Abnormal immunoglobulins, especially IGG or IGM, that precipitate spontaneously when SERUM is cooled below 37 degrees Celsius. It is characteristic of CRYOGLOBULINEMIA.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.
Antibodies found in adult RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS patients that are directed against GAMMA-CHAIN IMMUNOGLOBULINS.
Atypical gamma immunoglobulins characterized by their irreversible heat denaturation at 56-degrees C. Pyroprecipitation is inhibited at pH below 3 and above 9. The presence of pyroglobulins in the serum is the cause of pyroglobulinemia. They are frequently present in multiple myeloma and the pyroglobulin precipitate binds complement, reacts with rheumatoid factor, produces passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, generalized passive anaphylaxis and passive Arthus-type phenomena.
Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.
Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use.
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.
A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.
A form of necrotizing non-granulomatous inflammation occurring primarily in medium-sized ARTERIES, often with microaneurysms. It is characterized by muscle, joint, and abdominal pain resulting from arterial infarction and scarring in affected organs. Polyarteritis nodosa with lung involvement is called CHURG-STRAUSS SYNDROME.
ENDOCARDIUM infection that is usually caused by STREPTOCOCCUS. Subacute infective endocarditis evolves over weeks and months with modest toxicity and rare metastatic infection.
Disorder characterized by a vasculitic syndrome associated with exposure to an antigen such as a drug, infectious agent, or other foreign or endogenous substance. Its pathophysiology includes immune complex deposition and a wide range of skin lesions. Hypersensitivity or allergy is present in some but not all cases.
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.
One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.
Antibodies obtained from a single clone of cells grown in mice or rats.
A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.
Abnormal immunoglobulins synthesized by atypical cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. Paraproteins containing only light chains lead to Bence Jones paraproteinemia, while the presence of only atypical heavy chains leads to heavy chain disease. Most of the paraproteins show themselves as an M-component (monoclonal gammopathy) in electrophoresis. Diclonal and polyclonal paraproteins are much less frequently encountered.
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.
Group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. Besides SERUM SICKNESS and the ARTHUS REACTION, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES including GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC) and POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.
A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.
A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.
Immunoglobulins raised by any form of viral hepatitis; some of these antibodies are used to diagnose the specific kind of hepatitis.
Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.
Antibodies to the HEPATITIS C ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

Cryoglobulinaemia and rheumatic manifestations in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. (1/282)

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association of cryoglobulinaemia and rheumatic manifestations in Korean patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. METHODS: Forty nine Korean patients with HCV infection were recruited. The prevalence, concentration, and type of cryoglobulin (by immunofixation), rheumatoid factor (RF), antinuclear antibody (ANA), and various rheumatological symptoms were investigated and HCV genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction with genotype specific primer. RESULTS: The prevalence of cryoglobulin was 59% in Korean HCV patients and the concentration of cryoglobulin was 9.8 (7.9) g/l (mean (SD)). The type of cryoglobulinaemia was identified in 23 (80%) of 29 HCV patients with cryoglobulinaemia and they were all type III. There were no differences in age, sex, history of operation and transfusion, proportion of liver cirrhosis between the patients with cryoglobulinaemia and those without cryoglobulinaemia. The frequencies of RF and ANA were 14% and 3.4% respectively in HCV patients with cryoglobulinaemia. There was no difference in HCV genotype between the patients with cryoglobulinaemia and those without cryoglobulinaemia. Clinical features of HCV patients were as follows: arthralgia/arthritis (35%), cutaneous manifestation (37%), Raynaud's phenomenon (8%), paresthesia (44%), dry eyes (22%), dry mouth (10%), oral ulcer (33%), and abdominal pain (14%). However, these rheumatological symptoms did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Although the rheumatological symptoms were not different between HCV patients with and without cryoglobulinaemia, HCV patients showed various rheumatological manifestations. These result suggests that HCV infection could be included as one of the causes in patients with unexplained rheumatological symptoms.  (+info)

Interferon-alpha may exacerbate cryoblobulinemia-related ischemic manifestations: an adverse effect potentially related to its anti-angiogenic activity. (2/282)

The discovery of the strong association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the development of mixed cryoglobulinemia has motivated active testing of antiviral-directed alternative therapies. Several trials have demonstrated that classic cryoglobulinemia-associated manifestations improve with interferon-alpha (IFNalpha) treatment. Herein we report on 3 HCV-infected patients with severe cryoglobulinemia-related ischemic manifestations who were closely followed up during IFNalpha therapy. Clinical evaluations with special attention to ischemic lesions, liver function tests, and cryocrit determinations were serially performed. In addition to prednisone and immunosuppressive agents, the patients received IFNalpha at 3 x 10(6) units, 3 times per week for 2 months, 3 months, and 4 months, respectively. In all 3 patients, systemic features improved, liver function results returned to normal, and cryocrit values decreased. However, ischemic lesions became less vascularized and ischemia progressed, leading to transmetatarsal and subcondylar amputation, respectively, in 2 of the patients and fingertip necrosis and ulcer enlargement in the third. Skin biopsies performed before IFNalpha therapy and after 2 months of IFNalpha therapy in the third patient showed a significant decrease in subepidermal microvessels. When IFNalpha was discontinued, the lesions finally healed. Cryoglobulinemia-related ischemic lesions may worsen during IFNalpha treatment, presumably through a decrease in inflammation-induced angiogenesis. The anti-angiogenic activity of IFNalpha may delay the appropriate healing of ischemic lesions.  (+info)

Response to interferon alpha treatment and disappearance of cryoglobulinaemia in patients infected by hepatitis C virus. (3/282)

BACKGROUND: Mixed cryoglobulinaemia is closely associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. AIM: To assess in a prospective open study the efficiency of interferon alpha treatment of cryoglobulinaemia, as reflected by the disappearance of cryoglobulins and clinical manifestations of the disease, and to analyse the factors predictive of a response to interferon. METHOD: Eighty seven consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis C treated for the first time with interferon at a dose of 3 x 10(6) international units three times a week for six months were studied. Forty three patients had cryoglobulins, which were responsible for clinical manifestations in 12. RESULTS: At the end of interferon treatment, cryoglobulins had disappeared in 39% of the patients. A clinical improvement (except for neuropathies) was observed in all patients. Six months after interferon treatment was stopped, the same rate of response (normal alanine aminotransferase values and undectable HCV RNA) was observed in patients with or without cryoglobulins. Only 14% of patients still had undetectable cryoglobulins, and all of them also had undetectable serum HCV RNA. The disappearance of cryoglobulins was found less frequently in patients with clinical symptoms than in asymptomatic ones, but the difference was not significant. Sustained responders were more often men, infected by genotype 2 or 3, with a lower pretreatment viral load. CONCLUSION: The presence of cryoglobulins does not seem to affect the response to interferon in HCV infected patients. The improvement in cryoglobulinaemia is strongly associated with a virological response, reinforcing the hypothesis of a direct role for HCV in the pathogenesis of this disease.  (+info)

Sustained response to interferon-alpha or to interferon-alpha plus ribavirin in hepatitis C virus-associated symptomatic mixed cryoglobulinaemia. (4/282)

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been associated with mixed cryoglobulinaemia. AIM: To investigate the efficacy of anti-viral therapy on the eradication of HCV and its clinical manifestations in patients with HCV-associated symptomatic mixed cryoglobulinaemia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 18 out of 32 patients with symptomatic mixed cryoglobulinaemia (MC group) received a 12-month course of interferon (3 MU three times a week, subcutaneously). Nonresponders or relapsers to this therapy were treated with interferon plus ribavirin (1200 mg/day, orally) for 12-months. 226 patients with HCV infection and without cryoglobulins were studied in comparison (Hepatitis C group). Serial quantification of serum HCV-RNA and cryoglobulins were performed. RESULTS: In the MC group, 10 out of 18 patients (55%) receiving interferon showed an end of treatment response, but at the end of follow-up, only five (28%) patients had a sustained response. In the hepatitis C group, 91 patients (47%) showed an end of treatment response but only 42 (20%) a sustained response. In the MC group alanine transaminase, cryocrit and rheumatoid factor decreased significantly in responders, with an improvement or disappearance of the MC-associated clinical manifestations. Alanine transaminase, cryocrit and rheumatoid factor increased in the relapsers and the clinical manifestations reappeared. Nonresponders and relapsers to interferon in the MC group were retreated with interferon plus ribavirin. Five out of eight nonresponders showed a end of treatment response but it was sustained in three of them. In the relapsers, treatment with combined therapy achieved a sustained response in four out of the five patients (80%). CONCLUSIONS: Interferon as monotherapy or combined with ribavirin is a safe and effective treatment in patients with HCV-associated MC. The presence of cryoglobulins does not affect the response to anti-viral treatment in patients with HCV infection. The eradication of HCV is associated with an improvement or disappearance of MC-associated clinical manifestations.  (+info)

Hepatitis C virus but not GB virus C/hepatitis G virus has a role in type II cryoglobulinemia. (5/282)

OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with type II cryoglobulinemia. HCV is specifically concentrated in type II cryoglobulins and has been implicated in the cutaneous vasculitis associated with the disease. In contrast to HCV, a role for hepatitis G virus (HGV) in type II cryoglobulinemia has not been defined, although prevalences as high as 43% of HGV infections in type II cryoglobulinemia have also been reported. METHODS: We studied 34 patients with type II and 29 patients with type III cryoglobulinemia associated with HCV infection, 6 patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia (EMC; all with type II), 50 hospital control patients, and 125 normal individuals. Serum HCV and HGV RNA were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In coinfected sera, HCV and HGV were quantitated by competitive RT-PCR assays. One coinfected patient was studied longitudinally for 6 years. RESULTS: Two (5.9%) of 34 patients with HCV-infected type II cryoglobulinemia, none of 29 patients with type III cryoglobulinemia, and none of 6 patients with EMC were positive for HGV RNA, for an overall prevalence of 3.0% in mixed cryoglobulinemia. None of the control populations were positive for HGV. No statistical difference was seen between the prevalence in patients with type II cryoglobulinemia and the other populations studied. In coinfected sera, HCV, but not HGV, was concentrated in cryoglobulins, and HCV, but not HGV, correlated with cryoglobulinemia in a longitudinal study. CONCLUSION: There is a low prevalence of coinfection with HGV in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia and HCV infection in the United States. HCV is selectively precipitated by type II cryoglobulins in coinfected sera. HGV infection does not appear to have a role in mixed cryoglobulinemia.  (+info)

Mixed cryoglobulinemia secondary to visceral Leishmaniasis. (6/282)

We describe a case of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia, with monoclonal IgMkappa rheumatoid factor, associated with visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum. Involvement of Leishmania antigen(s) in the formation of cryoprecipitable immune complexes was suggested by the fact that cryoglobulinemic vasculitis subsided after antiparasite therapy and that anti-Leishmania antibodies, as well as rheumatoid factor, were enriched in the cryoprecipitate. We observed 2 additional patients with visceral leishmaniasis and cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. All 3 patients had seemingly contracted leishmaniasis in Italy, were hepatitis C virus negative, and were initially diagnosed as having autoimmune disorders. These findings indicate that Leishmania can be an etiologic agent of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. This parasitosis should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of vasculitides in endemic areas.  (+info)

Prevalence and clinical features of cryoglobulinaemia in multitransfused beta-thalassaemia patients. (7/282)

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of cryoglobulinaemia and its clinical features among beta-thalassaemia patients. METHODS: Eighty eight multitransfused beta-thalassaemia patients were studied. They were physically examined and asked about the presence of cryoglobulinaemia related symptoms. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) serology, HCV-RNA, HCV subtypes, viraemia, serum ferritin, liver and kidney function tests, rheumatoid factor (RF), circulating immune complexes (CIC), complement levels and autoantibodies were all evaluated. The patients were divided into four groups: HCV-RNA positive patients with and without cryoglobulinaemia (groups A and B), HCV-Ab positive/HCV-RNA negative patients (group C), HCV-Ab negative patients (group D). RESULTS: Cryoglobulinaemia was present in 35 of 53 (66.0%) patients with chronic HCV infection. They had higher viraemia than non-cryoglobulinaemic viral carriers, but no statistical difference relating to sex or HCV subtypes was found. In comparison with the other groups, group A patients were older, had undergone transfusion therapy for a longer period, had received a higher number of transfusions, and had increased levels of RF and CIC, as well as consumption of C4; in addition, they had a higher prevalence of cirrhosis. Cutaneous lesions (purpura, Raynaud's phenomenon, nodules and leg rash), peripheral neuropathy and sicca syndrome symptoms were present only in group A. Musculoskeletal symptoms (bone pain, arthralgia and myalgia), weakness, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, skin ulcers and proteinuria were also commoner in group A, but the difference did not reach statistical significance, possibly because of partial overlap between cryoglobulinaemia and beta-thalassaemia syndromes. CONCLUSION: Because of its high prevalence in multitransfused beta-thalassaemia patients, cryoglobulinaemia needs to be systematically studied and considered in the differential diagnosis of various beta-thalassaemia manifestations.  (+info)

Increased serum concentrations of soluble HLA-class I antigens in hepatitis C virus related mixed cryoglobulinaemia. (8/282)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether quantitative alterations of both beta(2)microglobulin (beta(2)micro) associated HLA class I heavy chains (sHLA-I) and beta(2) micro free class I heavy chains (sHLA-FHC) in sera of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection occur and whether they distinguish patients with mixed cryoglobulinaemia (MC). METHODS: 83 HCV infected patients were studied and divided into three groups: (A) without cryoglobulinaemia (n=21), (B) with polyclonal MC (n=20), (C) with monoclonal MC (n=42). Serum sHLA-I and sHLA-FHC were measured by double determinant radioimmunoassay using monoclonal antibodies: TP25.99 as catching antibody, and NAMB-1 and HC-10 as revealing antibodies. Western blot identified HLA-I isoforms. RESULTS: The serum concentrations of sHLA-I and of sHLA-FHC in HCV infected patients versus controls were respectively 1.3(0.5) microg/ml (mean (SD)) versus 0.8 (0.3) (p<0. 001) and 13.9 (7.1) ng/ml versus 9.2 (5) (p<0.001). sHLA-I were 1.01 (0.4) microg/ml in group A, 1.04 (0.4) microg/ml in group B, and 1. 47 (0.4) microg/ml in group C (p=0.001). Statistical analysis showed a significant difference versus controls for groups B (p<0.02) and C (p<0.001). sHLA-FHC were 12.8 (8.3) ng/ml in group A, 17.2 (7.1) ng/ml in group B, and 12.9 (6.2) ng/ml in group C (p<0.02). A significant difference versus controls for each group was found (p<0. 02, p<0.001, and p<0.02, respectively). Different patterns of sHLA-I isoforms were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Increased serum concentrations of sHLA-I and sHLA-FHC characterise HCV infected patients. The highest sHLA-I concentrations seem to distinguish patients with monoclonal MC. In this last condition sHLA could play a part in the HCV escape and in B cell proliferation. The significance of sHLA-FHC is still undefined.  (+info)

Cryoglobulins are immunoglobulins (a type of antibody) that precipitate or become insoluble at reduced temperatures, typically below 37°C (98.6°F), and re-dissolve when rewarmed. They can be found in various clinical conditions such as infections, inflammatory diseases, and lymphoproliferative disorders.

The presence of cryoglobulins in the blood can lead to a variety of symptoms, including purpura (a type of skin rash), arthralgias (joint pain), neuropathy (nerve damage), and glomerulonephritis (kidney inflammation). The diagnosis of cryoglobulinemia is made by detecting the presence of cryoglobulins in the serum, which requires special handling and processing of the blood sample. Treatment of cryoglobulinemia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, or targeted therapies.

Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It's primarily spread through contact with contaminated blood, often through sharing needles or other equipment to inject drugs. For some people, hepatitis C is a short-term illness but for most — about 75-85% — it becomes a long-term, chronic infection that can lead to serious health problems like liver damage, liver failure, and even liver cancer. The virus can infect and inflame the liver, causing symptoms like jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, fatigue, and dark urine. Many people with hepatitis C don't have any symptoms, so they might not know they have the infection until they experience complications. There are effective treatments available for hepatitis C, including antiviral medications that can cure the infection in most people. Regular testing is important to diagnose and treat hepatitis C early, before it causes serious health problems.

Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an autoantibody, specifically an immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody, that can be detected in the blood serum of some people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), other inflammatory conditions, and infectious diseases. RF targets the Fc portion of IgG, leading to immune complex formation and subsequent inflammation, which contributes to the pathogenesis of RA. However, not all patients with RA test positive for RF, and its presence does not necessarily confirm a diagnosis of RA. Other conditions can also lead to elevated RF levels, such as infections, liver diseases, and certain malignancies. Therefore, the interpretation of RF results should be considered alongside other clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.

Pyroglobulins are immunoglobulins (a type of antibody) that can be detected in the serum or urine when they are heated to 56-61°C. These immunoglobulins are typically monoclonal, meaning they are produced by a single clone of plasma cells, and their presence is often associated with conditions such as multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, and some types of lymphomas. Pyroglobulins can cause damage to various organs, including the kidneys, heart, and nervous system, due to the formation of amyloid fibrils or other abnormal protein deposits.

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a type of glomerulonephritis, which is a group of kidney disorders characterized by inflammation and damage to the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood.

MPGN is specifically characterized by thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and proliferation (increased number) of cells in the mesangium, a region within the glomerulus. This condition can be primary or secondary to other diseases such as infections, autoimmune disorders, or monoclonal gammopathies.

MPGN is typically classified into three types based on the pattern of injury seen on electron microscopy: Type I, Type II (Dense Deposit Disease), and Type III. Each type has distinct clinical features, laboratory findings, and treatment approaches. Symptoms of MPGN may include hematuria (blood in urine), proteinuria (protein in urine), hypertension (high blood pressure), edema (swelling), and eventually progress to chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease if left untreated.

Plasmapheresis is a medical procedure where the liquid portion of the blood (plasma) is separated from the blood cells. The plasma, which may contain harmful substances such as antibodies or toxins, is then removed and replaced with fresh plasma or a plasma substitute. The remaining blood cells are mixed with the new plasma and returned to the body. This process is also known as therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). It's used to treat various medical conditions including certain autoimmune diseases, poisonings, and neurological disorders.

Vasculitis is a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels, which can cause changes in the vessel walls including thickening, narrowing, or weakening. These changes can restrict blood flow, leading to organ and tissue damage. The specific symptoms and severity of vasculitis depend on the size and location of the affected blood vessels and the extent of inflammation. Vasculitis can affect any organ system in the body, and its causes can vary, including infections, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to certain medications or chemicals.

Chronic Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that lasts for more than six months. This long-term infection can lead to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), which can cause serious health problems, such as liver failure or liver cancer, in some individuals. The infection is usually asymptomatic until complications arise, but it can be detected through blood tests that identify antibodies to the virus or viral RNA. Chronic hepatitis C is typically managed with antiviral therapy, which can help clear the virus from the body and reduce the risk of liver damage.

Hepacivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae. The most well-known member of this genus is Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. HCV infection can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.

Hepaciviruses are enveloped viruses with a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. They have a small icosahedral capsid and infect a variety of hosts, including humans, non-human primates, horses, and birds. The virus enters the host cell by binding to specific receptors on the cell surface and is then internalized through endocytosis.

HCV has a high degree of genetic diversity and is classified into seven major genotypes and numerous subtypes based on differences in its RNA sequence. This genetic variability can affect the virus's ability to evade the host immune response, making treatment more challenging.

In addition to HCV, other hepaciviruses have been identified in various animal species, including equine hepacivirus (EHCV), rodent hepacivirus (RHV), and bat hepacivirus (BtHepCV). These viruses are being studied to better understand the biology of hepaciviruses and their potential impact on human health.

Paraproteinemias refer to the presence of abnormal levels of paraproteins in the blood. Paraproteins are immunoglobulins (antibodies) produced by plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. In healthy individuals, paraproteins play a role in the immune system's response to infection and disease. However, in certain conditions, such as multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, plasma cells produce excessive amounts of a single type of paraprotein, leading to its accumulation in the blood.

Paraproteinemias can cause various symptoms depending on the level of paraproteins present and their impact on organs and tissues. These symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, numbness or tingling in the extremities, bone pain, recurrent infections, and kidney problems. In some cases, paraproteinemias may not cause any symptoms and may only be detected during routine blood tests.

It is important to note that while paraproteinemias are often associated with plasma cell disorders, they can also occur in other conditions such as chronic inflammation or autoimmune diseases. Therefore, further testing and evaluation are necessary to determine the underlying cause of paraproteinemia and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a rare, systemic necrotizing vasculitis that affects medium-sized and small muscular arteries. It is characterized by inflammation and damage to the walls of the arteries, leading to the formation of microaneurysms (small bulges in the artery wall) and subsequent narrowing or complete occlusion of the affected vessels. This can result in tissue ischemia (reduced blood flow) and infarction (tissue death), causing a wide range of clinical manifestations that vary depending on the organs involved.

The exact cause of PAN remains unclear, but it is believed to involve an autoimmune response triggered by various factors such as infections or exposure to certain drugs. The diagnosis of PAN typically requires a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies, often supported by histopathological examination of affected tissues. Treatment usually involves the use of immunosuppressive medications to control inflammation and prevent further damage to the arteries and organs.

Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) is a type of infective endocarditis that typically has a more indolent course compared to acute bacterial endocarditis. It is caused by organisms that are less virulent and have a higher affinity for damaged heart valves or endocardium.

The most common causative organisms of SBE include Streptococcus viridans, Streptococcus bovis, and enterococci. The infection often develops over a period of weeks to months, with nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, fever, weight loss, and night sweats.

SBE can lead to serious complications, including heart failure, valvular damage, embolic events, and even death if left untreated. Treatment typically involves prolonged courses of intravenous antibiotics, with surgical intervention reserved for cases with severe valvular damage or uncontrolled infection.

Preventive measures include appropriate management of underlying heart conditions, prophylactic antibiotic therapy in high-risk individuals undergoing dental or invasive procedures, and good oral hygiene.

Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, cutaneous is a type of vasculitis that is limited to the skin. Vasculitis refers to inflammation of the blood vessels, which can cause damage to the vessel walls and impair blood flow to various tissues in the body. In leukocytoclastic vasculitis, the small blood vessels (capillaries and venules) in the skin become inflamed, leading to damage and destruction of the vessel walls.

The term "leukocytoclastic" refers to the presence of nuclear debris from white blood cells (leukocytes) that have been destroyed within the affected blood vessels. This type of vasculitis is often associated with the deposition of immune complexes (formed by the interaction between antibodies and antigens) in the walls of the blood vessels, which triggers an inflammatory response.

Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis typically presents as palpable purpura (small to large, raised, purple or red spots on the skin), usually located on the lower extremities, but can also affect other areas of the body. Other symptoms may include burning or itching sensations in the affected area, and in some cases, ulcers or necrosis (tissue death) may occur.

The diagnosis of cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis is typically made based on clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and histopathological examination of a skin biopsy specimen. Treatment usually involves addressing any underlying causes or triggers, as well as managing symptoms with medications such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents.

Polyneuropathy is a medical condition that refers to the damage or dysfunction of peripheral nerves (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord) in multiple areas of the body. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory, motor, and autonomic signals between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.

In polyneuropathies, this communication is disrupted, leading to various symptoms depending on the type and extent of nerve damage. Commonly reported symptoms include:

1. Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
2. Muscle weakness and cramps
3. Loss of reflexes
4. Burning or stabbing pain
5. Balance and coordination issues
6. Increased sensitivity to touch
7. Autonomic dysfunction, such as bowel, bladder, or digestive problems, and changes in blood pressure

Polyneuropathies can be caused by various factors, including diabetes, alcohol abuse, nutritional deficiencies, autoimmune disorders, infections, toxins, inherited genetic conditions, or idiopathic (unknown) causes. The treatment for polyneuropathy depends on the underlying cause and may involve managing underlying medical conditions, physical therapy, pain management, and lifestyle modifications.

Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is a type I interferon, which is a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of viruses, parasites, and tumor cells. It plays a crucial role in the immune response against viral infections. IFN-α has antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anti-proliferative effects.

IFN-α is produced naturally by various cell types, including leukocytes (white blood cells), fibroblasts, and epithelial cells, in response to viral or bacterial stimulation. It binds to specific receptors on the surface of nearby cells, triggering a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of genes involved in the antiviral response. This results in the production of proteins that inhibit viral replication and promote the presentation of viral antigens to the immune system, enhancing its ability to recognize and eliminate infected cells.

In addition to its role in the immune response, IFN-α has been used as a therapeutic agent for various medical conditions, including certain types of cancer, chronic hepatitis B and C, and multiple sclerosis. However, its use is often limited by side effects such as flu-like symptoms, depression, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Monoclonal murine-derived antibodies are a type of laboratory-produced antibody that is identical in structure, having been derived from a single clone of cells. These antibodies are created using mouse cells and are therefore composed entirely of mouse immune proteins. They are designed to bind specifically to a particular target protein or antigen, making them useful tools for research, diagnostic testing, and therapeutic applications.

Monoclonal antibodies offer several advantages over polyclonal antibodies (which are derived from multiple clones of cells and can recognize multiple epitopes on an antigen). Monoclonal antibodies have a consistent and uniform structure, making them more reliable for research and diagnostic purposes. They also have higher specificity and affinity for their target antigens, allowing for more sensitive detection and measurement.

However, there are some limitations to using monoclonal murine-derived antibodies in therapeutic applications. Because they are composed entirely of mouse proteins, they can elicit an immune response in humans, leading to the production of human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMA) that can neutralize their effectiveness. To overcome this limitation, researchers have developed chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies that incorporate human protein sequences, reducing the risk of an immune response.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid. It is the first antibody to be produced in response to an initial exposure to an antigen, making it an important part of the body's primary immune response. IgM antibodies are large molecules that are composed of five basic units, giving them a pentameric structure. They are primarily found on the surface of B cells as membrane-bound immunoglobulins (mlgM), where they function as receptors for antigens. Once an mlgM receptor binds to an antigen, it triggers the activation and differentiation of the B cell into a plasma cell that produces and secretes large amounts of soluble IgM antibodies.

IgM antibodies are particularly effective at agglutination (clumping) and complement activation, which makes them important in the early stages of an immune response to help clear pathogens from the bloodstream. However, they are not as stable or long-lived as other types of antibodies, such as IgG, and their levels tend to decline after the initial immune response has occurred.

In summary, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the primary immune response to antigens by agglutination and complement activation. It is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid, and it is produced by B cells after they are activated by an antigen.

Paraproteins, also known as M-proteins or monoclonal proteins, are immunoglobulins (antibodies) that are produced in abnormal amounts by a single clone of plasma cells. These proteins are typically produced in response to a stimulus such as an infection, but when they are produced in excessive and/or unusual forms, it can indicate the presence of a clonal disorder, such as multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, or other related conditions.

Paraproteins can be detected in the blood or urine and are often used as a marker for disease progression and response to treatment. They can also cause various symptoms and complications, depending on their size, concentration, and location. These may include damage to organs such as the kidneys, nerves, and bones.

Lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) are a group of diseases characterized by the excessive proliferation of lymphoid cells, which are crucial components of the immune system. These disorders can arise from both B-cells and T-cells, leading to various clinical manifestations ranging from benign to malignant conditions.

LPDs can be broadly classified into reactive and neoplastic categories:

1. Reactive Lymphoproliferative Disorders: These are typically triggered by infections, autoimmune diseases, or immunodeficiency states. They involve an exaggerated response of the immune system leading to the excessive proliferation of lymphoid cells. Examples include:
* Infectious mononucleosis (IM) caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
* Lymph node enlargement due to various infections or autoimmune disorders
* Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), which occurs in the context of immunosuppression following organ transplantation
2. Neoplastic Lymphoproliferative Disorders: These are malignant conditions characterized by uncontrolled growth and accumulation of abnormal lymphoid cells, leading to the formation of tumors. They can be further classified into Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Examples include:
* Hodgkin lymphoma (HL): Classical HL and nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL
* Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): Various subtypes, such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma

It is important to note that the distinction between reactive and neoplastic LPDs can sometimes be challenging, requiring careful clinical, histopathological, immunophenotypic, and molecular evaluations. Proper diagnosis and classification of LPDs are crucial for determining appropriate treatment strategies and predicting patient outcomes.

Immune complex diseases are medical conditions that occur when the immune system produces an abnormal response to certain antigens, leading to the formation and deposition of immune complexes in various tissues and organs. These immune complexes consist of antibodies bound to antigens, which can trigger an inflammatory reaction and damage the surrounding tissue.

Immune complex diseases can be classified into two categories: acute and chronic. Acute immune complex diseases include serum sickness and hypersensitivity vasculitis, while chronic immune complex diseases include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.

The symptoms of immune complex diseases depend on the location and extent of tissue damage. They can range from mild to severe and may include fever, joint pain, skin rashes, kidney dysfunction, and neurological problems. Treatment typically involves medications that suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation, such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is a type of rare cancer called a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. It is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of malignant white blood cells, specifically B lymphocytes or plasma cells, in the bone marrow and sometimes in other organs. These abnormal cells produce an excessive amount of a protein called macroglobulin, which can lead to the thickening of the blood and various symptoms associated with this condition.

The signs and symptoms of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia may include fatigue, weakness, bruising or bleeding, frequent infections, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, visual disturbances, and confusion or difficulty thinking. The diagnosis typically involves a combination of blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, imaging studies, and sometimes genetic testing to confirm the presence of the disease and determine its extent.

Treatment options for Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia depend on the severity of the symptoms and the stage of the disease. They may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor the progression of the disease and adjust treatment plans as needed.

Ribavirin is an antiviral medication used in the treatment of certain viral infections, including hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. It works by interfering with viral replication, preventing the virus from multiplying within infected cells. Ribavirin is often used in combination with other antiviral drugs for more effective treatment.

It's important to note that ribavirin can have serious side effects and should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional. Additionally, it is not effective against all types of viral infections and its use should be based on a confirmed diagnosis and appropriate medical evaluation.

Hemolytic anemia, autoimmune is a type of anemia characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own RBCs. This occurs when the body produces autoantibodies that bind to the surface of RBCs, leading to their rupture (hemolysis). The symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and dark colored urine. The diagnosis is made through blood tests that measure the number and size of RBCs, reticulocyte count, and the presence of autoantibodies. Treatment typically involves suppressing the immune system with medications such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs, and sometimes removal of the spleen (splenectomy) may be necessary.

Hepatitis antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by a hepatitis virus. There are several types of hepatitis viruses, including A, B, C, D, and E, each with their own specific antibodies.

The presence of hepatitis antibodies in the blood can indicate a current or past infection with the corresponding hepatitis virus. For example, the detection of anti-HAV (hepatitis A virus) antibodies indicates a past infection or immunization against hepatitis A, while the detection of anti-HBs (hepatitis B surface antigen) antibodies indicates immunity due to vaccination or recovery from a hepatitis B infection.

It's important to note that some hepatitis antibodies may not provide immunity to future infections, and individuals can still be infected with the virus even if they have previously produced antibodies against it. Therefore, regular testing and vaccination are essential for preventing the spread of hepatitis viruses and protecting public health.

B-lymphocytes, also known as B-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune system's response to infection. They are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that help to neutralize or destroy pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

When a B-lymphocyte encounters a pathogen, it becomes activated and begins to divide and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies specific to the antigens on the surface of the pathogen. These antibodies bind to the pathogen, marking it for destruction by other immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages.

B-lymphocytes also have a role in presenting antigens to T-lymphocytes, another type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. This helps to stimulate the activation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes, which can then go on to destroy infected cells or help to coordinate the overall immune response.

Overall, B-lymphocytes are an essential part of the adaptive immune system, providing long-lasting immunity to previously encountered pathogens and helping to protect against future infections.

B-cell lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates from the B-lymphocytes, which are a part of the immune system and play a crucial role in fighting infections. These cells can develop mutations in their DNA, leading to uncontrolled growth and division, resulting in the formation of a tumor.

B-cell lymphomas can be classified into two main categories: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. B-cell lymphomas are further divided into subtypes based on their specific characteristics, such as the appearance of the cells under a microscope, the genetic changes present in the cancer cells, and the aggressiveness of the disease.

Some common types of B-cell lymphomas include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma. Treatment options for B-cell lymphomas depend on the specific subtype, stage of the disease, and other individual factors. Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or stem cell transplantation.

Hepatitis C antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Detection of these antibodies in the blood indicates a past or present HCV infection. However, it does not necessarily mean that the person is currently infected, as antibodies can persist for years even after the virus has been cleared from the body. Additional tests are usually needed to confirm whether the infection is still active and to guide treatment decisions.

Glomerulonephritis is a medical condition that involves inflammation of the glomeruli, which are the tiny blood vessel clusters in the kidneys that filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. This inflammation can impair the kidney's ability to filter blood properly, leading to symptoms such as proteinuria (protein in the urine), hematuria (blood in the urine), edema (swelling), hypertension (high blood pressure), and eventually kidney failure.

Glomerulonephritis can be acute or chronic, and it may occur as a primary kidney disease or secondary to other medical conditions such as infections, autoimmune disorders, or vasculitis. The diagnosis of glomerulonephritis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, urinalysis, blood tests, and imaging studies, with confirmation often requiring a kidney biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the disease but may include medications to suppress inflammation, control blood pressure, and manage symptoms.

in 1967, the percentage of cryoglobulinemic diseases described as essential cryoglobulinemia or idiopathic cryoglobulinemia, ... Cryoglobulinemia is a medical condition in which the blood contains large amounts of pathological cold sensitive antibodies ... Those with a history of recent infection that also have a spontaneous and full resolution of their cryoglobulinemia need no ... Tedeschi A, Baratè C, Minola E, Morra E (2007). "Cryoglobulinemia". Blood Rev. 21 (4): 183-200. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2006.12.002 ...
"Cryoglobulinemia". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2019-02-13. "Cryoglobulinemia: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". MedlinePlus. ... In cryoglobulinemia, antibodies accumulate and block blood vessels. In cold agglutinin disease, antibodies (different from ... In some cases, the exact underlying cause is unknown; however, cryoglobulinemia can be associated with a variety of conditions ... Although there is some overlap of symptoms, cryoglobulinemia and cold agglutinin disease differ in the process by which blood ...
Cacoub P, Comarmond C, Domont F, Savey L, Saadoun D (September 2015). "Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis". The American Journal of ... HIV Sarcoidosis Cryoglobulinemia Reactions to exposure to chemical agents, including trichloroethylene and dapsone[medical ...
"Cryoglobulinaemia. Free medical information. Patient". patient.info. "Cryoglobulinemia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical ... This triad is generally seen with types II and III cryoglobulinemia and is seen in up to 25-30% of patients. The triad consists ... Meltzer's triad was first described in 1966 by Meltzer and Franklin in cases of essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. ... Meltzer's triad describes the classical symptoms suggesting the diagnosis of cryoglobulinaemia of polyclonal CGs seen in ...
Type II cryoglobulinemia, is defined as a mix of monoclonal IgM or polyclonal IgG, whereas type III cryoglobulinemia is ... Cryoglobulinemia is currently classified by the type of immunoglobulin, IgM or IgG, present in blood as well as whether the ... Type III cryoglobulinemia is most associated with autoimmune conditions. At least 50% of patients with cryoglobulinemic ... The immunoglobulins in either cryoglobulinemia type have rheumatoid factor activity, allowing binding of the Fc subunit of IgM ...
One such disease is cryoglobulinemia. Extreme temperatures can weaken and destabilize the non-covalent interactions between the ...
... vasculitic processes such as cryoglobulinemia; calciphylaxis (often seen in people with end-stage kidney disease but may also ...
Volpé, Robert; Bruce-Robertson, Alan; Fletcher, A.Almon; Charles, W.Bruce (1956). "Essential cryoglobulinaemia". The American ...
Meltzer's triad indicates the condition cryoglobulinemia. Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that is ...
"Cryoglobulinemia: Digital Gangrene, Hands, Rheumatology Image Bank". Retrieved 9 March 2012. Lee, Keun; Song, Min; Jung, In; ... Autoamputation is a feature of ainhum, cryoglobulinemia and thromboangiitis obliterans. In 1881, Thornton made the case of ...
822 Cryoglobulinemia Skin lesion James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical ...
When his father became ill with cryoglobulinemia, he moved with him to Hawaii for the warm temperatures. In 2002 Altenberg was ... Diane (22 February 2013). "Dad's Journey with Cryoglobulinemia, Dr. Lee Altenberg" (Video). Blog Talk Radio. Eagle, CO 81631. ...
Cryofibrinogenemic purpura Cryoglobulinemia Dysfibrinogenemia Hypodysfibrinogenemia James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et ... cryoglobulinemia. Studies on the treatment of cryofibrinoginemic disease have involved relatively few patients, are limited ...
Other causative conditions include infections, toxicities, antiphospholipid syndrome, cryoglobulinemia, neoplasms. In these ...
Type I cryoglobulinemia is a known complication of Sjögren's syndrome. Sjögren's syndrome can affect such organs as the liver, ... hypocomplementaemia and cryoglobulinaemia may be at increased risk of mortality. A 2021 metaanalysis showed a 46% increase in ... "Cryoglobulinemia in primary Sjögren's syndrome: prevalence and clinical characteristics in a series of 115 patients". Semin ... positive anti-La/SSB and cryoglobulinaemia. Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is the second-most common rheumatic autoimmune disorder, ...
Cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis is characterized by glomerular involvement in those with cryoglobulinemia. In light ...
Patients suffering type II (or type III) cryoglobulinemia present with many of the symptoms of type I disease plus those of ... Ghetie D, Mehraban N, Sibley CH (2015). "Cold hard facts of cryoglobulinemia: updates on clinical features and treatment ... cryoglobulinemia, or constitutional symptoms. There may be a modest increase in the incidence of IgM MGUS in people of African ... cryoglobulinemia, or constitutional symptoms. As determined by a Mayo Clinic study of 48 individuals, smoldering Waldenström ...
... after a long battle with cryoglobulinemia. Transparente Nicaragua, 2007 - MOKA Discos Cancionero, 2004 - MOKA Discos Verdadero ...
If immunoglobulins tend to precipitate within blood vessels with cold, that phenomenon takes the name of cryoglobulinaemia. The ... For example, certain macroglobulins tend to precipitate within blood vessel with cold, a phenomenon known as cryoglobulinemia. ...
Mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) is an immune disease, which typically presents with immune complex mediated vasculitis of the small ... Several patients with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) associated with mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) have elevated levels of anti- ...
... and cryoglobulinemia.: 847 Skin lesion James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: ...
1996). "Nonrheumatoid IgM in Human Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Type II Cryoglobulinemia Recognize Mimotopes of the CD4-Like ...
... and cryoglobulinemia. Systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with low C3 and C4. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis ...
... or symptomatic cryoglobulinemia were also suggested as indications for therapy. Treatment includes the monoclonal antibody ... which may cause autoimmune phenomena or cryoglobulinemia. Other symptoms of Waldenström macroglobulinemia are due to ...
According to a 2009 news article, when he was diagnosed with Cryoglobulinemia, he was only given up to 10 years of life (he was ... after being constantly hospitalized suffering from a rare disease called Cryoglobulinemia. ...
Prinzmetal angina, Buerger's disease, contrast mediated selective renal vasospasm, hypercoagulability and cryoglobulinemia ...
Franklin also made significant contributions to our understanding of essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, a medical condition in ...
... type 1 Crossed polysyndactyly Croup Crouzon syndrome Crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome Crow-Fukase syndrome Cryoglobulinemia ...
Cryoglobulinemia Paraproteinemia Waldenström macroglobulinemia Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Lambert-Eaton syndrome Microscopic ...
... especially lupus erythematosus Complement levels that are low can suggest mixed cryoglobulinemia, hepatitis C infection, and ...
in 1967, the percentage of cryoglobulinemic diseases described as essential cryoglobulinemia or idiopathic cryoglobulinemia, ... Cryoglobulinemia is a medical condition in which the blood contains large amounts of pathological cold sensitive antibodies ... Those with a history of recent infection that also have a spontaneous and full resolution of their cryoglobulinemia need no ... Tedeschi A, Baratè C, Minola E, Morra E (2007). "Cryoglobulinemia". Blood Rev. 21 (4): 183-200. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2006.12.002 ...
Cryoglobulinemia may also be classified based on the association of the syndrome with an underlying disease. Cryoglobulinemia ... Type I cryoglobulinemia, or simple cryoglobulinemia, is the result of a monoclonal immunoglobulin, usually immunoglobulin M ( ... Overall, cryoglobulinemia is thought to be rare. However, cryoglobulinemia may be underestimated based on the medical ... encoded search term (Cryoglobulinemia) and Cryoglobulinemia What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Cryoglobulinemia of the fingers (image) Cryoglobulinemia is caused by an abnormal protein that is occasionally found in the ... Cryoglobulinemia Cryoglobulinemia is the presence of abnormal proteins in the blood. These proteins thicken in cold ... Cryoglobulinemia - fingers (image) Images ... Tissue necrosis caused by distal capillary thrombosis resulting from cryoglobulin ... blood disorders, such as cold agglutinin disease or cryoglobulinemia Repeated injury or usage such as from heavy ... ...
We report a rapidly fatal case of GAE in a woman with cryoglobulinemia treated with rituximab. GAE is a rare but often lethal ... Because the patients cryoglobulinemia was poorly controlled, we decided to begin treating our patients condition with ... Rapidly Fatal Acanthamoeba Encephalitis and Treatment of Cryoglobulinemia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(3):469. doi: ... This monoclonal antibody has been shown to be effective in treating cryoglobulinemia resistant to standard therapies with ...
You are visiting the general public version of the website.. If you are a health professional, register to discover a content especially tailored for you.. If you already have an account, log in!. ...
This article gives a review on the different types of cryoglobulinemia, their clinical presentation and current therapeutic ...
encoded search term (Cryoglobulinemia) and Cryoglobulinemia What to Read Next on Medscape ... Cryoglobulinemia Differential Diagnoses. Updated: Jun 14, 2016 * Author: Adam M Tritsch, MD; Chief Editor: Herbert S Diamond, ... Type II mixed cryoglobulinaemia as an oligo rather than a mono B-cell disorder: evidence from GeneScan and MALDI-TOF analyses. ... Mixed cryoglobulinemia: clinical aspects and long-term follow-up of 40 patients. Am J Med. 1980 Aug. 69(2):287-308. [QxMD ...
Cryoglobulinemia. This condition is linked to hepatitis C infections. It causes the blood to become abnormally thick with ... Infection: Hepatitis C virus infection can cause cryoglobulinemia.. *Immune system disorder: Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are ...
Common causes of cryoglobulinemia are primarily hematologic, oncologic, and rheumatic. Less commonly, cryoglobulinemia can be ... The common causes of cryoglobulinemia are as follows:[1][2][3][4] ... "Cryoglobulinemia in subjects with HCV infection alone, HIV infection and HCV/HIV coinfection". J Infect. 52 (4): 294-9. doi ... "Mixed cryoglobulinemia: new concepts". Lupus. 9 (2): 83-91. doi:10.1191/096120300678828127. PMID 10787003.. CS1 maint: ...
Cryoglobulinemia and cutaneous vasculitis. / Boctor, Fouad N.; Sands, Cayn; Billett, Henny H. In: Transfusion, Vol. 44, No. 2, ... Cryoglobulinemia and cutaneous vasculitis. In: Transfusion. 2004 ; Vol. 44, No. 2. pp. 145. ...
Cryoglobulinemia is generally broken down in three subtypes. In type I cryoglobulinemia, cryoglobulins are made up of a ... The clinical pictures of type II and III cryoglobulinemia are similar. This report primarily deals with mixed cryoglobulinemia. ... What are the symptoms for cryoglobulinemia, essential mixed?. Discolored skin symptom was found in the cryoglobulinemia, ... In rare cases, no underlying cause for the disorder can be identified (essential mixed cryoglobulinemia). Cryoglobulinemia ...
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... family and patients with cryoglobulinemia vasculitis a rare and incurable blood disease. Red Zebra pin, Sept. 23 and Sept. is ... Why we picked a red zebra ribbon for cryoglobulinemia awareness!. © This site + global outreach powered by hope, peace, love ... Cryoglobulinemia is considered a hidden or an invisible illness. The person suffering may look fine but actually have ... In patients with cryoglobulinemia, when the blood gets below normal body temperature, it precipitates an abnormal protein that ...
... genes was investigated in patients with idiopathic nonmalignant monoclonal IgG cryoglobulinemia (NCG). In NCG, m ... Aberrant immunoglobulin and c-myc gene rearrangements in patients with nonmalignant monoclonal cryoglobulinemia. A Perl; A Perl ... Aberrant immunoglobulin and c-myc gene rearrangements in patients with nonmalignant monoclonal cryoglobulinemia.. J Immunol 15 ... genes was investigated in patients with idiopathic nonmalignant monoclonal IgG cryoglobulinemia (NCG). In NCG, monoclonal ...
... is associated with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders such as mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B- ... Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders such as mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) and B-cell ... Adult, B-Lymphocytes, Cryoglobulinemia, Female, Hepacivirus, Humans, Immunoglobulin M, Male, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Phylogeny ... Clonal expansion of immunoglobulin M+CD27+ B cells in HCV-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia. ...
Mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) is a HCV-related lymphoproliferative disorder generally associated with advanced liver disease. ... Table 2 Principal demographic and hepato-virological data of the 14 HCV-positive patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia before ... Table 1 Principal mixed cryoglobulinemia manifestations (clinical and biohumoral) diagnosed before treatment with rituximab and ... Stasi, C., Triboli, E., Arena, U. et al. Assessment of liver stiffness in patients with HCV and mixed cryoglobulinemia ...
Cryoglobulinemia. In rare instances, monoclonal immunoglobulin (IgM) may congeal in the blood and lead to poor circulation, ...
Connect with other Patients Living with Cryoglobulinemia by joining one of our 3 Support Groups. Cryo Doctors, Cryo Symptoms ... Alliance for Cryoglobulinemia Support Groups. Connect with other patients who are Living With CRYOglobulinemia.. Most of us ... and ask to join Cryoglobulinemia-Alliance for Cryoglobulinemia Facebook Closed Group or connect Here. ... Cryoglobulinemia- Alliance For Cryo - CLOSED Facebook Group.. In a CLOSED group, admins must approve members, and only group ...
Cryoglobulinemia Cryoglobulinemia (which literally means "cold antibody in the blood") refers to chemical properties of the ... For cryoglobulinemia:. *Blood tests tests (including tests for hepatitis C virus and hepatitis C antibody and for presence of ... People with cryoglobulinemia experience the characteristic symptoms - paleness, numbness, and pain in extremities, bleeding ... More than 90% of people with cryoglobulinemia also have a hepatitis C infection. Hepatitis C virus infection is primarily ...
Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis.. Cacoub P, Comarmond C, Domont F, Savey L, Saadoun D. Am J Med 2015 Sep;128(9):950-5. Epub 2015 ... Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis.. Cacoub P, Comarmond C, Domont F, Savey L, Saadoun D. Am J Med 2015 Sep;128(9):950-5. Epub 2015 ... Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis.. Cacoub P, Comarmond C, Domont F, Savey L, Saadoun D. Am J Med 2015 Sep;128(9):950-5. Epub 2015 ... Cryoglobulinemia: An update in 2019.. Desbois AC, Cacoub P, Saadoun D. Joint Bone Spine 2019 Nov;86(6):707-713. Epub 2019 Feb 4 ...
Cryoglobulinemia vasculitis stories and testimolials from Cryoglobulinemia vasculitis organization. CVO is a rare and incurable ... Why we picked a red zebra ribbon for cryoglobulinemia awareness!. © This site + global outreach powered by hope, peace, love ... I believe this was my first cryoglobulinemia episode. After this I constantly had intense muscular pain and generalized ... Read personal stories from patients with cryoglobulinemia and from those who love them. ...
Cryoglobulinemia as a Possible Primer for TRALI: Report. Frameworks to provide a robust synopsis for high level overviews. ...
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Cryoglobulinemia as a Possible Primer for TRALI: Report. September 10, 2018by BoldThemes0 ...
Cryoglobulinemia as a Possible Primer for TRALI: Report. 10 września, 20180 ...
Cryoglobulinemia as a Possible Primer for TRALI: Report. Frameworks to provide a robust synopsis for high level overviews. ...
Cryoglobulinemia as a Possible Primer for TRALI: Report. Frameworks to provide a robust synopsis for high level overviews. ...
Efficacy of Interferon-Free Antiviral Treatment Regimens in Patients With Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Cryoglobulinemia ... Efficacy of Interferon-Free Antiviral Treatment Regimens in Patients With Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Cryoglobulinemia ...
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After orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), isolated cases of HCV-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia have been reported. We ... determined the prevalence and clinical characteristics of mixed cryoglobulinemia in HCV-infected liver transplant recipients at ... infection is associated with mixed cryoglobulinemia and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. ...
  • In another study, of 64 patients with type I cryoglobulinemia vasculitis, Terrier et al identified 28 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance and 36 with hematologic malignancy. (medscape.com)
  • Type I monoclonal cryoglobulinemia vasculitis was characterized by severe cutaneous involvement (necrosis and ulcers) in almost 50% the patients, as well as high serum cryoglobulin levels. (medscape.com)
  • Some of the sequelae of cryoglobulinemia are thought to be related to immune-complex disease (eg, glomerulonephritis, chronic vasculitis), but not all persons with cryoglobulinemia present with these manifestations. (medscape.com)
  • The spectrum of type I cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: new insights based on 64 cases. (medscape.com)
  • Karlsberg PL, Lee WM, Casey DL, Cockerell CJ, Cruz PD Jr. Cutaneous vasculitis and rheumatoid factor positivity as presenting signs of hepatitis C virus-induced mixed cryoglobulinemia. (medscape.com)
  • Cryoglobulinemia and cutaneous vasculitis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The SCwSG team of volunteers created the world's first support group for cryo suffers called Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis Organization in 2010. (wixsite.com)
  • Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis. (nih.gov)
  • Mixed cryoglobulinaemia (MC) is a systemic vasculitis, secondary to the deposition in small and medium-sized blood vessels of circulating immune complexes, mainly the cryoglobulins, and complement. (unimore.it)
  • Some other types of vasculitis are also caused by immune complexes, but cryoglobulinemia is defined by a laboratory test that identifies immune complexes that fall out of solution in the cold. (vasculitisfoundation.org)
  • OBJECTIVES: Mixed cryoglobulinaemia (MC) is a chronic small-vessel vasculitis. (unipi.it)
  • OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most frequent cause of mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC), which is characterized by endothelial deposition of rheumatoid factor (RF)-containing immune complexes and end-organ vasculitis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Cryoglobulinemia is a medical condition in which the blood contains large amounts of pathological cold sensitive antibodies called cryoglobulins - proteins (mostly immunoglobulins themselves) that become insoluble at reduced temperatures. (wikipedia.org)
  • While this disease is commonly referred to as cryoglobulinemia in the medical literature, it is better termed cryoglobulinemic disease for two reasons: 1) cryoglobulinemia is also used to indicate the circulation of (usually low levels of) cryoglobulins in the absence of any symptoms or disease and 2) healthy individuals can develop transient asymptomatic cryoglobulinemia following certain infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cryoglobulinemia is characterized by the presence of cryoglobulins in the serum. (medscape.com)
  • Types II and III cryoglobulinemia represent 80% of all cryoglobulins. (medscape.com)
  • Mixed cryoglobulinemia is a rare disorder characterized by the presence of cryoglobulins in the blood. (orthopedicshealth.com)
  • In type I cryoglobulinemia, cryoglobulins are made up of a specific immunoglobulin, usually IgM. (orthopedicshealth.com)
  • Unlike type I cryoglobulinemia, the cryoglobulins in type II and type III contain rheumatoid factor, which is an autoantibody (i.e. an antibody that attacks the body own tissue). (orthopedicshealth.com)
  • Cryoglobulinemia can be associated with a kidney (renal) disease known as membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) type I characterized by a specific pattern of injury to the kidney most likely caused by deposition of cryoglobulins in the kidney. (orthopedicshealth.com)
  • Cryoglobulins come in three main types, but in most cases the cause of having cryoglobulins is hepatitis C . The disease in which cryoglobulins are found is called cryoglobulinemia . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cryoglobulins are associated with cryoglobulinemia. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The cryoglobulins were tested by immunofixation, which detected monoclonal IgM and polyclonal IgG with only traces of IgA (i.e. type II mixed cryoglobulinaemia) ( Figure 1 ). (who.int)
  • Cryoglobulinemia produces immunoglobulins that precipitate when plasma is cooled (ie, cryoglobulins) while flowing through the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the extremities. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, the discovery of a close association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and mixed cryoglobulinemia has cast doubt on the existence of essential, or idiopathic, cryoglobulinemia. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with type II cryoglobulinemia. (medscape.com)
  • Abel G, Zhang QX, Agnello V. Hepatitis C virus infection in type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. (medscape.com)
  • Sansonno D, Cornacchiulo V, Iacobelli AR, Di Stefano R, Lospalluti M, Dammacco F. Localization of hepatitis C virus antigens in liver and skin tissues of chronic hepatitis C virus-infected patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. (medscape.com)
  • Less commonly, cryoglobulinemia can be caused by infections such as HIV or Hepatitis C . (wikidoc.org)
  • Many cases of mixed cryoglobulinemia are associated with chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus. (orthopedicshealth.com)
  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders such as mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). (ox.ac.uk)
  • More than 90% of people with cryoglobulinemia also have a hepatitis C infection. (uchicago.edu)
  • Somatic hypermutations confer rheumatoid factor activity in hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Eradication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) by antiviral therapy is the treatment of choice for mixed cryoglobulinemia secondary to this infection, but many patients fail to achieve sustained viral responses and need second-line treatment. (core.ac.uk)
  • ROMERO-GOMEZ, M. y GARCIA-ROMERO, D. . Hepatitis C: cryoglobulinemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (isciii.es)
  • Hepatitis C virus infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of mixed cryoglobulinemia, promoting activation and expansion of B cells. (isciii.es)
  • Therefore, in chronic hepatitis C, the combination of peginterferon + ribavirin is strongly recommended in treating symptomatic mixed cryoglobulinemia and HCV-related non-Hodgkin lymphomas. (isciii.es)
  • Cryoglobulinaemia and hepatitis C virus. (nih.gov)
  • Hepatitis C has supplanted hepatitis B and may give rise to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and cryoglobulinemia. (erowid.org)
  • in 1967, the percentage of cryoglobulinemic diseases described as essential cryoglobulinemia or idiopathic cryoglobulinemia, that is cryoglobulinemic disease that is unassociated with an underlying disorder, has fallen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cryoglobulinemia without an associated disease has been known as essential, or idiopathic, cryoglobulinemia. (medscape.com)
  • The status of the immunoglobulin (Ig) genes was investigated in patients with idiopathic nonmalignant monoclonal IgG cryoglobulinemia (NCG). (aai.org)
  • Cryoglobulinemia is classified based on cryoglobulin composition according to the Brouet classification, shown in the table below. (medscape.com)
  • Due to the fact it is extremely rare, there are no published statistics on the number of people with cryoglobulinemia. (wixsite.com)
  • People with cryoglobulinemia tend to suffer in silence. (wixsite.com)
  • People with cryoglobulinemia experience the characteristic symptoms - paleness, numbness, and pain in extremities, bleeding under the skin, and joint pain -- when exposed to cold weather. (uchicago.edu)
  • Then we found this website with all the information and the links to the Alliance for Cryoglobulinemia Facebook support groups! (allianceforcryo.org)
  • Aberrant immunoglobulin and c-myc gene rearrangements in patients with nonmalignant monoclonal cryoglobulinemia. (aai.org)
  • Accordingly, type II and type III cryoglobulinemic diseases are often grouped together and referred to as mixed cryoglobulinemia or mixed cryoglobulinemic disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a study of patients with type II cryoglobulinemia, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 18 patients were separated into CD3 + (T cells), CD19 + (B cells), and CD14 + (monocytes) and analyzed for the presence of negative-strand HCV RNA and for HCV nonstructural protein 3 (NS3). (medscape.com)
  • We describe a patient with cryoglobulinemia refractory to standard therapy who died of GAE after receiving rituximab. (cdc.gov)
  • Several studies have demonstrated that the infusion of the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab is highly effective for refractory mixid cryoglobulinemia, with a clinical response in approximately 80% of patients, although the relapse rate is high. (core.ac.uk)
  • Based on a prior pilot study, we disigned a phase II single-arm two-stage study (EUDRACT n. 2008-000086-38) to evaluate the efficacy of a lower dosage of rituximab, 250mg/m(2) given twice, for refractory mixed cryoglobulinemia. (core.ac.uk)
  • The actual RF may be monoclonal (in type II cryoglobulinemia) or polyclonal (in type III cryoglobulinemia) immunoglobulin. (medscape.com)
  • Clonal expansion of immunoglobulin M+CD27+ B cells in HCV-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 2006). "Cryoglobulinemia in subjects with HCV infection alone, HIV infection and HCV/HIV coinfection" . (wikidoc.org)
  • Mixed cryoglobulinemia is believed to be an immune-mediated disorder (in which the immune system response to chronic infection causes damage to various tissues) or an autoimmune disorder (in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissue). (orthopedicshealth.com)
  • Several steps in the pathogenesis of mixed cryoglobulinemia are strongly related to HCV infection and when the virus is eliminated, the disease course improves. (isciii.es)
  • Clearance of the virus promotes resolution of the clinical manifestations and immunological disorders seen in mixed cryoglobulinemia in a large percentage of patients, but not in all. (isciii.es)
  • Types II and III cryoglobulinemia (mixed cryoglobulinemia) contain rheumatoid factors (RFs), which are usually IgM and, rarely, IgG or IgA. (medscape.com)
  • Cryoglobulinemia may also be classified based on the association of the syndrome with an underlying disease. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 ] Cryoglobulinemia associated with a particular disease (lymphoproliferative disorder, autoimmune disease, infectious disease) is known as secondary cryoglobulinemia. (medscape.com)
  • A transgenic mouse model of autoimmune glomerulonephritis and necrotizing arteritis associated with cryoglobulinemia. (medscape.com)
  • Mixed cryoglobulinemia secondary to visceral Leishmaniasis. (nih.gov)
  • Cryoglobulinemia (which literally means "cold antibody in the blood") refers to chemical properties of the antibodies that cause this disease. (uchicago.edu)
  • Common causes of cryoglobulinemia are primarily hematologic, oncologic, and rheumatic. (wikidoc.org)
  • The distinction between type II and type III cryoglobulinemia is mostly technical and deals with whether the rheumatoid factor is monoclonal or polyclonal. (orthopedicshealth.com)
  • The clinical and morphologic spectrum of renal cryoglobulinemia. (medscape.com)
  • Although Joint Pain (arthralgia) is very common in individuals with cryoglobulinemia, joint Inflammation (arthritis) occurs far less frequently. (orthopedicshealth.com)
  • Mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) is a HCV-related lymphoproliferative disorder generally associated with advanced liver disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The symptoms and physical findings of mixed cryoglobulinemia can vary greatly from one individual to another. (orthopedicshealth.com)
  • Mixed cryoglobulinemia: clinical aspects and long-term follow-up of 40 patients. (medscape.com)
  • Natural history and therapy of 66 patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. (medscape.com)
  • In patients with cryoglobulinemia , when the blood gets below normal body temperature, it precipitates an abnormal protein that causes the blood to become jelly-like. (wixsite.com)
  • Connect with other patients who are Living With CRYOglobulinemia. (allianceforcryo.org)
  • Since the first description of cryoglobulinemia in association with the clinical triad of skin purpura, joint pain, and weakness by Meltzer et al. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cryoglobulinemia can manifest with acral hemorrhagic necrosis, palpable purpura, livedo reticularis, and leg ulcers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cryoglobulinemia is the presence of abnormal proteins in the blood. (nih.gov)
  • Treatment of HCV-Related Mixed Cryoglobulinemia. (nih.gov)
  • Long-term outcome of monoclonal (type 1) cryoglobulinemia. (medscape.com)
  • Type II mixed cryoglobulinaemia as an oligo rather than a mono B-cell disorder: evidence from GeneScan and MALDI-TOF analyses. (medscape.com)
  • Type I cryoglobulinemia is usually associated with an underlying disorder, specifically certain types of cancer. (orthopedicshealth.com)
  • Type II and type III cryoglobulinemia are known as mixed cryoglobulinemia. (orthopedicshealth.com)
  • The clinical pictures of type II and III cryoglobulinemia are similar. (orthopedicshealth.com)
  • We investigated the type and cause of the cryoglobulinaemia. (who.int)
  • People with cold-induced conditions such as cryoglobulinemia and areas with varicose veins, dermatitis, or open sores. (healthline.com)