A HERNIA-like condition in which the weakened pelvic muscles cause the URINARY BLADDER to drop from its normal position. Fallen urinary bladder is more common in females with the bladder dropping into the VAGINA and less common in males with the bladder dropping into the SCROTUM.
Herniation of the RECTUM into the VAGINA.
Propylene or propene polymers. Thermoplastics that can be extruded into fibers, films or solid forms. They are used as a copolymer in plastics, especially polyethylene. The fibers are used for fabrics, filters and surgical sutures.
Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.
The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.
Surgery performed on the urinary tract or its parts in the male or female. For surgery of the male genitalia, UROLOGIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES, MALE is available.
Soft tissue formed mainly by the pelvic diaphragm, which is composed of the two levator ani and two coccygeus muscles. The pelvic diaphragm lies just below the pelvic aperture (outlet) and separates the pelvic cavity from the PERINEUM. It extends between the PUBIC BONE anteriorly and the COCCYX posteriorly.
Any woven or knit material of open texture used in surgery for the repair, reconstruction, or substitution of tissue. The mesh is usually a synthetic fabric made of various polymers. It is occasionally made of metal.
Pathological processes of the URINARY BLADDER.
The body region between (and flanking) the SACRUM and COCCYX.
Protrusion of the rectal mucous membrane through the anus. There are various degrees: incomplete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle but with herniation of the bowel; and internal complete with rectosigmoid or upper rectum intussusception into the lower rectum.
The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Abnormal descent of a pelvic organ resulting in the protrusion of the organ beyond its normal anatomical confines. Symptoms often include vaginal discomfort, DYSPAREUNIA; URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE; and FECAL INCONTINENCE.
"Awards and prizes in a medical context refer to formal recognitions, typically bestowed upon healthcare professionals or researchers, for significant contributions to medical advancements, patient care, or professional organizations, often involving monetary rewards, certificates, or trophies."
Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile.
Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.
The terminal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE, beginning from the ampulla of the RECTUM and ending at the anus.
Societies whose membership is limited to scientists.
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.
The mechanical laws of fluid dynamics as they apply to urine transport.

Tension free monofilament macropore polypropylene mesh (Gynemesh PS) in female genital prolapse repair. (1/30)

OBJECTIVES: To review intraoperative and postoperative complications associated to the correction of cystocele and rectocele with polypropylene mesh macropore monofilament (Gynemesh PS) using transvaginal free tension technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective study of patients that have been submitted to correction of cystocele and/or rectocele between November 2004 and August 2005 in the Urogynecology and Vaginal Surgery Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Las Condes Clinic. Mesh was used in 31 patients: 9 for cystocele, 11 for rectocele, and 11 for concomitant meshes. Total mesh used 42. Media age 55 years old, weight 64 kilograms. In 7 patients we used a third mesh for correction of urinary incontinence by TVT-O technique. RESULTS: They did not present intraoperative complications, neither in immediate or delayed postoperative time. We did not observe hematoma, infection, erosion or exposition mesh. Healing of cystocele and rectocele was obtained in 100% of patients, with a pursuit between 1 and 8 months. DISCUSSION: The use of prosthetic polypropylene monofilament macropore mesh in the correction of cystocele and/or rectocele, by transvaginal route with tension free technique seems to be a safe and effective surgery procedure.  (+info)

New surgical technique for the treatment of urinary incontinence in Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Kaunas University of Medicine. (2/30)

There are various surgical methods for the treatment of female urinary stress incontinence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) operation based on a three-year clinical experience and the possibility of its use in the outpatient settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patients were examined according to a standardized protocol for urinary incontinence and were operated on according to the original "Gynecare TVT" protocol. A total of 57 women were operated on and followed up during the study period (02/25/2000-12/31/2002). The average age was 52 years. Out of them 31 (54.4%) women were after menopause and 56 (97.9%) gave birth. Nine women had operations in their medical histories: five had hysterectomies and the other four were operated on because of urinary incontinence. Besides, five women were operated due to mixed urinary incontinence. Among the operated women, 6 had local anesthesia, 13 had epidural, and 38 had lumbar anesthesia. The average time of the operation was 22.3 minutes. The mean hospital stay was 4.4 days. Five patients were hospitalized for one day. Besides TVT operation, eight patients had anterior colporrhaphy, two patients had posterior colporrhaphy, and two patients had "mesh" application for cystocele treatment. RESULTS: One woman had stress urinary incontinence symptoms after operation (the effectiveness of operation was 98.2%). The main complications were: perforation of the urinary bladder was present in 1 (1.8%) patient and infection of urinary tract - in 4 (7.0%) patients. CONCLUSION: TVT operation is a minimal invasive, fast, safe and very effective surgical procedure for the treatment of urinary stress incontinence, which has to be implemented in Lithuania as a routine outpatient procedure.  (+info)

The effectiveness of transvaginal anterior colporrhaphy reinforced with polypropylene mesh in the treatment of severe cystoceles. (3/30)

INTRODUCTION: Grade 4 cystoceles are among the most challenging to achieve a successful repair for gynaecologists. The high rate of recurrence of severe prolapse encouraged surgeons to use meshes. Only recently have meshes been used transvaginally for pelvic organ prolapse. The aim of our pilot study was therefore to determine the effectiveness of transvaginal anterior colporrhaphy reinforced with prolene mesh in the treatment of severe or recurrent cystoceles by looking at their primary surgical outcomes as well as their complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted by the urogynaecology unit at KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKWCH) in Singapore based on operations performed from April 2002 to December 2003. The inclusion criterion was that women had to have at least a grade 4 or recurrent grade 3 cystocele and had undergone a vaginal anterior colporrhaphy reinforced with prolene mesh. The women were further subdivided into 3 groups depending on whether vaginal hysterectomies were performed or not as well as the absence or presence of the uterus. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients with severe cystoceles underwent this procedure. The 3 mean follow-up times for the 3 groups ranged from 14.4 to 19.2 months (range, 2 to 32). Overall for the 3 groups, 75.7% were cured with no or grade 1 cystocele, 18.9% had asymptomatic grade 2 cystocele while 5.4% developed grade 3 or 4 cystocele. There were no mesh erosions. CONCLUSION: Transvaginal anterior colporrhaphy reinforced with a tension-free prolene mesh in the treatment of severe or recurrent cystoceles is simple, safe, easily performed and is associated with a low failure rate and morbidity.  (+info)

Sonomorphological evaluation of polypropylene mesh implants after vaginal mesh repair in women with cystocele or rectocele. (4/30)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the sonographically measured size of the mesh implant in women who had undergone vaginal polypropylene mesh repair 6 weeks previously correlates with the original size of the mesh and whether the mesh ensures complete support of the anterior or posterior compartment. METHODS: Forty postmenopausal women with anterior or posterior vaginal wall prolapse and sonographically proven cystocele (n = 20) or rectocele (n = 20) were evaluated preoperatively and 6 weeks after vaginal mesh repair. Introital ultrasound was performed to identify the polypropylene mesh and measure its distal to proximal length and configuration as well as its thickness. The initial mesh length was compared with that measured by ultrasound 6 weeks postoperatively. Vaginal length was measured pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD age of the women was 68 +/- 7 years. The 20 women with cystocele underwent repair by means of anterior transobturator mesh implantation; the initial mesh length was 6.8 +/- 1.1 cm versus 2.9 +/- 0.6 cm postoperatively. The 20 women with rectocele underwent repair by posterior transischioanal mesh implantation; the initial mesh length was 9.9 +/- 0.8 cm versus 3.3 +/- 0.5 cm postoperatively. The mesh supported 43.4% of the length of the anterior vaginal wall and this value was 53.7% for the posterior wall (P = 0.016). CONCLUSION: Sonography is recommended for postoperative evaluation of the anterior and posterior mesh positions after prolapse surgery. There is a considerable discrepancy between the implanted mesh size and the length measured 6 weeks later by postoperative ultrasound. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  (+info)

Ultrasound assessment of pelvic organ prolapse: the relationship between prolapse severity and symptoms. (5/30)

OBJECTIVE: At present little information is available to help define whether a certain degree of pelvic organ prolapse is clinically relevant. We performed a retrospective study to define cut-offs for significant pelvic organ descent on the basis of prolapse symptoms. METHODS: At a tertiary urogynecological center, 735 women with symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunction and prolapse were seen for interview, clinical examination, multi-channel urodynamics and ultrasound imaging, while supine and after voiding, for prolapse quantification. Women with multi-compartment prolapse, i.e. those in whom no compartment was clearly dominant were excluded. Receiver-operator statistics were used to test pelvic organ descent as a predictor of prolapse symptoms. RESULTS: Mean age was 55.1 years, mean parity 2.8 (range, 0-12). Symptoms of prolapse were reported by 188 women (25.6%). Seventy-four showed a symptomatic multi-compartment prolapse and were excluded, 56 symptomatic women had cystoceles and 48 had rectoceles. Symptomatic cystoceles descended on average to 23.8 mm below the symphysis pubis and symptomatic rectoceles to 21.4 mm below the symphysis pubis. Descent was strongly associated with symptoms of prolapse (both, P < 0.001). Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) statistics suggested a cut-off of 10 mm below the symphysis pubis for cystocele, and 15 mm below the symphysis pubis for rectocele. ROC curves were similar for both compartments (area under the curve, 0.857 and 0.821, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Descent of the bladder to > or = 10 mm and of the rectum to > or = 15 mm below the symphysis pubis are strongly associated with symptoms, and these values are proposed as cut-offs for the diagnosis of significant prolapse on the basis of ROC statistics.  (+info)

Anterior vaginal wall length and degree of anterior compartment prolapse seen on dynamic MRI. (6/30)

The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between midsagittal vaginal wall geometric parameters and the degree of anterior vaginal prolapse. We have previously presented data indicating that about half of anterior wall descent can be explained by the degree of apical descent present (Summers et al., Am J Obstet Gynecol, 194:1438-1443, 2006). This led us to examine whether other midsagittal vaginal geometric parameters are associated with anterior wall descent. Magnetic resonance (MR) scans of 145 women from the prior study were suitable for analysis after eight were excluded because of inadequate visibility of the anterior vaginal wall. Subjects had been selected from a study of pelvic organ prolapse that included women with and without prolapse. All patients underwent supine dynamic MR scans in the midsagittal plane. Anterior vaginal wall length, location of distal vaginal wall point, and the area under the midsagittal profile of the anterior vaginal wall were measured during maximal Valsalva. A linear regression model was used to examine how much of the variance in cystocele size could be explained by these vaginal parameters. When both apical descent and vaginal length were considered in the linear regression model, 77% (R (2) = 0.77, p < 0.001) of the variation in anterior wall descent was explained. Distal vaginal point and a measure anterior wall shape, the area under the profile of the anterior vaginal wall, added little to the model. Increasing vaginal length was positively correlated with greater degrees of anterior vaginal prolapse during maximal Valsalva (R (2) = 0.30, p < 0.01) determining 30% of the variation in anterior wall decent. Greater degrees of anterior vaginal prolapse are associated with a longer vaginal wall. Linear regression modeling suggests that 77% of anterior wall descent can be explained by apical descent and midsagittal anterior vaginal wall length.  (+info)

LOXL1 deficiency negatively impacts the biomechanical properties of the mouse vagina and supportive tissues. (7/30)

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Ballooning of the levator hiatus. (8/30)

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A cystocele is a type of pelvic organ prolapse that occurs when the wall between the bladder and the vagina weakens and allows the bladder to bulge into the vagina. This condition is also sometimes referred to as a "prolapsed bladder." Cystoceles can cause various symptoms, including urinary incontinence, difficulty emptying the bladder completely, and discomfort or pain during sexual activity. The severity of a cystocele can vary, and treatment options may include lifestyle changes, pelvic floor exercises, or surgery.

A rectocele is a type of pelvic organ prolapse, which occurs when the rectum (the lower end of the colon) bulges into the back wall of the vagina. This condition most commonly affects women who have gone through childbirth, although it can also occur in older women or those with long-term constipation or other conditions that put pressure on the pelvic floor muscles.

Rectoceles can cause a variety of symptoms, including difficulty having bowel movements, feeling like something is sticking out of the vagina, and pain during sexual intercourse. In some cases, rectoceles may not cause any symptoms at all. Treatment options for rectoceles include pelvic floor physical therapy, lifestyle changes (such as avoiding heavy lifting or straining), and in severe cases, surgery.

The exact medical definition of a rectocele is: "A herniation of the rectal wall into the vaginal wall, often associated with disruption of the rectovaginal septum." This means that there is a protrusion or bulge of the rectal wall into the vaginal wall, which can be caused by a weakening or tearing of the tissue that separates the two structures.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polypropylenes" does not have a medical definition as it is not a medical term. Polypropylene is a type of plastic that is used in various medical and non-medical applications. It is a thermoplastic polymer resin that is produced by the polymerization of propylene.

In the medical field, polypropylene is sometimes used to make single-use surgical instruments, sutures, and medical devices due to its resistance to heat, chemicals, and electricity. It is also biocompatible, meaning it can be safely used in the body without causing adverse reactions. However, "Polypropylenes" as a medical term is not recognized or used in the medical community.

A hernia is a protrusion of an organ or tissue through a weakened area in the abdominal wall, often appearing as a bulge beneath the skin. This condition can occur in various parts of the body such as the groin (inguinal hernia), navel (umbilical hernia), or site of a previous surgical incision (incisional hernia). Hernias may cause discomfort or pain, especially when straining, lifting heavy objects, or during bowel movements. In some cases, they may lead to serious complications like intestinal obstruction or strangulation, requiring immediate medical attention.

A prolapse is a medical condition where an organ or tissue in the body slips from its normal position and drops down into a lower part of the body. This usually occurs when the muscles and ligaments that support the organ become weak or stretched. The most common types of prolapses include:

* Uterine prolapse: When the uterus slips down into or protrudes out of the vagina.
* Rectal prolapse: When the rectum (the lower end of the colon) slips outside the anus.
* Bladder prolapse (cystocele): When the bladder drops into the vagina.
* Small bowel prolapse (enterocele): When the small intestine bulges into the vagina.

Prolapses can cause various symptoms, such as discomfort, pain, pressure, and difficulty with urination or bowel movements. Treatment options depend on the severity of the prolapse and may include lifestyle changes, physical therapy, medication, or surgery.

Urologic surgical procedures refer to various types of surgeries that are performed on the urinary system and male reproductive system. These surgeries can be invasive (requiring an incision) or minimally invasive (using small incisions or scopes). They may be performed to treat a range of conditions, including but not limited to:

1. Kidney stones: Procedures such as shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy are used to remove or break up kidney stones.
2. Urinary tract obstructions: Surgeries like pyeloplasty and urethral dilation can be done to correct blockages in the urinary tract.
3. Prostate gland issues: Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), simple prostatectomy, and robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy are some procedures used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer.
4. Bladder problems: Procedures such as cystectomy (removal of the bladder), bladder augmentation, and implantation of an artificial urinary sphincter can be done for conditions like bladder cancer or incontinence.
5. Kidney diseases: Nephrectomy (removal of a kidney) may be necessary for severe kidney damage or cancer.
6. Testicular issues: Orchiectomy (removal of one or both testicles) can be performed for testicular cancer.
7. Pelvic organ prolapse: Surgeries like sacrocolpopexy and vaginal vault suspension can help correct this condition in women.

These are just a few examples; there are many other urologic surgical procedures available to treat various conditions affecting the urinary and reproductive systems.

The pelvic floor is a group of muscles, ligaments, and connective tissues that form a sling or hammock across the bottom of the pelvis. It supports the organs in the pelvic cavity, including the bladder, rectum, and uterus or prostate. The pelvic floor helps control urination, defecation, and sexual function by relaxing and contracting to allow for the release of waste and during sexual activity. It also contributes to postural stability and balance. Weakness or damage to the pelvic floor can lead to various health issues such as incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and sexual dysfunction.

Surgical mesh is a medical device that is used in various surgical procedures, particularly in reconstructive surgery, to provide additional support to weakened or damaged tissues. It is typically made from synthetic materials such as polypropylene or polyester, or from biological materials such as animal tissue or human cadaveric tissue.

The mesh is designed to be implanted into the body, where it can help to reinforce and repair damaged tissues. For example, it may be used in hernia repairs to support the weakened abdominal wall, or in pelvic floor reconstruction surgery to treat conditions such as pelvic organ prolapse or stress urinary incontinence.

Surgical mesh can come in different forms, including sheets, plugs, and patches, and may be either absorbable or non-absorbable. The choice of mesh material and type will depend on the specific surgical indication and the patient's individual needs. It is important for patients to discuss the risks and benefits of surgical mesh with their healthcare provider before undergoing any surgical procedure that involves its use.

Urinary bladder diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the urinary bladder, a muscular sac located in the pelvis that stores urine before it is excreted from the body. These diseases can impair the bladder's ability to store or empty urine properly, leading to various symptoms and complications. Here are some common urinary bladder diseases with their medical definitions:

1. Cystitis: This is an inflammation of the bladder, often caused by bacterial infections (known as UTI - Urinary Tract Infection). However, it can also be triggered by irritants, radiation therapy, or chemical exposure.
2. Overactive Bladder (OAB): A group of symptoms that include urgency, frequency, and, in some cases, urge incontinence. The bladder muscle contracts excessively, causing a strong, sudden desire to urinate.
3. Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS): A chronic bladder condition characterized by pain, pressure, or discomfort in the bladder and pelvic region, often accompanied by urinary frequency and urgency. Unlike cystitis, IC/BPS is not caused by infection, but its exact cause remains unknown.
4. Bladder Cancer: The abnormal growth of cancerous cells within the bladder lining or muscle. It can present as non-muscle-invasive (superficial) or muscle-invasive, depending on whether the tumor has grown into the bladder muscle.
5. Bladder Diverticula: Small sac-like pouches that form in the bladder lining and protrude outward through its wall. These may result from increased bladder pressure due to conditions like OAB or an enlarged prostate.
6. Neurogenic Bladder: A condition where nerve damage or dysfunction affects the bladder's ability to store or empty urine properly. This can lead to symptoms such as incontinence, urgency, and retention.
7. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Although not a bladder disease itself, BPH is a common condition in older men where the prostate gland enlarges, putting pressure on the bladder and urethra, leading to urinary symptoms like frequency, urgency, and hesitancy.

Understanding these various bladder conditions can help individuals identify potential issues early on and seek appropriate medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The sacrococcygeal region is the lower part of the back where the spine ends, specifically referring to the area where the sacrum (a triangular bone at the base of the spine formed by the fusion of several vertebrae) meets the coccyx (also known as the tailbone). This region is located at the very bottom of the spine and is susceptible to injury or trauma due to its position and role in supporting the body's weight. It is also a common site for birth defects, particularly in newborns.

Rectal prolapse is a medical condition where the rectum, which is the lower end of the colon, slips outside the anus, the opening through which stool leaves the body. This usually occurs due to weakened muscles and supporting structures in the pelvic area, often as a result of aging, childbirth, or long-term constipation or diarrhea.

The rectal prolapse can be partial, where only a small portion of the rectum slips outside the anus, or complete, where the entire rectum protrudes. This condition can cause discomfort, pain, bleeding, and difficulty with bowel movements. Treatment options may include dietary changes, medication, or surgical intervention.

The vagina is the canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal because babies pass through it during childbirth. The vagina is where sexual intercourse occurs and where menstrual blood exits the body. It has a flexible wall that can expand and retract. During sexual arousal, the vaginal walls swell with blood to become more elastic in order to accommodate penetration.

It's important to note that sometimes people use the term "vagina" to refer to the entire female genital area, including the external structures like the labia and clitoris. But technically, these are considered part of the vulva, not the vagina.

Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) is a medical condition where the supporting muscles and ligaments in a woman's pelvis weaken, causing one or more of the pelvic organs - including the bladder, uterus, rectum, or small intestine - to drop or press into or out of the vagina. This can result in various symptoms such as a feeling of heaviness or fullness in the pelvis, pressure or pain in the lower back, painful intercourse, and problems with urination or bowel movements. POP is often associated with childbirth, menopause, aging, and certain medical conditions that increase abdominal pressure, like obesity or chronic coughing. Treatment options can range from lifestyle changes and physical therapy to surgery.

"Awards and prizes" in a medical context generally refer to recognitions given to individuals or organizations for significant achievements, contributions, or advancements in the field of medicine. These can include:

1. Research Awards: Given to researchers who have made significant breakthroughs or discoveries in medical research.
2. Lifetime Achievement Awards: Recognizing individuals who have dedicated their lives to advancing medicine and healthcare.
3. Humanitarian Awards: Presented to those who have provided exceptional service to improving the health and well-being of underserved populations.
4. Innovation Awards: Given to recognize groundbreaking new treatments, technologies, or approaches in medicine.
5. Educator Awards: Honoring medical educators for their contributions to teaching and mentoring future healthcare professionals.
6. Patient Care Awards: Recognizing excellence in patient care and advocacy.
7. Public Health Awards: Given for outstanding work in preventing disease and promoting health at the population level.
8. Global Health Awards: Honoring those who have made significant contributions to improving health outcomes in low-resource settings around the world.

These awards can be given by various organizations, including medical societies, hospitals, universities, pharmaceutical companies, and government agencies.

Ligaments are bands of dense, fibrous connective tissue that surround joints and provide support, stability, and limits the range of motion. They are made up primarily of collagen fibers arranged in a parallel pattern to withstand tension and stress. Ligaments attach bone to bone, and their function is to prevent excessive movement that could cause injury or dislocation.

There are two main types of ligaments: extracapsular and intracapsular. Extracapsular ligaments are located outside the joint capsule and provide stability to the joint by limiting its range of motion. Intracapsular ligaments, on the other hand, are found inside the joint capsule and help maintain the alignment of the joint surfaces.

Examples of common ligaments in the body include the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in the knee, the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) in the elbow, and the coracoacromial ligament in the shoulder.

Injuries to ligaments can occur due to sudden trauma or overuse, leading to sprains, strains, or tears. These injuries can cause pain, swelling, bruising, and limited mobility, and may require medical treatment such as immobilization, physical therapy, or surgery.

Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) is a type of urinary incontinence that occurs when physical activities or movements, such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising, or lifting heavy objects, put pressure on the bladder, causing unintentional leakage of urine. It is caused by weakened pelvic floor muscles and/or a malfunctioning urethral sphincter, which normally help maintain urinary continence. SUI is more common in women than men, especially those who have gone through pregnancy, childbirth, or menopause, but it can also affect older men with prostate gland issues.

The anal canal is the terminal portion of the digestive tract, located between the rectum and the anus. It is a short tube-like structure that is about 1 to 1.5 inches long in adults. The main function of the anal canal is to provide a seal for the elimination of feces from the body while also preventing the leakage of intestinal contents.

The inner lining of the anal canal is called the mucosa, which is kept moist by the production of mucus. The walls of the anal canal contain specialized muscles that help control the passage of stool during bowel movements. These muscles include the internal and external sphincters, which work together to maintain continence and allow for the voluntary release of feces.

The anal canal is an important part of the digestive system and plays a critical role in maintaining bowel function and overall health.

Scientific societies are organizations that bring together professionals and researchers in a specific scientific field to promote the advancement of knowledge, research, and application of that science. These societies often engage in activities such as publishing scientific journals, organizing conferences and meetings, providing continuing education and professional development opportunities, and advocating for science policy and funding. Membership may be open to anyone with an interest in the field, or it may be restricted to individuals who meet certain qualifications, such as holding a degree in the relevant scientific discipline. Examples of scientific societies include the American Medical Association (AMA), the American Chemical Society (ACS), and the Royal Society of London.

Urinary incontinence is defined as the involuntary loss or leakage of urine that is sufficient to be a social or hygienic problem. It can occur due to various reasons such as weak pelvic muscles, damage to nerves that control the bladder, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions like diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson's disease.

There are different types of urinary incontinence, including stress incontinence (leakage of urine during physical activities like coughing, sneezing, or exercising), urge incontinence (a sudden and strong need to urinate that results in leakage), overflow incontinence (constant dribbling of urine due to a bladder that doesn't empty completely), functional incontinence (inability to reach the bathroom in time due to physical or mental impairments), and mixed incontinence (a combination of any two or more types of incontinence).

Urinary incontinence can significantly impact a person's quality of life, causing embarrassment, social isolation, and depression. However, it is a treatable condition, and various treatment options are available, including bladder training, pelvic floor exercises, medications, medical devices, and surgery.

Urodynamics is a medical test that measures the function and performance of the lower urinary tract, which includes the bladder, urethra, and sphincters. It involves the use of specialized equipment to record measurements such as bladder pressure, urine flow rate, and residual urine volume. The test can help diagnose various urinary problems, including incontinence, urinary retention, and overactive bladder.

During the test, a small catheter is inserted into the bladder through the urethra to measure bladder pressure while filling it with sterile water or saline solution. Another catheter may be placed in the rectum to record abdominal pressure. The patient is then asked to urinate, and the flow rate and any leaks are recorded.

Urodynamics can help identify the underlying cause of urinary symptoms and guide treatment decisions. It is often recommended for patients with complex or persistent urinary problems that have not responded to initial treatments.

The cystocele in this region of the vagina is thought to be due to a cardinal ligament defect. Medial cystocele forms in the ... Cystocele may affect the quality of life, women who have cystocele tend to avoid leaving their home and avoid social situations ... Cystocele occurs most frequently compared to the prolapse of other pelvic organs and structure. Cystocele is found to be three ... Cystocele and a prolapsed urethra often occur together and is called a cystourethrocele. Cystocele can negatively affect ...
"Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) , NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 2018-02-03 ...
"Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) , NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 2017-12-02 ...
"Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) , NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 2017-12-02 ... The pelvic floor is subject to clinically relevant changes that can result in: Anterior vaginal wall prolapse Cystocele ( ...
Chronic or violent coughing can contribute to damage to the pelvic floor and a possible cystocele. A cough in children may be ... "Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) , NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 2017-12-02 ...
Cystocele can develop as a result of chronic constipation. Constipation can be caused or exacerbated by a low-fiber diet, low ... "Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) , NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 2 December ...
"Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) , NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 2017-12-17 ... Suspected bladder trauma or rupture Vesico Vaginal/Vesico Colic fistula Cystocele Contraindications for voiding ...
... l cysts can mimic other structures that protrude from the vagina such as a rectocele and cystocele. Cysts that can be ... "Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) , NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Archived from the ... Pelvic organ prolapse, such as a rectocele or cystocele, is characterized by the descent of pelvic organs from their normal ... A reduction in estrogen does not cause rectocele, cystocele or uterine prolapse, but childbirth and weakness in pelvic support ...
Cystocele Read RC (October 2008). "Signs of herniosis in women with vaginal prolapse and/or stress incontinence". Hernia. 12 (5 ...
Examples of pelvic organ prolapse are cystocele, rectocele, urethrocele, enterocele and sigmoidocele. Cystocele is the most ... Cystocele and prolapse of the vagina from other causes is staged using POP-Q criteria and can range from good support (no ...
... s often occur with cystoceles (involving the urinary bladder as well as the urethra). In this case, the term used is ... ISBN 978-0-7817-2761-7. Rhodes, Monica (2006-10-26). "Repair of bladder prolapse (cystocele) or urethra prolapse (urethrocele ... ISBN 978-0-7020-1775-9. "Cystoceles, Urethroceles, Enteroceles, and Rectoceles - Gynecology and Obstetrics - Merck Manuals ...
The support hernias include: vault prolapse, enterocele, cystocele, rectocele and uterine decensus. Although most hernias can ...
Surgical treatment of pelvic organ prolapse, including correction of cystocele and rectocele. Appendectomy - often performed to ...
Frederick R. Jelovsek, "Having Prolapse, Cystocele and Rectocele Fixed Without Hysterectomy" "Hysterectomy". womenshealth.gov. ...
Defecography may demonstrate associated conditions like cystocele, vaginal vault prolapse or enterocele. Colonic transit ... and cystocele (35%) may suggest that there is some underlying abnormality of the pelvic floor that affects multiple pelvic ...
Inflammation of the Skene's glands and Bartholin glands may appear similar to cystocele. List of distinct cell types in the ... "Cystoceles, Urethroceles, Enteroceles, and Rectoceles - Gynecology and Obstetrics - Merck Manuals Professional Edition". Merck ...
... can mimic other structures that protrude from the vagina such as a rectocele and cystocele. Some cysts can be ... Vaginal cysts resemble other structures that protrude from the vagina such as rectocele and cystocele. Histological assessment ...
They can also enlarge to substantial proportions and be mistaken for urethral diverticulum or cystocele. In some rare instances ...
These are used for more advanced pelvic organ prolapse including cystocele or rectocele as well as a second or third-degree ... Although these can be used for mild cystocele and stress urinary incontinence, they are not commonly used. Smith, and Risser ... It is used to treat prolapse of uterine, vaginal wall (vaginal vault), bladder (cystocele), rectum (rectocele), or small bowel ... "Cystoceles, Urethroceles, Enteroceles, and Rectoceles - Gynecology and Obstetrics - Merck Manuals Professional Edition". Merck ...
"Cystoceles, Urethroceles, Enteroceles, and Rectoceles - Gynecology and Obstetrics - Merck Manuals Professional Edition". Merck ...
Conditions that may result from childbirth include uterine prolapse, cystocele, rectocele, fecal incontinence, and urinary ...
Injury incurred to fascia membranes and other connective structures can result in cystocele, rectocele or both. Treatment can ... Anterior wall Upper 2/3 cystocele Lower 1/3 urethrocele Posterior wall Upper 1/3 enterocele Middle 1/3 rectocele Lower 1/3 ... Anterior vaginal wall prolapse Cystocele (bladder into vagina) Urethrocele (urethra into vagina) Cystourethrocele (both bladder ...
Unlike other spring types, arcing springs may be used by women with mild cystocele, rectocele, or retroversion. Arcing spring ...
... also tends to occur with other forms of pelvic organ prolapse, such as enterocele, sigmoidocele and cystocele. ... Reviewed 2012 "Cystoceles, Urethroceles, Enteroceles, and Rectoceles - Gynecology and Obstetrics - Merck Manuals Professional ...
Blockage can be caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urethral strictures, bladder stones, a cystocele, constipation, ...
Blockage can be caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urethral strictures, bladder stones, a cystocele, constipation, ...
Mesh surgery can be performed in various areas of the pelvic region, such as cystocele, rectocele, and vaginal vault or uterus ...
For cystocele corrections, horizontal arms will be inserted on the lateral bladder walls through the obturator foramen by an ... cystocele correction), behind the vaginal wall (rectocele correction), or on top of the vagina (uterine prolapse correction). ...
It will correct protrusion of the urinary bladder into the vagina (cystocele) and protrusion of the rectum (rectocele) into the ... rectocele retropubic paravaginal repair the repair of a cystocele using a graft or prosthesis the repair of a cystocele and a ...
When the patient is requested to 'bear down', the presence of prolapsed structures such as the bladder (cystocele), rectum ( ...
The cystocele in this region of the vagina is thought to be due to a cardinal ligament defect. Medial cystocele forms in the ... Cystocele may affect the quality of life, women who have cystocele tend to avoid leaving their home and avoid social situations ... Cystocele occurs most frequently compared to the prolapse of other pelvic organs and structure. Cystocele is found to be three ... Cystocele and a prolapsed urethra often occur together and is called a cystourethrocele. Cystocele can negatively affect ...
A bladder prolapse (cystocele) occurs when the tissues and muscles that hold the bladder in place get weak or damaged. This ... post a link to Bladder prolapse (cystocele) information on Facebook. ... post a link to Bladder prolapse (cystocele) information on Twitter. ... send a link to Bladder prolapse (cystocele) information by email. ...
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A cystocele is when the bladder wall bulges into the vagina. A rectocele is when the rectum wall bulges into the vagina. These ... A cystocele is when the bladder wall bulges into the vagina. A rectocele is when the rectum wall bulges into the vagina. These ... For cystocele repairs the bladder catheter needs to stay for up to 6 days to give the bladder more time to work normally. ... Cystocele and rectocele repair. Charleston Area Medical Center website. Available at: https://www.camc.org/cystocele-and- ...
Obstructive Renal Failure; Cystocele Grade IV; Right Cystoureteropyelography; Double J Stent How to cite the article:. Jihad E ... Cystocele is a medical condition that occurs when the tough fibrous wall between a womans bladder and her vagina is torn by ... Cystocele is a medical condition that occurs when the tough fibrous wall between a womans bladder and her vagina is torn by ... Review on Obstructive Renal Failure Secondary to Cystocele Posted by Dr. Richard Lee on 11 Sep 2014 04:24:05 AM GMT Reviewed by ...
Get Estimated Price for Cystocele Repair at top hospitals and book an instant appointment on Credihealth. Get free medical ... Cystocele Repair Cost in IndiaCystocele Repair Cost in MumbaiCystocele Repair Cost in HyderabadCystocele Repair Cost in Kolkata ... Cystocele Repair Cost in ChennaiCystocele Repair Cost in Bangalore. .slides_inner_review { height: 214px; overflow: hidden; ...
A cystocele repair is a surgery to put your bladder back in its normal place. Your surgeon will fix the wall between your ...
ThermiVa RF is FDA cleared for dermatological and general surgical procedures for electrocoagulation and hemostasis.. ThermiVa has FDA Approval for Dermatologic Conditions, Surgery, Surgical Nerve Ablation. Examples of dermatologic conditions include loose skin, dry skin, thin skin, insensitive skin. ThermiVa has a CE Mark and EU Approved for Vulvovaginal Laxity or for treatment of loose tissues of the vulva and vagina.. ...
Posts Tagged cystocele. The Female Athlete: An Interview with Antony Lo By pelvicguruacademy Guru , June 7, 2019 , 2 ...
Find a doctor who specializes in treating cystocele and schedule an appointment today. Our specialists are dedicated to ...
Here are some prospective reasons and risk factors of cystocele: Pregnancy and childbirth The additional weight we carry in ... pregnancy adds to the weight we carry on the pelvic floor … Continue reading How do you treat Cystocele Naturally? → ... Some Potential Reasons Of Cystocele And How To Treat It Naturally It is common for postpartum females to struggle with ... How do you treat Cystocele Naturally?. Some Potential Reasons Of Cystocele And How To Treat It Naturally ...
Learn about causes and treatment of cystoceles and find a gynecologist in Spring Hill, FL. ... Cystocele Diagnosis. There are three grades of cystoceles:. * Grade one is mild, and your provider may need to do more than a ... Cystocele Causes. Cystoceles occur when the supporting muscles around the bladder weaken. The most common causes include:. * ... Cystocele Treatment. The treatment protocol depends on how severe your cystocele is. If yours is mild, your provider may ...
Anterior Prolapse, Cystocele. It is a condition which is define the as the prolapse of bladder or when bladder prolapse or hang ... It is also known as cystocele.. Every organ in pelvis stomach and other site of the body is held at position with the help of ... Signs and symptoms of cystocele may appear during moderate and severe condition in mild condition they may remain unnoticed, ...
... treat and prevent Cystocele, also called as Anterior Prolapse ... Causes of Cystocele. As you age, your pelvic floor muscles can ... Cystocele (Anterior Prolapse). A cystocele, also called anterior prolapse, occurs when the wall between your vagina and bladder ... Cystocele (Anterior Prolapse) Treatment , Best Gynecologists in Brooklyn. Home » Cystocele (Anterior Prolapse) Treatment , Best ... Your chance of developing a cystocele prolapse increases as you age.. Treatment of Anterior Prolapse. Your gynecologist at ...
Disclaimer : All content posted on this website is commentary or opinion. This website does not give or attempt to give medical advice and your personal information is not stored. THIS WEBSITE IS NOT DESIGNED TO - AND DOES NOT - PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE ...
Theofanides, M. C., Onyeji, I., Matulay, J., Sui, W., James, M., & Chung, D. E. (2017). Safety of Mesh for Vaginal Cystocele ... Theofanides, MC, Onyeji, I, Matulay, J, Sui, W, James, M & Chung, DE 2017, Safety of Mesh for Vaginal Cystocele Repair: ... Safety of Mesh for Vaginal Cystocele Repair: Analysis of National Patient Characteristics and Complications. Journal of Urology ... Purpose The use of mesh in vaginal cystocele repair has decreased. We analyzed the ACS NSQIP® (American College of Surgeons ...
Cystoceles and pelvic organ prolapse are important risk factors for recurrent UTIs in women.[6] ... Women with recurrent UTIs should have a pelvic examination to check for cystoceles, vaginitis, vaginal atrophy, and prolapse of ...
... Posted on April 15, 2012. by admin ... Even if you think you might have a cystocele that needs to be operated on, but are too embarrassed and understandably so in ... Get That Cystocele Treated and Get On With Your life. No Comments ...
Cystocele (when the bladder falls into the vagina). *Foreign objects. *Urethral or pelvic muscle spasms ...
Safety of Mesh for Vaginal Cystocele Repair: Analysis of National Patient Characteristics and Complications. J Urol. 2017 09; ... Safety of Mesh for Vaginal Cystocele Repair: Analysis of National Patient Characteristics and Complications. ... Safety of Mesh for Vaginal Cystocele Repair: Analysis of National Patient Characteristics and Complications. ...
Cystocele. *Bowel Control Problems (Fecal Incontinence). *Diabetes, Sexual, & Bladder Problems. *Prostatitis: Inflammation of ...
... cystocele), and posterior vaginal wall prolapse (rectocele). She also sees patients with mesh-related complications (mesh ...
Hydronephrosis and hydroureter are common clinical conditions encountered not only by urologists but also by emergency medicine specialists and primary care physicians. Hydronephrosis is defined as distention of the renal calyces and pelvis with urine as a result of obstruction of the outflow of urine distal to the renal pelvis.
Bladder prolapse (cystocele). (2020). https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/bladder-prolapse-(cystocele). ...
Cystocele Restoration by way of a Modified Surgical Manner of Bilateral Pubococcygeus Plication: Long-Term Surgery. Posted on ...
cystocele, which causes the bladder to droop partially into the vagina, putting pressure on the bladder ... surgical repair of a cystocele. Sometimes, a doctor may also recommend lifestyle changes, such as drinking more water, using ...
Novel insight into the correlation between hernia orifice of cystocele and lower urinary tract function: a pilot study. Files ... Novel insight into the correlation between hernia orifice of cystocele and lower urinary tract function: a pilot study. ... Methods This study reviewed clinical records of 49 women who underwent cystocele repair. All patients were scheduled for ... Although the VD mechanism due to cystocele is not fully understood, different vaginal compartments have rarely been closely ...
Diseases/Specialties/Treatments: Urology; Urogynecology; Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery; Cystocele; Pelvic ...
Dr. BonDurant is a multiple-time recipient of the Seattle Top Doctor Award and most recently received the 2023 Seattle Magazine Top Doc Award. Dr. BonDurant believes what makes a great physician is not only skill, but the ability to genuinely care about patients. To be this type of physician every day, she strives to provide innovative quality medicine with sincere appreciation, compassion and respect for her patients. Its her privilege to care for such strong and courageous women during difficult times in their lives. ...
  • correlates to the number of births forceps delivery age chronically high intra-abdominal pressures chronic obstructive pulmonary disease constipation obesity Connective tissue disorders predispose women to developing cystocele and other pelvic organ prolapse. (wikipedia.org)
  • I have a cystocele (bladder) and rectocele (rectal) pelvic prolapse. (babycenter.com)
  • A bladder prolapse (cystocele) occurs when the tissues and muscles that hold the bladder in place get weak or damaged. (healthwise.net)
  • Then the patient was admitted to surgical room for repairing the prolapse;we voted for a hysterectomy and an anterior cystocele repair using a four arm synthetique mesh. (webmedcentral.com)
  • This influences the strength of the pelvic floor and leaves females more vulnerable to a cystocele or uterine prolapse. (uterusprolapsed.com)
  • Anything that adds additional load to the pelvic bowl can upsurge the threat of a cystocele or a uterine prolapse. (uterusprolapsed.com)
  • A cystocele, also called anterior prolapse, occurs when the wall between your vagina and bladder weakens, allowing your bladder to slip. (centurymedicaldental.com)
  • For example, both a cystocele and rectocele prolapse involve fallen pelvic organs, but a rectocele prolapse affects your posterior or behind, resulting in a bulging rectum, while a cystocele prolapse affects your anterior or front, resulting in a fallen bladder. (centurymedicaldental.com)
  • Mild cases of a cystocele prolapse often exhibit few symptoms. (centurymedicaldental.com)
  • Your chance of developing a cystocele prolapse increases as you age. (centurymedicaldental.com)
  • Cystoceles and pelvic organ prolapse are important risk factors for recurrent UTIs in women. (nih.gov)
  • Dr. Weinstein evaluates and treats patients with complex pelvic floor disorders including urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse, which can include uterine prolapse, vaginal vault prolapse, anterior vaginal wall prolapse (cystocele), and posterior vaginal wall prolapse (rectocele). (massgeneral.org)
  • If a prolapse is due to a cystocele, a ring pessary with support is often the preferred treatment option. (fishersci.com)
  • Anterior vaginal prolapse (cystocele or urethrocele) - occurs when the bladder falls down into the vagina. (outsourcestrategies.com)
  • Genital prolapse surgery including cystocele repair, vault suspension surgery. (surgeons.org)
  • Treats vaginal prolapse and cystocele. (saveritemedical.com)
  • Loss of level II support contributes to cystocele (anterior vaginal prolapse). (medscape.com)
  • She was diagnosed with a cystocele and uterine prolapse. (medscape.com)
  • Anyway, anyone out there with a cystocele/rectocele? (babycenter.com)
  • Just had rectocele and cystocele repaired 2w po could I be leaking urine into my vagina? (healthtap.com)
  • Son utilizados en situaciones como el PROLAPSO UTERINO, el CISTOCELE o el RECTOCELE. (bvsalud.org)
  • Materials and Methods CPT was used to identify patients who underwent cystocele repair with and without mesh from 2006 to 2013. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Methods This study reviewed clinical records of 49 women who underwent cystocele repair. (hokudai.ac.jp)
  • The initial assessment of cystocele can include a pelvic exam to evaluate leakage of urine when the women is asked to bear down or give a strong cough (Valsalva maneuver), and the anterior vaginal wall measured and evaluated for the appearance of a cystocele. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cystocele, also known as a prolapsed bladder, is a medical condition in which a woman's bladder bulges into her vagina. (wikipedia.org)
  • medical citation needed] A cystocele occurs when the muscles, fascia, tendons and connective tissues between a woman's bladder and vagina weaken, or detach. (wikipedia.org)
  • A cystocele is when the bladder wall bulges into the vagina. (lahey.org)
  • Cystocele is a medical condition that occurs when the tough fibrous wall between a woman's bladder and her vagina is torn by childbirth, allowing the bladder to herniate into the vagina. (webmedcentral.com)
  • A cystocele occurs when the wall that separates the bladder and vagina weakens and the bladder sags down into the vaginal space. (gynecology-doctors.com)
  • Cystoceles can be mild, sagging only slightly into the vagina, to severe as the bladder actually bulges out of the vaginal opening. (gynecology-doctors.com)
  • Dispositivos que se colocan en la vagina para sostener el útero o el recto desplazados. (bvsalud.org)
  • The type of cystocele that can develop can be due to one, two or three vaginal wall attachment failures: the midline defect, the paravaginal defect, and the transverse defect. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, we have pioneered the latest surgical advancements in cystocele repair. (uclahealth.org)
  • If you ask how do you treat cystocele naturally , the answer would be for mild circumstances, conventional medicine often suggests a "wait and watch" methodology. (uterusprolapsed.com)
  • If yours is mild, your provider may suggest watchful waiting and recommend that you avoid activities that might make the cystocele worse, like heavy lifting or straining. (gynecology-doctors.com)
  • Surgery for a cystocele repair usually requires a couple of days in the hospital, you will probably go home with a catheter. (gynecology-doctors.com)
  • Purpose The use of mesh in vaginal cystocele repair has decreased. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Like other forms of cystocele repair, our innovative cystocele repair using interlocking prolene sutures (CRISP) is an outpatient procedure. (uclahealth.org)
  • Effect of Cystocele Repair With Trans Obturator Tape VS. Trans Obturator Tape Alone on Stress Urinary Incontinence. (who.int)
  • Cystocele and a prolapsed urethra often occur together and is called a cystourethrocele. (wikipedia.org)
  • If the cystocele causes few symptoms, avoiding heavy lifting or straining may be all that is recommended. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, though cystocele can be treated, some treatments may not alleviate troubling symptoms, and further treatment may need to be performed. (wikipedia.org)
  • For grade 2 and 3 , your provider will be able to diagnose a cystocele based on your history and symptoms and during a physical examination. (gynecology-doctors.com)
  • A person should be sure to tell the doctor if they have any common risk factors for urinary retention, including recent injuries, a prior history of urinary retention, prostate issues, and cystocele. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • To learn more about cystocele diagnosis and treatment, please call (727) 240-3424 or contact Dr. Lisa Maharajh online . (gynecology-doctors.com)
  • clinical examination revealed a cystocele grade 3 and a hysterocele. (webmedcentral.com)
  • We present here case of acute kidney failure secondary to cystocele grade 3. (webmedcentral.com)
  • Clinical examination revealed a complete hysterocele with a grade 3 cystocele. (webmedcentral.com)
  • Cystocele may affect the quality of life, women who have cystocele tend to avoid leaving their home and avoid social situations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Muscle injuries have been identified in women with cystocele. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is common for postpartum females to struggle with cystoceles, rectoceles and other prolapses. (uterusprolapsed.com)
  • 191 patients attended the camp with various gynaecological complaints like cystocele, infections. (amrita.edu)
  • Although the VD mechanism due to cystocele is not fully understood, different vaginal compartments have rarely been closely examined. (hokudai.ac.jp)