: Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event, including thoughts, feelings, conversations, activities, places, or people.
3. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood: This includes negative beliefs about oneself, others, or the world; distorted blame of self or others for causing the trauma; persistent negative emotional state; decreased interest in significant activities; and feelings of detachment or estrangement from others.
4. Alterations in arousal and reactivity: This includes irritable behavior and angry outbursts, reckless or self-destructive behavior, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, problems with concentration, and sleep disturbance.
5. Duration of symptoms: The symptoms must last for more than one month.
6. Functional significance: The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

It is essential to note that PTSD can occur at any age and can be accompanied by various physical and mental health problems, such as depression, substance abuse, memory problems, and other difficulties in cognition. Appropriate treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, can significantly improve the symptoms and overall quality of life for individuals with PTSD.

Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult (RDSa or ARDS), also known as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, is a severe form of acute lung injury characterized by rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs. This results in increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, pulmonary edema, and hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood). The inflammation can be triggered by various direct or indirect insults to the lung, such as sepsis, pneumonia, trauma, or aspiration.

The hallmark of ARDS is the development of bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest X-ray, which can resemble pulmonary edema, but without evidence of increased left atrial pressure. The condition can progress rapidly and may require mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to maintain adequate oxygenation and prevent further lung injury.

The management of ARDS is primarily supportive, focusing on protecting the lungs from further injury, optimizing oxygenation, and providing adequate nutrition and treatment for any underlying conditions. The use of low tidal volumes and limiting plateau pressures during mechanical ventilation have been shown to improve outcomes in patients with ARDS.

Septic shock is a serious condition that occurs as a complication of an infection that has spread throughout the body. It's characterized by a severe drop in blood pressure and abnormalities in cellular metabolism, which can lead to organ failure and death if not promptly treated.

In septic shock, the immune system overreacts to an infection, releasing an overwhelming amount of inflammatory chemicals into the bloodstream. This leads to widespread inflammation, blood vessel dilation, and leaky blood vessels, which can cause fluid to leak out of the blood vessels and into surrounding tissues. As a result, the heart may not be able to pump enough blood to vital organs, leading to organ failure.

Septic shock is often caused by bacterial infections, but it can also be caused by fungal or viral infections. It's most commonly seen in people with weakened immune systems, such as those who have recently undergone surgery, have chronic medical conditions, or are taking medications that suppress the immune system.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of septic shock is critical to prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes. Treatment typically involves aggressive antibiotic therapy, intravenous fluids, vasopressors to maintain blood pressure, and supportive care in an intensive care unit (ICU).

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Adrenal insufficiency is a condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of certain hormones, primarily cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol helps regulate metabolism, respond to stress, and suppress inflammation, while aldosterone helps regulate sodium and potassium levels in the body to maintain blood pressure.

Primary adrenal insufficiency, also known as Addison's disease, occurs when there is damage to the adrenal glands themselves, often due to autoimmune disorders, infections, or certain medications. Secondary adrenal insufficiency occurs when the pituitary gland fails to produce enough adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol.

Symptoms of adrenal insufficiency may include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, low blood pressure, dizziness, and darkening of the skin. Treatment typically involves replacing the missing hormones with medications taken orally or by injection.

Mechanical Ventilators are medical devices that assist with breathing by providing mechanical ventilation to patients who are unable to breathe sufficiently on their own. These machines deliver breaths to the patient through an endotracheal tube or a tracheostomy tube, which is placed in the windpipe (trachea). Mechanical Ventilators can be set to deliver breaths at specific rates and volumes, and they can also be adjusted to provide varying levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to help keep the alveoli open and improve oxygenation.

Mechanical ventilation is typically used in critical care settings such as intensive care units (ICUs), and it may be employed for a variety of reasons, including respiratory failure, sedation, neuromuscular disorders, or surgery. Prolonged use of mechanical ventilation can lead to complications such as ventilator-associated pneumonia, muscle weakness, and decreased cardiac function, so the goal is usually to wean patients off the ventilator as soon as possible.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Bed rest is a medical recommendation for a person to limit their activities and remain in bed for a period of time. It is often ordered by healthcare providers to help the body recover from certain medical conditions or treatments, such as:

* Infections
* Pregnancy complications
* Recent surgery
* Heart problems
* Blood pressure fluctuations
* Bleeding
* Bone fractures
* Certain neurological conditions

The duration of bed rest can vary depending on the individual's medical condition and response to treatment. While on bed rest, patients are typically advised to change positions frequently to prevent complications such as bedsores, blood clots, and muscle weakness. They may also receive physical therapy, occupational therapy, or other treatments to help maintain their strength and mobility during this period.

"Length of Stay" (LOS) is a term commonly used in healthcare to refer to the amount of time a patient spends receiving care in a hospital, clinic, or other healthcare facility. It is typically measured in hours, days, or weeks and can be used as a metric for various purposes such as resource planning, quality assessment, and reimbursement. The length of stay can vary depending on the type of illness or injury, the severity of the condition, the patient's response to treatment, and other factors. It is an important consideration in healthcare management and can have significant implications for both patients and providers.

A biological marker, often referred to as a biomarker, is a measurable indicator that reflects the presence or severity of a disease state, or a response to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be found in various materials such as blood, tissues, or bodily fluids, and they can take many forms, including molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiological measurements.

In the context of medical research and clinical practice, biomarkers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Diagnosis: Biomarkers can help diagnose a disease by indicating the presence or absence of a particular condition. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker used to detect prostate cancer.
2. Monitoring: Biomarkers can be used to monitor the progression or regression of a disease over time. For instance, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are monitored in diabetes patients to assess long-term blood glucose control.
3. Predicting: Biomarkers can help predict the likelihood of developing a particular disease or the risk of a negative outcome. For example, the presence of certain genetic mutations can indicate an increased risk for breast cancer.
4. Response to treatment: Biomarkers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific treatment by measuring changes in the biomarker levels before and after the intervention. This is particularly useful in personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual patients based on their unique biomarker profiles.

It's important to note that for a biomarker to be considered clinically valid and useful, it must undergo rigorous validation through well-designed studies, including demonstrating sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and clinical relevance.

Hospital mortality is a term used to describe the number or rate of deaths that occur in a hospital setting during a specific period. It is often used as a measure of the quality of healthcare provided by a hospital, as a higher hospital mortality rate may indicate poorer care or more complex cases being treated. However, it's important to note that hospital mortality rates can be influenced by many factors, including the severity of illness of the patients being treated, patient demographics, and the availability of resources and specialized care. Therefore, hospital mortality rates should be interpreted with caution and in the context of other quality metrics.

Point-of-care (POC) systems refer to medical diagnostic tests or tools that are performed at or near the site where a patient receives care, such as in a doctor's office, clinic, or hospital room. These systems provide rapid and convenient results, allowing healthcare professionals to make immediate decisions regarding diagnosis, treatment, and management of a patient's condition.

POC systems can include various types of diagnostic tests, such as:

1. Lateral flow assays (LFAs): These are paper-based devices that use capillary action to detect the presence or absence of a target analyte in a sample. Examples include pregnancy tests and rapid strep throat tests.
2. Portable analyzers: These are compact devices used for measuring various parameters, such as blood glucose levels, coagulation status, or electrolytes, using small volumes of samples.
3. Imaging systems: Handheld ultrasound machines and portable X-ray devices fall under this category, providing real-time imaging at the point of care.
4. Monitoring devices: These include continuous glucose monitors, pulse oximeters, and blood pressure cuffs that provide real-time data to help manage patient conditions.

POC systems offer several advantages, such as reduced turnaround time for test results, decreased need for sample transportation, and increased patient satisfaction due to faster decision-making and treatment initiation. However, it is essential to ensure the accuracy and reliability of these tests by following proper testing procedures and interpreting results correctly.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a medical term used to describe the delivery of nutrients directly into a patient's bloodstream through a vein, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. It is a specialized medical treatment that is typically used when a patient cannot receive adequate nutrition through enteral feeding, which involves the ingestion and digestion of food through the mouth or a feeding tube.

PN can be used to provide essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes to patients who have conditions that prevent them from absorbing nutrients through their gut, such as severe gastrointestinal tract disorders, malabsorption syndromes, or short bowel syndrome.

PN is administered through a catheter that is inserted into a vein, typically in the chest or arm. The nutrient solution is prepared under sterile conditions and delivered through an infusion pump to ensure accurate and controlled delivery of the solution.

While PN can be a life-saving intervention for some patients, it also carries risks such as infection, inflammation, and organ damage. Therefore, it should only be prescribed and administered by healthcare professionals with specialized training in this area.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Quality of Life (QOL) is a broad, multidimensional concept that usually includes an individual's physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs, and their relationship to salient features of their environment. It reflects the impact of disease and treatment on a patient's overall well-being and ability to function in daily life.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines QOL as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns." It is a subjective concept, meaning it can vary greatly from person to person.

In healthcare, QOL is often used as an outcome measure in clinical trials and other research studies to assess the impact of interventions or treatments on overall patient well-being.

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is a medical term used to describe a specialized nutritional support system that is delivered through a vein (intravenously). It provides all the necessary nutrients that a patient needs, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. TPN is typically used when a patient cannot eat or digest food through their gastrointestinal tract for various reasons, such as severe malabsorption, intestinal obstruction, or inflammatory bowel disease. The term "total" indicates that the nutritional support is complete and meets all of the patient's nutritional needs.

Prognosis is a medical term that refers to the prediction of the likely outcome or course of a disease, including the chances of recovery or recurrence, based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. It is an important aspect of clinical decision-making and patient communication, as it helps doctors and patients make informed decisions about treatment options, set realistic expectations, and plan for future care.

Prognosis can be expressed in various ways, such as percentages, categories (e.g., good, fair, poor), or survival rates, depending on the nature of the disease and the available evidence. However, it is important to note that prognosis is not an exact science and may vary depending on individual factors, such as age, overall health status, and response to treatment. Therefore, it should be used as a guide rather than a definitive forecast.

Hydrocortisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a class of steroid hormones. It is identical to the naturally occurring cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that helps regulate metabolism and helps your body respond to stress. Hydrocortisone has anti-inflammatory effects and is used to treat various inflammatory conditions such as allergies, skin disorders, and autoimmune diseases. It works by suppressing the immune system's response to reduce swelling, redness, itching, and other symptoms caused by inflammation.

Hydrocortisone is available in different forms, including oral tablets, topical creams, lotions, gels, and ointments, as well as injectable solutions. The specific use and dosage depend on the condition being treated and the individual patient's medical history and current health status.

As with any medication, hydrocortisone can have side effects, especially when used in high doses or for extended periods. Common side effects include increased appetite, weight gain, mood changes, insomnia, and skin thinning. Long-term use of hydrocortisone may also increase the risk of developing osteoporosis, diabetes, cataracts, and other health problems. Therefore, it is essential to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using this medication.

Physiological monitoring is the continuous or intermittent observation and measurement of various body functions or parameters in a patient, with the aim of evaluating their health status, identifying any abnormalities or changes, and guiding clinical decision-making and treatment. This may involve the use of specialized medical equipment, such as cardiac monitors, pulse oximeters, blood pressure monitors, and capnographs, among others. The data collected through physiological monitoring can help healthcare professionals assess the effectiveness of treatments, detect complications early, and make timely adjustments to patient care plans.

Endotoxemia is a medical condition characterized by the presence of endotoxins in the bloodstream. Endotoxins are toxic substances that are found in the cell walls of certain types of bacteria, particularly gram-negative bacteria. They are released into the circulation when the bacteria die or multiply, and can cause a variety of symptoms such as fever, inflammation, low blood pressure, and organ failure.

Endotoxemia is often seen in patients with severe bacterial infections, sepsis, or septic shock. It can also occur after certain medical procedures, such as surgery or dialysis, that may allow bacteria from the gut to enter the bloodstream. In some cases, endotoxemia may be a result of a condition called "leaky gut syndrome," in which the lining of the intestines becomes more permeable, allowing endotoxins and other harmful substances to pass into the bloodstream.

Endotoxemia can be diagnosed through various tests, including blood cultures, measurement of endotoxin levels in the blood, and assessment of inflammatory markers such as c-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT). Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the underlying bacterial infection, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Triage is a medical term that refers to the process of prioritizing patients based on the severity of their condition or illness, and the resources available. The goal of triage is to ensure that the most critical patients receive care first, which can help reduce morbidity and mortality in emergency situations. This process is typically used in settings where there are more patients than can be treated immediately, such as during mass casualty incidents or in busy emergency departments. Triage nurses or doctors quickly assess each patient's condition, often using a standardized system, to determine the urgency of their medical needs and allocate resources accordingly.

Pneumonia is an infection or inflammation of the alveoli (tiny air sacs) in one or both lungs. It's often caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Accumulated pus and fluid in these air sacs make it difficult to breathe, which can lead to coughing, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. The severity of symptoms can vary from mild to life-threatening, depending on the underlying cause, the patient's overall health, and age. Pneumonia is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or blood tests. Treatment usually involves antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia, antivirals for viral pneumonia, and supportive care like oxygen therapy, hydration, and rest.

"Trauma severity indices" refer to various scoring systems used by healthcare professionals to evaluate the severity of injuries in trauma patients. These tools help standardize the assessment and communication of injury severity among different members of the healthcare team, allowing for more effective and consistent treatment planning, resource allocation, and prognosis estimation.

There are several commonly used trauma severity indices, including:

1. Injury Severity Score (ISS): ISS is an anatomical scoring system that evaluates the severity of injuries based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). The body is divided into six regions, and the square of the highest AIS score in each region is summed to calculate the ISS. Scores range from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating more severe injuries.
2. New Injury Severity Score (NISS): NISS is a modification of the ISS that focuses on the three most severely injured body regions, regardless of their anatomical location. The three highest AIS scores are squared and summed to calculate the NISS. This scoring system tends to correlate better with mortality than the ISS in some studies.
3. Revised Trauma Score (RTS): RTS is a physiological scoring system that evaluates the patient's respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological status upon arrival at the hospital. It uses variables such as Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), systolic blood pressure, and respiratory rate to calculate a score between 0 and 7.84, with lower scores indicating more severe injuries.
4. Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS): TRISS is a combined anatomical and physiological scoring system that estimates the probability of survival based on ISS or NISS, RTS, age, and mechanism of injury (blunt or penetrating). It uses logistic regression equations to calculate the predicted probability of survival.
5. Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS): PTS is a physiological scoring system specifically designed for children under 14 years old. It evaluates six variables, including respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, systolic blood pressure, capillary refill time, GCS, and temperature to calculate a score between -6 and +12, with lower scores indicating more severe injuries.

These scoring systems help healthcare professionals assess the severity of trauma, predict outcomes, allocate resources, and compare patient populations in research settings. However, they should not replace clinical judgment or individualized care for each patient.

Acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure, is a rapid loss of kidney function that occurs over a few hours or days. It is defined as an increase in the serum creatinine level by 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours or an increase in the creatinine level to more than 1.5 times baseline, which is known or presumed to have occurred within the prior 7 days, or a urine volume of less than 0.5 mL/kg per hour for six hours.

AKI can be caused by a variety of conditions, including decreased blood flow to the kidneys, obstruction of the urinary tract, exposure to toxic substances, and certain medications. Symptoms of AKI may include decreased urine output, fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the injury and providing supportive care, such as dialysis, to help maintain kidney function until the injury resolves.

Gastric emptying is the process by which the stomach empties its contents into the small intestine. In medical terms, it refers to the rate and amount of food that leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. This process is regulated by several factors, including the volume and composition of the meal, hormonal signals, and neural mechanisms. Abnormalities in gastric emptying can lead to various gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders, such as gastroparesis, where the stomach's ability to empty food is delayed.

The adrenal cortex hormones are a group of steroid hormones produced and released by the outer portion (cortex) of the adrenal glands, which are located on top of each kidney. These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes, including:

1. Glucose metabolism: Cortisol helps control blood sugar levels by increasing glucose production in the liver and reducing its uptake in peripheral tissues.
2. Protein and fat metabolism: Cortisol promotes protein breakdown and fatty acid mobilization, providing essential building blocks for energy production during stressful situations.
3. Immune response regulation: Cortisol suppresses immune function to prevent overactivation and potential damage to the body during stress.
4. Cardiovascular function: Aldosterone regulates electrolyte balance and blood pressure by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
5. Sex hormone production: The adrenal cortex produces small amounts of sex hormones, such as androgens and estrogens, which contribute to sexual development and function.
6. Growth and development: Cortisol plays a role in normal growth and development by influencing the activity of growth-promoting hormones like insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

The main adrenal cortex hormones include:

1. Glucocorticoids: Cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid, responsible for regulating metabolism and stress response.
2. Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid, involved in electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation.
3. Androgens: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate derivative (DHEAS) are the most abundant adrenal androgens, contributing to sexual development and function.
4. Estrogens: Small amounts of estrogens are produced by the adrenal cortex, mainly in women.

Disorders related to impaired adrenal cortex hormone production or regulation can lead to various clinical manifestations, such as Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency), Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism), and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

Patient discharge is a medical term that refers to the point in time when a patient is released from a hospital or other healthcare facility after receiving treatment. This process typically involves the physician or healthcare provider determining that the patient's condition has improved enough to allow them to continue their recovery at home or in another appropriate setting.

The discharge process may include providing the patient with instructions for ongoing care, such as medication regimens, follow-up appointments, and activity restrictions. The healthcare team may also provide educational materials and resources to help patients and their families manage their health conditions and prevent complications.

It is important for patients and their families to understand and follow the discharge instructions carefully to ensure a smooth transition back to home or another care setting and to promote continued recovery and good health.

Hospitalization is the process of admitting a patient to a hospital for the purpose of receiving medical treatment, surgery, or other health care services. It involves staying in the hospital as an inpatient, typically under the care of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals. The length of stay can vary depending on the individual's medical condition and the type of treatment required. Hospitalization may be necessary for a variety of reasons, such as to receive intensive care, to undergo diagnostic tests or procedures, to recover from surgery, or to manage chronic illnesses or injuries.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pilot projects" is not a medical term per se. Instead, it is a general term used in various fields, including healthcare and medicine, to describe a small-scale initiative that is implemented on a temporary basis to evaluate its feasibility, effectiveness, or impact before deciding whether to expand or continue it.

In the context of healthcare, pilot projects might involve testing new treatment protocols, implementing innovative care models, or introducing technology solutions in a limited setting to assess their potential benefits and drawbacks. The results of these projects can help inform decisions about broader implementation and provide valuable insights for improving the quality and efficiency of healthcare services.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Muscular atrophy is a condition characterized by a decrease in the size and mass of muscles due to lack of use, disease, or injury. This occurs when there is a disruption in the balance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation, leading to a net loss of muscle proteins. There are two main types of muscular atrophy:

1. Disuse atrophy: This type of atrophy occurs when muscles are not used or are immobilized for an extended period, such as after an injury, surgery, or prolonged bed rest. In this case, the nerves that control the muscles may still be functioning properly, but the muscles themselves waste away due to lack of use.
2. Neurogenic atrophy: This type of atrophy is caused by damage to the nerves that supply the muscles, leading to muscle weakness and wasting. Conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal cord injuries, and peripheral neuropathies can cause neurogenic atrophy.

In both cases, the affected muscles may become weak, shrink in size, and lose their tone and mass. Treatment for muscular atrophy depends on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, exercise, and medication to manage symptoms and improve muscle strength and function.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) diseases, also known as Peripheral Neuropathies, refer to conditions that affect the functioning of the peripheral nervous system, which includes all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, controlling sensations, movements, and automatic functions such as heart rate and digestion.

PNS diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, toxins, metabolic disorders, trauma, or autoimmune conditions. The symptoms of PNS diseases depend on the type and extent of nerve damage but often include:

1. Numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet
2. Muscle weakness or cramps
3. Loss of reflexes
4. Decreased sensation to touch, temperature, or vibration
5. Coordination problems and difficulty with balance
6. Sexual dysfunction
7. Digestive issues, such as constipation or diarrhea
8. Dizziness or fainting due to changes in blood pressure

Examples of PNS diseases include Guillain-Barre syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, diabetic neuropathy, and peripheral nerve injuries. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the underlying cause but may involve medications, physical therapy, lifestyle changes, or surgery.

Physiological stress is a response of the body to a demand or threat that disrupts homeostasis and activates the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This results in the release of stress hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol, and noradrenaline, which prepare the body for a "fight or flight" response. Increased heart rate, rapid breathing, heightened sensory perception, and increased alertness are some of the physiological changes that occur during this response. Chronic stress can have negative effects on various bodily functions, including the immune, cardiovascular, and nervous systems.

Physical therapy modalities refer to the various forms of treatment that physical therapists use to help reduce pain, promote healing, and restore function to the body. These modalities can include:

1. Heat therapy: This includes the use of hot packs, paraffin baths, and infrared heat to increase blood flow, relax muscles, and relieve pain.
2. Cold therapy: Also known as cryotherapy, this involves the use of ice packs, cold compresses, or cooling gels to reduce inflammation, numb the area, and relieve pain.
3. Electrical stimulation: This uses electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles, which can help to reduce pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and function.
4. Ultrasound: This uses high-frequency sound waves to penetrate deep into tissues, increasing blood flow, reducing inflammation, and promoting healing.
5. Manual therapy: This includes techniques such as massage, joint mobilization, and stretching, which are used to improve range of motion, reduce pain, and promote relaxation.
6. Traction: This is a technique that uses gentle pulling on the spine or other joints to help relieve pressure and improve alignment.
7. Light therapy: Also known as phototherapy, this involves the use of low-level lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to promote healing and reduce pain and inflammation.
8. Therapeutic exercise: This includes a range of exercises that are designed to improve strength, flexibility, balance, and coordination, and help patients recover from injury or illness.

Physical therapy modalities are often used in combination with other treatments, such as manual therapy and therapeutic exercise, to provide a comprehensive approach to rehabilitation and pain management.

Comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional health conditions or diseases alongside a primary illness or condition. These co-occurring health issues can have an impact on the treatment plan, prognosis, and overall healthcare management of an individual. Comorbidities often interact with each other and the primary condition, leading to more complex clinical situations and increased healthcare needs. It is essential for healthcare professionals to consider and address comorbidities to provide comprehensive care and improve patient outcomes.

Inflammation is a complex biological response of tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is characterized by the following signs: rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), dolor (pain), and functio laesa (loss of function). The process involves the activation of the immune system, recruitment of white blood cells, and release of inflammatory mediators, which contribute to the elimination of the injurious stimuli and initiation of the healing process. However, uncontrolled or chronic inflammation can also lead to tissue damage and diseases.

'Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype' is a specific subtype of the influenza A virus that causes flu in humans and animals. It contains certain proteins called hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) on its surface, with this subtype specifically having H1 and N1 antigens. The H1N1 strain is well-known for causing the 2009 swine flu pandemic, which was a global outbreak of flu that resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. This subtype can also cause seasonal flu, although the severity and symptoms may vary. It is important to note that influenza viruses are constantly changing, and new strains or subtypes can emerge over time, requiring regular updates to vaccines to protect against them.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Continuity of patient care is a concept in healthcare that refers to the consistent and seamless delivery of medical services to a patient over time, regardless of changes in their location or healthcare providers. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining clear communication, coordination, and information sharing among all members of a patient's healthcare team, including physicians, nurses, specialists, and other caregivers.

The goal of continuity of patient care is to ensure that patients receive high-quality, safe, and effective medical treatment that is tailored to their individual needs and preferences. This can help to reduce the risk of medical errors, improve patient outcomes, enhance patient satisfaction, and decrease healthcare costs.

There are several types of continuity that are important in patient care, including:

1. Relational continuity: This refers to the ongoing relationship between a patient and their primary care provider or team, who knows the patient's medical history, values, and preferences.
2. Management continuity: This involves the coordination and management of a patient's care across different settings, such as hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities.
3. Informational continuity: This refers to the sharing of accurate and up-to-date information among all members of a patient's healthcare team, including test results, medication lists, and treatment plans.

Continuity of patient care is particularly important for patients with chronic medical conditions, who require ongoing monitoring and management over an extended period. It can also help to reduce the risk of fragmented care, which can occur when patients receive care from multiple providers who do not communicate effectively with each other. By promoting continuity of care, healthcare systems can improve patient safety, quality of care, and overall health outcomes.

Hypoglycemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Generally, hypoglycemia is defined as a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L), although symptoms may not occur until the blood sugar level falls below 55 mg/dL (3.0 mmol/L).

Hypoglycemia can occur in people with diabetes who are taking insulin or medications that increase insulin production, as well as those with certain medical conditions such as hormone deficiencies, severe liver illnesses, or disorders of the adrenal glands. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include sweating, shaking, confusion, rapid heartbeat, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness or seizures.

Hypoglycemia is typically treated by consuming fast-acting carbohydrates such as fruit juice, candy, or glucose tablets to rapidly raise blood sugar levels. If left untreated, hypoglycemia can lead to serious complications, including brain damage and even death.

Neural conduction is the process by which electrical signals, known as action potentials, are transmitted along the axon of a neuron (nerve cell) to transmit information between different parts of the nervous system. This electrical impulse is generated by the movement of ions across the neuronal membrane, and it propagates down the length of the axon until it reaches the synapse, where it can then stimulate the release of neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons or target cells. The speed of neural conduction can vary depending on factors such as the diameter of the axon, the presence of myelin sheaths (which act as insulation and allow for faster conduction), and the temperature of the environment.

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

Electromyography (EMG) is a medical diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscles during contraction and at rest. It involves inserting a thin needle electrode into the muscle to record the electrical signals generated by the muscle fibers. These signals are then displayed on an oscilloscope and may be heard through a speaker.

EMG can help diagnose various neuromuscular disorders, such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, and can distinguish between muscle and nerve disorders. It is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests, such as nerve conduction studies, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the nervous system.

EMG is typically performed by a neurologist or a physiatrist, and the procedure may cause some discomfort or pain, although this is usually minimal. The results of an EMG can help guide treatment decisions and monitor the progression of neuromuscular conditions over time.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Clinical protocols, also known as clinical practice guidelines or care paths, are systematically developed statements that assist healthcare professionals and patients in making decisions about the appropriate healthcare for specific clinical circumstances. They are based on a thorough evaluation of the available scientific evidence and consist of a set of recommendations that are designed to optimize patient outcomes, improve the quality of care, and reduce unnecessary variations in practice. Clinical protocols may cover a wide range of topics, including diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and disease prevention, and are developed by professional organizations, government agencies, and other groups with expertise in the relevant field.

A Patient Care Team is a group of healthcare professionals from various disciplines who work together to provide comprehensive, coordinated care to a patient. The team may include doctors, nurses, pharmacists, social workers, physical therapists, dietitians, and other specialists as needed, depending on the patient's medical condition and healthcare needs.

The Patient Care Team works collaboratively to develop an individualized care plan for the patient, taking into account their medical history, current health status, treatment options, and personal preferences. The team members communicate regularly to share information, coordinate care, and make any necessary adjustments to the care plan.

The goal of a Patient Care Team is to ensure that the patient receives high-quality, safe, and effective care that is tailored to their unique needs and preferences. By working together, the team can provide more comprehensive and coordinated care, which can lead to better outcomes for the patient.

In the medical context, communication refers to the process of exchanging information, ideas, or feelings between two or more individuals in order to facilitate understanding, cooperation, and decision-making. Effective communication is critical in healthcare settings to ensure that patients receive accurate diagnoses, treatment plans, and follow-up care. It involves not only verbal and written communication but also nonverbal cues such as body language and facial expressions.

Healthcare providers must communicate clearly and empathetically with their patients to build trust, address concerns, and ensure that they understand their medical condition and treatment options. Similarly, healthcare teams must communicate effectively with each other to coordinate care, avoid errors, and provide the best possible outcomes for their patients. Communication skills are essential for all healthcare professionals, including physicians, nurses, therapists, and social workers.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

Nutritional status is a concept that refers to the condition of an individual in relation to their nutrient intake, absorption, metabolism, and excretion. It encompasses various aspects such as body weight, muscle mass, fat distribution, presence of any deficiencies or excesses of specific nutrients, and overall health status.

A comprehensive assessment of nutritional status typically includes a review of dietary intake, anthropometric measurements (such as height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure), laboratory tests (such as serum albumin, total protein, cholesterol levels, vitamin and mineral levels), and clinical evaluation for signs of malnutrition or overnutrition.

Malnutrition can result from inadequate intake or absorption of nutrients, increased nutrient requirements due to illness or injury, or excessive loss of nutrients due to medical conditions. On the other hand, overnutrition can lead to obesity and related health problems such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer.

Therefore, maintaining a good nutritional status is essential for overall health and well-being, and it is an important consideration in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various medical conditions.

Psychological adaptation refers to the process by which individuals adjust and cope with stressors, challenges, or changes in their environment or circumstances. It involves modifying thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and copabilities to reduce the negative impact of these stressors and promote well-being. Psychological adaptation can occur at different levels, including intrapersonal (within the individual), interpersonal (between individuals), and cultural (within a group or society).

Examples of psychological adaptation include:

* Cognitive restructuring: changing negative thoughts and beliefs to more positive or adaptive ones
* Emotion regulation: managing and reducing intense or distressing emotions
* Problem-solving: finding solutions to practical challenges or obstacles
* Seeking social support: reaching out to others for help, advice, or comfort
* Developing coping strategies: using effective ways to deal with stressors or difficulties
* Cultivating resilience: bouncing back from adversity and learning from negative experiences.

Psychological adaptation is an important aspect of mental health and well-being, as it helps individuals adapt to new situations, overcome challenges, and maintain a sense of control and optimism in the face of stressors or changes.

Illness behavior is a term used in the field of medicine and psychology to describe the way an individual perceives, experiences, and responds to symptoms or illness. It encompasses the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are associated with being sick or experiencing discomfort. This can include seeking medical attention, adhering to treatment plans, and adjusting one's daily activities to accommodate the illness.

Illness behavior is not simply the presence of physical symptoms, but rather it is the way in which an individual interprets and responds to those symptoms. It can be influenced by a variety of factors, including cultural beliefs about health and illness, previous experiences with illness, personality traits, and mental health status.

It's important to note that illness behavior is not necessarily indicative of malingering or fabricating symptoms. Rather, it reflects the complex interplay between an individual's physical health, psychological factors, and social context. Understanding illness behavior can help healthcare providers better assess and manage their patients' symptoms and improve overall care.

The Predictive Value of Tests, specifically the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), are measures used in diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a positive or negative test result is correct.

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of patients with a positive test result who actually have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true positives divided by the total number of positive results (true positives + false positives). A higher PPV indicates that a positive test result is more likely to be a true positive, and therefore the disease is more likely to be present.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of patients with a negative test result who do not have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true negatives divided by the total number of negative results (true negatives + false negatives). A higher NPV indicates that a negative test result is more likely to be a true negative, and therefore the disease is less likely to be present.

The predictive value of tests depends on the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A test with high sensitivity and specificity will generally have higher predictive values than a test with low sensitivity and specificity. However, even a highly sensitive and specific test can have low predictive values if the prevalence of the disease is low in the population being tested.

"What is Critical Illness Insurance". Protect Critical. Retrieved 14 August 2018. "Critical Illness Insurance: Past, present and ... Critical illness insurance options available in Canada: ROP - Return of premium. If you do not claim a critical illness you can ... Critical illness insurance, otherwise known as critical illness cover or a dread disease policy, is an insurance product in ... Critical illness insurance was founded by Dr Marius Barnard, with the first critical illness product being launched on 6 ...
Terms used for the condition include: critical illness polyneuromyopathy, critical illness neuromyopathy, and critical illness ... Chronic critical illness Latronico N, Bolton CF (2011). "Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy: a major cause of muscle ... Critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) and critical illness myopathy (CIM) are overlapping syndromes of diffuse, symmetric, ... when critical illness myopathy occurs, it is not solely due to loss of innervation of the muscle. With critical illness ...
... of patients who require mechanical ventilation as part of their initial illness will go on to develop chronic critical illness ... Chronic critical illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010; 182(4): 446-54. PMID 20448093 Nelson JE, Meier DE, Litke A, Natale ... Chronic critical illness is a disease state which affects intensive care patients who have survived an initial insult but ... The symptom burden of chronic critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2004; 32(7): 1527-34. PMID 15241097 Kahn JM, Le T, Angus DC, Cox ...
... and levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate decrease in response to critical illness. In the chronic phase of severe illness, ... Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency is a form of adrenal insufficiency in critically ill patients who have ... Van den Berghe G, de Zegher F, Bouillon R (June 1998). "Clinical review 95: Acute and prolonged critical illness as different ... Téblick A, Gunst J, Van den Berghe G (March 2022). "Critical illness-induced corticosteroid insufficiency: what it is not and ...
Cho, Hŭi-yŏn; Surendra, Lawrence; Cho, Hyo-je (2013). Contemporary South Korean Society: A Critical Perspective. Routledge. ... Onsan Illness (온산병) is the name for a pollution disease in Korea that occurred in Onsan-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Korea. It caused ... The collective group of symptoms was termed Onsan illness as a root cause was initially unknown and later thought to be cadmium ... While the government maintained their position that poisoning is not the cause of this illness, it did admit to high pollution ...
Kovats, R. Sari; Hajat, Shakoor (April 2008). "Heat Stress and Public Health: A Critical Review". Annual Review of Public ... of exertion heat-related illness time-loss events. Heat illness is also not limited geographically and is widely distributed ... Heat illness is a spectrum of disorders due to increased body temperature. It can be caused by either environmental conditions ... Heat illnesses include: Heat stroke, heat exhaustion, heat syncope, heat edema, heat cramps, heat rash, heat tetany. Prevention ...
Conrad, Peter (2008). The Sociology of Health and Illness Critical Perspectives. Macmillan Publishers. pp. 1-55. ISBN 978-1- ... "Reasons for consultation and explanations of illness among Finnish primary-care patients". Sociology of Health & Illness, Vol. ... Illness in these countries will affect their work and Finnish people will quickly get treatment so they can return to work. ... These common illness were examined not because of their seriousness but because of their frequency. The researchers explain ...
... as would happen if the policyholder did not have terminal illness insurance). It should not be confused with critical illness ... Terminal illness insurance (known as accelerated death benefit in North America) pays out a capital sum if the policyholder is ... Terminal Illness Insurance is not available as a separate insurance policy. If a life insurance policyholder also has terminal ... illness insurance, then he/she has the benefit of knowing that if he/she is diagnosed with a serious illness and is expected to ...
"No such thing as mental illness? Critical reflections on the major ideas and legacy of Thomas Szasz". BJPsych Bulletin. 40 (6 ... Mental illness denial in India is a common problem. Many Indians view mental illnesses as "touchy-feely, new-age hogwash", even ... Mental illness denial or mental disorder denial is a form of denialism in which a person denies the existence of mental ... According to Thomas Szasz, mental illness is a social construct. He views psychiatry as a social control and mechanism for ...
"SSQ to introduce comprehensive critical illness coverage". Investment Executive. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015. " ... critical illness; long-term care; expatriate insurance) Individual insurance (term life insurance; permanent life insurance; ... critical illness insurance; travel insurance and trip cancellation insurance) General insurance (auto insurance; replacement ...
2019-12-13). Staying Alive, Third Edition: Critical Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Health Care (Third ed.). Toronto, ... Sociology of Health & Illness (SHI) is a peer-reviewed academic journal which covers the sociological aspects of health, ... It is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Foundation for the Sociology of Health and Illness. Established in 1979, ... Official website Foundation for the Sociology of Health & Illness (Articles with short description, Short description matches ...
"The illness within". Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2017-11 ... "HD-RSC Kick-off: Charles Sabine Presentation". Critical Path Institute. Archived from the original on 2020-09-28. Retrieved ...
"Parental involvement in neonatal critical care decision-making". Sociology of Health & Illness. 38 (8): 1217-1242. doi:10.1111/ ...
Sociology of Health & Illness. 29 (2) 163-179 Shaw, S. & Greenhalgh, T. (2008) Best Research - For What? Best Health - For Whom ... To him it is not "a zone of critical-revolutionary study, but one that conceptually reproduces capitalist rule" [1999:197] by ... This entails subjects becoming responsibilised by making them see social risks such as illness, unemployment, poverty, public ... our responsibility to remain free of illness so as to be able to work and to care for our dependants (children, elderly parents ...
A Critical Analysis(1994), Remembering Trauma(2003), and What is Mental Illness?(2011). He has also conducted laboratory ... What is mental illness?. McNally RJ (2011). Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. "Richard J. McNally ... Panic Disorder: A Critical Analysis. McNally RJ (1994). New York: Guilford Press. Remembering trauma. McNally RJ (2003). ... McNally, Richard (2011). What is Mental Illness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Reiss, Steven; Peterson, Rolf A.; ...
The illness progressed rapidly. The treatment was not very helpful-it included brutal corporal punishment. Some of his friends ... Pavel Fedotov is the founder of critical realism in Russian painting. There are two prevailing trends in his work. The first ...
And, despite interludes of illness, as well as the miseries of coach travel and the dishonesty of some hotel keepers and coach ... His praise of the poet Thomas Campbell has been cited as one major instance where Hazlitt's critical judgement proved wrong. ... Plagued more frequently by painful bouts of illness, he began to retreat within himself. Even at this time, however, he turned ... By then he was overwhelmed by the degradation of poverty, frequent bouts of physical as well as mental illness-depression- ...
... "critical time" intervention after discharge from a shelter". American Journal of Public Health. 87 (2): 256-26 2. doi:10.2105/ ... "What is Serious Mental Illness?". SMI Adviser. American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023. "NIMH » Mental Illness ... Serious mental illness (SMI) is characterized as any mental health condition that impairs seriously or severely from one to ... There are also instances where poor insight into one's mental illness has resulted in increased psychiatric symptoms which ...
Tips on adjusting the controls to avoid problems". The Journal of Critical Illness. 7 (4): 547-560. ISSN 1040-0257. PMID ... In addition to critical care ventilation, Puritan Bennett provided medical devices for patients outside of the acute care ... The 7200 Series is a critical care ventilator model prior to the 760 Series. The 560 Series is a portable ventilation unit. The ... The 840 Ventilator System is the old-fashioned acute critical care ventilator sold by Puritan Bennett. Launched in some ...
Supinski GS, Morris PE, Dhar S, Callahan LA (April 2018). "Diaphragm Dysfunction in Critical Illness". Chest. 153 (4): 1040- ...
"Liu Xiaobo Illness Status Update". First Hospital of China Medical University. 10 July 2017. Archived from the original on 11 ... On 10 July, the hospital said that Liu was in critical condition, and that he was suffering from an increasingly bloated ... "Liu Xiaobo Illness Status Update". First Hospital of China Medical University. 12 July 2017. Archived from the original on 13 ... Buckley, Chris (10 July 2017). "Chinese Doctors Say Nobel Laureate Is in Critical Condition". The New York Times. Archived from ...
"Vaping Associated Pulmonary Illness (VAPI)". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 200 (7): P13-P14. doi: ...
Illness, Critical (September 3, 2010). "Doreen D'Agostino Media » Ryuichi Sakamoto and Decca". Doreendagostinomedia.com. ...
Illness, Critical (3 September 2010). "Doreen D'Agostino Media " Ryuichi Sakamoto and Decca". Doreendagostinomedia.com. ...
Alspach, Grif (1 August 2005). "1 - 2 - 3 - 4... Mental Illness Out the Door?". Critical Care Nurse. 25 (4): 8-10. doi:10.4037/ ... of fires were started by pyromaniacs and others with mental illness. A 1951 study by Lewis and Yarnell, one of the largest ...
Christopher KB (March 2018). "Nutritional metabolomics in critical illness". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and ... Bundy JG, Davey MP, Viant MR (2009). "Environmental metabolomics: A critical review and future perspectives". Metabolomics. 5: ... Bentley R (1999). "Secondary metabolite biosynthesis: the first century". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 19 (1): 1-40. doi: ...
"Critical illness myopathy and neuropathy". Lancet. 347 (9015): 1579-1582. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)91074-0. PMID 8667865. ...
"Electronic Nose Smells Illness". Wired - via www.wired.com. "Past Presidents". "SCCM , Fellow and Masters". Society of Critical ... Hanson is a past president of the Society of Critical Care Anesthesiologists. He is a fellow of Society of Critical Care ... Effects of an organized critical care service on outcomes and resource utilization: A prospective cohort study. Critical Care ... Critical Care Medicine 24(1): 23-28, January 1996. "C. William Hanson, III, MD". "From Fountain Pen to Big Data". Anthes, Emily ...
Human illness: The effects of PCOs on humans have been questioned, leading to the "Pfiesteria hysteria hypothesis." A critical ... Greenberg DR, Tracy JK, Grattan LM (1998). "A critical review of the Pfiesteria hysteria hypothesis". Md Med J. 47 (3): 133-6. ... Concluding that there was no evidence to support the existence of Pfiesteria-associated human illness, the National Institutes ... A subsequent evaluation, however, concluded that PCOs can cause human illness. The controversy about the risk of Pfiesteria ...
Benning, Tony B. (December 2016). "No such thing as mental illness? Critical reflections on the major ideas and legacy of ... These proponents cite as evidence that the DSM IV, favored in the United States for defining and diagnosing mental illness, ... Joseph, Jay (December 2000). "Not in Their Genes: A Critical View of the Genetics of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ... David Cohen; Jonathan Leo (2003). "Broken brains or flawed studies? A critical review of ADHD neuroimaging studies". The ...
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Help Reduce the Financial Impact of a Serious Illness. Critical illness insurance can help you financially prepare for a major ... Critical illness insurance provides a lump-sum payment that can be used to help provide you and your family financial support ... Critical illness insurance provides a lump-sum payment upon verified diagnosis of a covered condition to help ensure you and ... METLIFE CRITICAL ILLNESS INSURANCE (CII) IS A LIMITED BENEFIT GROUP INSURANCE POLICY. Like most group accident and health ...
... factors to consider before taking out critical illness insurance and how to buy an insurance policy. ... Information on critical illness insurance, what it covers, ... How to buy critical illness insurance. You can buy a critical ... How critical illness insurance costs. The costs of taking out critical illness insurance vary from person to person and are ... Critical illness insurance policies dont cover every type of illness. And with the illnesses they do cover, you usually have ...
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  • Critical illness insurance, otherwise known as critical illness cover or a dread disease policy, is an insurance product in which the insurer is contracted to typically make a lump sum cash payment if the policyholder is diagnosed with one of the specific illnesses on a predetermined list as part of an insurance policy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Only a certain number of very specific illnesses will be covered. (citizensadvice.org.uk)
  • UK Insurers offer an increasing list of specific illnesses which they will cover beyond the most common like cancer, heart disease and strokes, but each insurer has their own list, and therefore if there is a history of a certain illness in the family, some insurers may provide better cover than others. (quotelifecover.com)
  • A normal health insurance policy covers you for any medical emergency resulting due to sickness or accident, whereas, a critical illness insurance plan covers you only for specific illnesses. (bajajallianz.com)
  • Critical Illness Insurance provides benefits when a covered person is diagnosed with an eligible condition like heart attack, stroke, major organ transplant, end stage renal failure or coronary artery bypass surgery. (allstate.com)
  • Managing the emotional cost of illnesses like cancer, 1 a heart attack 2 or a stroke 3 is hard enough. (metlife.com)
  • The kinds of illnesses that are covered are usually long-term and very serious conditions such as a heart attack or stroke, loss of arms or legs, or diseases like cancer, multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's disease. (citizensadvice.org.uk)
  • Earlier, these plans primarily covered six critical ailments-coronary artery bypass graft surgery, cancer, kidney failure, heart attack, major organ transplant and stroke. (livemint.com)
  • In addition to the top three illnesses - heart attack, stroke and cancer - these policies can cover a wide range of health procedures and medical crises, including a major burn or coma, a by-pass surgery or an angioplasty. (trustedchoice.com)
  • Apart from cancer, heart attack and stroke make up most of the critical illness insurance claims every year. (globaldata.com)
  • Critical Illness Cover with Life Insurance protects families from financial hardship by paying out a one-off lump-sum if the policyholder suffers a serious illness like cancer or a stroke, or a permanent disability caused by injury, or if they die during the term of the policy. (quotelifecover.com)
  • A critical illness rider is an optional add-on to a life insurance policy that provides a lump-sum payout if the policyholder is diagnosed with a specified critical illness like cancer, heart attack, or stroke. (westernsouthern.com)
  • These illnesses often include severe conditions like heart attack, stroke, cancer, kidney failure, and certain types of surgeries. (westernsouthern.com)
  • Severe illnesses like cancer, stroke, kidney failure and heart attack have become the talk of the town nowadays. (bajajallianz.com)
  • Critical Illness Insurance offers you the right tools to prepare and achieve financial recovery after a life-altering event such as cancer, heart attack, stroke or a heart surgery. (arbetovinsurance.com)
  • While healthy lifestyle choices can be your best defense against some health risks, a critical illness such as cancer, stroke or heart disease can strike anyone at any time. (arbetovinsurance.com)
  • Unfortunately, serious illness has a huge impact in the UK, with almost 990 cancer cases diagnosed every day, and someone suffering from a stroke around every three and a half minutes. (lloydsbank.com)
  • Critical Illness Insurance from Allstate Benefits includes coverage that can help pay for some of the costs associated with the diagnosis of some forms of cancer. (allstate.com)
  • This provides a one-off tax-free lump-sum payment in the event of a serious illness like cancer, or permanent disability caused by injury, or in the event of your death. (quotelifecover.com)
  • Generally speaking, critical illnesses include: cancer, heart attacks and strokes. (rogersinsurance.ca)
  • Examples of critical illnesses that tend to be included are multiple sclerosis, certain types, and stages of cancer, strokes, and heart attacks. (thereviewbroads.com)
  • Critical illness cover normally includes a number of illnesses, including heart attacks, strokes and certain types of cancer. (lloydsbank.com)
  • Sometimes the denial is based on a policyholder not contracting a severe enough form of the illness, as defined in the fine print of your policy. (sharelawyers.com)
  • After adjusting for age, education, preexisting cognitive function, severity of illness, severe sepsis, and exposure to sedative medications in the intensive care unit, increasing duration of delirium was an independent predictor of worse cognitive performance-determined by averaging age-adjusted and education-adjusted T-scores from nine tests measuring seven domains of cognition-at 3-mo (p=.02) and 12-mo follow-up (p=.03). (nih.gov)
  • We reviewed the evidence about the effect of treatments to prevent or reduce complications affecting the nerves or muscles during the severe, early phase of critical illness. (cochrane.org)
  • A critical illness plan provides coverage for all the known critical/severe diseases. (bajajallianz.com)
  • The clinical course of COVID-19 is variable, with clinical manifestation ranging from 81% mild course to 14% severe course along with 5% critical course in patients. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Some policies may also pay out a smaller amount for less severe additional conditions and provide cover if your child suffers a critical illness, but you'll need to check this with your insurer. (lloydsbank.com)
  • The clinical spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 infection includes asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic infection and mild, moderate, severe, and critical illness. (cdc.gov)
  • Information about clinical management and treatment of COVID-19 is stratified by whether the patient has mild or moderate illness that often can be managed in the outpatient setting, or severe or critical illness that requires hospitalization. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinicians should consider offering therapeutics and monitoring closely patients with risk factors for severe illness. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, the FDA has issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for the oral antiviral molnupiravir (Lagevrio), which can be used for treatment of patients with mild to moderate illness who are at risk for severe illness. (cdc.gov)
  • Stress Disorders in Survivors of Severe Sepsis Just how long does it take to shake off the stress of a critical illness? (medscape.com)
  • The rider offers coverage for a wide range of critical illnesses but also comes with specific exclusions. (westernsouthern.com)
  • If you still have any doubts regarding any of the coverages, exclusions or claims process of a critical illness policy, please leave a comment below and we will surely resolve your query. (bajajallianz.com)
  • The policy may require the policyholder to survive a minimum number of days (the survival period) from when the illness was first diagnosed. (wikipedia.org)
  • These critical illness insurance policies directly pay health providers for the treatment costs of critical and life-threatening illnesses covered by the policyholder's insurance policy, including the fee of specialists and procedures at a select group of high-ranking hospitals up to a certain amount per episode of treatment as set out in the policy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Critical illness may be purchased by individuals in conjunction with a life insurance or term assurance policy at the time of a residential purchase, known as a 'bolt-on' benefit. (wikipedia.org)
  • When you make a claim on a critical illness insurance policy, you will only get one payment. (citizensadvice.org.uk)
  • You will need to know exactly which illnesses are covered by the policy. (citizensadvice.org.uk)
  • But will a health insurance policy be enough if you are diagnosed of a critical illness or you meet with a serious accident? (livemint.com)
  • A critical illness policy can be bought as a stand-alone policy or as an add-on, popularly known as rider, on a life insurance policy. (livemint.com)
  • In fact, some of the health insurance plans come bundled with critical illness, but experts recommend buying a stand-alone policy. (livemint.com)
  • According to new rules, a critical illness plan is renewable for life, but once a claim is made and the sum assured paid in full, the policy stands terminated. (livemint.com)
  • Insurers, depending upon their underwriting guidelines, may offer health policy to individuals with pre-existing diseases, provided the disease is not related to any of the insured critical illnesses," said Rakesh Jain, chief executive officer and executive director, Reliance General Insurance Co. Ltd. (livemint.com)
  • The 48 months waiting period will be applicable if the pre-existing ailment is related to the 20 critical illnesses covered under the policy. (livemint.com)
  • Insurance that pays out a lump sum benefit on either the death or diagnosis of a serious ( life-threatening ) illness in the life assured within the term of the policy , and nothing on healthy survival to the end of the term. (yourdictionary.com)
  • A Critical Illness insurance policy helps provide protection from a variety of covered conditions, so you can focus on getting well. (mutualofomaha.com)
  • Critical Illness insurance may be the ideal solution for those who are worried about covering the costs of a high deductible health insurance policy. (mutualofomaha.com)
  • If an owner is unable to work for a period of time due to illness or treatment, a Critical Illness policy may help keep operations running as smoothly as possible for a time. (mutualofomaha.com)
  • Is a Critical Illness policy right for you? (mutualofomaha.com)
  • The policy benefit was payable if she died or was diagnosed with a critical illness. (financial-ombudsman.org.uk)
  • Helen had taken out a policy to cover her for critical illness. (financial-ombudsman.org.uk)
  • But what if your illness isn't terminal, as defined by your policy? (wholesaleinsurance.net)
  • Plus, if your life insurance policy offers living benefits triggered by a covered illness, using those benefits will reduce or eliminate the death benefit your survivors will receive if you pass away. (wholesaleinsurance.net)
  • Buying a stand-alone critical illness policy means that your life insurance benefits will still be payable to your beneficiaries even if you're diagnosed with a serious illness and receive benefits from your critical illness policy. (wholesaleinsurance.net)
  • Critical illness life insurance is the insurance you need if you are in search for a life insurance policy that can provide coverage with the particularly attention paid to critical illness. (quotezone.co.uk)
  • The way that critical illness life insurance generally works is that if you get critically ill with a range of different conditions that are specified before in the policy document, then you will get a lump sum. (quotezone.co.uk)
  • When reviewing your need for a critical illness insurance policy, there are several important things to consider, such as whether you have a family history of serious illness. (trustedchoice.com)
  • Critical illness insurance policies vary in the amount and type of coverage they provide, and it is important to examine the policy closely. (trustedchoice.com)
  • If you receive benefits from your critical illness policy, they can be used for any medical or non-medical expenses you have, at your discretion. (trustedchoice.com)
  • Be sure to compare several companies that carry critical care insurance to get the best possible rate on your insurance policy. (trustedchoice.com)
  • Can I cancel my critical illness policy at any time? (aviva.co.uk)
  • Critical illness is a supplemental policy that helps some of the financial burden if you or a covered dependent is diagnosed with a covered illness. (missouristate.edu)
  • It discovers what is most influential to customers when purchasing a critical illness policy and reveals the most popular providers in the market. (globaldata.com)
  • Critical illness customers are most inclined to visit price comparison websites (PCWs) and take advice from an independent financial advisor before purchasing a policy. (globaldata.com)
  • A critical illness insurance policy pays out a one-time lump sum payment in the event that you are diagnosed with one of the critical illnesses included in your policy. (sharelawyers.com)
  • Non-payment of a critical illness insurance policy can be very upsetting, particularly when you're dealing with a critical illness at the same time and were relying on the financial support from your policy to help cover costs related to your illness. (sharelawyers.com)
  • Our critical illness insurance lawyers can help you get the benefits you're entitled to under your policy. (sharelawyers.com)
  • However, the particular way in which a critical illness insurance policy defines illness - including its severity - is often subject to review by insurance companies and their staff of medical professionals. (sharelawyers.com)
  • If you bought this type of insurance, you were likely told that you would be paid out the value of your policy if you were diagnosed with one of the critical illnesses it covers. (sharelawyers.com)
  • this list is only an example of covered illnesses and the list for your particular policy may differ, so always check the policy wording carefully). (sharelawyers.com)
  • Let's Help You Find the Best Critical Illness Cover Policy (& Save Money too! (quotelifecover.com)
  • This is the most popular type of Critical Illness policy. (quotelifecover.com)
  • A life insurance Critical Illness Rider is an add-on provision to a life insurance policy that provides additional coverage if the policyholder is diagnosed with one of the specified critical illnesses. (westernsouthern.com)
  • When purchasing a life insurance policy, you may have the option to add a Critical Illness Rider for an additional premium. (westernsouthern.com)
  • If, during the policy term, the policyholder is diagnosed with one of the covered critical illnesses, they become eligible for a claim. (westernsouthern.com)
  • As important as it is to invest in a critical illness insurance plan, it is equally important to know the coverages of your policy. (bajajallianz.com)
  • Also, overlooking the features of your policy leaves you in a state of confusion and it becomes difficult for you to differentiate between the myths and facts associated with your critical illness health insurance policy. (bajajallianz.com)
  • Critical illness policy is same as a normal health insurance policy, so I need not buy two different insurance plans. (bajajallianz.com)
  • A critical illness plan provides coverage right from the commencement of the policy. (bajajallianz.com)
  • You get the benefit of tax exemption under section 80D of the Income Tax Act, if you purchase a critical illness health insurance policy. (bajajallianz.com)
  • Critical illness policy provides protection from the life threatening illness, which can hamper your routine life style. (nriol.com)
  • Any Critical Illness for which care, treatment, or advice was recommended by or received from a Physician, or which first manifested itself or was contracted before the start of the Policy Period, or for which a claim has or could have been made under any earlier policy. (nriol.com)
  • Any Critical Illness diagnosed within the first 90 days of the date of commencement of the Policy is excluded. (nriol.com)
  • Critical Illness/Specified Disease insurance policies are underwritten by Boston Mutual Life Insurance Company (Canton, MA) in all states, except New York, under Policy Form Series WS-CI 4/12, subject to state availability. (bostonmutual.com)
  • If you live in Calgary and are considering purchasing a Calgary critical illness policy, we can help you find coverage that is both affordable and reliable. (rogersinsurance.ca)
  • Critical illness recovery plan policy will assure you a lump sum benefit amount between $25,000 and $2 million. (financenewspro.com)
  • Critical illness recovery plan policy is not just a claim check. (financenewspro.com)
  • Each policy will outline specified illnesses and medical conditions that are covered. (thereviewbroads.com)
  • It is important to read the terms of each policy carefully before signing on the dotted line, as certain illnesses will be covered in some policies but not in others. (thereviewbroads.com)
  • Now you know what is critical illness cover, so let's take a look at the different reasons why you should take out this insurance policy. (thereviewbroads.com)
  • Cover expenses that are not included in medical insurance - Not only are there a lot of out-of-pocket costs related to health insurance, but this type of policy does not cover everything that is related to treating a chronic illness. (thereviewbroads.com)
  • They can make sure that you end up with a policy that is financially viable while also covering you for all of the major illnesses that would make it impossible for you to work. (thereviewbroads.com)
  • I already have a mediclaim policy, should I still go for a critical illness rider? (outlookmoney.com)
  • Home All your money queries answered » I already have mediclaim policy, should I still go for a critical illness rider? (outlookmoney.com)
  • If one is already covered under a mediclaim policy, should one still go for a critical illness rider with a life insurance policy? (outlookmoney.com)
  • A critical illness rider provides you with the lump sum amount as per the terms of the policy at the time of diagnosis of disease, provided the disease is one of the critical illnesses that stand covered under the policy. (outlookmoney.com)
  • If the sum insured under your existing mediclaim policy is not enough to cater to the medical expenses in the event of diagnosis of a critical illness, then you may go for a critical illness rider. (outlookmoney.com)
  • Providing you're diagnosed with one of the critical illnesses listed in your policy, meeting their specific definition and severity, your insurer will pay-out a one-off lump sum. (cavendishonline.co.uk)
  • Critical illness insurance can also be added onto an existing life insurance policy. (cavendishonline.co.uk)
  • If you are diagnosed with a critical illness covered by your policy, the insurer will issue you with a pay-out. (cavendishonline.co.uk)
  • Terminal Illness cover, on the other hand, typically pays out if you're diagnosed with an illness where you're expected to die within 12 month (though as always it is worth checking your policy schedule to see your chosen providers definition of 'terminal illness', and when you might be able to claim). (cavendishonline.co.uk)
  • Critical illness cover pays out a cash lump sum if you are diagnosed with an illness covered by your policy before it ends. (lloydsbank.com)
  • Body Cover is the name we use for our critical illness cover policy. (lloydsbank.com)
  • If you do suffer one of the critical illnesses covered in your policy, your insurer will pay out your cover amount as a tax-free lump sum. (lloydsbank.com)
  • Furthermore, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, and benign brain tumor were the reasons for claims which raises concern, as the number of claim payouts for these three illnesses has been on the rise every year and is expected to increase over the coming years. (globaldata.com)
  • For example, in the UK the Association of British Insurers (ABI) has issued a Statement of Best Practice which includes a number of standard definitions for common critical illnesses. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this type of product design, some insurers may choose to structure the product to repay a portion of the outstanding mortgage debt on the contracting of a critical illness, whilst the full outstanding mortgage debt would be repaid on the death of the policyholder. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the Asia Pacific market, the Severity-Based Critical Illness insurance product is fast emerging as a strong offering, benefiting both consumers who want flexible protection and insurers wanting to mitigate claims risk. (rgare.com)
  • The major channels that were used to purchase critical illness insurance policies in 2021 were insurers, brokers, PCW, and banks. (globaldata.com)
  • A 55-year-old man has critical illness insurance that provides coverage for a payout in the event he suffers a heart attack. (sharelawyers.com)
  • People undergoing serious problems due to their illness now don't have to lose heart and feel low. (financenewspro.com)
  • Title : Critical Illness Among Patients Hospitalized With Acute COVID-19 With and Without Congenital Heart Defects Personal Author(s) : Downing, Karrie F.;Simeone, Regina M.;Oster, Matthew E.;Farr, Sherry L. (cdc.gov)
  • Critical illness insurance pays a lump sum benefit directly to you. (missouristate.edu)
  • Unlike Disability insurance coverage, Critical Illness insurance pays a lump sum rather than monthly installments over a period of time. (arbetovinsurance.com)
  • Boston Mutual Life Insurance's Critical Illness coverage pays a lump sum cash benefit directly to the employee upon the diagnosis of a covered condition on the plan. (bostonmutual.com)
  • With Critical Illness insurance coverage, families may have peace of mind knowing they've done the right thing to keep the house running as smoothly as possible. (mutualofomaha.com)
  • Critical Illness insurance provides coverage for a wide variety of conditions that may have a significant impact on your finances, even if you have health and disability insurance . (mutualofomaha.com)
  • High risk health insurance, or critical illness insurance, is a supplemental coverage that can provide cash benefits if you're diagnosed with any of a range of life threatening conditions. (trustedchoice.com)
  • One of these agents who specializes in health insurance can help you compare critical illness insurance quotes and find the right coverage for your needs. (trustedchoice.com)
  • These policies differ in the type of coverage, and illnesses can be subject to certain limitations. (trustedchoice.com)
  • Normally you can purchase this form of insurance through an employer, but there are specialized critical illness insurance companies that offer coverage as well. (trustedchoice.com)
  • You may add critical illness insurance coverage for you and/ or dependent term life insurance for your spouse or children during within 30 days of your start date. (missouristate.edu)
  • The COVID-19 pandemic raised financial security concerns which increased awareness related to critical insurance coverage. (globaldata.com)
  • However, COVID-19 coverage is not provided under critical illness cover. (globaldata.com)
  • These policies offer coverage for a whole host of serious illnesses. (sharelawyers.com)
  • Whether you're looking for comprehensive hospitalisation and critical illness coverage, outpatient care or accident insurance, we're here to support you. (hsbc.com.hk)
  • Despite this accomplishment, there are still some gaps in coverage that stress the need for critical illness insurance. (benefitspro.com)
  • A general waiting period of 90 days is applicable before you start getting coverage for any of the critical illness listed above. (bajajallianz.com)
  • Critical Illness Insurance Lifecheque Basic coverage is designed as an income protection tool to relieve you of a potential financial burden that may result from treating an unforeseen sickness or certain surgical procedures. (arbetovinsurance.com)
  • Another notable distinction is that Critical Illness Insurance coverage is not based on your income as you receive the amount of money you've signed up for right away. (arbetovinsurance.com)
  • This coverage is known as critical illness coverage and provides buyers with a lump sum of money-which they are free to spend as they wish-should they survive a predetermined critical illness. (rogersinsurance.ca)
  • To help your group clients, you need new solutions that can fill these coverage gaps - and group critical illness and accident insurance plans may both offer significant help. (thinkadvisor.com)
  • These ancillary plans provide plan members and their families with financial benefits upon diagnosis of a major illness or accidental injury, and can help employers offer enhanced coverage at a minimal cost. (thinkadvisor.com)
  • From age 55 to 65, it allows you to convert all or a portion of your critical illness coverage to long-term care insurance without having to submit proof of insurability. (financenewspro.com)
  • In employee benefits, non-evidence limits (NELs) refer to the highest amounts of life, long-term disability, and critical illness coverage a plan participant can receive without providing medical evidence. (rgare.com)
  • Other names of the insurance cover include: trauma insurance, serious illness insurance and living assurance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Critical illness cover was originally sold with the intention of providing financial protection to individuals following the diagnosis or treatment of an illness deemed critical. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, income protection insurance usually includes a greater range of illnesses and conditions than critical illness insurance and may cover you for a longer period time if you can't work. (citizensadvice.org.uk)
  • Critical illness insurance policies don't cover every type of illness. (citizensadvice.org.uk)
  • And with the illnesses they do cover, you usually have to be extremely ill or totally disabled before you can claim. (citizensadvice.org.uk)
  • Core health insurance doesn't always cover all the costs associated with a critical illness diagnosis and treatment. (allstate.com)
  • There are broadly three kinds of defined benefit plans that you can buy: critical illness plans, personal accident cover and hospital cash. (livemint.com)
  • Also, keep in mind that critical illness plans don't cover pre-existing ailments. (livemint.com)
  • What Does Critical Illness Insurance Cover? (trustedchoice.com)
  • Critical illness insurance (CII) cover provides a tax-free lump sum upon diagnosis of critical illness conditions. (globaldata.com)
  • The amount of Critical Illness Cover varies according to how much you can afford and how much cover you think you need to pay off debts and provide day to day income. (quotelifecover.com)
  • We hope that now all your misconceptions regarding the critical illness plan are cleared and that you will soon invest in an appropriate critical illness insurance plan to cover yourself and your family against major critical illnesses. (bajajallianz.com)
  • With a critical illness cover you can secure yourself from such contingencies. (nriol.com)
  • If you have the Critical Illness Cover in the right time, life can get a lot smoother when you are facing the challenges in life during your illness. (financenewspro.com)
  • This all costs money, and your critical illness insurance plan will cover it. (thereviewbroads.com)
  • Income protection - Critical illness cover can act as income protection, making it especially beneficial for those who are self-employed. (thereviewbroads.com)
  • This is something that critical illness insurance will cover, giving you complete peace of mind. (thereviewbroads.com)
  • You won't need to worry about this, as critical illness cover will help to foot the bill. (thereviewbroads.com)
  • Most experts will advise that you take out both life insurance and critical illness cover. (thereviewbroads.com)
  • Critical Illness insurance is a type of life insurance cover that pays out a tax-free lump sum payment if you're diagnosed with a critical illness. (cavendishonline.co.uk)
  • What's the difference between critical illness & terminal illness cover? (cavendishonline.co.uk)
  • Though they sound similar, critical illness insurance and terminal illness cover work differently. (cavendishonline.co.uk)
  • Do I need critical illness cover? (lloydsbank.com)
  • Critical illness cover is there to provide you and your family with financial security if you do suffer from a serious illness and need to give up work or take time off to recover. (lloydsbank.com)
  • This video will take you through more detail on critical illness cover. (lloydsbank.com)
  • Help take care of unexpected expenses with critical illness insurance. (metlife.com)
  • That's why Unum added a new accident and critical illness features to its health benefit offerings, which can help ease the financial pressure caused by out-of-pocket expenses when an accident, injury or illness occurs. (unum.com)
  • In addition to the unsettling numbers of critical ailment cases, many medications that are used in treatment could incur above average expenses and may not covered by provincial medical plans in Canada. (arbetovinsurance.com)
  • All these expenses can contribute to a family's financial distress while a primary wage earner recovers from illness or injury and regular family income is reduced. (thinkadvisor.com)
  • Critical illness and accident insurance can help alleviate financial stress for any expenses related to covered illnesses or injuries, through lump-sum cash benefits that can be used however the insured sees fit. (thinkadvisor.com)
  • These complications are called critical illness polyneuropathy or myopathy (CIP/CIM) and can affect nerves, muscles or both. (cochrane.org)
  • Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery (OACIS) is a multidisciplinary clinical and research group focused on understanding and improving patient outcomes after critical illness and surgery. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • But what happens if a clinical trial or new drug emerges that could treat - and possibly cure - your illness? (wholesaleinsurance.net)
  • The healthcare professionals pages provide access to a range of articles and resources related to Critical Care recovery, including clinical guidelines and detailed product information. (nutricia.com)
  • The spiked- helmet sign (SHS) is an electrocardiographic finding characterised by a distinctive pattern associated with critical illness , resolving once the clinical condition improves. (bvsalud.org)
  • What Is a Critical Illness Rider? (westernsouthern.com)
  • A Critical Illness Rider can be added to permanent life insurance policies such as whole life insurance or universal life insurance . (westernsouthern.com)
  • Understanding what a Critical Illness Rider is has significant implications for those seeking comprehensive protection through their life insurance policies. (westernsouthern.com)
  • This rider serves as a critical safety net for policyholders during trying times by providing a life insurance living benefit that enables access to funds otherwise inaccessible until after death. (westernsouthern.com)
  • How Does a Critical Illness Rider Work? (westernsouthern.com)
  • The rider will specify which critical illnesses are covered. (westernsouthern.com)
  • The top financial concerns among critical illness policyholders were paying monthly bills, saving for a comfortable retirement, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. (globaldata.com)
  • Critical illness tends to be a less expensive way to protect your income against illness and disability but it does have some drawbacks and limitations . (citizensadvice.org.uk)
  • Is disability insurance the same thing as critical illness insurance? (wholesaleinsurance.net)
  • Disability insurance covers short- and long-term disabilities, which aren't the same thing as illnesses. (wholesaleinsurance.net)
  • If your illness was covered by both disability and critical illness insurance, you could make claims on both. (wholesaleinsurance.net)
  • Your critical illness benefits would help you through the waiting period until your disability benefits kicked in. (wholesaleinsurance.net)
  • Weekly Indemnity or Short-Term Disability benefits are designed to help replace a plan member's lost income should they be unable to work due to an accident or illness. (empire.ca)
  • Long Term Disability assists plan members with income replacement if they are off work due to an injury or illness. (empire.ca)
  • Due to the complex nature of mental health disability claims, the ability to deliver the right type of help where and when it is needed can be critical to a member's recovery. (empire.ca)
  • What is the advantage of Critical Illness Insurance over Disability Insurance? (arbetovinsurance.com)
  • While both Disability and Critical Illness insurance represent complimentary products that share many similarities, Critical Illness Insurance offers you more flexibility of what you can do with the money. (arbetovinsurance.com)
  • Finally, it is important to note that applying for a Disability Insurance requires you to be employed, whereas anyone can apply for Critical Illness Insurance regardless of their current employment situation. (arbetovinsurance.com)
  • This insurance can provide financial protection to the policyholder or their dependents on the repayment of a mortgage due to the policyholder contracting a critical illness condition or on the death of the policyholder. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is a form of insurance plan that will pay the policyholder a tax-free lump sum if they are diagnosed with a critical illness. (thereviewbroads.com)
  • These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Critical Illness Myopathy. (fpnotebook.com)
  • On the assumption that any illness covered by the critical illness portion of the insurance is potentially terminal, this is equivalent to a term assurance contract whose benefit payment is brought forward (accelerated) to the point of diagnosis of terminal illness, rather than waiting for actual death. (yourdictionary.com)
  • True, many modern policies have living benefits that let you access the funds if you're diagnosed with a terminal illness. (wholesaleinsurance.net)
  • The contract terms contain specific rules that define when a diagnosis of a critical illness is considered valid. (wikipedia.org)
  • With critical illness health insurance, you can be prepared for these challenges. (trustedchoice.com)
  • If you don't want to buy a health insurance supplement, some life insurance policies may offer an added critical illness benefit. (trustedchoice.com)
  • Thus, it is very important that you invest in an adequate health insurance plan, which covers you in case you or your family member gets diagnosed with any critical illness. (bajajallianz.com)
  • Have a look at this table below that will bust some of the common myths about critical illness health insurance plan. (bajajallianz.com)
  • When you deal with foodborne illness outbreaks, it's different (than routine health inspections)," says Carol Selman, a senior scientist at NCEH whose vision led to development of the course. (cdc.gov)
  • ATSDR is responsible for evaluating the public health impact (i.e., diseases or illnesses) of past, (EPA s) National ' current, or future site contamination. (cdc.gov)
  • Mental health is also critical component of overall health. (who.int)
  • Interactive health communication is critical to well-being and health promotion. (who.int)
  • Shopping online is perhaps the easiest way to find cheap critical illness life insurance. (quotezone.co.uk)
  • Whilst Life Insurance covers you for death, Critical Illness insurance covers you if you were to receive an unfortunate diagnosis. (cavendishonline.co.uk)
  • It's important to remember that Pre-existing conditions, hereditary illnesses, and temporary illnesses are not covered by critical life insurance. (cavendishonline.co.uk)
  • For more information on critical illness insurance as well as any life insurance, get in touch today. (cavendishonline.co.uk)
  • Critical care is medical care for people who have life-threatening injuries and illnesses. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Do you need a critical illness plan? (livemint.com)
  • For instance, the critical illness plan from ICICI Lombard does not have a survival period clause. (livemint.com)
  • This plan pays benefits for diagnosis of covered critical illnesses. (missouristate.edu)
  • You can also get a quote and apply online for our VHIS Flexi Plan or Swift Guard Critical Illness Plan right away. (hsbc.com.hk)
  • The critical illness plan of every insurance company enlists the diseases that will be covered under the same. (bajajallianz.com)
  • A critical illness plan usually has a higher premium amount. (bajajallianz.com)
  • The premium amount offered by all insurance companies for a critical illness plan is different. (bajajallianz.com)
  • Investing in a critical illness plan does not provide the benefit of tax exemption. (bajajallianz.com)
  • Yet critical illness is a part of life and because of that, being prepared to deal with these kinds of life events is something that everyone should plan for. (rogersinsurance.ca)
  • Anyone between the age of 18 - 65 can get a Critical Illness Insurance plan and get the protection when you are going through tough financial situation in life. (financenewspro.com)
  • This plan will give the peace of mind to you and your family when you are struggling through your illness. (financenewspro.com)
  • What Benefits Will A Critical Illness Plan Bring? (thereviewbroads.com)
  • He files a claim through his Critical Illness Insurance from Allstate Benefits and receives a benefit payment of $15,000 1 . (allstate.com)
  • Critical illness insurance policies provide benefits if you are diagnosed with - or experience sudden onset of - a critical illness. (trustedchoice.com)
  • What are the benefits of critical illness insurance? (thereviewbroads.com)
  • Critical illness insurance claims exist to pay out a defined lump-sum amount to the claimant in the event that they're diagnosed with a critical illness that will interfere with their day-to-day life. (sharelawyers.com)
  • To test the hypothesis that duration of delirium in the intensive care unit is an independent predictor of long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness requiring mechanical ventilation. (nih.gov)
  • Both mortality and occurrence of iatrogenic illness were significantly associated with: higher PRISM score, use of mechanical ventilation, higher bed occupancy rate in the unit, presence of respiratory and neurological diseases, prolonged duration of stay in the intensive care unit and younger age of the child. (who.int)
  • The most common illnesses being reported include malaria, malnutrition and acute intestinal and respiratory infections. (who.int)
  • The key providers in the critical illness market are Aviva, Legal & General, Royal London, HSBC, and Scottish Widows. (globaldata.com)
  • Aviva was the largest critical illness insurance provider in 2021. (globaldata.com)
  • The major methods used to purchase critical illness insurance policies in 2021 were online via a pc/laptop, on the phone, online via a smartphone /tablet, by post, face to face, and through the provider's app. (globaldata.com)
  • Critical illness insurance policies are often purchased by individuals through licensed insurance agents or brokers. (sharelawyers.com)
  • Call a healthcare provider to have the illness assessed. (who.int)
  • Critical illness polyneuromyopathy, a complication of critical illness, is a primary axonal degeneration of motor and sensory fibers that leads to skeletal muscle weakness. (nih.gov)
  • CIP/CIM is a frequent complication of critical care. (cochrane.org)
  • Critical illness insurance was founded by Dr Marius Barnard, with the first critical illness product being launched on 6 October 1983 in South Africa, under the name dread disease insurance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Signs of critical illness in older adults may be subtle or atypical, meaning that their presentation often deviates from typical "illness scripts", which represent the patterns in history or physical exam associated with a specific disease process. (saem.org)
  • On top of this, you may not be covered for certain illnesses which either you or a member of your family has had before . (citizensadvice.org.uk)
  • Critical illness refers to a wide spectrum of life-threatening medical or surgical conditions usually requiring intensive care, including special nutrition support like amino acids and calories and, if indicated, immune-modulatory agents. (fresenius-kabi.com)
  • See table for an indicative list of how many critical ailments get covered. (livemint.com)
  • The schedule of insured illnesses varies between insurance companies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most patients with COVID-19 experience asymptomatic or mild illness that does not warrant medical intervention, or mild to moderate illness that can be managed in the outpatient setting. (cdc.gov)
  • The costs (or premiums ) of critical Illness insurance can be quite high and you may never need to use it. (citizensadvice.org.uk)
  • While advances in medicine have significantly increased the chances of surviving a critical illness, recovery may come at significant financial costs. (empire.ca)
  • This means that as soon as one gets diagnosed with a critical illness, a claim can be made. (livemint.com)
  • After being denied your critical Illness insurance claim, you might not know where to turn next. (sharelawyers.com)
  • Why was my critical illness insurance claim denied? (sharelawyers.com)
  • You should contact one of our critical illness insurance lawyers to discuss your chances of success in pursuing the claim further. (sharelawyers.com)
  • And yet, if you have been diagnosed with one of those covered illnesses, your claim may still be denied. (sharelawyers.com)
  • Your claim might also be denied because, while your illness appears to fall under one of the listed categories, the insurance company takes the position that it doesn't fit squarely within the defined wording. (sharelawyers.com)
  • If your claim has been denied, a critical illness insurance lawyer is a powerful ally to have. (sharelawyers.com)
  • Here is an example of how a critical illness insurance claim may be denied. (sharelawyers.com)
  • The average age of people who make a claim with Critical Illness Insurance is only 43 years old. (arbetovinsurance.com)
  • Paediatric risk of mortality (PRISM) score was a good predictor of risk of iatrogenic illness. (who.int)
  • ABSTRACT The aim of this prospective follow-up study was to determine the incidence and risk factors of iatrogenic illness and the outcome among cases admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit in a teaching hospital in Libya. (who.int)
  • It is an important determinant of the illness was assessed at the end of software package SPSS , version 7.0 for of the need for paediatric intensive care admission day using the paediatric risk of Windows. (who.int)